{"pageNumber":"2001","pageRowStart":"50000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184681,"records":[{"id":97893,"text":"fs20093076 - 2009 - Organic Compounds in Running Gutter Brook Water Used for Public Supply near Hatfield, Massachusetts, 2003-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T12:06:11","indexId":"fs20093076","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3076","title":"Organic Compounds in Running Gutter Brook Water Used for Public Supply near Hatfield, Massachusetts, 2003-05","docAbstract":"The 258 organic compounds studied in this U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment generally are man-made, including pesticides, solvents, gasoline hydrocarbons, personal-care and domestic-use products, and pavement and combustion-derived compounds. Of these 258 compounds, 26 (about 10 percent) were detected at least once among the 31 samples collected approximately monthly during 2003-05 at the intake of a flowthrough reservoir on Running Gutter Brook in Massachusetts, one of several community water systems on tributaries of the Connecticut River. About 81 percent of the watershed is forested, 14 percent is agricultural land, and 5 percent is urban land. In most source-water samples collected at Running Gutter Brook, fewer compounds were detected and their concentrations were low (less than 0.1 micrograms per liter) when compared with compounds detected at other stream sites across the country that drain watersheds that have a larger percentage of agricultural and urban areas. The relatively few compounds detected at low concentrations reflect the largely undeveloped land use at Running Gutter Brook. Despite the absence of wastewater discharge points on the stream, however, the compounds that were detected could indicate different sources and uses (point sources, precipitation, domestic, and agricultural) and different pathways to drinking-water supplies (overland runoff, groundwater discharge, leaking of treated water from distribution lines, and formation during treatment). Six of the 10 compounds detected most commonly (in at least 20 percent of the samples) in source water also were detected commonly in finished water (after treatment but prior to distribution). Concentrations in source and finished water generally were below 0.1 micrograms per liter and always less than humanhealth benchmarks, which are available for about one-half of the compounds detected. On the basis of this screening-level assessment, adverse effects to human health are expected to be negligible (subject to limitations of available humanhealth benchmarks).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093076","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, Source Water-Quality Assessment","usgsCitation":"Brown, C., and Trombley, T.J., 2009, Organic Compounds in Running Gutter Brook Water Used for Public Supply near Hatfield, Massachusetts, 2003-05: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3076, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093076.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3076.jpg"},{"id":13067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74,40.75 ], [ -74,45.5 ], [ -71,45.5 ], [ -71,40.75 ], [ -74,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6911d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Craig J.","contributorId":104450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Craig J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trombley, Thomas J. trombley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trombley","given":"Thomas","email":"trombley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97897,"text":"ofr20081369 - 2009 - Thatcher Bay, Washington, Nearshore Restoration Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr20081369","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1369","title":"Thatcher Bay, Washington, Nearshore Restoration Assessment","docAbstract":"The San Juan Archipelago, located at the confluence of the Puget Sound, the Straits of Juan de Fuca in Washington State, and the Straits of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, provides essential nearshore habitat for diverse salmonid, forage fish, and bird populations. With 408 miles of coastline, the San Juan Islands provide a significant portion of the available nearshore habitat for the greater Puget Sound and are an essential part of the regional efforts to restore Puget Sound (Puget Sound Shared Strategy 2005). The nearshore areas of the San Juan Islands provide a critical link between the terrestrial and marine environments. For this reason the focus on restoration and conservation of nearshore habitat in the San Juan Islands is of paramount importance.\r\n\r\nWood-waste was a common by-product of historical lumber-milling operations. To date, relatively little attention has been given to the impact of historical lumber-milling operations in the San Juan Archipelago. Thatcher Bay, on Blakely Island, located near the east edge of the archipelago, is presented here as a case study on the restoration potential for a wood-waste contaminated nearshore area. Case study components include (1) a brief discussion of the history of milling operations. (2) an estimate of the location and amount of the current distribution of wood-waste at the site, (3) a preliminary examination of the impacts of wood-waste on benthic flora and fauna at the site, and (4) the presentation of several restoration alternatives for the site.\r\n\r\nThe history of milling activity in Thatcher Bay began in 1879 with the construction of a mill in the southeastern part of the bay. Milling activity continued for more than 60 years, until the mill closed in 1942. Currently, the primary evidence of the historical milling operations is the presence of approximately 5,000 yd3 of wood-waste contaminated sediments. The distribution and thickness of residual wood-waste at the site was determined by using sediment coring and GIS-based interpolation techniques. Additionally, pilot studies were conducted to characterize in place sediment redox, organic composition, and sulfide impacts to nearshore flora and fauna.\r\n\r\nWe found that the presence of wood-waste in Thatcher Bay may alter the quality of the benthic habitat by contributing to elevated levels of total organic composition (TOC) of the sediment. Increased TOC favors anaerobic respiration in marine sediments, and sulfide, a toxic by-product of this process, was found at levels as high as 17.5 mg L-1 in Thatcher Bay. The Thatcher Bay sulfide levels are several orders of magnitude higher than those known to impact benthic invertebrates.\r\n\r\nEelgrass, Zostera marina, located on the western margin of Thatcher Bay, was surveyed by using underwater video surveys. This baseline distribution will in part be used to measure the impact of any future remediation efforts. Additionally, the distribution and survey data can provide an estimate of propagule source for future colonization of restored sediment.\r\n\r\nThree restoration alternatives were considered, and a ranking matrix was developed to score each alternative against site-specific and regional criteria. The process identified the removal of wood-waste from a water-based platform as the preferred alternative.\r\n\r\nOur multidisciplinary investigation identified the location, thickness, and potential impacts of wood-waste that has persisted in the nearshore environment of Thatcher Bay since at least 1942. We also provide a process to efficiently evaluate alternatives to remediate the impact of this historical disturbance and to potentially contribute to an increase of nearshore diversity and productivity at this site. Elements of this approach could inform restoration planning at similarly impacted sites throughout the region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081369","collaboration":"Prepared for Skagit Fisheries Enhancement Group","usgsCitation":"Breems, J., Wyllie-Echeverria, S., Grossman, E., and Elliott, J., 2009, Thatcher Bay, Washington, Nearshore Restoration Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1369, ix, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081369.","productDescription":"ix, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2008_1369.jpg"},{"id":13071,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1369/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.9,48.5 ], [ -122.9,48.6 ], [ -122.8,48.6 ], [ -122.8,48.5 ], [ -122.9,48.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6836c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breems, Joel","contributorId":35414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breems","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyllie-Echeverria, Sandy","contributorId":24874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyllie-Echeverria","given":"Sandy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":2334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric E.","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, Joel","contributorId":34219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97900,"text":"sim2907 - 2009 - Sidescan Sonar Imagery of the Escanaba Trough, Southern Gorda Ridge, Offshore Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sim2907","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2907","title":"Sidescan Sonar Imagery of the Escanaba Trough, Southern Gorda Ridge, Offshore Northern California","docAbstract":"This map features sidescan imagery of the northern Escanaba (NESCA) site at the Escanaba Trough, southern Gorda Ridge, offshore northern California. The Escanaba Trough, a largely sediment-covered seafloor spreading center, contains at least six large massive sulfide deposits. It is a slow spreading center (2.5 cm/yr) with axial depths locally exceeding 3,300 m. Discrete igneous centers occur at 5- to 10-km intervals along this slow-spreading ridge. Basaltic magma intrudes the sediment fill of the axial valley, creating uplifted sediment hills, and, in some areas, erupts onto the sea floor. \r\n\r\nLarge massive sulfide deposits occur along the margins of the uplifted sediment hills. The only active hydrothermal system is located on Central Hill where 220 deg C fluids construct anhydrite chimneys on pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfide mounds (Campbell and others, 1994). Central Hill is bounded by both ridge-parallel basement faults and a concentric set of faults that rim the top of the hill and may be associated with sill intrusion. Central Hill was one of the primary drill sites for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 169. \r\n\r\nThe sidescan sonar data (mosaics A, B, C, D) were collected aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Discoverer in the summer of 1996 with a 60-kHz system towed 100 to 200 m above the sea floor. Major faults and contacts are interpreted from the sidescan mosaics and 4.5-kHz seismic profiles collected simultaneously, as well as from previously conducted camera transects and submersible dives. The seismic profiles (lines 9, 11, 13) provide high-resolution subbottom structure and stratigraphy to a depth of about 50 m. \r\n\r\nIn the sidescan images (mosaics A, B, C, D), bright areas denote high-energy returns from hard reflectors such as volcanic flows, sulfide deposits, or seafloor scarps. Dark areas denote low-energy returns and generally signify relatively undisturbed surface sediment. The grid lines mark one-minute intervals of latitude and longitude. \r\n\r\nThe large sidescan sonar image (mosaic A) is centered on the NESCA igneous center. The spreading axis is flanked on either side by uplifted, sediment-covered terraces that show relatively continuous and undisturbed turbiditic sediment. These terraces bound the 4- to 5-km-wide neotectonic zone that is characterized by more closely spaced, small offset (<20 m) faults, volcanic flows (brightest area of backscatter), and areas where the seismic layering of the turbidites has been partially to completely disrupted by the intrusion of basaltic sills. \r\n\r\nThe most prominent bathymetric features are the three uplifted sediment hills: Central Hill, Southwest Hill, and an unnamed uplifted hill to the north. These features are interpreted to be uplifted above large-volume basaltic intrusions emplaced near the basalt/sediment interface. Southwest Hill is adjacent to the zone of most recent faulting. This hill no longer retains the circular shape of the other hills due to slumps (lines 9, 11), which may have failed along faults related to the most recent spreading. Central Hill is interpreted to be the most recently uplifted sediment hill based on the morphology of the hill and the presence of an active hydrothermal system. \r\n\r\nThe generally continuous area of volcanic basalt flow east of Central Hill appears as a distinct, bright sonar reflector stretching for approximately 6 km along axis (red contact on mosaic A). This flow may be related to the intrusion that is presumed to have uplifted Central Hill. Submersible observations indicate that lava flowed around the sediment hills and ponded against the eastern up-faulted turbidite-covered sediment terrace. Previously collected, deep-penetration seismic data indicate that the lavas overlie about 450 m of sediment (Morton and Fox, 1994). Late-stage emplacement of magma in the shallow subsurface beneath the exposed lava flow is interpreted to have domed the lava flow, forming the east-west-","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2907","usgsCitation":"Ross, S.L., and Zierenberg, R.A., 2009, Sidescan Sonar Imagery of the Escanaba Trough, Southern Gorda Ridge, Offshore Northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2907, Map Sheet: 36 x 60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2907.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 36 x 60 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_2907.jpg"},{"id":13074,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2907/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.56666666666666,40.81666666666667 ], [ -127.56666666666666,41.15 ], [ -127.38333333333334,41.15 ], [ -127.38333333333334,40.81666666666667 ], [ -127.56666666666666,40.81666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Stephanie L. 0000-0003-1389-4405 sross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4405","contributorId":1024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Stephanie","email":"sross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zierenberg, Robert A.","contributorId":91883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97895,"text":"ofr20091182 - 2009 - Mercury, methylmercury, and other constituents in sediment and water from seasonal and permanent wetlands in the Cache Creek settling basin and Yolo Bypass, Yolo County, California, 2005-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-15T12:35:13","indexId":"ofr20091182","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1182","title":"Mercury, methylmercury, and other constituents in sediment and water from seasonal and permanent wetlands in the Cache Creek settling basin and Yolo Bypass, Yolo County, California, 2005-06","docAbstract":"<p><span>This report presents surface water and surface (top 0-2 cm) sediment geochemical data collected during 2005-2006, as part of a larger study of mercury (Hg) dynamics in seasonal and permanently flooded wetland habitats within the lower Sacramento River basin, Yolo County, California. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase I represented reconnaissance sampling and included three locations within the Cache Creek drainage basin; two within the Cache Creek Nature Preserve (CCNP) and one in the Cache Creek Settling Basin (CCSB) within the creek's main channel near the southeast outlet to the Yolo Bypass. Two additional downstream sites within the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area (YBWA) were also sampled during Phase I, including one permanently flooded wetland and one seasonally flooded wetland, which had began being flooded only 1–2 days before Phase I sampling.</span></p><p><span>Results from Phase I include: (a) a negative correlation between total mercury (THg) and the percentage of methylmercury (MeHg) in unfiltered surface water; (b) a positive correlation between sediment THg concentration and sediment organic content; (c) surface water and sediment THg concentrations were highest at the CCSB site; (d) sediment inorganic reactive mercury (Hg(II)<sub>R</sub><span>) concentration was positively related to sediment oxidation-reduction potential and negatively related to sediment acid volatile sulfur (AVS) concentration; (e) sediment Hg(II)</span><sub>R</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations were highest at the two YBWA sites; (f) unfiltered surface water MeHg concentration was highest at the seasonal wetland YBWA site, and sediment MeHg was highest at the permanently flooded YBWA site; (g) a 1,000-fold increase in sediment pore water sulfate concentration was observed in the downstream transect from the CCNP to the YBWA; (h) low sediment pore water sulfide concentrations (&lt;1 µmol/L) across all sites; and (i) iron (Fe) speciation data suggest a higher potential for microbial Fe(III)-reduction in the YBWA compared to the CCSB.</span></span></p><p><span><span>Phase II sampling did not include the original three Cache Creek sites, but instead focused on the original two sites within the YBWA and a similarly paired set of seasonally and permanently flooded wetland sites within the CCSB. Sediment sampling at the YBWA and CCSB occurred approximately 28 days and 52 days, respectively, after the initial flooding of the respective seasonal wetlands, and again towards the end of the seasonal flooding period (end of May 2006). Results from Phase II sampling include: (a) sediment MeHg concentration and the percentage of THg as MeHg (%MeHg) in unfiltered surface waters were generally higher in the YBWA compared to the CCSB; (b) suspended sediment concentration (SCC) in surface water was positively correlated with both THg and MeHg in unfiltered water across all sites, although the relationship between SCC and MeHg differed for the two regions, suggesting local MeHg sources; (c) MeHg concentration in unfiltered surface water was positively correlated to sediment MeHg concentrations across all sites, supporting the suggestion of unique local (sediment) sources of MeHg to the water column; (d) THg concentration in filtered water was positively correlated with both total Fe and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), offering additional support for the role of these constituents in the partitioning of THg between particulate and dissolved phases; (e) flooding of the YBWA seasonal wetland resulted in a rapid and significant (5-fold) rise in sediment MeHg concentration within 3–4 weeks following inundation; and (f) temporal changes in sediment S and Fe speciation suggest that rates of both microbial sulfate reduction and Fe(III)-reduction were significantly higher at YBWA, compared to CCSB, during the period between flooding and drying.</span></span></p><p><span><span>The geochemical data presented in this report indicate that (a) strong spatial and temporal differences in Hg speciation and transformations can occur within the range of wetland habitats found in the lower Sacramento River basin; (b) flooding of seasonal wetlands can be accompanied by a rapid increase in benthic MeHg production and the release of previously formed MeHg (generated during or since the previous flooding season) to the overlying water column; (c) S and Fe chemistry, and associated microbial reduction pathways, play an important role in mediating the speciation and transformation of Hg in these wetland habitats; (d) hydroperiod is a primary forcing function in mediating MeHg production among various wetland types; and (e) MeHg production appears to be more active in the YBWA compared to the CCSB.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091182","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, the Sacramento River Watershed Program, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Alpers, C.N., and Fleck, J., 2009, Mercury, methylmercury, and other constituents in sediment and water from seasonal and permanent wetlands in the Cache Creek settling basin and Yolo Bypass, Yolo County, California, 2005-06: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1182, xi, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091182.","productDescription":"xi, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":434,"text":"National Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1182.jpg"},{"id":352998,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1182/of2009-1182.pdf"},{"id":13069,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1182/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Yolo County","otherGeospatial":"Cache Creek settling basin, Yolo Bypass","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.96666666666667,38.46666666666667 ], [ -121.96666666666667,38.75 ], [ -121.5,38.75 ], [ -121.5,38.46666666666667 ], [ -121.96666666666667,38.46666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624dcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":149175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, Jacob A. 0000-0002-3217-3972 jafleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-3972","contributorId":1498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Jacob A.","email":"jafleck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97891,"text":"sir20095181 - 2009 - The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model - A Map-Based Multicriteria Ecological, Economic, and Community Land-Use Planning Tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20095181","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5181","title":"The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model - A Map-Based Multicriteria Ecological, Economic, and Community Land-Use Planning Tool","docAbstract":"The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model (EPM) prototype is a regional land-use planning Web tool that integrates ecological, economic, and social information and values of relevance to decision-makers and stakeholders. The EPM uses a multicriteria evaluation framework that builds on geographic information system-based (GIS) analysis and spatially-explicit models that characterize important ecological, economic, and societal endpoints and consequences that are sensitive to regional land-use/land-cover (LULC) change. The EPM uses both economics (monetized) and multiattribute utility (nonmonetized) approaches to valuing these endpoints and consequences. This hybrid approach represents a methodological middle ground between rigorous economic and ecological/ environmental scientific approaches. The EPM sacrifices some degree of economic- and ecological-forecasting precision to gain methodological transparency, spatial explicitness, and transferability, while maintaining credibility. After all, even small steps in the direction of including ecosystem services evaluation are an improvement over current land-use planning practice (Boyd and Wainger, 2003). \r\n\r\nThere are many participants involved in land-use decision-making in South Florida, including local, regional, State, and Federal agencies, developers, environmental groups, agricultural groups, and other stakeholders (South Florida Regional Planning Council, 2003, 2004). The EPM's multicriteria evaluation framework is designed to cut across the objectives and knowledge bases of all of these participants. This approach places fundamental importance on social equity and stakeholder participation in land-use decision-making, but makes no attempt to determine normative socially 'optimal' land-use plans. The EPM is thus a map-based set of evaluation tools for planners and stakeholders to use in their deliberations of what is 'best', considering a balancing of disparate interests within a regional perspective. Although issues of regional ecological sustainability can be explored with the EPM (for example, changes in biodiversity potential and regional habitat fragmentation), it does not attempt to define or evaluate long-term ecological sustainability as such. Instead, the EPM is intended to provide transparent first-order indications of the direction of ecological, economic, and community change, not to make detailed predictions of ecological, economic, and social outcomes. In short, the EPM is an attempt to widen the perspectives of its users by integrating natural and social scientific information in a framework that recognizes the diversity of values at stake in South Florida land-use planning. \r\n\r\nFor terrestrial ecosystems, land-cover change is one of the most important direct drivers of changes in ecosystem services (Hassan and others, 2005). More specifically, the fragmentation of habitat from expanding low-density development across landscapes appears to be a major driver of terrestrial species decline and the impairment of terrestrial ecosystem integrity, in some cases causing irreversible impairment from a land-use planning perspective (Brody, 2008; Peck, 1998). Many resource managers and land-use planners have come to realize that evaluating land-use conversions on a parcel-by-parcel basis leads to a fragmented and narrow view of the regional effects of natural land-cover loss to development (Marsh and Lallas, 1995). The EPM is an attempt to integrate important aspects of the coupled natural-system/human-system view from a regional planning perspective. \r\n\r\nThe EPM evaluates proposed land-use changes, both conversion and intensification, in terms of relevant ecological, economic, and social criteria that combine information about probable land-use outcomes, based on ecological and environmental models, as well as value judgments, as expressed in user-modifiable preference models. Based on on-going meetings and interviews with stakeholders and potential tool users we foc","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095181","usgsCitation":"Labiosa, W.B., Bernknopf, R., Hearn, P., Hogan, D., Strong, D., Pearlstine, L., Mathie, A., Wein, A., Gillen, K., and Wachter, S., 2009, The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio Model - A Map-Based Multicriteria Ecological, Economic, and Community Land-Use Planning Tool: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5181, Report: viii, 42 p.; Data Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095181.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 42 p.; Data Folder","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5181.jpg"},{"id":13065,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83,24 ], [ -83,27 ], [ -79.8,27 ], [ -79.8,24 ], [ -83,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a98c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Labiosa, William B.","contributorId":20445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labiosa","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard","contributorId":51701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hearn, Paul","contributorId":28702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hogan, Dianna","contributorId":79565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"Dianna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Strong, David","contributorId":101767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pearlstine, Leonard","contributorId":79174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearlstine","given":"Leonard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mathie, Amy M.","contributorId":82803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathie","given":"Amy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wein, Anne M.","contributorId":12007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gillen, Kevin","contributorId":90006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillen","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wachter, Susan","contributorId":48668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wachter","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":97894,"text":"fs20093091 - 2009 - Understanding the Habitat Needs of the Declining Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"fs20093091","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3091","title":"Understanding the Habitat Needs of the Declining Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo","docAbstract":"The western yellow-billed cuckoo, once common along the streams and rivers of the American West, is now a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act. Most of the remaining breeding pairs are found in Arizona, California, and New Mexico. Research to understand the cuckoos' habitat needs by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Northern Arizona University scientists has shown that cuckoos in Arizona prefer breeding habitat dominated by native tree species, especially cottonwood-willow habitat bordered by mesquite bosque habitat. This research also revealed that the size of habitat patches matters - breeding cuckoos were found only in large, continuous areas of riparian habitat. These findings and the development of spatially explicit habitat models by USGS scientists will help resource managers conserve and manage riparian habitats needed to ensure the survival of the western yellow-billed cuckoo.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093091","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.J., 2009, Understanding the Habitat Needs of the Declining Western Yellow-Billed Cuckoo: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3091, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093091.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3091.jpg"},{"id":13068,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,22 ], [ -125,55 ], [ -102,55 ], [ -102,22 ], [ -125,22 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Matthew J. mjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Matthew","email":"mjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":27989,"text":"Colorado Plateau Research Station, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":303514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97889,"text":"sim3093 - 2009 - Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, West-Central Florida, May 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim3093","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3093","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, West-Central Florida, May 2009","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system consists of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers separated by the middle confining unit. The middle confining unit and the Lower Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida generally contain highly mineralized water. The water-bearing units containing fresh water are herein referred to as the Upper Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer is the principal source of water in the Southwest Florida Water Management District and is used for major public supply, domestic use, irrigation, and brackish water desalination in coastal communities (Southwest Florida Water Management District, 2000).\r\n\r\nThis map report shows the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer measured in May 2009. The potentiometric surface is an imaginary surface connecting points of equal altitude to which water will rise in tightly-cased wells that tap a confined aquifer system (Lohman, 1979). This map represents water-level conditions near the end of the dry season, when ground-water levels usually are at an annual low and withdrawals for agricultural use typically are high. The cumulative average rainfall of 48.53 inches for west-central Florida (from June 2008 through May 2009) was 4.12 inches below the historical cumulative average of 52.65 inches (Southwest Florida Water Management District, 2009). Historical cumulative averages are calculated from regional rainfall summary reports (1915 to most recent complete calendar year) and are updated monthly by the Southwest Florida Water Management District.\r\n\r\nThis report, prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District, is part of a semi-annual series of Upper Floridan aquifer potentiometric-surface map reports for west-central Florida. Potentiometric-surface maps have been prepared for January 1964, May 1969, May 1971, May 1973, May 1974, and for each May and September since 1975. Water-level data are collected in May and September each year to show the approximate annual low and high water-level conditions, respectively. Most of the water-level data for this map were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during the period May 18-22, 2009. Supplemental water-level data were collected by other agencies and companies. A corresponding potentiometric-surface map was prepared for areas east and north of the Southwest Florida Water Management District boundary by the U.S. Geological Survey office in Orlando, Florida (Kinnaman and Dixon, 2009). \r\n\r\nMost water-level measurements were made during a 5-day period; therefore, measurements do not represent a 'snapshot' of conditions at a specific time, nor do they necessarily coincide with the seasonal low water-level condition. The potentiometric contours are generalized to synoptically portray the head in a dynamic hydrologic system, taking due account of the variations in hydrogeologic conditions, such as differing depths of wells, nonsimultaneous measurements of water levels, variable effects of pumping, and changing climatic influence. The potentiometric contours may not conform exactly with the individual measurements of water levels.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"May 2009 west-central Florida UFA potentiometric map","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3093","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, A.G., 2009, Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, West-Central Florida, May 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3093, Map Sheet: 34 x 34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3093.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 34 x 34 inches","temporalStart":"2009-05-01","temporalEnd":"2009-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":206,"text":"Cooperative Water Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13376,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3093/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.5,26.25 ], [ -84.5,30 ], [ -80.75,30 ], [ -80.75,26.25 ], [ -84.5,26.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e499e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Anita G. agourlay@usgs.gov","contributorId":1855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Anita","email":"agourlay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97892,"text":"sir20095189 - 2009 - Adjustment of pesticide concentrations for temporal changes in analytical recovery, 1992-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T14:39:19.626068","indexId":"sir20095189","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5189","title":"Adjustment of pesticide concentrations for temporal changes in analytical recovery, 1992-2006","docAbstract":"Recovery is the proportion of a target analyte that is quantified by an analytical method and is a primary indicator of the analytical bias of a measurement. Recovery is measured by analysis of quality-control (QC) water samples that have known amounts of target analytes added ('spiked' QC samples). For pesticides, recovery is the measured amount of pesticide in the spiked QC sample expressed as percentage of the amount spiked, ideally 100 percent. Temporal changes in recovery have the potential to adversely affect time-trend analysis of pesticide concentrations by introducing trends in environmental concentrations that are caused by trends in performance of the analytical method rather than by trends in pesticide use or other environmental conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\nThis report examines temporal changes in the recovery of 44 pesticides and 8 pesticide degradates (hereafter referred to as 'pesticides') that were selected for a national analysis of time trends in pesticide concentrations in streams. Water samples were analyzed for these pesticides from 1992 to 2006 by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Recovery was measured by analysis of pesticide-spiked QC water samples. Temporal changes in pesticide recovery were investigated by calculating robust, locally weighted scatterplot smooths (lowess smooths) for the time series of pesticide recoveries in 5,132 laboratory reagent spikes; 1,234 stream-water matrix spikes; and 863 groundwater matrix spikes. A 10-percent smoothing window was selected to show broad, 6- to 12-month time scale changes in recovery for most of the 52 pesticides.\r\n\r\n\r\nTemporal patterns in recovery were similar (in phase) for laboratory reagent spikes and for matrix spikes for most pesticides. In-phase temporal changes among spike types support the hypothesis that temporal change in method performance is the primary cause of temporal change in recovery. Although temporal patterns of recovery were in phase for most pesticides, recovery in matrix spikes was greater than recovery in reagent spikes for nearly every pesticide. Models of recovery based on matrix spikes are deemed more appropriate for adjusting concentrations of pesticides measured in groundwater and stream-water samples than models based on laboratory reagent spikes because (1) matrix spikes are expected to more closely match the matrix of environmental water samples than are reagent spikes and (2) method performance is often matrix dependent, as was shown by higher recovery in matrix spikes for most of the pesticides.\r\n\r\n\r\nModels of recovery, based on lowess smooths of matrix spikes, were developed separately for groundwater and stream-water samples. The models of recovery can be used to adjust concentrations of pesticides measured in groundwater or stream-water samples to 100 percent recovery to compensate for temporal changes in the performance (bias) of the analytical method.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095189","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Stone, W.W., Wydoski, D.S., and Sandstrom, M.W., 2009, Adjustment of pesticide concentrations for temporal changes in analytical recovery, 1992-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5189, Report: vi, 24 p.; Appendixes; Figures; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095189.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; Appendixes; Figures; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":13066,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5189.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e755f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Wesley W. 0000-0003-0239-2063 wwstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-2063","contributorId":1496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Wesley","email":"wwstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wydoski, Duane S. dwydoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":3734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"Duane","email":"dwydoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandstrom, Mark W. 0000-0003-0006-5675 sandstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-5675","contributorId":706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Mark","email":"sandstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":97890,"text":"sir20095208 - 2009 - Shallow Groundwater Movement in the Skagit River Delta Area, Skagit County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20095208","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5208","title":"Shallow Groundwater Movement in the Skagit River Delta Area, Skagit County, Washington","docAbstract":"Shallow groundwater movement in an area between the lower Skagit River and Puget Sound was characterized by the U.S. Geological Survey to assist Skagit County and the Washington State Department of Ecology with the identification of areas where water withdrawals from existing and new wells could adversely affect streamflow in the Skagit River. The shallow groundwater system consists of alluvial, lahar runout, and recessional outwash deposits composed of sand, gravel, and cobbles, with minor lenses of silt and clay. Upland areas are underlain by glacial till and outwash deposits that show evidence of terrestrial and shallow marine depositional environments. Bedrock exposures are limited to a few upland outcrops in the southwestern part of the study area, and consist of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks.\r\n\r\nWater levels were measured in 47 wells on a quarterly basis (August 2007, November 2007, February 2008, and May 2008). Measurements from 34 wells completed in the shallow groundwater system were used to construct groundwater-level and flow-direction maps and perform a linear-regression analysis to estimate the overall, time averaged shallow groundwater-flow direction and gradient. Groundwater flow in the shallow groundwater system generally moves in a southwestward direction away from the Skagit River and toward the Swinomish Channel and Skagit Bay. Local groundwater flow towards the river was inferred during February 2008 in areas west and southwest of Mount Vernon. Water-level altitudes varied seasonally, however, and generally ranged from less than 3 feet (August 2007) in the west to about 15 feet (May 2008) in the east. The time-averaged, shallow groundwater-flow direction derived from regression analysis, 8.5 deg south of west, was similar to flow directions depicted on the quarterly water-level maps.\r\n\r\nSeasonal changes in groundwater levels in most wells in the Skagit River Delta follow a typical pattern for shallow wells in western Washington. Water levels rise from October through March, when precipitation is high, and decline from April through September, when precipitation is lower. Groundwater levels in wells along the eastern margin of the study area also are likely influenced by stage on the Skagit River. Water levels in these wells remained elevated through April, and did not seem to begin to decline until the end of May in response to declining river stage. Groundwater levels in a well equipped with a continuous water-level recorder exhibited periodic fluctuations that are characteristic of ocean tides. This well is less than 1 mile east of the tidally influenced Swinomish Channel, and exhibited water-level fluctuations that correspond closely to predicted tidal extremes obtained from a tide gage near La Conner, Washington.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095208","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Skagit County Public Works Department, Washington State Department of Ecology, and Skagit County Public Utility District No. 1","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Johnson, K.H., and Fasser, E.T., 2009, Shallow Groundwater Movement in the Skagit River Delta Area, Skagit County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5208, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095208.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","temporalStart":"2007-08-01","temporalEnd":"2008-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5208.jpg"},{"id":13064,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.53333333333333,48.35 ], [ -122.53333333333333,48.483333333333334 ], [ -122.33333333333333,48.483333333333334 ], [ -122.33333333333333,48.35 ], [ -122.53333333333333,48.35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f42a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth H. johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fasser, Elisabeth T. 0000-0002-3945-6633 efasser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3945-6633","contributorId":3973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fasser","given":"Elisabeth","email":"efasser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70043463,"text":"70043463 - 2009 - Population and habitat restoration - Preamble to section 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-15T13:18:19","indexId":"70043463","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T13:10:58","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population and habitat restoration - Preamble to section 5","docAbstract":"Diadromous fish populations are particularly difficult to understand, model and manage because they traverse multiple habitats that present not only environmental, ecological, reproductive, and physiological challenges, but also frequently convey them across multiple management jurisdictions.  Our knowledge of population-level effects is also dependent on the quality and extent of biological, population, and demographic data. For some species, such as Pacific salmon, populations are routinely monitored, life cycles are fairly well understood, and population trends are, in general, well documented. However, for other species such as anguillid eels, our understanding of life history is incomplete, population-level data are meager, and the trends in abundance are less clear.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Challenges for diadromous fishes in a dynamic global environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Haro, A., 2009, Population and habitat restoration - Preamble to section 5, chap. <i>of</i> Challenges for diadromous fishes in a dynamic global environment, p. 495-496.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"496","ipdsId":"IP-012111","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fisheriessociety.org/proofs/edcdf/preamble%20five.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6bc5e4b0b2908510423e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, Alex 0000-0002-7188-9172","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":37223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156070,"text":"70156070 - 2009 - Individual variation in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin levels predicts parental effort by nesting mourning doves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T10:05:39","indexId":"70156070","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1907,"text":"Hormones and Behavior","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Individual variation in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin levels predicts parental effort by nesting mourning doves","docAbstract":"<p>Endocrine systems have an important mechanistic role in structuring life-history trade-offs. During breeding, individual variation in prolactin (PRL) and corticosterone (CORT) levels affects behavioral and physiological processes that drive trade-offs between reproduction and self-maintenance. We examined patterns in baseline (BL) and stress induced (SI; level following a standard capture-restraint protocol) levels of PRL and CORT for breeding mourning doves (<i>Zenaida macroura</i><span>). We determined whether the relationship of adult condition and parental effort to hormone levels in wild birds was consistent with life-history predictions. Both BL PRL and BL CORT level in adults were positively related to nestling weight at early nestling ages, consistent with the prediction of a positive relationship of hormone levels to current parental effort of adults and associated increased energy demand. Results are consistent with the two hormones acting together at baseline levels to limit negative effects of CORT on reproduction while maintaining beneficial effects such as increased foraging for nestling feeding. Our data did not support predictions that SI responses would vary in response to nestling or adult condition. The magnitude of CORT response in the parents to our capture-restraint protocol was negatively correlated with subsequent parental effort. Average nestling weights for adults with the highest SI CORT response were on average 10&ndash;15% lighter than expected for their age in follow-up visits after the stress event. Our results demonstrated a relationship between individual hormone levels and within population variation in parental effort and suggested that hormonal control plays an important role in structuring reproductive decisions for mourning doves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.08.001","usgsCitation":"Miller, D.A., Vleck, C.M., and Otis, D.L., 2009, Individual variation in baseline and stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin levels predicts parental effort by nesting mourning doves: Hormones and Behavior, v. 56, no. 4, p. 457-464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.08.001.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-007986","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=eeob_las_pubs","text":"External Repository"},{"id":307102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb8e4b0518e3546f016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David A.","contributorId":29193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vleck, Carol M.","contributorId":84599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vleck","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12468,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":78455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70150454,"text":"70150454 - 2009 - Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and other intestinal helminths of Cyprinella lutrensis in Deep Creek, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-26T09:43:31","indexId":"70150454","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and other intestinal helminths of Cyprinella lutrensis in Deep Creek, Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>We investigated the intestinal parasites of a wild fish population in a Kansas stream to determine the prevalence and abundance of potentially harmful parasites. In total, 180 red shiners (<i>Cyprinella lutrensis</i>) were collected from 6 sites in October-November 2007. Fifteen Asian tapeworms (<i>Bothriocephalus acheilognathi</i>) were recovered from 13 fish (prevalence of 7.2%). Prevalence did not differ among sites; however, <i>B. acheilognathi</i> abundance was greatest at the site of a public fishing area. A total of 39 roundworms (<i>Rhabdochona canadensis</i>) were recovered from 28 fish (prevalence of 15.6%). Prevalence did not differ among sites, nor did abundance. However, mean abundance tended to be about 50% greater at the site of a public fishing area compared to all other sites. This paper documents the presence of both <i>B. acheilognathi</i> and <i>R. canadensis</i> in Kansas and offers a compilation of the known potential impacts these parasites may have on the native, federally endangered Topeka shiner (<i>Notropis topeka</i>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1645/GE-1891.1","usgsCitation":"Pullen, R.R., Bouska, W.W., Campbell, S.W., and Paukert, C.P., 2009, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and other intestinal helminths of Cyprinella lutrensis in Deep Creek, Kansas: Journal of Parasitology, v. 95, no. 5, p. 1224-1226, https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1891.1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1224","endPage":"1226","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008478","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e77b2e4b0b6d21dd65940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pullen, Rebecca R.","contributorId":143726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pullen","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bouska, Wesley W.","contributorId":143724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouska","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, Scott W.","contributorId":143727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paukert, Craig P. 0000-0002-9369-8545 cpaukert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-8545","contributorId":879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"Craig","email":"cpaukert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70204143,"text":"70204143 - 2009 - An automated imagery orthorectification pilot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T10:01:49","indexId":"70204143","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T10:13:15","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5571,"text":"Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated imagery orthorectification pilot","docAbstract":"<div id=\"divARTICLECONTENTTop\"><div class=\"div0\"><div class=\"row ArticleContentRow\">Automated orthorectification of raw image products is now possible based on the comprehensive metadata collected by Global Positioning Systems and Inertial Measurement Unit technology aboard aircraft and satellite digital imaging systems, and based on emerging pattern-matching and automated image-to-image and control point selection capabilities in many advanced image processing systems. Automated orthorectification of standard aerial photography is also possible if a camera calibration report and sufficient metadata is available. Orthorectification of historical imagery, for which only limited metadata was available, was also attempted and found to require some user input, creating a semi-automated process that still has significant potential to reduce processing time and expense for the conversion of archival historical imagery into geospatially enabled, digital formats, facilitating preservation and utilization of a vast archive of historical imagery. Over 90 percent of the frames of historical aerial photos used in this experiment were successfully orthorectified to the accuracy of the USGS 100K base map series utilized for the geospatial reference of the archive. The accuracy standard for the 100K series maps is approximately 167 feet (51 meters). The main problems associated with orthorectification failure were cloud cover, shadow and historical landscape change which confused automated image-to-image matching processes. Further research is recommended to optimize automated orthorectification methods and enable broad operational use, especially as related to historical imagery archives.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE Digital Library","doi":"10.1117/1.3255042","usgsCitation":"Slonecker, E.T., Johnson, B., and McMahon, J., 2009, An automated imagery orthorectification pilot: Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 3, no. 1, 033552, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3255042.","productDescription":"033552, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3255042","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":365366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slonecker, E. Terrence 0000-0002-5793-0503 tslonecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5793-0503","contributorId":168591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slonecker","given":"E.","email":"tslonecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Terrence","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36171,"text":"National Civil Applications Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Brad","contributorId":216828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Joe","contributorId":216829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McMahon","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70234168,"text":"70234168 - 2009 - Viscoelastic waves in layered media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T14:49:29.668678","indexId":"70234168","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T09:45:32","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Viscoelastic waves in layered media","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511580994","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 2009, Viscoelastic waves in layered media, xvi, 305 p., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511580994.","productDescription":"xvi, 305 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047292,"text":"70047292 - 2009 - Volcanic history, geologic analysis and map of the Prometheus Patera region on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T13:25:52","indexId":"70047292","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T09:27:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic history, geologic analysis and map of the Prometheus Patera region on Io","docAbstract":"Data from Jupiter's moon Io returned by the <i>Galileo</i> spacecraft have been used to create a geologic map of Prometheus Patera, its associated flow field, and nearby features. We have identified the location of the vent that fed the Prometheus flow field during the <i>Galileo</i> epoch in the north-eastern portion of the main Prometheus flow field. This vent is the probable source of a small sulphur-rich plume. Previous studies suggested that the vent may be atop a tectonic fault but we find that the vent is offset from the putative fault. It is plausible that, in the past, magma exploited the fault to reach the surface at Prometheus Patera, but subsequent magma cooling in the conduit could have caused an obstruction preventing further eruptions from providing significant contributions to the Prometheus flow field. We also speculate on how a new Prometheus plumbing system may be fed by mafic magmas after melt stalls in magma reservoirs during its ascent through the lithosphere from the mantle.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.019","usgsCitation":"Leone, G., Davies, A., Wilson, L., Williams, D., Keszthelyi, L., Jaeger, W.L., and Turtle, E.P., 2009, Volcanic history, geologic analysis and map of the Prometheus Patera region on Io: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 187, no. 1-2, p. 93-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.019.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-049712","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Io;Jupiter's Moon;Prometheus","volume":"187","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8e066e4b0cecbe8fa98c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leone, Giovanni","contributorId":18250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leone","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, Ashley G.","contributorId":36827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"Ashley G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Lionel","contributorId":82203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Lionel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, David A.","contributorId":84604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaeger, Windy L.","contributorId":61679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Windy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turtle, Elizabeth P.","contributorId":45443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":97885,"text":"ofr20091201 - 2009 - U.S. Geological Survey Science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative - 2008 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:29:41.401681","indexId":"ofr20091201","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1201","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative - 2008 Annual Report","docAbstract":"The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) was launched in 2007 in response to concerns about threats to the State's world class wildlife resources, especially the threat posed by rapidly increasing energy development in southwest Wyoming. The overriding purpose of the WLCI is to assess and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats at a landscape scale, while facilitating responsible energy and other types of development. The WLCI includes partners from Federal, State, and local agencies, with participation from public and private entities, industry, and landowners. As a principal WLCI partner, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides multidisciplinary scientific and technical support to inform decisionmaking in the WLCI. To address WLCI management needs, USGS has designed and implemented five integrated work activities: (1) Baseline Synthesis, (2) Targeted Monitoring and Research, (3) Integration and Coordination, (4) Data and Information Management, and (5) Decisionmaking and Evaluation. Ongoing information management of data and products acquired or generated through the integrated work activities will ensure that crucial scientific information is available to partners and stakeholders in a readily accessible and useable format for decisionmaking and evaluation. Significant progress towards WLCI goals has been achieved in many Science and Technical Assistance tasks of the work activities. Available data were identified, acquired, compiled, and integrated into a comprehensive database for use by WLCI partners and to support USGS science activities. A Web-based platform for sharing these data and products has been developed and is already in use. Numerous map products have been completed and made available to WLCI partners, and other products are in progress. Initial conceptual, habitat, and climate change models have been developed or refined. Monitoring designs for terrestrial and aquatic indicators have been completed, pilot data have been collected for terrestrial indicators, and evaluations of alternative monitoring designs are underway. Initial models and map products have been developed for assessing vegetation, surface disturbance, oil and gas resources, mineral resources, surficial geology, invasive species, aspen treatments, ungulate migration corridors, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis), and songbirds, and data were collected or compiled to validate and refine the models. Coordination and collaboration among partners has led to the production of several documents addressing WLCI objectives, strategies, and guiding principles, and has facilitated implementation of on-the-ground habitat treatments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091201","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z.H., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Baer, L.A., Bristol, R.S., Carr, N.B., Chong, G.W., Diffendorfer, J.E., Fedy, B.C., Garman, S.L., Germaine, S., Grauch, R.I., Homer, C.G., Manier, D.J., Kauffman, M., Latysh, N., Melcher, C.P., Miller, K.A., Montag, J., Nutt, C.J., Potter, C., Sawyer, H., Smith, D., Sweat, M.J., and Wilson, A.B., 2009, U.S. Geological Survey Science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative - 2008 Annual Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1201, xi, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091201.","productDescription":"xi, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1201.jpg"},{"id":13060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1201/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,41 ], [ -111,43.5 ], [ -107,43.5 ], [ -107,41 ], [ -111,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a34e4b07f02db619cee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831 bowenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary","email":"bowenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Patrick J. 0000-0003-2281-389X andersonpj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-389X","contributorId":3590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patrick","email":"andersonpj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Assal, Timothy J. 0000-0001-6342-2954 assalt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-2954","contributorId":2203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Assal","given":"Timothy","email":"assalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baer, Lori Anne 0000-0003-1908-979X labaer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-979X","contributorId":4429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baer","given":"Lori","email":"labaer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bristol, R. 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,{"id":97882,"text":"ofr20091211 - 2009 - Low-fluorine Stockwork Molybdenite Deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:50:15","indexId":"ofr20091211","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1211","title":"Low-fluorine Stockwork Molybdenite Deposits","docAbstract":"Low-fluorine stockwork molybdenite deposits are closely related to porphyry copper deposits, being similar in their tectonic setting (continental volcanic arc) and the petrology (calc-alkaline) of associated igneous rock types. They are mainly restricted to the Cordillera of western Canada and the northwest United States, and their distribution elsewhere in the world may be limited. The deposits consist of stockwork bodies of molybdenite-bearing quartz veinlets that are present in and around the upper parts of intermediate to felsic intrusions. The deposits are relatively low grade (0.05 to 0.2 percent Mo), but relatively large, commonly >50 million tons. The source plutons for these deposits range from granodiorite to granite in composition; the deposits primarily form in continental margin subduction-related magmatic arcs, often concurrent with formation of nearby porphyry copper deposits. Oxidation of pyrite in unmined deposits or in tailings and waste rock during weathering can lead to development of acid-rock drainage and limonite-rich gossans. Waters associated with low-fluorine stockwork molybdenite deposits tend to be nearly neutral in pH; variable in concentrations of molybdenum (<2 to >10,000 ug/L); below regulatory guidelines for copper, iron, lead, zinc, and mercury; and locally may exceed guidelines for arsenic, cadmium, and selenium.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091211","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S., Hammarstrom, J., and Piatak, N.M., 2009, Low-fluorine Stockwork Molybdenite Deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1211, Available online and on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091211.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1211.jpg"},{"id":13057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -145,40 ], [ -145,65 ], [ -105,65 ], [ -105,40 ], [ -145,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane","contributorId":55436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":2324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":97887,"text":"ofr20091141 - 2009 - Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"ofr20091141","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1141","title":"Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008","docAbstract":"Previous investigations indicate that natural attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. Phytoremediation combined with on-going natural attenuation processes was the preferred remedy selected by the Navy, as specified in the Record of Decision for the site. The Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated VOCs in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. In this report are groundwater geochemical and selected VOC data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during June 18-21, 2007, and June 16-18, 2008, in support of long-term monitoring for natural attenuation.\r\n\r\nFor 2007 and 2008, strongly reducing conditions (sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for reductive dechlorination of VOCs were inferred for 9 of 16 upper-aquifer wells and piezometers in the northern and southern phytoremediation plantations. Predominant redox conditions in groundwater from the intermediate aquifer just downgradient from the landfill remained mildly reducing and somewhat favorable for reductive dechlorination of VOCs. Dissolved hydrogen (H2) concentrations measured in the upper aquifer during 2007 and 2008 generally have been lower than H2 concentrations measured before 2002. However, widespread and relatively high methane and sulfide concentrations indicate that the lower H2 concentrations measured do not support a trend from strongly to mildly reducing redox conditions because no widespread changes in groundwater redox conditions were identified that should result in less favorable conditions for the reductive dechlorination of the chlorinated VOCs.\r\n\r\nFor the upper aquifer beneath the northern phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations in 2007 and 2008 at most piezometers were similar to or slightly less than chlorinated VOC concentrations measured in previous years. The only chlorinated VOC positively detected at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5 was cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE); most chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometer P1-3 were at the lowest levels since monitoring began in 1999. Most VOC concentrations at piezometer P1-4 were similar to VOC concentrations measured in previous years except that vinyl chloride (VC) concentrations inexplicably increased from 280 micrograms per liter (ug/L) in June 2007 to 750 ug/L in June 2008. In 2008, measurement of the sum of concentrations of ethane and ethene, reductive dechlorination byproducts, was at the highest level at most northern plantation wells and piezometers, which is evidence of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs.\r\n\r\nFor the upper aquifer beneath the southern phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations in 2007 and 2008 at the piezometers were most often extremely high and they continued to vary considerable over space and between years. At piezometer P1-6, the total chlorinated VOC concentration increased from 380 ug/L in 2007 to more than 20,000 ug/L in 2008. At piezometer P1-7 in 2008, the concentrations of trichloroethene, cis-DCE, and VC were the highest to date, but total chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometers P1-8, P1-9, and P1-10 in 2008 were relatively low compared to historical levels. The magnitude and persistence of chlorinated VOC concentrations indicate that non-aqueous phase liquid chloroethenes likely are beneath the southern plantation, and the temporal variability in concentrations likely is a result of variations in precipitation and groundwater levels interacting with the non-aqueous phase liquid. The reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were detected at ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., and Huffman, R., 2009, Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1141, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091141.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","temporalStart":"2007-06-18","temporalEnd":"2008-06-18","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1141.jpg"},{"id":13062,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.63388888888889,47.683611111111105 ], [ -122.63388888888889,47.70111111111111 ], [ -122.60083333333333,47.70111111111111 ], [ -122.60083333333333,47.683611111111105 ], [ -122.63388888888889,47.683611111111105 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, R.S.","contributorId":64290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, R.L.","contributorId":44956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70179346,"text":"70179346 - 2009 - Assessing survival for Mid-Columbia River released juvenile salmonids at McNary Dam in 2006 and 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T11:40:10","indexId":"70179346","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Assessing survival for Mid-Columbia River released juvenile salmonids at McNary Dam in 2006 and 2007","docAbstract":"<p>n/a</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Hardiman, J., Walker, C.E., Jones, E., Counihan, T., and Adams, N., 2009, Assessing survival for Mid-Columbia River released juvenile salmonids at McNary Dam in 2006 and 2007.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f13e4b0cd2dabe7c4b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardiman, J.M.","contributorId":46274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardiman","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, C. E.","contributorId":43168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, E.C.","contributorId":177747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Counihan, T.D.","contributorId":9789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":93175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70157338,"text":"70157338 - 2009 - Use of the U.S. Geological Survey StreamStats Web Application for dam safety analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-26T16:59:07.032562","indexId":"70157338","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of the U.S. Geological Survey StreamStats Web Application for dam safety analysis","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dam Safety 2009 conference proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2009 ASDSO Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"September 27-October 1 2009","conferenceLocation":"Hollywood, Florida","language":"English","publisher":"Association of State Dam Safety Officials","usgsCitation":"Guthrie, J.D., Ries, K., and Steeves, P.A., 2009, Use of the U.S. Geological Survey StreamStats Web Application for dam safety analysis, <i>in</i> Dam Safety 2009 conference proceedings, Hollywood, Florida, September 27-October 1 2009.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-015144","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fd35c1e4b05d6c4e502c87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guthrie, John D. jdguthrie@usgs.gov","contributorId":2391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guthrie","given":"John","email":"jdguthrie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":572744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":572745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steeves, Peter A. 0000-0001-7558-9719 psteeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-9719","contributorId":1873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"Peter","email":"psteeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia  Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":572746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176791,"text":"70176791 - 2009 - Selenium bioaccumulation and body condition in shorebirds and terns breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T17:31:34","indexId":"70176791","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium bioaccumulation and body condition in shorebirds and terns breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>The present study evaluated Se bioaccumulation in four waterbird species (</span><i>n</i><span> = 206 birds) that breed within San Francisco Bay, California, USA: American avocets (</span><i>Recurvirostra americana</i><span>), black-necked stilts (</span><i>Himantopus mexicanus</i><span>), Forster's terns (</span><i>Sterna forsteri</i><span>), and Caspian terns (</span><i>Hydroprogne caspia</i><span>). Selenium concentrations were variable and influenced by several factors, including species, region, reproductive stage, age, and sex. Adult Se concentrations (μg/g dry wt) in livers ranged from 3.07 to 48.70 in avocets (geometric mean ± standard error, 7.92 ± 0.64), 2.28 to 41.10 in stilts (5.29 ± 0.38), 3.73 to 14.50 in Forster's terns (7.13 ± 0.38), and 4.77 to 14.40 in Caspian terns (6.73 ± 0.78). Avocets had higher Se concentrations in the North Bay compared to the South Bay, whereas stilt Se concentrations were similar between these regions and Forster's terns had lower Se concentrations in the North Bay compared to the South Bay. Female avocets had higher Se concentrations than male avocets, but this was not the case for stilts and Forster's terns. Of the factors assessed, reproductive stage had the most consistent effect among species. Prebreeding birds tended to have higher liver Se concentrations than breeding birds, but this trend was statistically significant only for Forster's terns. Forster's tern chicks had lower Se concentrations than Forster's tern adults, whereas avocet and stilt adults and chicks were similar. Additionally, body condition was negatively related to liver Se concentrations in Forster's tern adults but not in avocet, stilt, or Caspian tern adults and chicks. These variable results illustrate the complexity of Se bioaccumulation and highlight the need to sample multiple species and examine several factors to assess the impact of Se on wildlife.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1897/09-101.1","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., and Eagles-Smith, C.A., 2009, Selenium bioaccumulation and body condition in shorebirds and terns breeding in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 28, no. 10, p. 2134-2141, https://doi.org/10.1897/09-101.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2134","endPage":"2141","ipdsId":"IP-012182","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8387e4b0824b2d148b5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156386,"text":"70156386 - 2009 - Analysis of complex pumping interactions during an aquifer test conducted at a well field in the coastal plain near Augusta, Georgia, October 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T15:15:40.911402","indexId":"70156386","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis of complex pumping interactions during an aquifer test conducted at a well field in the coastal plain near Augusta, Georgia, October 2009","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 24-hour aquifer test was conducted in Well Field 2 near Augusta, Georgia, October 21&ndash;22, 2009, to characterize the hydraulic properties of the Midville aquifer system. The selected well was pumped at a rate of 684 gallons per minute. At the initiation of aquifer-test pumping, water levels in each of eight wells monitored for the test were still recovering from the well-field production. Because water levels had not stabilized, data analyses were needed to account for the ongoing recovery. Hydraulic properties of the Midville aquifer system were estimated by an approach based on the Theis model and superposition. The Midville aquifer system was modeled as a Theis aquifer. The principle of superposition was used to sum the effects of multiple pumping and recovery events from a single pumped well and to sum the effects of all pumped wells as the estimated total drawdown at a monitored well. Simulated drawdown at each monitored well was determined by using a spreadsheet (SUMTheis) function of aquifer transmissivity and storativity. Simulated drawdown values were transformed into simulated water levels, accounting for longterm water-level trends. The transmissivity and storativity values that were used to calibrate the simulated water levels to measured water levels (roughly 4,000 square feet per day and 2E-04, respectively) provide estimates of the transmissivity and storativity of the Midville aquifer system in the vicinity of Well Field 2. The approach used in this study can be applied to similar well-field tests in which incomplete drawdown recovery or other known pumping is evident.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Georgia Water Resources Conference 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Georgia Water Resources Conference 2011","conferenceDate":"April 11-13, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Athens, Georgia","language":"English","publisher":"University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Athens, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G.J., 2009, Analysis of complex pumping interactions during an aquifer test conducted at a well field in the coastal plain near Augusta, Georgia, October 2009, <i>in</i> Georgia Water Resources Conference 2011, Athens, Georgia, April 11-13, 2011, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025260","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gwri.gatech.edu/gwrc2011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Augusta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.96075439453125,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.96075439453125,\n              33.58945533558725\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.58945533558725\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa2fe4b0518e3546bc26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, Gerald J.","contributorId":146795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97873,"text":"ofr20091209 - 2009 - Geologic Criteria for the Assessment of Sedimentary Exhalative (Sedex) Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:27","indexId":"ofr20091209","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1209","title":"Geologic Criteria for the Assessment of Sedimentary Exhalative (Sedex) Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits","docAbstract":"Sedex deposits account for more than 50 percent of the world's zinc and lead reserves and furnish more than 25 percent of the world's production of these two metals. This report draws on previous syntheses as well as on topical studies of deposits in sedex basins to determine the characteristics and processes that produced sedex deposits. This analysis also uses studies of the tectonic, sedimentary, and fluid evolution of modern and ancient sedimentary basins and mass balance constraints to identify the hydrothermal processes that are required to produce sedex deposits.\r\n\r\nThis report demonstrates how a genetic model can be translated into geologic criteria that can be used in the U.S. Geological Survey National Assessments for sedex zinc-lead-silver deposits to define permissive tracts, assess the relative prospectivity of permissive tracts, and map favorability within permissive tracts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091209","usgsCitation":"Emsbo, P., 2009, Geologic Criteria for the Assessment of Sedimentary Exhalative (Sedex) Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1209, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091209.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1209.jpg"},{"id":13048,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1209/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emsbo, Poul 0000-0001-9421-201X pemsbo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-201X","contributorId":997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"Poul","email":"pemsbo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":97874,"text":"fs20093075 - 2009 - Acid rain effects on Adirondack streams— Results from the 2003–05 Western Adirondack Stream Survey (the WASS Project)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T21:36:29.730555","indexId":"fs20093075","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3075","title":"Acid rain effects on Adirondack streams— Results from the 2003–05 Western Adirondack Stream Survey (the WASS Project)","docAbstract":"Traditionally lakes have been the focus of acid rain assessments in the Adirondack region of New York. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of streams as environmental indicators. Streams, like lakes, also provide important aquatic habitat, but streams more closely reflect acid rain effects on soils and forests and are more prone to acidification than lakes. Therefore, a large-scale assessment of streams was undertaken in the drainage basins of the Oswegatchie and Black Rivers; an area of 4,585 km2 in the western Adirondack region where acid rain levels tend to be highest in New York State.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093075","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G.B., Roy, K.M., Baldigo, B.P., Simonin, H.A., Passy, S.I., Bode, R.W., and Capone, S.B., 2009, Acid rain effects on Adirondack streams— Results from the 2003–05 Western Adirondack Stream Survey (the WASS Project): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3075, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093075.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3075.jpg"},{"id":13049,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87429.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,43.25 ], [ -75.5,44.5 ], [ -74.5,44.5 ], [ -74.5,43.25 ], [ -75.5,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a31e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Karen M.","contributorId":16942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119 bbaldigo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":1234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry","email":"bbaldigo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simonin, Howard A.","contributorId":90841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonin","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Passy, Sophia I.","contributorId":49067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passy","given":"Sophia","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bode, Robert W.","contributorId":47856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bode","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Capone, Susan B.","contributorId":20438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capone","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":97875,"text":"sir20095193 - 2009 - Vegetation Status of the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India (April 2009)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:26","indexId":"sir20095193","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5193","title":"Vegetation Status of the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India (April 2009)","docAbstract":"The biodiversity of aquatic plant species may be reduced in the future by drought and/or climate change in monsoonal wetlands. After a number of years of low water levels, the aquatic vegetation of the Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India, was assessed. Though likely reduced in areal extent, most of the aquatic species were found in locations in the park that contained the seed bank of aquatic species in the 1980s. Some of the species of concern observed included Cyperus rotundus, Nymphoides indica, Paspalum distichum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Scirpus tuberosus, and Vallisneria natans. While it is likely that the abundance of these species has declined over time, this cannot be determined quantitatively without detailed field studies designed to replicate the 1980s analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095193","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2009, Vegetation Status of the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India (April 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5193, iv, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095193.","productDescription":"iv, 8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-04-01","temporalEnd":"2009-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5193.jpg"},{"id":13050,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5193/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697df7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}