{"pageNumber":"201","pageRowStart":"5000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":29001,"text":"wri874154 - 1987 - Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri874154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4154","title":"Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada","docAbstract":"Two boreholes, drilled to approximate depths of 750 and 1,260 m in a granitic intrusion located near Atikokan, Ontario, were studied by obtaining a full suite of conventional borehole geophysical logs. In addition, selected intervals in these boreholes were logged with a borehole acoustic televiewer that produces a high-resolution image of the borehole wall, an acoustic waveform-logging system using 34-kiloHertz magnetostrictive and 5-kiloHertz sparker sources, and a highly sensitive heat-pulse flowmeter. Emphasis was on identifying and characterizing fracture zones that represent groundwater conduits in deeper portions of the granite, and on characterizing the properties of the largest intervals of unfractured granite. Major fracture zones were indicated by correlating geophysical log anomalies detected on the suite of conventional logs (unpublished data from Atomic Energy of Canada). However, several other anomalies, were identified as mafic intrusions of approximately the same thickness as major fracture zones. Geophysical log anomalies were compared for all major fracture zones that could serve as significant groundwater conduits, and fracture zone permeability is estimated on the basis of acoustic tube-wave attenuation in these intervals. Acoustic televiewer logs obtained at depths below 1,000 m in the deeper well indicate that most of the few fractures identified on core at these depths do not remain open enough under in situ conditions to produce detectable anomalies in acoustic refraction. Flowmeter data indicate that some groundwater circulation occurs in the upper portion of both boreholes. Water in the shallower of the two holes was observed to flow at 2.0 L/min; most of this flow entered the borehole at a depth < 25 m, and no flow occurred below a depth of 100 m. Downflow at rates < 0.5 L/min was determined to enter the deeper borehole within 20 m of the surface, and to exist at various fractures down to a depth of 250 m. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874154","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Hess, A., 1987, Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4154, iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874154.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57868,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29206,"text":"wri864017 - 1987 - Hydrologic monitoring of selected streams in coal fields of central and southern Utah — Summary of data collected, August 1978-September 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T19:40:23.306101","indexId":"wri864017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4017","title":"Hydrologic monitoring of selected streams in coal fields of central and southern Utah — Summary of data collected, August 1978-September 1984","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a coal-hydrology monitoring program in coal-field areas of central and southern Utah during August 1978-September 1984 to determine possible hydrologic impacts of future mining and to provide a better understanding of the hydrologic systems of the coal resource areas monitored. Data were collected at 19 gaging stations--18 stations in the Price, San Rafael, and Dirty Devil River basins, and 1 in the Kanab Creek Basin. Streamflow data were collected continuously at 11 stations and seasonally at 5 stations. At the other three stations streamflow data were collected continuously during the 1979 water year and then seasonally for the rest of their periods of record. Types of data collected at each station included quantity and quality of streamflow; suspended sediment concentrations; and descriptions of stream bottom sediments, benthic invertebrate, and phytoplankton samples. Also, base flow measurements were made annually upstream from 12 of the gaging stations. Stream bottom sediment sampled at nearly all the monitoring sites contained small to moderate quantities of coal, which may be attributed chiefly to pre-monitoring mining. Streamflow sampled at several sites contained large concentrations of sulfate and dissolved solids. Also, concentrations of various trace elements at 10 stations, and phenols at 18 stations, exceeded the criteria of the EPA for drinking water. This may be attributed to contemporary (water years 1979-84) mine drainage activities. The data collected during the complete water years (1979-84) of monitoring do provide a better understanding of the hydrologic systems of the coal field areas monitored. The data also provide a definite base by which to evaluate hydrologic impacts of continued or increased coal mining in those areas. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864017","usgsCitation":"Price, D., and Plantz, G., 1987, Hydrologic monitoring of selected streams in coal fields of central and southern Utah — Summary of data collected, August 1978-September 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4017, Report: vii, 102 p.; 1 Plate: 22.28 × 23.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864017.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 102 p.; 1 Plate: 22.28 × 23.43 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394077,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36487.htm"},{"id":58066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58065,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4017/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.577,\n 37.198\n ],\n [\n -112.0670,\n 37.198\n ],\n [\n -112.0670,\n 37.541\n ],\n [\n -112.577,\n 37.541\n ],\n [\n -112.577,\n 37.198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6064dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Don","contributorId":30608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plantz, G.G.","contributorId":79103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plantz","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29263,"text":"wri854314 - 1987 - Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4314","title":"Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Data were collected at two small, semiarid basins in Wyoming to determine the relation between rainfall, runoff, and sediment production. The basins were Dugout Creek tributary and Saint Marys Ditch tributary. Sufficient rainfall and runoff data were collected at Dugout Creek tributary to determine the source of sediment and the dominant sediment production processes. Because runoff from only one storm occurred in Saint Marys Ditch tributary, emphasis of the study was placed on the analysis of data collected at Dugout Creek tributary. At Dugout Creek tributary, detailed measurements were made to establish the source of sediment. To determine the quantity of material removed from headcuts during the study, two headcuts were surveyed. Aerial photographs were used to define movement of all headcuts. The total quantity of sediment removed from all headcuts between September 26, 1982, and September 26, 1983, was estimated to be 1,220 tons, or 15%-25% of the estimated total sediment load passing the streamflow-gaging station. A soil plot was used to sample upland erosion. A rainfall and runoff modeling system was used to evaluate the interaction between the physical processes which control sediment production. The greatest change in computed sediment load was caused by changing the parameter values for equations used to compute the detachment of sediment particles by rainfall and overland flow resulted in very small changes in computed sediment load. The upland areas were the primary source of sediment. A relationship was developed between the peak of storm runoff and the total sediment load for that storm runoff. The sediment concentration used to compute the total sediment load for the storm runoff was determined from sediment samples collected by two automatic pumping samplers. The coefficient of variation of the relationship is 34% with a 0.99 correlation coefficient. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854314","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., 1987, Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4314, iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854314.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29378,"text":"wri854291 - 1987 - Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri854291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4291","title":"Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In 1980 Santa Rosa Dam began impounding water on the Pecos River about 7 miles north of Santa Rosa, New Mexico, to provide flood control, sediment control, and storage for irrigation. Santa Rosa Lake has caused changes in the groundwater flow system, which may cause changes in the streamflow of the Pecos River that cannot be detected at the present streamflow gaging stations. Data collected at these stations are used to measure the amount of water available for downstream users. A three-dimensional groundwater flow model for a 950 sq mi area between Anton Chico and Puerto de Luna was used to simulate the effects of Santa Rosa Lake on groundwater flow to a gaining reach of the Pecos River for lake levels of 4,675, 4,715, 4,725, 4,750, 4,776, and 4,797 feet above sea level and durations of impoundment of 30, 90, 182, and 365 days for all levels except 4 ,797 feet. These simulations indicated that streamflow in the Pecos River could increase by as much as 2 cu ft/sec between the dam and Puerto de Luna if the lake level were maintained at 4 ,797 feet for 90 days or 4,776 feet for 1 year. About 90% of this increased streamflow would occur < 0.5 mi downstream from the dam, some of which would be measured at the streamflow gaging station located 0.2 mile downstream from the dam. Simulations also indicated that the lake will affect groundwater flow such that inflow to the study area may be decreased by as much as 1.9 cu ft/sec. This water may leave the Pecos River drainage basin or be diverted back to the Pecos River downstream from the gaging station near Puerto de Luna. In either case, this quantity represents a net loss of water upstream from Puerto de Luna. Most simulations indicated that the decrease in groundwater flow into the study area would be of about the same quantity as the simulated increase in streamflow downstream from the dam. Therefore, the net effect of the lake on the flow of the Pecos River in the study area appears to be negligible. Model simulations indicated that effect of lake levels below 4 ,750 feet on water levels in observation wells completed in the San Andres Limestone could not be distinguished from the effects of other hydrologic stresses. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854291","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 1987, Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4291, viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854291.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a0372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29444,"text":"wri874011 - 1987 - Sediment discharge in Muddy Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Wolford Mountain reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri874011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4011","title":"Sediment discharge in Muddy Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Wolford Mountain reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado","docAbstract":"Stream-discharge data collected from May 1982 through October 1985 and sediment data collected from March 1985 through October 1985 at stream flow-gaging station 09041500 Muddy Creek at Kremmling, Colorado, were used to determine total-sediment discharge into the proposed Wolford Mountain Reservoir. The data were divided on a seasonal basis, and statistical relations between suspended-sediment discharge and stream discharge were determined for the rising stage, falling stage, and base-flow period. One statistical relation between bedload discharge and stream discharge was determined from all collected data. These relations were used with 3 years of daily stream-discharge data to estimate total-sediment discharge. Total-sediment discharge was largest prior to the annual peak stream discharge during the study period and decreased thereafter. At least 97% of the total-sediment discharge was suspended sediment. Mean annual total-sediment discharge in Muddy Creek near Kremmling was estimated to be 83,000 tons per year for the 1983 through 1985 water years. Water-storage capacity of the proposed Wolford Mountain Reservoir at site C would decrease 10% after 100 years at this rate of mean annual total-sediment discharge. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874011","usgsCitation":"Ruddy, B.C., 1987, Sediment discharge in Muddy Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Wolford Mountain reservoir near Kremmling, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4011, iv, 22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874011.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58290,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruddy, B. C.","contributorId":65098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29573,"text":"wri874024 - 1987 - Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri874024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4024","title":"Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982","docAbstract":"Water quality and processes that affect the dissolved-oxygen concentration in a 45.9 mile reach of the Sangamon River from Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, were determined from data collected during low-flow periods in the summer of 1982. Relations among dissolved oxygen, water discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations, and photosynthetic-oxygen production were simulated using a one-dimensional, steady-state computer model. Average dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 8.0 milligrams per liter at the upstream end of the study reach at Decatur to 5.2 milligrams per liter 12.2 miles downstream. Ammonia concentrations ranged from 45 milligrams per liter at the mouth of Stevens Creek (2.6 miles downstream from Decatur) to 0.03 milligram per liter at the downstream end of the study reach. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the maximum concentration specified in the State water quality standard (0.04 milligram per liter) throughout most of the study reach. Model simulations indicated that oxidation of ammonia to form nitrite plus nitrate was the most significant process leading to low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri874024","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, A., and Stamer, J., 1987, Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4024, vii, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874024.","productDescription":"vii, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58401,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, A.R.","contributorId":79898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamer, J. K.","contributorId":47753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29635,"text":"wri874031 - 1987 - Geohydrology and susceptibility of Coldwater Spring and Jacksonville fault areas to surface contamination in Calhoun County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri874031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4031","title":"Geohydrology and susceptibility of Coldwater Spring and Jacksonville fault areas to surface contamination in Calhoun County, Alabama","docAbstract":"Coldwater Spring in eastern Calhoun County, Alabama, is one of the largest springs in Alabama. The spring, which has an average discharge of about 31 million gallons per day, supplies water for about 70,000 people in the Anniston, Alabama area. A potentiometric map of the study area indicates that the recharge area for the aquifer system that supplies the spring is only about 23 square miles. However, base-flow data for streams in the area indicate that this recharge area is not sufficient to account for an average discharge of 31 million gallons per day from Coldwater Spring. Complex folding and faulting of the carbonate and quart zitic rocks that comprise the aquifer system may have produced fractures and joints that increase recharge to the spring. Some recharge to the spring may be derived from outside the recharge area delineated from the potentiometric map or from the surface. This part of the recharge area contamination from the surface. This part of the recharge area consists of flat to gently rolling terrain underlain by cavernous limestone and fractured quartzite. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874031","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.C., Harris, W.F., and Cobb, R., 1987, Geohydrology and susceptibility of Coldwater Spring and Jacksonville fault areas to surface contamination in Calhoun County, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4031, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874031.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58455,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4031/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. C.","contributorId":75901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, W. F.","contributorId":66303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobb, R.H.","contributorId":31027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29859,"text":"wri874245 - 1987 - Documentation of a graphical display program for the saturated- unsaturated transport (SUTRA) finite-element simulation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri874245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4245","title":"Documentation of a graphical display program for the saturated- unsaturated transport (SUTRA) finite-element simulation model","docAbstract":"This report documents a graphical display program for the U. S. Geological Survey finite-element groundwater flow and solute transport model. Graphic features of the program, SUTRA-PLOT (SUTRA-PLOT = saturated/unsaturated transport), include: (1) plots of the finite-element mesh, (2) velocity vector plots, (3) contour plots of pressure, solute concentration, temperature, or saturation, and (4) a finite-element interpolator for gridding data prior to contouring. SUTRA-PLOT is written in FORTRAN 77 on a PRIME 750 computer system, and requires Version 9.0 or higher of the DISSPLA graphics library. The program requires two input files: the SUTRA input data list and the SUTRA simulation output listing. The program is menu driven and specifications for individual types of plots are entered and may be edited interactively. Installation instruction, a source code listing, and a description of the computer code are given. Six examples of plotting applications are used to demonstrate various features of the plotting program. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri874245","usgsCitation":"Souza, W.R., 1987, Documentation of a graphical display program for the saturated- unsaturated transport (SUTRA) finite-element simulation model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4245, v, 122 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874245.","productDescription":"v, 122 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4245/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4245/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Souza, W. R.","contributorId":102114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3737,"text":"cir941 - 1987 - Streamflow characteristics at hydrologic bench-mark stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir941","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"941","title":"Streamflow characteristics at hydrologic bench-mark stations","docAbstract":"The Hydrologic Bench-Mark Network was established in the 1960's. Its objectives were to document the hydrologic characteristics of representative undeveloped watersheds nationwide and to provide a comparative base for studying the effects of man on the hydrologic environment. The network, which consists of 57 streamflow gaging stations and one lake-stage station in 39 States, is planned for permanent operation. \r\n\r\nThis interim report describes streamflow characteristics at each bench-mark site and identifies time trends in annual streamflow that have occurred during the data-collection period. \r\n\r\nThe streamflow characteristics presented for each streamflow station are (1) flood and low-flow frequencies, (2) flow duration, (3) annual mean flow, and (4) the serial correlation coefficient for annual mean discharge. In addition, Kendall's tau is computed as an indicator of time trend in annual discharges. The period of record for most stations was 13 to 17 years, although several stations had longer periods of record. The longest period was 65 years for Merced River near Yosemite, Calif. \r\n\r\nRecords of flow at 6 of 57 streamflow sites in the network showed a statistically significant change in annual mean discharge over the period of record, based on computations of Kendall's tau. The values of Kendall's tau ranged from -0.533 to 0.648. An examination of climatological records showed that changes in precipitation were most likely the cause for the change in annual mean discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir941","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, C., 1987, Streamflow characteristics at hydrologic bench-mark stations: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 941, v, 123 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir941.","productDescription":"v, 123 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0941/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0941/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, C.L.","contributorId":58263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3732,"text":"cir1009 - 1987 - Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1009","title":"Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","docAbstract":"Published literature on the application of the finite-element method to solving the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane is reviewed in this report. The finite-element method is ideally suited to modeling two-dimensional flow over complex topography with spatially variable resistance. A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow model with depth and vertically averaged velocity components as dependent variables allows the user great flexibility in defining geometric features such as the boundaries of a water body, channels, islands, dikes, and embankments. \r\n\r\nThe following topics are reviewed in this report: alternative formulations of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane; basic concepts of the finite-element method; discretization of the flow domain and representation of the dependent flow variables; treatment of boundary conditions; discretization of the time domain; methods for modeling bottom, surface, and lateral stresses; approaches to solving systems of nonlinear equations; techniques for solving systems of linear equations; finite-element alternatives to Galerkin's method of weighted residuals; techniques of model validation; and preparation of model input data. References are listed in the final chapter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir1009","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., and Froehlich, D.C., 1987, Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1009, vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1009.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30329,"text":"wri864125 - 1987 - Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T12:57:04","indexId":"wri864125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4125","title":"Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

This report presents the results of a three-step evaluation of the stream-gaging program in Wisconsin. First, data uses and funding sources were identified for the 89 continuous-record gaging stations operated during the 1984 water year. Next, alternative methods of streamflow estimation were examined for three stations. A flow-routing model was used for two of the stations and a statistical model was used for the third. The modeled discharges did not compare well enough with observed discharges to warrant elimination of any of the stations. Finally, an optimization model was used to assess the cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging process.

\n

The annual budget, in 1984 dollars, for operating the 89 continuous-record gaging stations and 65 additional stations is $557,3000. Based on a Kalman-filter analysis, the theoretical average standard error of instantaneous discharge associated with the current practice of visiting the stations is 13.8%. This overall level of accuracy could be maintained with a budget of $518,6000 if stream-gaging activities were redistributed in an optimal fashion among the gaging stations. For the current budget, the theoretical average standard error would be reduced to 10.1% if the network is operated in an optimal fashion. Furthermore, the average standard error would be reduced to 7.3% if all missing record is eliminated and the network is operated optimally.

\n

A minimum budget of $510,000 is required to operate the program; a budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gaging stations. At this minimum budget, the theoretical average standard error of instantaneous discharge is 14.4%. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000 and resulted in an average standard of error of instantaneous discharge of 7.2%. 

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6866cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, J.F.","contributorId":86743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osen, L.L.","contributorId":46993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30426,"text":"wri864012 - 1987 - Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri864012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4012","title":"Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model of one layer was constructed to determine groundwater flow directions and magnitudes in the Navajo Sandstone of southeast Utah. Hydraulic head data, hydraulic conductivity data, precipitation data, and other data collected in the area were used in constructing and calibrating the model. Sensitivity of the model to unknown aspects of the groundwater system was investigated. Simulation error attributable to grid-size error was unexpectedly large, but compared to the uncertainty in the groundwater system, simulation error was not large. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864012","usgsCitation":"Weiss, E., 1987, Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4012, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864012.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Emanuel","contributorId":74383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30431,"text":"wri874151 - 1987 - Investigation of techniques to estimate rainfall-loss parameters for Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri874151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4151","title":"Investigation of techniques to estimate rainfall-loss parameters for Illinois","docAbstract":"An attempt was made by the U.S. Geological Survey to develop parameter-estimation techniques for two rainfall-loss computation methods used in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ' flood-hydrograph model (HEC-1). Six rainfall-loss parameters were investigated - four for the Exponential Loss-Rate method and two for the Initial and Uniform Loss-Rate method. Multiple-regression analyses using data from 616 storms at 98 gaged basins were used to attempt to develop parameter-estimation techniques for ungaged basins in Illinois. Techniques were evaluated using 102 storms at 36 uncalibrated gage basins. Estimated unit-hydrograph and rainfall-loss parameters were used to compute discharge hydrograph characteristics, which were compared with characteristics of observed discharge hydrographs. Seventy and 50% of the simulations using the Exponential Loss-Rate and the Initial and Uniform Loss-Rate methods, respectively, produced valid hydrographs. Model-sensitivity analyses to one standard error of estimate indicate that the storm-dependent rainfall-loss parameters are most significant in reproducing the sum of incremental flows and peak discharge. Time of concentrations and storage coefficient are significant in reproducing time to peak discharge and peak discharge, respectively. The small percentage of variation explained by the estimation techniques and the evaluation results using 102 storms indicates that a large degree of uncertainty exists in the computed hydrographs. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874151","usgsCitation":"Weiss, L., and Ishii, A.L., 1987, Investigation of techniques to estimate rainfall-loss parameters for Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4151, v, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874151.","productDescription":"v, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59210,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4779e4b07f02db47f3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, L.S.","contributorId":42261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"L.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishii, A. L.","contributorId":61464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30434,"text":"wri874004 - 1987 - Effects of runoff controls on the quantity and quality of urban runoff at two locations in Austin, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:41:39","indexId":"wri874004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4004","title":"Effects of runoff controls on the quantity and quality of urban runoff at two locations in Austin, Texas","docAbstract":"

Rapid urban development in the Austin metropolitan area, Texas, is causing concern about increasing peak discharges from storm runoff and the degradation of the quality of water in receiving streams, lakes, and aquifers. In an attempt to decrease peak discharges and improve water quality, runoff controls are being required in some watersheds. This report summarizes the precipitation, streamflow, and water-quality data collected from September 1982 to September 1984 upstream and downstream from runoff controls at two locations, and presents the effects of these runoff controls on streamflow and the quality of runoff water. The two controls are a detention and filtering pond near Barton Creek Square Shopping Center, a large shopping center southwest of downtown Austin, and a grass-swale control in the Al ta Vista Planned Unit Development, a multipie-family housing area.

\n

At Barton Creek Square Shopping Center, rainfall for the storms analyzed ranged from 0.14 to 2.88 inches. The rainfall rate for the September 7, 1983, storm exceeded the 100-year return period for the 5- and 10-minute duration and was equal to the 50-year return period for the 15-minute duration. Peak discharge at the inflow station to the detention pond was closely related to the maximum rainfall during a 5-minute period and occurred about 10 minutes later. The maximum inflow at this station was 185 cubic feet per second and appeared to be the limit of the storm sewer system. For small- and moderate-sized storms, the runoff is contained in the detention pond and passes through a filter system. Runoff from large storms overflows into the drop outlet. For storms contained in the pond, peak discharges at the outflow station generally were less than 3.1 cubic feet per second. As time passed, the outflow peak discharges tended to decrease as a result of reduced permeability of the filter. Cleaning the filter appeared to increase the peak flows but did not restore them to the previous level. The runoff-rainfall ratio averaged 0.85 at the inflow station and 0.36 at the outflow station. A water budget shows unexplained losses to average 20 percent.

\n

At the Barton Creek Square Shopping Center, discharge-weighted densities of fecal-col iform and fecal-streptococci bacteria and discharge-weighted concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, suspended solids, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and total phosphorus generally were larger in the inflow than in the outflow. Discharge-weighted concentrations of dissolved lead, dissolved iron, and dissolved zinc generally were small in both the inflow and outflow; however, the larger discharge-weighted concentrations of these constituents generally were found in the inflow. Discharge-weighted concentrations of volatile dissolved solids were smaller in the inflow than in the outflow for 10 of the 22 storms analyzed. Discharge-weighted concentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and dissolved solids generally were much smaller in the inflow than in the outflow. It is likely that organic and ammonia nitrogen trapped in the pond from previous storms and in the inflow water as it flows through the pond is being oxidized to nitrite and nitrate nitrogen. Similarly, dissolved solids retained in the filter or on the bed of the pond from previous storms are being leached to the outflow.

\n

Measured peak concentrations or densities of most constituents in the inflow were significantly larger than those in the outflow for most constituents. An exception was noted for concentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate which were larger in the outflow than the inflow as indicated by discrete sample analysis for six storms.

\n

Loads of most constituents and total numbers of bacteria were significantly larger in the inflow than in the outflow. The total numbers of bacteria were reduced by approximately 80 percent. Average removal efficiencies for suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved zinc ranged between 60 and 80 percent. The average loads of dissolved solids were approximately 13 percent larger in the outflow than the inflow. Average loads of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen were approximately 110 percent larger in the outflow than in the inflow. The increase in loads of these constituents is due to material being leached from the bed of the pond or from the filter system.

\n

At Al ta Vista, rainfall for the storms analyzed ranged from 0.25 to 2.00 inches. The maximum rainfall intensity was 0.30 inch for a 5-minute interval. The runoff-rainfall ratio averaged 0.42 and appeared to be evenly distributed about the mean ratio line. The peak discharge at the inflow station to the grass-covered swale area was 0.93 cubic foot per second. Inaccuracies of discharge at the outflow station and variations in the ungaged drainage area with the size of the storm prevented a hydrologic analysis of the basin above this station.

\n

Discharge-weighted concentrations of total phosphorus were larger in the outflow than in the inflow for each of the 19 storms analyzed. Discharge-weighted concentrations of dissolved solids, volatile dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total organic carbon were larger in the outflow than in the inflow for at least 12 of the 19 storms analyzed. Discharge-weighted densities of fecal streptococci were decreased between the inflow and outflow, with discharge-weighted densities of fecal streptococci being less in the outflow for 15 of the 19 storms analyzed. Because of the relatively small variations in concentrations and densities of constituents between the inflow and outflow sites, and because of the errors in discharge at the outflow gage, it is not feasible to determine the effect of the grass-covered swales on discharge-weighted concentrations and densities of water-quality constituents.

\n

Discrete concentrations or densities of most constituents were not decreased. Peak concentrations of dissolved solids in the outflow exceeded peak concentrations in the inflow for all five of the storms analyzed with discrete samples. Peak concentrations of suspended solids, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, and dissolved iron were larger in the outflow than in the inflow for four of the five storms analyzed. Load-removal efficiencies of water-quality constituents could not be determined because of inaccuracies in measuring discharge at the outflow site,

\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri874004","usgsCitation":"Welborn, C.T., and Veenhuis, J.E., 1987, Effects of runoff controls on the quantity and quality of urban runoff at two locations in Austin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4004, ix, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874004.","productDescription":"ix, 101 p.","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Austin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.8607177734375,\n 30.205080822715594\n ],\n [\n -97.8607177734375,\n 30.42144037217422\n ],\n [\n -97.63961791992188,\n 30.42144037217422\n ],\n [\n -97.63961791992188,\n 30.205080822715594\n ],\n [\n -97.8607177734375,\n 30.205080822715594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welborn, Clarence T.","contributorId":53652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welborn","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veenhuis, Jack E.","contributorId":66745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veenhuis","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30492,"text":"wri874111 - 1987 - Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri874111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4111","title":"Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Multiple regression analyses are applied to data from 119 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow stations to develop equations that estimate baseline depth (depth of 50% flow duration) and 100-yr flood depth on unregulated streams in West Virginia. Drainage basin characteristics determined from the 100-yr flood depth analysis were used to develop 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 500-yr regional flood depth equations. Two regions with distinct baseline depth equations and three regions with distinct flood depth equations are delineated. Drainage area is the most significant independent variable found in the central and northern areas of the state where mean basin elevation also is significant. The equations are applicable to any unregulated site in West Virginia where values of independent variables are within the range evaluated for the region. Examples of inapplicable sites include those in reaches below dams, within and directly upstream from bridge or culvert constrictions, within encroached reaches, in karst areas, and where streams flow through lakes or swamps. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874111","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1987, Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4111, iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874111.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30540,"text":"wri874083 - 1987 - Ground-water flow and water quality in northeastern Union County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wri874083","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4083","title":"Ground-water flow and water quality in northeastern Union County, Ohio","docAbstract":"A study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Village of Richwood, Ohio, to determine directions of ground-water flow, ground-water-level fluctuations, and water quality in the northeastern part of Union County.\r\n\r\nThe topography of the study area generally is featureless, and the land surfaces slopes gently eastward from 985 to 925 feet above sea level. Glacial deposits up to 48 feet thick cover the carbonate-bedrock aquifer. Three municipal wells and an adjoining abandoned landfill are located in an area previously excavated for clay deposits. An agricultural supply company is adjacent to the well field.\r\n\r\nGround water flows from west to east with local variation to the northeast and southeast because of the influence of Fulton Creek. Richwood Lake occupies an abandoned sand-and-gravel quarry. Water-level fluctuations indicate that the and gravel deposits beneath the lake may be hydraulically connected to the bedrock aquifer.\r\n\r\nWater-quality data collected from 14 wells and Richwood Lake indicate that a hard to very hard calcium bicarbonate type water is characteristic of the study area. Dissolved solids ranged from 200 to 720 mg/L (Milligrams per liter) throughout the study area.\r\n\r\nPotassium ranged from 1.3 to 15 mg/L, with a median concentration of 2.0 mg/L. Concentration of 10 and 15 mg/L at one municipal well were five to eight times greater than the median concentration.\r\n\r\nTotal organic carbon, ammonia, and organic nitrogen were present at every site. Concentrations of ammonia above 1 mg/L as nitrogen were found in water from two municipal wells and one domestic well. Total organic carbon was detected at a municipal well, a landfill well, and a domestic well at concentrations above 5 mg/L.\r\n\r\nGround-water quality is similar throughout the study area except in the vicinity of the municipal well field, where water from one well had elevated concentrations of ammonia, dissolved manganese, dissolved chloride, dissolved, sodium, and total organic carbon.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874083","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K.S., 1987, Ground-water flow and water quality in northeastern Union County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4083, v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874083.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59315,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cdc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K. S.","contributorId":41042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30563,"text":"wri874010 - 1987 - Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri874010","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4010","title":"Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The relation between groundwater and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin was defined through the use of: seismic-reflection profiling along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River, and evaluation of streamflow, rainfall, groundwater levels, water quality, and geologic data. Major municipal well fields in the basin are Morris Bridge and Cypress Creek where an averages of 15.3 and 30.0 million gal/day (mgd), respectively, were pumped in 1980. Mean annual rainfall for the study area is 53.7 inches. Average rainfall for 1980, determined from eight rainfall stations, was 49.7 inches. Evapotranspiration, corrected for the 5% of the basin that is standing water, was 35.7 in/year. The principal geohydrologic units in the basin are the surficial aquifer, the intermediate aquifer and confining beds, the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. Total pumpage of groundwater in 1980 was 98.18 mgd. The surficial aquifer and the intermediate aquifer are not used for major groundwater supply in the basin. Continuous marine seismic-reflection data collected along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River were interpreted to define the riverbed profile, the thickness of surficial deposits, and the top of persistent limestone. Major areas of groundwater discharge near the Hillsborough River and its tributaries are the wetlands adjacent to the river between the Zephyrhills gaging stations and Fletcher Avenue and the wetlands adjacent to Cypress Creek. An estimated 20 mgd seeps upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer within those wetland areas. The runoff/sq mi is greater at the Zephyrhills station than at Morris Bridge. However, results of groundwater flow models and potentiometric-surface maps indicate that groundwater is flowing upward along the Hillsborough River between the Zephyrhills gage and the Morris Bridge gage. This upward leakage is lost to evapotranspiration. An aquifer test conducted in 1978 at the Morris Bridge well field was evaluated by using an anisotropic method. Analytical results matched observed water levels within 0.1 ft. Analysis of aquifer test results indicates that withdrawals of up to 28 mgd would have a negligible effect on the river stage or flow. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874010","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., and Thompson, T.H., 1987, Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4010, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874010.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolansky, R. M.","contributorId":89163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolansky","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30641,"text":"wri874038 - 1987 - Ground-water-withdrawal and water-level data used to simulate regional flow in the major coastal plain aquifers of New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri874038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4038","title":"Ground-water-withdrawal and water-level data used to simulate regional flow in the major coastal plain aquifers of New Jersey","docAbstract":"The report documents groundwater withdrawal and level data for the major aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain. These data have been used in the Regional Aquifer System Analysis flow model of 10 major aquifers in the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Groundwater withdrawal data from more than 1,400 wells are tabulated by year for 1956 through 1980. Total yearly withdrawals for 171 public supply and industrial purveyors for 1918 through 1955 are documented. Best estimates are given for percentages of total withdrawals by aquifer for the 1918 through 1955 data. Groundwater withdrawal data is also tabulated yearly from 1918 through 1980 by county for each aquifer. Long-term hydrographs for 89 Coastal Plain wells provide information on water level fluctuations over time. Potentiometric maps showing earliest recorded water levels in Coastal Plain aquifers delineate prepumping conditions. Groundwater withdrawals from the Coastal Plain have increased from less than 50 million gal/day in 1918 to more than 350 million gal/day in 1980. In response to these increased withdrawals, groundwater levels have been steadily declining. In some areas where wells once flowed freely, water levels are now 100 to 200 ft below land surface. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874038","usgsCitation":"Zapecza, O., Voronin, L., and Martin, M., 1987, Ground-water-withdrawal and water-level data used to simulate regional flow in the major coastal plain aquifers of New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4038, v, 120 p. :ill., maps ;31 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874038.","productDescription":"v, 120 p. :ill., maps ;31 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59407,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59408,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59409,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59410,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59411,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59412,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59413,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59414,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59415,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59416,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zapecza, O. S.","contributorId":22787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"O. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voronin, L. M.","contributorId":93486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voronin","given":"L. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Mary","contributorId":7290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30658,"text":"wri874106 - 1987 - Traveltime and dispersion in the Illinois River, Marseilles to Peoria, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri874106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4106","title":"Traveltime and dispersion in the Illinois River, Marseilles to Peoria, Illinois","docAbstract":"Traveltime in 89.3 mi of the Illinois River between Marseilles Dam and Peoria Dam was measured using rhodamine-WT dye. On each of four subreaches, dye-tracer measurements were made at approximately 50- and 85% flow duration in 1978, 1979, and 1985. The dye-tracer data were used to develop a method for estimating the traveltime and peak concentration of a solute spilled into the Illinois River. The estimates can apply to spills at any point within the study reach during a period of relatively steady discharge of from low to medium streamflow. A sample problem to demonstrate the estimating method is solved for a hypothetical situation in which 100,000 pounds of contaminant is spilled at a railroad crossing between Spring Valley and Hennepin, Illinois. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874106","usgsCitation":"Zuehls, E., 1987, Traveltime and dispersion in the Illinois River, Marseilles to Peoria, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4106, v, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874106.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59426,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f083c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuehls, E.E.","contributorId":19942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuehls","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2767,"text":"wsp2301 - 1987 - Relations between quality of urban runoff and quality of Lake Ellyn at Glen Ellyn, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T21:05:46","indexId":"wsp2301","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2301","title":"Relations between quality of urban runoff and quality of Lake Ellyn at Glen Ellyn, Illinois","docAbstract":"Comparison of flow and chemical data collected at the principal inlet and at the outlets of Lake Ellynman urban lake in the Chicago metropolitan are--shows that detention storage alters the discharge and the quality of urban runoff. Peak water discharge and variation in the concentration of constituents transported by the runoff are usually reduced. Mass-balance relations based on comparison of measured constituent loads at the inlet and the outlets show that the lake is very efficient in trapping suspended solids, suspended sediment, and sediment-associated metals. Calculated trap efficiencies for many dissolved constituents were negative. However, negative efficiencies appear to be influenced mostly by insufficient sampling in winter. Trap efficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus are intermediate to those determined for other constituents. \r\n\r\nSolids accumulate on the lake bottom as organic-rich muds that reduce lake storage and cover potential habitat for aquatic organisms. Lake sediments, particularly fine-grained sediments, have elevated concentrations of metals associated with them. Several organic compounds, not detected in inlet- or outlet-water samples, were detected in a lake-sediment sample collected near the inlet. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of many constituents dissolved in lake water are seasonally cyclic, with annual concentration peaks occurring during the winter. Establishment and maintenance of desirable benthic invertebrate and fish populations appear to be inhibited by sediment deposition.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2301","usgsCitation":"Striegl, R.G., and Cowan, E., 1987, Relations between quality of urban runoff and quality of Lake Ellyn at Glen Ellyn, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2301, v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2301.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":29203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2301/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2301/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63465e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowan, Ellen A.","contributorId":103255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"Ellen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2655,"text":"wsp2234D - 1987 - A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T21:32:44.82146","indexId":"wsp2234D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"D","title":"A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional model capable of simulating flow in a network of interconnected channels has been applied to the tidal Potomac River including its major tributaries and embayments between Washington, D.C., and Indian Head, Md. The model can be used to compute water-surface elevations and flow discharges at any of 66 predetermined locations or at any alternative river cross sections definable within the network of channels. In addition, the model can be used to provide tidal-interchange flow volumes and to evaluate tidal excursions and the flushing properties of the riverine system. Comparisons of model-computed results with measured watersurface elevations and discharges demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the model. Tidal-cycle flow volumes computed by the calibrated model have been verified to be within an accuracy of ? 10 percent. Quantitative characteristics of the hydrodynamics of the tidal river are identified and discussed. The comprehensive flow data provided by the model can be used to better understand the geochemical, biological, and other processes affecting the river's water quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A water quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234D","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., 1987, A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234D.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424352,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25336.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28978,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"tidal Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.35734700645138,\n 39.082621721559036\n ],\n [\n -77.35734700645138,\n 37.95253421635698\n ],\n [\n -76.40863401983675,\n 37.95253421635698\n ],\n [\n -76.40863401983675,\n 39.082621721559036\n ],\n [\n -77.35734700645138,\n 39.082621721559036\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2265,"text":"wsp2303 - 1987 - Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information; with a section on theory and application of generalized least squares","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14939,"text":"ofr85680 - 1985 - Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information","indexId":"ofr85680","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2265,"text":"wsp2303 - 1987 - Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information; with a section on theory and application of generalized least squares","indexId":"wsp2303","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information; with a section on theory and application of generalized least squares"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2303","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2303","title":"Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information; with a section on theory and application of generalized least squares","docAbstract":"This report documents the results of an analysis of the surface-water data network in Kansas for its effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information. The network was analyzed using generalized least squares regression. The correlation and time-sampling error of the streamflow characteristic are considered in the generalized least squares method. Unregulated medium-, low-, and high-flow characteristics were selected to be representative of the regional information that can be obtained from streamflow-gaging-station records for use in evaluating the effectiveness of continuing the present network stations, discontinuing some stations, and (or) adding new stations. The analysis used streamflow records for all currently operated stations that were not affected by regulation and for discontinued stations for which unregulated flow characteristics, as well as physical and climatic characteristics, were available. The State was divided into three network areas, western, northeastern, and southeastern Kansas, and analysis was made for the three streamflow characteristics in each area, using three planning horizons. \r\n\r\nThe analysis showed that the maximum reduction of sampling mean-square error for each cost level could be obtained by adding new stations and discontinuing some current network stations. Large reductions in sampling mean-square error for low-flow information could be achieved in all three network areas, the reduction in western Kansas being the most dramatic. The addition of new stations would be most beneficial for mean-flow information in western Kansas. The reduction of sampling mean-square error for high-flow information would benefit most from the addition of new stations in western Kansas. Southeastern Kansas showed the smallest error reduction in high-flow information. A comparison among all three network areas indicated that funding resources could be most effectively used by discontinuing more stations in northeastern and southeastern Kansas and establishing more new stations in western Kansas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2303","usgsCitation":"Medina, K., and Tasker, G.D., 1987, Analysis of surface-water data network in Kansas for effectiveness in providing regional streamflow information; with a section on theory and application of generalized least squares: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2303, iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2303.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2303/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28055,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68015f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medina, K.D.","contributorId":46925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14452,"text":"ofr85678 - 1986 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama","indexId":"ofr85678","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","indexId":"wsp2306","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2306","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2306","title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","docAbstract":"A deterministic precipitation-runoff model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, was applied in two small basins located in the Warrior coal field, Alabama. Each basin has distinct geologic, hydrologic, and land-use characteristics. Bear Creek basin (15.03 square miles) is undisturbed, is underlain almost entirely by consolidated coal-bearing rocks of Pennsylvanian age (Pottsville Formation), and is drained by an intermittent stream. Turkey Creek basin (6.08 square miles) contains a surface coal mine and is underlain by both the Pottsville Formation and unconsolidated clay, sand, and gravel deposits of Cretaceous age (Coker Formation). Aquifers in the Coker Formation sustain flow through extended rainless periods. \r\n\r\nPreliminary daily and storm calibrations were developed for each basin. Initial parameter and variable values were determined according to techniques recommended in the user's manual for the modeling system and through field reconnaissance. Parameters with meaningful sensitivity were identified and adjusted to match hydrograph shapes and to compute realistic water year budgets. When the developed calibrations were applied to data exclusive of the calibration period as a verification exercise, results were comparable to those for the calibration period. \r\n\r\nThe model calibrations included preliminary parameter values for the various categories of geology and land use in each basin. The parameter values for areas underlain by the Pottsville Formation in the Bear Creek basin were transferred directly to similar areas in the Turkey Creek basin, and these parameter values were held constant throughout the model calibration. Parameter values for all geologic and land-use categories addressed in the two calibrations can probably be used in ungaged basins where similar conditions exist. The parameter transfer worked well, as a good calibration was obtained for Turkey Creek basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2306","usgsCitation":"Kidd, R.E., and Bossong, C., 1987, Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2306, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2306.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossong, C. R.","contributorId":39762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1959,"text":"wsp2317 - 1987 - Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T10:16:14","indexId":"wsp2317","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2317","title":"Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams","docAbstract":"Flood hydrographs are needed for the design of many highway drainage structures and embankments. A method for simulating these flood hydrographs at ungaged sites in Georgia is presented in this report. \r\n\r\nThe O'Donnell method was used to compute unit hydrographs and lagtimes for 355 floods at 80 gaging stations. An average unit hydrograph and an average lagtime were computed for each station. These average unit hydrographs were transformed to unit hydrographs having durations of one-fourth, one-third, one-half, and three-fourths lagtime, then reduced to dimensionless terms by dividing the time by lagtime and the discharge by peak discharge. Hydrographs were simulated for these 355 floods and their widths were compared with the widths of the observed hydrographs at 50 and 75 percent of peak flow. The dimensionless hydrograph based on one-half lagtime duration provided the best fit of the observed data. \r\n\r\nMultiple regression analysis was then used to define relations between lagtime and certain physical basin characteristics; of these characteristics, drainage area and slope were found to be significant for the rural-stream equations and drainage area, slope, and impervious area were found to be significant for the Atlanta urban-stream equation. \r\n\r\nA hydrograph can be simulated from the dimensionless hydrograph, the peak discharge of a specific recurrence interval, and the lagtime obtained from regression equations for any site in Georgia having a drainage area of less than 500 square miles. \r\n\r\nFor simulating hydrographs at sites having basins larger than 500 square miles, the U.S. Geological Survey computer model CONROUT can be used. This model routes streamflow from an upstream channel location to a user-defined location downstream. The product of CONROUT is a simulated discharge hydrograph for the downstream site that has a peak discharge of a specific recurrence interval.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2317","usgsCitation":"Inman, E.J., 1987, Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2317, iv, 26 p :ill. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2317.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p :ill. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2317/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2317/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db49662c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Inman, Ernest J.","contributorId":51719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26801,"text":"wri874007 - 1987 - Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T21:59:20.341167","indexId":"wri874007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4007","title":"Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network","docAbstract":"

As a result of rapid urban growth in Las Vegas Valley, rates of water use and wastewater disposal have grown rapidly during the last 25 years. Concern has developed over the potential water quality effects of this growth. The deep percolation of wastewater and irrigation return flow (much of which originates as imported water from Lake Mead), along with severe overdraft conditions in the principal aquifers of the valley, could combine to pose a long-term threat to groundwater quality. The quantitative investigations of groundwater quality and geochemical conditions in the valley necessary to address these concerns would include the establishment of data collection networks on a valley-wide scale that differ substantially from existing networks. The valley-wide networks would have a uniform areal distribution of sampling sites, would sample from all major depth zones, and would entail repeated sampling from each site. With these criteria in mind, 40 wells were chosen for inclusion in a demonstration monitoring network. Groundwater in the northern half of the valley generally contains 200 to 400 mg/L of dissolved solids, and is dominated by calcium, magnesium , and bicarbonate ions, reflecting a chemical equilibrium between the groundwater and the dominantly carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this area. The intermediate to deep groundwater in the southern half of the valley is of poorer quality (containing 700 to 1,500 mg/L of dissolved solids) and is dominated by calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate ions, reflecting the occurrence of other rock types including evaporite minerals among the still-dominant carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this part of the valley. The poorest quality groundwater in the valley is generally in the lowland parts of the valley in the first few feet beneath the water table, where dissolved solids concentrations range from 2,000 to > 7,000 mg/L , and probably reflects the effects of evaporite dissolution, secondary recharge, and evapotranspiration. The most common water quality constraint on potential groundwater use is the high salinity. No evidence of large-scale contamination of deep groundwater was found in this study.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874007","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 1987, Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4007, v, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874007.","productDescription":"v, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395317,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46696.htm"},{"id":55689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4007/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Las Vegas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.2883,\n 35.95\n ],\n [\n -114.9231,\n 35.95\n ],\n [\n -114.9231,\n 36.3444\n ],\n [\n -115.2883,\n 36.3444\n ],\n [\n -115.2883,\n 35.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":197027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}