Agricultural irrigation in northern Indiana has increased rapidly since 1975 and might double by the year 2000. A 16.5 square-mile area in north-central Indiana was studied to determine possible effects of increased irrigation on local water supply. In 1982, an average of 2 inches of water was used to irrigate 975 acres of sandy soil overlying highly transmissive outwash deposits. Irrigational pumpage was 75 percent of the summer water use but was less than potential irrigational pumpage because (1) only one-third of the suitable land was irrigated, and (2) precipitation was near normal for the year.
\nA three-dimensional digital flow model, calibrated with data collected in 1982, was used to simulate four hypothetical pumping plans representing various irrigational schemes and possible rainfall conditions: (1) 1982 acreage irrigated and 1982 (above normal) precipitation; (2) 1982 acreage irrigated and below-normal precipitation; (3) maximum acreage irrigated and normal precipitation; and (4) maximum acreage irrigated and below-normal precipitation. A fifth pumping plan was used to simulate maximum year-round water use. Plan 5 was not designed to simulate irrigational development but rather a maximum rate of withdrawal sustainable year-round until steady-state is reached.
\nOf the four pumping plans that simulated irrigational pumpage, plan 4 had the greatest effect on ground- and surface-water supply. Compared with 1982 pumpage, this plan represented a thirteenfold increase in the volume of water pumped for irrigation from wells and from Turkey Creek, a stream bordering the area of study. The model predicted a potentiometric decline of as much as 20.7 feet over an 8-acre area of the aquifer. This decline was one-fourth of the available drawdown and would not dewater the source aquifer. Streamflow in Turkey Creek would be reduced 39 percent by simulated ground-water and surface-water pumpage but remaining flow would still be twice the 7-day, 10-year low flow. However, the model predicted that flow in two smaller streams would be reduced to zero.
\nThe rate of pumping used in plan 5 was nearly 4 times the pumping rate in 1982. Potentiometric decline for plan 5 was as much as 40 percent of available drawdown, and predicted streamflow reduction would cause flow in Turkey Creek to decrease below the 7-day, 10-year low flow.
\nResults of plans 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate that the outwash system provides adequate water for current (1982) needs and substantial growth for irrigation. However, maximum irrigational development might cause temporary, local competition for water in several parts of the area. Plan 5 indicates .that water use could increase substantially before effects of pumping would prevail year-round.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri854166","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, H., Peters, J.G., Cohen, D., and Crompton, E., 1985, Hydrologic effects of ground- and surface-water withdrawals in the Milford area, Elkhart and Kosciusko counties, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4166, vi, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854166.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4166/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Elkhart, Kosciusko","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.7874,41.7615],[-85.7591,41.7613],[-85.6606,41.7608],[-85.6589,41.699],[-85.6575,41.6122],[-85.6554,41.5251],[-85.6542,41.4733],[-85.6552,41.4384],[-85.6538,41.3521],[-85.6527,41.2949],[-85.6518,41.2668],[-85.6522,41.1787],[-85.6876,41.179],[-85.6856,41.0896],[-85.6849,41.0465],[-85.9457,41.0424],[-86.017,41.0414],[-86.0179,41.0863],[-86.0758,41.0851],[-86.0777,41.1736],[-86.0539,41.1735],[-86.0574,41.3033],[-86.059,41.4336],[-86.059,41.4367],[-86.0594,41.4644],[-86.0593,41.474],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-85.932,41.7623],[-85.7874,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Elkhart\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, H.A.","contributorId":85627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peters, J. G.","contributorId":56216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cohen, D.A.","contributorId":17628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crompton, E. J.","contributorId":70412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crompton","given":"E. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":13301,"text":"ofr85476 - 1985 - Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T14:15:13","indexId":"ofr85476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-476","title":"Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Two years of selected hydrologic and micrometeorologic data collected at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina are available on magnetic tape in card-image format. Hydrologic data include daily measurements of soil-moisture tension, soil-moisture specific conductance, and soil temperature at four monitoring site locations. Micrometeorlogic data include hourly measurements for the following parameters: dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, soil temperatures, soil heat flux, wind speeds and direction, incoming and reflected short-wave solar radiation, incoming and emitted long-wave radiation, net radiation and precipitation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85476","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K., and McMahon, P., 1985, Hydrologic and micrometeorologic data from an unsaturated zone study at a low-level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-476, iv, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85476.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":147370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0476/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41720,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0476/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Barnwell","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.2198,33.4393],[-81.2148,33.3902],[-81.2215,33.2295],[-81.2176,33.2209],[-81.224,33.1581],[-81.2119,33.1476],[-81.2069,33.1344],[-81.1943,33.1231],[-81.2304,33.1176],[-81.2442,33.1189],[-81.2589,33.1134],[-81.2836,33.1083],[-81.3652,33.1081],[-81.4354,33.1297],[-81.4519,33.1346],[-81.5123,33.1503],[-81.5419,33.1579],[-81.5708,33.1332],[-81.6142,33.0953],[-81.6187,33.0952],[-81.6241,33.0946],[-81.6268,33.0941],[-81.6323,33.0928],[-81.6362,33.0924],[-81.6395,33.0923],[-81.6428,33.0928],[-81.6466,33.0937],[-81.6494,33.0949],[-81.6532,33.0973],[-81.6536,33.0977],[-81.6569,33.1009],[-81.6611,33.1041],[-81.6621,33.1046],[-81.667,33.1072],[-81.6752,33.1099],[-81.6851,33.1135],[-81.6961,33.1161],[-81.6993,33.1166],[-81.7016,33.117],[-81.7025,33.1172],[-81.7053,33.1183],[-81.7076,33.1188],[-81.7098,33.1207],[-81.7126,33.1224],[-81.7162,33.1243],[-81.7189,33.1252],[-81.7211,33.1257],[-81.7236,33.1278],[-81.7263,33.13],[-81.7297,33.1332],[-81.7352,33.1368],[-81.7407,33.1409],[-81.7428,33.1424],[-81.7479,33.1463],[-81.7545,33.1517],[-81.759,33.1557],[-81.7622,33.1599],[-81.7648,33.1649],[-81.767,33.1708],[-81.7673,33.1716],[-81.7691,33.1758],[-81.7701,33.1777],[-81.7701,33.1795],[-81.7689,33.1808],[-81.7674,33.1817],[-81.7669,33.183],[-81.7669,33.1839],[-81.7673,33.1864],[-81.7662,33.1877],[-81.7655,33.1881],[-81.7636,33.1894],[-81.762,33.1903],[-81.7615,33.1907],[-81.7609,33.1913],[-81.7588,33.1931],[-81.7577,33.1949],[-81.7573,33.1972],[-81.7575,33.1982],[-81.5165,33.3824],[-81.373,33.4907],[-81.3399,33.4831],[-81.3251,33.485],[-81.3047,33.48],[-81.2738,33.4637],[-81.2463,33.4442],[-81.2198,33.4393]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barnwell\",\"state\":\"SC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65723,"text":"i1766 - 1985 - Indexes of Mars topographic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:12","indexId":"i1766","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1766","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Indexes of Mars topographic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1, 1985","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1766","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985, Indexes of Mars topographic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey, June 1, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1766, 6 maps on 1 sheet ;92 x 66 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1766.","productDescription":"6 maps on 1 sheet ;92 x 66 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260787,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1766/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f272b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25897,"text":"wri844311 - 1985 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Kishwaukee River basin, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri844311","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4311","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Kishwaukee River basin, Illinois","docAbstract":"Seven-day, 2-year, and 7-day, 10-year natural low flows are estimated at five continuous-record gaging stations based on streamflow records and records of wastewater effluent furnished by treatment plants. Low flows are also estimated at 22 partial-record stations by relating natural low-flow estimates for long-term stations to discharge measurements at partial-record stations. Standard error of estimates for the 27 gaged sites averaged 33 percent for 2-year estimates and 51 percent for 10-year estimates. A technique for estimating flows at ungaged stream sites is based on drainage area and indexes of streamflow recession. Streamflow-recession indexes were used to account for effects of geology on low flows. Multiple-regression analyses relates the low flows to drainage area and streamflow recession rates. Average standard errors of estimates of 61 and 97 percent were indicated for the 2-year and 10-year estimating equations, respectively. Wastewater treatment plant location and effluent discharged during 7-day low-flow periods in 1981 are presented for use in adjusting natural low-flow estimates at gaged and ungaged sites to represent 1981 streamflow conditions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri844311","usgsCitation":"Allen, H.E., and Cowan, E., 1985, Low-flow characteristics of streams in the Kishwaukee River basin, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4311, vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844311.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2091,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=84-4311","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4311/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4311/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Howard E. Jr.","contributorId":48215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowan, Ellen A.","contributorId":103255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"Ellen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27818,"text":"wri854001 - 1985 - Hydrogeology of the Cross Bar Ranch well-field area and projected impact of pumping, Pasco County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T21:48:27.130862","indexId":"wri854001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4001","title":"Hydrogeology of the Cross Bar Ranch well-field area and projected impact of pumping, Pasco County, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology and development of a groundwater flow model are described for a 121-square-mile area in Pasco County, Florida. The hydrogeologic framework consists of the surficial aquifer--a thin blanket of sand--and the underlying carbonates of the upper Floridian aquifer. The aquifers are separated by a leaky sand and clay confining unit. The Cross Bar Ranch well field occupies 13 square miles and contains 17 production wells averaging about 700 feet deep and tapping the upper Florida aquifer. Procedures to calibrate, test sensitivity to input parameters, and validate the model 's accuracy are described. Pumping at 30 million gallons per day should result in 5 feet of decline in the water table of the surficial aquifer over an 8-square-mile area and in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Florida aquifer over a 15-square-mile area. Under the 45-million-per-day maximum permitted rate, drawdown should be 5 feet or more in the water table and potentiometric surface over areas of 16 and 28 square miles, respectively. At the center of pumping, water levels could decline 15 to 25 feet. The surficial aquifer could possibly be completely dewatered in a small area of the well field when pumping is at the maximum rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854001","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Cross Bar Ranch well-field area and projected impact of pumping, Pasco County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4001, vi, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854001.","productDescription":"vi, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36200.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pasco County","otherGeospatial":"Cross Bar Ranch well-field area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.333\n ],\n [\n -82.417,\n 28.333\n ],\n [\n -82.417,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6151ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, C. B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26261,"text":"wri834024 - 1985 - The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T16:03:07","indexId":"wri834024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4024","title":"The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"Groundwater is being developed from the La Grange aquifer in southeastern Wyoming. It consists of saturated permeable alluvium that is hydraulically connected with most of the underlying White River Group. In the area of principal interest east of Horse Creek, Hawk Springs Reservoir and 14 adjacent wells used to supplement surface-water supply in the reservoir are in a natural discharge area. Upgradient of the reservoir there are 28 irrigation wells in about a 6-square-mile area. In this area, water levels declined between 3 and 12 feet from 1973 to 1978 causing concern about the effects of well pumpage on the hydrologic system. A digital model was developed and used to simulate the two-dimensional groundwater flow system in the unconfined La Grange aquifer. Transient simulations were made for 1973-78 using 12 time periods and for 1978-80 using 25 time periods. The calibrated digital model was used to simulate four 6-month pumping alternatives including three hypothetical alternatives for the area of principal interest east of Horse Creek. The reservoir altitude was held constant, approximating a reservoir volume 7,000 acre-feet. Pumping alternative 1 simulated historic conditions for 1973-78 including monthly recharge from precipitation which was included in the next three pumping alternatives. For pumping alternative 1, the calculated rate of discharge at the end of the 6-month simulation was 5.2 cubic feet per second from the aquifer to the reservoir. At the end of the 6-month simulations for pumping alternatives 2 and 3, the calculated rate of discharge to the reservoir was decreased to 0.4 cubic feet per second by pumpage from the 14 wells and to 3.8 cubic feet per second by pumpage from the 28 irrigation wells. For pumping alternative 4, pumpage from the total 42 wells resulted in a 1.0 cubic feet per second loss from the reservoir to the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834024","usgsCitation":"Borchert, W.B., 1985, The ground-water system in the LaGrange Aquifer near LaGrange, southeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4024, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834024.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55068,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110156,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35670.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"35670"},{"id":55069,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55070,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55071,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4024/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchert, W. B.","contributorId":34965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchert","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26285,"text":"wri844316 - 1985 - Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri844316","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4316","title":"Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was evaluated with data from Cane branch and Helton Branch in the Beaver Creek basin of Kentucky. Because of previous studies, 10.6 years of record were available to establish a data base for the basin including 60 storms for Cane Branch and 50 storms for Helton Branch. The model was calibrated initially using data from the 1956-58 water years. Runoff predicted by the model was 94.7% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch (mined area) and 96.9% at Helton Branch (unmined area). After the model and data base were modified, the model was refitted to the 1956-58 data for Helton Branch. It then predicted 98.6% of the runoff for the 10.6-year period. The model parameters from Helton Branch were then used to simulate the Cane Branch runoff and discharge. The model predicted 102.6% of the observed runoff at Cane Branch for the 10.6 years. The simulations produced reasonable storm volumes and peak discharges. Sensitivity analysis of model parameters indicated the parameters associated with soil moisture are the most sensitive. The model was used to predict sediment concentration and daily sediment load for selected storm periods. The sediment computations indicated the model can be used to predict sediment concentrations during storm events. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844316","usgsCitation":"Bower, D., 1985, Evaluation of the precipitation-runoff modeling system, Beaver Creek basin, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4316, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844316.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4316/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa05f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bower, D.E.","contributorId":99592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26288,"text":"wri854050 - 1985 - Traveltime, longitudinal-dispersion, reaeration, and basin characteristics of the White River, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri854050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4050","title":"Traveltime, longitudinal-dispersion, reaeration, and basin characteristics of the White River, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"Traveltime and longitudinal-dispersion characteristics were measured for the White River using dye tracers. Discharges ranged from 281 to 1,840 cubic feet per second and velocities ranged from 1.26 to 3.17 miles per hour. Traveltimes were determined for discharges other than measured discharges by a graphical method and a linear-regression method. Longitudinal-dispersion coefficients ranged from 284 square feet per second at a discharge of 539 cubic feet per second to 5,430 square feet per second at a discharge of 1,580 cubic feet per second. Reaeration was measured in four reaches of the White River during a medium-flow period in August 1982. Reaeration coefficients at 20 degrees Celsius ranged from 5.3 to 25.3 per day. The results of a comparison with measured reaeration coefficients and reaeration coefficients predicted using empirical equations showed that the most accurate equations were by Bennett and Rathbun (1972) and Isaacs and Gaudy (1968). Basin characteristics were computed using U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, precipitation data from the National Weather Service, and aerial photographs taken on September 11, 1981. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854050","usgsCitation":"Boyle, J.M., and Spahr, N., 1985, Traveltime, longitudinal-dispersion, reaeration, and basin characteristics of the White River, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4050, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854050.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, J. M.","contributorId":46567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27856,"text":"wri854032 - 1985 - Evaluation of the Mission, Santee, and Tijuana hydrologic subareas for reclaimed-water use, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4032","title":"Evaluation of the Mission, Santee, and Tijuana hydrologic subareas for reclaimed-water use, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"A study was made to determine the suitability of three small hydrologic subareas in San Diego County, California, for reuse of treated municipal wastewater (reclaimed water). Groundwater quality has been impacted by agricultural water use, changes in natural recharge patterns, seawater intrusion, and groundwater movement from surrounding marine sediments. Groundwater levels near land surface may limit artificial recharge of reclaimed water or may require pumping of groundwater from the aquifer prior to recharge with reclaimed water. Reclaimed water may be used for irrigated water in upland areas. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854032","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., 1985, Evaluation of the Mission, Santee, and Tijuana hydrologic subareas for reclaimed-water use, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4032, viii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854032.","productDescription":"viii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56676,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56677,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56678,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56679,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56680,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa66a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, J. A. 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":28244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26307,"text":"wri844103 - 1985 - Preliminary evaluation of the Central Basin aquifer system in Tennessee for receiving injected wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri844103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4103","title":"Preliminary evaluation of the Central Basin aquifer system in Tennessee for receiving injected wastes","docAbstract":"An aquifer may be allowed to receive injected wastes where the aquifer meets criteria established in the Environmental Protection Agency 's Underground Injection Control program. The Central Basin aquifer system in Tennessee consists of Ordovician to Devonian carbonate rocks and it occurs from the Valley and Ridge province to west of the Tennessee River. This aquifer system is currently used for drinking water in the Central Basin and western Highland Rim, but is not used for drinking water in the northern Highland Rim nor the Cumberland Plateau provinces. Part of the northern Highland Rim and the Cumberland Plateau, according to the Environmental Protection Agency 's Underground Injection Control criteria, will not be used as a source of drinking water in the future and may be eligible to receive injected wastes. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844103","usgsCitation":"Bradley, M.W., 1985, Preliminary evaluation of the Central Basin aquifer system in Tennessee for receiving injected wastes: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4103, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844103.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2001,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri844103","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, M. W.","contributorId":40610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26335,"text":"wri854057 - 1985 - Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T22:02:39.860735","indexId":"wri854057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4057","title":"Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida","docAbstract":"A closed basin stormwater retention pond, located 1 mile west of Madison, Florida, has a maximum storage capacity of 134.1 acre-feet at the overtopping altitude of 100.2 feet. The maximum observed altitude (July 1982 to March 1984) was 99.52 feet (126.7 acre-feet) on March 28, 1984. This report provides a technique for simulating net monthly change-in-altitude in response to rainfall and evaporation. A regression equation was developed which relates net monthly change in altitude (dependent variable) to rainfall and evaporation (independent variables). Rainfall frequency curves were developed using a log-Pearson Type III distribution of the annual, January through April, June through August, and July monthly rainfall totals for the years 1908-72, 1974, 1976-82. The altitude of the retention pond increased almost 7 feet during the 4-month period January through April 1983. The rainfall total was 35.1 inches, and the recurrence interval exceeded the 100-year January-April rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854057","usgsCitation":"Bridges, W.C., 1985, Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4057, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854057.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394154,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36237.htm"},{"id":55134,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.45\n ],\n [\n -83.4080,\n 30.45\n ],\n [\n -83.4080,\n 30.476\n ],\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.476\n ],\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, W. C.","contributorId":73996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26354,"text":"wri854313 - 1985 - Interlaboratory comparability, bias, and precision for four laboratories measuring constituents in precipitation, November 1982-August 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854313","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4313","title":"Interlaboratory comparability, bias, and precision for four laboratories measuring constituents in precipitation, November 1982-August 1983","docAbstract":"Four laboratories were evaluated in their analysis of identical natural and simulated precipitation water samples. Interlaboratory comparability was evaluated using analysis of variance coupled with Duncan 's multiple range test, and linear-regression models describing the relations between individual laboratory analytical results for natural precipitation samples. Results of the statistical analyses indicate that certain pairs of laboratories produce different results when analyzing identical samples. Analyte bias for each laboratory was examined using analysis of variance coupled with Duncan 's multiple range test on data produced by the laboratories from the analysis of identical simulated precipitation samples. Bias for a given analyte produced by a single laboratory has been indicated when the laboratory mean for that analyte is shown to be significantly different from the mean for the most-probable analyte concentrations in the simulated precipitation samples. Ion-chromatographic methods for the determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate have been compared with the colorimetric methods that were also in use during the study period. Comparisons were made using analysis of variance coupled with Duncan 's multiple range test for means produced by the two methods. Analyte precision for each laboratory has been estimated by calculating a pooled variance for each analyte. Analyte estimated precisions have been compared using F-tests and differences in analyte precisions for laboratory pairs have been reported. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854313","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M.H., Schroder, L., and Malo, B., 1985, Interlaboratory comparability, bias, and precision for four laboratories measuring constituents in precipitation, November 1982-August 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4313, iii, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854313.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55148,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4884e4b07f02db51861e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M. H.","contributorId":107735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malo, B.A.","contributorId":74397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malo","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26358,"text":"wri854125 - 1985 - Hydrology of coal-lease areas near Durango, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4125","title":"Hydrology of coal-lease areas near Durango, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Bureau of Land Management leases Federal lands and minerals for coal mining near Durango, Colorado. This report addresses the hydrologic suitability of those lands for coal leasing; the report describes the general hydrology of the Durango area and, more specifically, the hydrology of the Stollsteimer Creek study area 32 miles east of the Durango and the Hay Gulch study area, 12 miles southwest of Durango. The most productive aquifers in the Durango study area are Quaternary alluvium and the tertiary Animas Formation. Water wells completed in alluvium typically yield 5 to 20 gallons/min; wells completed is the Animas Formation yield as much as 50 gallons/min. Water quality in these aquifers is variable, but it generally is suitable for domestic use. The coal-bearing Cretaceous Fruitland and Menefee Formations are mined by surface methods at the Chimney Rock Mine in the Stollsteimer Creek study area and by underground methods at the National King Coal Mine in the Hay Gulch study area. Effects of surface mining in the Stollsteimer Creek area are: (1) Dewatering of an alluvial aquifer; and (2) Local degradation of alluvium water quality by spoil-pile effluent. Effects of underground mining in the Hay Gulch area are: (1) Introduction of water with greater dissolved-solids concentrations into the upper Hay Gulch alluvium from mine runoff; (2) Subsidence fracturing which could dewater streams and the alluvial aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854125","usgsCitation":"Brooks, T., 1985, Hydrology of coal-lease areas near Durango, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4125, v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854125.","productDescription":"v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55153,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Tom","contributorId":76356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26359,"text":"wri844185 - 1985 - Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the lower Gunnison River basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri844185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4185","title":"Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the lower Gunnison River basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Information about ground-water quantity and quality in the lower Gunnison River basin assists in developing, appropriating, and managing the basin 's water resources. Hydrogeologic data are presented for 51 wells and 61 springs. Chemical analyses are given for 34 wells and 17 springs. Drillers ' reports for 71 wells are included. Springs normally discharge from short alluvial flow systems and commonly are less saline than well water. These springs are a calcium magnesium bicarbonate water type. Spring discharges of as much as 200 gallons per minute were measured. The most productive wells in the study area are completed in alluvium, with reported yields of as much as 750 gallons per minute for an irrigation well. Alluvial gravels are most productive. Specific-conductance values of water samples from alluvial deposits ranged from 80 to 32,200 micromhos per centimeter at 25 Celsius. The Mancos Shale and Mesaverde Formation include aquifers with large areal extents. Reported yields of wells completed in the Mesaverde Formation range from 0.7 to 24 gallons per minute. The Dakota Sandstone, Morrison Formation, and Entrada Sandstone include potential aquifers of lesser extent. Reported yields of wells completed in the Dakota Sandstone range 5 to 14 gallons per minute in the study area. Specific-conductance values of water samples from the Mesaverde Formation ranged from 325 to 5,390 micromhos per centimeter at 25 Celsius. Insufficient data prevented water-quality analysis of other rock units. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844185","usgsCitation":"Brooks, T., and Ackerman, D.J., 1985, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the lower Gunnison River basin, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4185, v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844185.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55154,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4185/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55155,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4185/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636e59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Tom","contributorId":76356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26378,"text":"wri854176 - 1985 - Hydrologic factors affecting lake-level fluctuations in Big Marine Lake, Washington County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T19:17:08.589151","indexId":"wri854176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4176","title":"Hydrologic factors affecting lake-level fluctuations in Big Marine Lake, Washington County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A study by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1981 through 1984, in cooperation with the Carnelian-Marine Watershed District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, investigated the causes of large lake-level fluctuations at Big Marine Lake. Historic records document that Big Marine Lake has changed substantially in surface area during the period 1847 through 1983; the maximum lake-surface area was 2,300 acres in 1847, and the minimum lake-surface area was 890 acres in 1938. A change in lake level of about 11 feet caused these changes in surface area. Serious flooding of lake-shore properties has occurred in recent years because residential development commonly took place during periods of relatively low-lake level during the 1950's and 1960's.
\nEvaporation from the lake was estimated to be approximately equal to incident precipitation on the lake surface on an annual basis. Big Marine Lake does not have a surface-water inlet, and the outlet from the lake is at an elevation well above the stage at which lake-shore property is flooded. Hydrogeologic and geochemical data collected during the study show that (1) fluctuation of water levels at Big Marine Lake is controlled primarily by ground-water discharge to and seepage from the lake, (2) water in the drift aquifer and water in the lake are chemically similar, and (3) changes in the potentiometric surface of the bedrock aquifer have minor effects on changes in lake level.
\nLong-term trends in cumulative departure from mean annual precipitation suggest that recharge to the drift aquifer in the area has been increasing since the 1940's. The increase in precipitation and recharge corresponds to the observed rise in lake level since 1965 when regular lake-level measurements began. Fluctuations in lake level in the future will depend on changes in recharge to the drift and bedrock aquifers, which is directly related to changes in long-term precipitation patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Carnelian-Marine Watershed District and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1985, Hydrologic factors affecting lake-level fluctuations in Big Marine Lake, Washington County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4176, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854176.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36330.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Big Marine Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.92,\n 45.27\n ],\n [\n -93.92,\n 45.125\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 45.125\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 45.27\n ],\n [\n -93.92,\n 45.27\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. G.","contributorId":106118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61287,"text":"mf1692 - 1985 - Map showing depth to bedrock in the Seattle 30' by 60' Quadrangle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T08:54:55","indexId":"mf1692","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1692","title":"Map showing depth to bedrock in the Seattle 30' by 60' Quadrangle, Washington","docAbstract":"Maps depicting thicknesses of sedimentary units (isopach maps) are standard tools for interpretation of processes and patterns of sedimentation within basins (Potter and Pettijohn, 1977, p. 283-287). Isopach maps showing the thickness of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits overlying bedrock may help locate sources of aggregate and potential ground-water aquifers. These maps also aid in the prediction of ground response resulting from earthquakes (Hays, 1980). In the Puget Lowland this latter use is of particular importance. Strong ground motions were highly variable throughout the Puget Sound area during the 1965 Seattle earthquake (Ms = 6.5); complex topography of the bedrock surface plus thick sections of young unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sediment were responsible for this variability (Langston, 1981; Shakel and Toksoz, 1980). Hall and Othberg (1974) outlined the major patterns of unconsolidated sediment accumulation in Puget Sound, including the unusually thick Sedimentary deposits beneath the city of Seattle.
\nSince Hall and Othberg's 1971, study, new geotechnical drilling and marine seismic reflection profiling information have become available and were used to prepare this map, which shows the depth to bedrock in the Seattle 30' by 60' quadrangle (scale 1:100,000). The map shows bedrock depth, in meters, beneath the land surface or the sediment-sea water interface.
\nBedrock throughout the Seattle quadrangle is presumed to be volcanic rock, conglomerate, Sandstone, or Shale and is Tertiary in age. With the exception of a few reports of age or lithology collected from oil wells (Livingston, 1958), the subsurface information used for this map sheds little light on the nature and distribution of the various Tertiary rocks in the subsurface. It is assumed, on the basis of pronounced lithologic differences in drill holes and widespread unconformable relationships with underlying bedrock units seen in marine seismic reflection profiles, that the deposits overlying bedrock are Quaternary in age, but no direct dating of materials has been done to confirm this assumption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1692","usgsCitation":"Yount, J.C., Dembroff, G., and Barats, G., 1985, Map showing depth to bedrock in the Seattle 30' by 60' Quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1692, Plate: 40.63 x 39.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1692.","productDescription":"Plate: 40.63 x 39.48 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":326350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1692.JPG"},{"id":326777,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1692/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,47.5 ], [ -123,48 ], [ -122,48 ], [ -122,47.5 ], [ -123,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yount, J. C.","contributorId":69553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dembroff, G.R.","contributorId":9224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dembroff","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barats, G.M.","contributorId":29789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barats","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44480,"text":"wri844360 - 1985 - Ground-water levels in the Columbia River basalt and overlying materials, spring 1983, southeastern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T18:40:18.783766","indexId":"wri844360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4360","title":"Ground-water levels in the Columbia River basalt and overlying materials, spring 1983, southeastern Washington","docAbstract":"A 2 1/2-year study of the Columbia Plateau in Washington was begun in March 1982 to define spatial and temporal variations in dissolved sodium in aquifers of the Columbia River Basalt Group and to relate these variations to the groundwater system and its geologic framework. This report is part of that study and describes groundwater level contours for four major geohydrologic units in southeastern Washington, constructed from water-level data collected from approximately 1,100 wells during the spring of 1983, data from U.S. Geological Survey studies in the area, and other indirect methods. Configuration of the groundwater level contours is controlled by: (1) extent of a geohydrologic unit and geologic structure, (2) recharge from precipitation and surface water bodies, (3) rivers, lakes, and coulees that drain the groundwater system, and (4) hydraulic conductivities of each unit. Upgradient flexures of water level contours north of Connel, Washington, show effects of prolonged irrigation while downgradient flexures in an area south of Potholes Reservoir, in the vicinity of the East Low Irrigation Canal, show the effects of increased man-induced recharge. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844360","usgsCitation":"Bauer, H.H., Vaccaro, J.J., and Lane, R.C., 1985, Ground-water levels in the Columbia River basalt and overlying materials, spring 1983, southeastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4360, 4 Plates: 44.10 × 29.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844360.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 44.10 × 29.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400826,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36191.htm"},{"id":81838,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4360/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81837,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4360/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81836,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4360/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81835,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4360/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River basalt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121,\n 45.603\n ],\n [\n -116.903,\n 45.603\n ],\n [\n -116.903,\n 48.2440\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 48.2440\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 45.603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a384e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, H. H.","contributorId":85142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaccaro, John J. jvaccaro@usgs.gov","contributorId":5848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"John","email":"jvaccaro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, R. C.","contributorId":6421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":41771,"text":"ofr85673 - 1985 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Seaman Range, southeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"ofr85673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-673","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Seaman Range, southeastern Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr85673","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985, Aeromagnetic map of part of the Seaman Range, southeastern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-673, 1 map :photocopy ;59 x 41 cm., on sheet 92 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85673.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;59 x 41 cm., on sheet 92 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79481,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0673/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6978ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28175,"text":"wri854216 - 1985 - Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri854216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4216","title":"Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite difference computer model was used to project changes in the potentiometric surface, saturated thickness, and stream aquifer leakage in an alluvial aquifer resulting from four instances of projected groundwater development. The alluvial aquifer occurs in the South Fork Solomon River valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake in north-central Kansas. In the first two projections, pumpage for irrigation was held constant at 1978 rates throughout the projection period (1979-2020). In the second two projections, the 1978 pumpage was progressively increased each yr through 2020. In the second and fourth projections, surface water diversions in the Osborne Irrigation Canal were decreased by 50 %. For the third and fourth projections, each grid-block in the modeled area was classified initially as one of six types according to whether it represented irrigable or nonirrigable land, to its saturated thickness, to its location inside or outside the canal-river area, and to its pumping rate. The projected base-flow rates (leakage from the aquifer to the river) were lower during the irrigation season (June, July, and August) than during the other months of the yr because of the decline in hydraulic head produced by groundwater pumpage. Stream depletion, calculated as a decrease below the average (1970-78) estimated winter base-flow rate of 16.5 cu ft/sec, varied inversely with base flow. For the first two projections, a constant annual cycle of well pumpage and recharge was used throughout the projection period. Aquifer leakage to the river was nearly constant by the mid-to-late 1990's, implying that flow conditions had attained a stabilized annual cycle. The third and fourth projections never attained an annual stabilized cycle because the irrigation pumpage rate was increased each year. By the early 1980's, the hydraulic head had fallen below river stage, reversing the hydraulic gradient at the stream-aquifer interface and resulting in net leakage from the river to the aquifer during the summer months. By the early 1990 's, the projected potentiometric surface of the aquifer was lower than the river stage even during the winter and spring months. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri854216","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., Lindgren, R.J., and Stullken, L., 1985, Projected ground-water development, ground-water levels, and stream-aquifer leakage in the South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas, 1979-2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4216, Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854216.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Plate","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57008,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57009,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stullken, L.E.","contributorId":59049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stullken","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}