This report addresses physical channel issues related to instream gravel mining on the Umpqua River and its two primary tributaries, the North and South Umpqua Rivers. This analysis constitutes a “Phase I” investigation, as designated by an interagency team cochaired by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, and the Oregon Department of State Lands to address instream gravel mining issues across Oregon. Phase I analyses rely primarily on existing datasets and cursory analysis to determine the vertical stability of a channel to ascertain whether a particular river channel is aggrading, degrading, or at equilibrium. Additionally, a Phase I analysis identifies other critical issues or questions pertinent to physical channel conditions that may be related to instream gravel mining activities.
This analysis can support agency permitting decisions as well as possibly indicating the need for additional studies. This specific analysis focuses on the mainstem Umpqua River from the Pacific Ocean at River Mile (RM) 0 to the confluence of the North and South Umpqua Rivers (at RM 111.8), as well as the lower 29 mi of the North Umpqua River and the lower 80 mi of the South Umpqua River (fig. 1). It is within these reaches where mining of gravel bars for aggregate has been most prevalent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District","usgsCitation":"O'Connor, J., Wallick, J., Sobieszczyk, S., Cannon, C., and Anderson, S.W., 2009, Preliminary assessment of vertical stability and gravel transport along the Umpqua River, southwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1010, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091010.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12606,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1010/ofr20091010.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.5,42.5 ], [ -124.5,44 ], [ -122,44 ], [ -122,42.5 ], [ -124.5,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallick, J. Rose 0000-0002-9392-272X rosewall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-272X","contributorId":3583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallick","given":"J. Rose","email":"rosewall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, Charles ccannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Charles","email":"ccannon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, Scott W. 0000-0003-1678-5204 swanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-5204","contributorId":107001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Scott","email":"swanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97465,"text":"fs20093008 - 2009 - Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97465,"text":"fs20093008 - 2009 - Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006","indexId":"fs20093008","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042061,"text":"fs20123140 - 2012 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","indexId":"fs20123140","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042061,"text":"fs20123140 - 2012 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","indexId":"fs20123140","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-21T10:57:43","indexId":"fs20093008","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3008","title":"Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20093008","usgsCitation":"Matos, G.R., 2009, Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3008, 6 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093008.","productDescription":"6 p.; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":390,"text":"Minerals Information Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3008.jpg"},{"id":12608,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matos, Grecia R. 0000-0002-3285-3070 gmatos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-3070","contributorId":2656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matos","given":"Grecia","email":"gmatos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97449,"text":"ds400 - 2009 - EAARL coastal topography — Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: Bare earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T20:48:10.309219","indexId":"ds400","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"400","title":"EAARL coastal topography — Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: Bare earth","docAbstract":"These remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements of Lidar-derived bare earth (BE) topography were produced as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC), St. Petersburg, FL; the National Park Service (NPS), Gulf Coast Network, Lafayette, LA; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Wallops Flight Facility, VA.
The purpose of this project is to provide highly detailed and accurate datasets of select barrier islands and peninsular regions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, acquired on June 27-30, 2007. The datasets are made available for use as a management tool to research scientists and natural resource managers. An innovative airborne Lidar instrument originally developed at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility, and known as the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), was used during data acquisition. The EAARL system is a raster-scanning, waveform-resolving, green-wavelength (532-nanometer) Lidar designed to map near-shore bathymetry, topography, and vegetation structure simultaneously. The EAARL sensor suite includes the raster-scanning, water-penetrating full-waveform adaptive Lidar, a down-looking red-green-blue (RGB) digital camera, a high-resolution multi-spectral color infrared (CIR) camera, two precision dual-frequency kinematic carrier-phase GPS receivers, and an integrated miniature digital inertial measurement unit which provide for submeter georeferencing of each laser sample. The nominal EAARL platform is a twin-engine Cessna 310 aircraft, but the instrument may be deployed on a range of light aircraft. A single pilot, a Lidar operator, and a data analyst constitute the crew for most survey operations. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in measuring sub-aerial and submarine coastal topography within cross-environmental surveys.
Elevation measurements were collected over the survey area using the EAARL system and the resulting data were then processed using the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a custom-built processing system developed in a NASA-USGS collaboration. ALPS supports the exploration and processing of Lidar data in an interactive or batch mode. Modules for presurvey flight line definition, flight path plotting, Lidar raster and waveform investigation, and digital camera image playback have been developed. Processing algorithms have been developed to extract the range to the first and last significant return within each waveform. ALPS is used routinely to create maps that represent submerged or sub-aerial topography. Specialized filtering algorithms have been implemented to determine the 'bare earth' under vegetation from a point cloud of last return elevations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds400","usgsCitation":"Smith, K., Nayegandhi, A., Wright, C.W., Bonisteel, J.M., and Brock, J., 2009, EAARL coastal topography — Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: Bare earth: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 400, HTML Document: DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds400.","productDescription":"HTML Document: DVD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-06-27","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403437,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86525.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12588,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/400/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"northern Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.3792724609375,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -86.98974609375,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -86.98974609375,\n 30.557530797259172\n ],\n [\n -89.3792724609375,\n 30.557530797259172\n ],\n [\n -89.3792724609375,\n 29.57345707301757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f53d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathryn E. L.","contributorId":20860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathryn E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bonisteel, Jamie M.","contributorId":12005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonisteel","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97446,"text":"ofr20091051 - 2009 - Transient electromagnetic soundings near Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, San Luis Valley, Colorado (2006 field season)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-15T14:08:27.651497","indexId":"ofr20091051","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1051","displayTitle":"Transient Electromagnetic Soundings Near Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, San Luis Valley, Colorado (2006 Field Season)","title":"Transient electromagnetic soundings near Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, San Luis Valley, Colorado (2006 field season)","docAbstract":"Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were made near Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado to obtain subsurface information of use to hydrologic modeling. Seventeen soundings were made to the east and north of the sand dunes. Using a small loop TEM system, maximum exploration depths of about 75 to 150 m were obtained. In general, layered earth interpretations of the data found that resistivity decreases with depth. Comparison of soundings with geologic logs from nearby wells found that zones logged as having increased clay content usually corresponded with a significant resistivity decrease in the TEM determined model. This result supports the use of TEM soundings to map the location of the top of the clay unit deposited at the bottom of the ancient Lake Alamosa that filled the San Luis Valley from Pliocene to middle Pleistocene time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091051","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., and de Souza Filho, O.A., 2009, Transient electromagnetic soundings near Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, San Luis Valley, Colorado (2006 field season): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1051, Report: vi, 55 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091051.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 55 p.; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":385124,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1051/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":385123,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1051/downloads/OF09-1051.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1051/images/coverthb.gif"},{"id":12585,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.7706298828125,\n 37.22595454983972\n ],\n [\n -105.545654296875,\n 37.22595454983972\n ],\n [\n -105.545654296875,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -106.7706298828125,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -106.7706298828125,\n 37.22595454983972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626e2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Souza Filho, Oderson A.","contributorId":88620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Souza Filho","given":"Oderson","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97463,"text":"fs20093024 - 2009 - Southwest Caves Reveal New Forms of Life","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:54","indexId":"fs20093024","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3024","title":"Southwest Caves Reveal New Forms of Life","docAbstract":"Caves in northern Arizona and western New Mexico are being researched and inventoried by scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating agencies. Southwestern caves have been little studied, and scientists are now finding that these lightless and nutrient-poor natural systems are home to life forms found nowhere else on Earth. This research has identified unique communities of arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) that include 3 new genera, or groups of species, and at least 15 new species - some only known to exist in a single cave. This exciting research is yielding information that will be used by resource managers to better understand and protect fragile and important Southwestern cave ecosystems. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Wynne, J.J., and Drost, C., 2009, Southwest Caves Reveal New Forms of Life (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3024, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093024.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3024.jpg"},{"id":12604,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,31.6 ], [ -111.5,37 ], [ -106,37 ], [ -106,31.6 ], [ -111.5,31.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynne, J. Judson","contributorId":73710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynne","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Judson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drost, Charles","contributorId":52524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97450,"text":"ds401 - 2009 - EAARL topography - George Washington Birthplace National Monument 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T20:28:17.004286","indexId":"ds401","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"401","title":"EAARL topography - George Washington Birthplace National Monument 2008","docAbstract":"These remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements of Lidar-derived bare earth (BE) and first surface (FS) topography were produced as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC), St. Petersburg, FL; the National Park Service (NPS), Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network, Kingston, RI; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Wallops Flight Facility, VA.\r\n\r\nThis project provides highly detailed and accurate datasets of the George Washington Birthplace National Monument in Virginia, acquired on March 26, 2008. The datasets are made available for use as a management tool to research scientists and natural resource managers. An innovative airborne Lidar instrument originally developed at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility, and known as the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) was used during data acquisition. The EAARL system is a raster-scanning, waveform-resolving, green-wavelength (532-nanometer) Lidar designed to map near-shore bathymetry, topography, and vegetation structure simultaneously. The EAARL sensor suite includes the raster-scanning, water-penetrating full-waveform adaptive Lidar, a down-looking red-green-blue (RGB) digital camera, a high-resolution multi-spectral color infrared (CIR) camera, two precision dual-frequency kinematic carrier-phase GPS receivers, and an integrated miniature digital inertial measurement unit, which provide for submeter georeferencing of each laser sample. The nominal EAARL platform is a twin-engine Cessna 310 aircraft, but the instrument may be deployed on a range of light aircraft. A single pilot, a Lidar operator, and a data analyst constitute the crew for most survey operations. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in measuring sub-aerial and submarine coastal topography within cross-environmental surveys. \r\n\r\nElevation measurements were collected over the survey area using the EAARL system, and the resulting data were then processed using the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a custom-built processing system developed in a NASA-USGS collaboration. ALPS supports the exploration and processing of Lidar data in an interactive or batch mode. Modules for presurvey flight line definition, flight path plotting, Lidar raster and waveform investigation, and digital camera image playback have been developed. Processing algorithms have been developed to extract the range to the first and last significant return within each waveform. ALPS is routinely used to create maps that represent submerged or first surface topography. Specialized filtering algorithms have been implemented to determine the 'bare earth' under vegetation from a point cloud of last return elevations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds401","usgsCitation":"Brock, J., Nayegandhi, A., Wright, C.W., Stevens, S., and Yates, X., 2009, EAARL topography - George Washington Birthplace National Monument 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 401, HTML Document, DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds401.","productDescription":"HTML Document, DVD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-03-26","temporalEnd":"2008-03-26","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404712,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86524.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12589,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/401/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.93553924560547,\n 38.18071964090608\n ],\n [\n -76.91167831420898,\n 38.18071964090608\n ],\n [\n -76.91167831420898,\n 38.202171463410224\n ],\n [\n -76.93553924560547,\n 38.202171463410224\n ],\n [\n -76.93553924560547,\n 38.18071964090608\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c4a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Sara","contributorId":104015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Sara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yates, Xan","contributorId":78291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Xan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97456,"text":"ofr20091052 - 2009 - Investigation into the Origin and Character of Surficial Sedimentary Deposits at the Midshore Regional Solid Waste Facility near Easton, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:31","indexId":"ofr20091052","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1052","title":"Investigation into the Origin and Character of Surficial Sedimentary Deposits at the Midshore Regional Solid Waste Facility near Easton, Maryland","docAbstract":"A temporary exposure at the Midshore Regional Solid Waste Facility near Easton, MD, provided an opportunity to document the characteristics of the complex assemblage of surficial facies in that area. This unusually large cross section allowed interpretation of the changing processes that shaped the landscape in response to climate change through the late Pleistocene. Eight stratigraphic units were recognized: (1) gray, fossiliferous, muddy silt of the marine Miocene Choptank Formation; (2) coarse, crossbedded conglomerate of the late Miocene to Pliocene fluvial Pensauken Formation; (3) bioturbated muddy conglomerate interpreted as deposits of small colluvial fans; (4) pebbly, quartzose sand overlying a planar erosional surface reflecting a marine transgression; (5) irregular pods and lenses of sand and gravel deformed into bowl-shaped folds and faulted, which are interpreted as wind deposits over a semipermanent snow cover (niveo-aeolian deposits); (6) crossbedded sand and conglomerate with abundant mud partings indicating tidal influences on sinuous stream channels; (7) heavily bioturbated silt and sand with abundant root casts and flattened vesicles interpreted as aeolian loess deposits in marshy fens; and (8) pebbly sand and mud with scattered boulders and cobbles that reflect modern infill of the excavation by the operators. Soils formed on units 3, 4, and 7. Superimposed on units 4, 5, and 7 is evidence of deep freezing and permafrost development and subsequent thermokarst development after thawing, which includes large, complexly filled wedge-shaped cracks, deformed bedding and faults, fluid-injection structures, and spherical blobs of sand and mud. Each of the stratigraphic units has irregular distributions and lateral changes. The results of this study provide a unique insight into the geometry of surficial deposits that will help facilitate mapping of units, interpretation of cored intervals, and understanding of ground-penetrating radar profiles. The study also documents the widespread effects of permafrost during the last glacial episode well south of the maximum advance of ice sheets.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091052","usgsCitation":"Smoot, J.P., Newell, W., and DeJong, B.D., 2009, Investigation into the Origin and Character of Surficial Sedimentary Deposits at the Midshore Regional Solid Waste Facility near Easton, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1052, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091052.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":240,"text":"Eastern Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1052.jpg"},{"id":12596,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, Joseph P. 0000-0002-5064-8070 jpsmoot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-8070","contributorId":2742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Joseph","email":"jpsmoot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newell, Wayne L.","contributorId":48538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97462,"text":"pp1760B - 2009 - Quaternary uplift history of Wingham Island, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T17:18:02.842324","indexId":"pp1760B","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1760","chapter":"B","title":"Quaternary uplift history of Wingham Island, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Marine terraces cut into Pleistocene deposits on Wingham Island in the Gulf of Alaska provide new constraints on the position of sea level, ice thickness and total glacioisostatic rebound at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. A radiocarbon age of 13.9 +- 0.15 ka on the most prominent terrace is coincident with the end of meltwater pulse 1A, possibly suggestive of a link between changes in relative sea level and terrace formation. Isostatic modeling suggests a local ice thickness of 600 to 700 m with high (~10 cm/yr) initial rates of postglacial rebound. In addition to the unique ties to meltwater pulse 1A, the timing of emergence for Wingham Island following the Last Glacial Maximum has implications for the early migration of humans into North America.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2007 (Professional Paper 1760)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1760B","usgsCitation":"Chapman, J.B., Haeussler, P.J., and Pavlis, T.L., 2009, Quaternary uplift history of Wingham Island, south-central Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1760, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1760B.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422454,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86617.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12603,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1760/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1760b.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wingham Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.41010127576115,\n 60.01155916713401\n ],\n [\n -144.40483203878634,\n 59.97981431351013\n ],\n [\n -144.35536751885786,\n 59.982783862367256\n ],\n [\n -144.3568730151364,\n 60.011224197411366\n ],\n [\n -144.41010127576115,\n 60.01155916713401\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, James B.","contributorId":16530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavlis, Terry L.","contributorId":52682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlis","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97448,"text":"ds399 - 2009 - EAARL Coastal Topography - Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: First surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T20:34:31.078402","indexId":"ds399","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"399","title":"EAARL Coastal Topography - Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: First surface","docAbstract":"These remotely sensed, geographically referenced elevation measurements of Lidar-derived first surface (FS) elevation data were produced as a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC), St. Petersburg, FL; the National Park Service (NPS), Gulf Coast Network, Lafayette, LA; and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Wallops Flight Facility, VA.\r\n\r\nThe project provides highly detailed and accurate datasets of select barrier islands and peninsular regions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, acquired June 27-30, 2007. The datasets are made available for use as a management tool to research scientists and natural resource managers. An innovative airborne Lidar instrument originally developed at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility, and known as the Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL), was used during data acquisition. The EAARL system is a raster-scanning, waveform-resolving, green-wavelength (532-nanometer) Lidar designed to map near-shore bathymetry, topography, and vegetation structure simultaneously. The EAARL sensor suite includes the raster-scanning, water-penetrating full-waveform adaptive Lidar, a down-looking red-green-blue (RGB) digital camera, a high-resolution multi-spectral color infrared (CIR) camera, two precision dual-frequency kinematic carrier-phase GPS receivers, and an integrated miniature digital inertial measurement unit which provide for submeter georeferencing of each laser sample. The nominal EAARL platform is a twin-engine Cessna 310 aircraft, but the instrument may be deployed on a range of light aircraft. A single pilot, a Lidar operator, and a data analyst constitute the crew for most survey operations. This sensor has the potential to make significant contributions in measuring sub-aerial and submarine coastal topography within cross-environmental surveys.\r\n\r\nElevation measurements were collected over the survey area using the EAARL system, and the resulting data were then processed using the Airborne Lidar Processing System (ALPS), a custom-built processing system developed in a NASA-USGS collaboration. ALPS supports the exploration and processing of Lidar data in an interactive or batch mode. Modules for presurvey flight line definition, flight path plotting, Lidar raster and waveform investigation, and digital camera image playback have been developed. Processing algorithms have been developed to extract the range to the first and last significant return within each waveform. ALPS is used routinely to create maps that represent submerged or sub-aerial topography. Specialized filtering algorithms have been implemented to determine the 'bare earth' under vegetation from a point cloud of last return elevations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds399","usgsCitation":"Smith, K., Nayegandhi, A., Wright, C.W., Bonisteel, J.M., and Brock, J., 2009, EAARL Coastal Topography - Northern Gulf of Mexico, 2007: First surface: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 399, HTML document: DVD-ROMs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds399.","productDescription":"HTML document: DVD-ROMs","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-06-27","temporalEnd":"2007-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403318,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86526.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12587,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/399/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.2167,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -87.0839,\n 29.75\n ],\n [\n -87.0839,\n 30.3847\n ],\n [\n -89.2167,\n 30.3847\n ],\n [\n -89.2167,\n 29.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f53f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathryn E. L.","contributorId":20860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathryn E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nayegandhi, Amar","contributorId":37292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nayegandhi","given":"Amar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, C. Wayne wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":57422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bonisteel, Jamie M.","contributorId":12005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonisteel","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97451,"text":"ds420 - 2009 - Archive of digital boomer and CHIRP seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA03 in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida, May 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T16:08:56.268076","indexId":"ds420","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"420","title":"Archive of digital boomer and CHIRP seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA03 in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida, May 2008","docAbstract":"In May of 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted geophysical surveys in Lake Panasoffkee, located in central Florida, as part of the USGS Lakes and Coastal Aquifers (LCA) study. This report serves as an archive of unprocessed digital boomer and Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse (CHIRP)* seismic reflection data, trackline maps, navigation files, Field Activity Collection System (FACS) logs, Geographic Information System (GIS) files, and formal Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata. Filtered and gained (a relative increase in signal amplitude) digital images of the seismic profiles and geospatially corrected interactive profiles are also provided. Refer to the Acronyms page for expansions of acronyms and abbreviations used in this report. *Due to poor data acquisition conditions associated with the lake bottom sediments, only two CHIRP tracklines were collected during this field activity.\r\n\r\nThe archived trace data are in standard Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) SEG-Y format (Barry and others, 1975) and may be downloaded and processed with commercial or public domain software such as Seismic Unix (SU). Example SU processing scripts and USGS software for viewing the SEG-Y files (Zihlman, 1992) are provided.\r\n\r\nThe USGS Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC) - St. Petersburg assigns a unique identifier to each cruise or field activity. For example, 08LCA03 tells us the data were collected in 2008 for the Lakes and Coastal Aquifers (LCA) study and the data were collected during the third field activity for that study in that calendar year. Refer to http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/definition/activity.html for a detailed description of the method used to assign the field activity ID. The naming convention used for each seismic line is as follows: yye##a, where 'yy' are the last two digits of the year in which the data were collected, 'e' is a 1-letter abbreviation for the equipment type (for example, b for boomer and c for CHIRP), '##' is a 2-digit number representing a specific track, and 'a' is a letter representing the section of a line if recording was prematurely terminated or rerun for quality or acquisition problems.\r\n\r\nThe boomer plate is an acoustic energy source that consists of capacitors charged to a high voltage and discharged through a transducer in the water. The transducer is towed on a sled floating on the water surface and, when discharged, emits a short acoustic pulse, or shot, which propagates through the water, sediment column, or rock beneath. The acoustic energy is reflected at density boundaries (such as the seafloor, sediment, or rock layers beneath the seafloor), detected by the receiver, and recorded by a PC-based seismic acquisition system. This process is repeated at timed intervals (for example, 0.5 s) and recorded for specific intervals of time (for example, 100 ms). In this way, a two-dimensional (2-D) vertical profile of the shallow geologic structure beneath the ship track is produced. Figure 1 displays the boomer acquisition geometry. \r\n\r\nThe EdgeTech SB-424 CHIRP system used for this survey has a vertical resolution of 4 - 8 cm, a penetration depth that is usually less than 2 m beneath the seafloor, and uses a signal of continuously varying frequency. The towfish is a sound source and receiver, which is typically towed 2 - 5 m above the seafloor. The acoustic energy is reflected at density boundaries (such as the seafloor or sediment layers beneath the seafloor), detected by a receiver, and recorded by a PC-based seismic acquisition system. This process is repeated at timed intervals (for example, 0.125 s) and recorded for specific intervals of time (for example, 50 ms); the resulting profile is a two-dimensional vertical image of the shallow geologic structure beneath the ship track. Figure 2 displays the acquisition geometry for the CHIRP system. Refer to table 1 for a summary of acquisition parameters and table 2 for trackline statistics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds420","usgsCitation":"Harrison, A.S., Dadisman, S.V., McBride, W., Flocks, J.G., and Wiese, D.S., 2009, Archive of digital boomer and CHIRP seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA03 in Lake Panasoffkee, Florida, May 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 420, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds420.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-05-13","temporalEnd":"2008-05-14","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_97321.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12590,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/420/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Panasoffkee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.15670456847309,\n 28.840833035568238\n ],\n [\n -82.15670456847309,\n 28.76151526340054\n ],\n [\n -82.09104056486755,\n 28.76151526340054\n ],\n [\n -82.09104056486755,\n 28.840833035568238\n ],\n [\n -82.15670456847309,\n 28.840833035568238\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Arnell S. 0000-0002-5581-2255","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-2255","contributorId":35021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Arnell","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McBride, W. Scott","contributorId":15293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"W. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97452,"text":"ds421 - 2009 - Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA01 in 10 central Florida lakes, March 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T15:20:17.815115","indexId":"ds421","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"421","displayTitle":"Archive of Digital Boomer Seismic Reflection Data Collected During USGS Field Activity 08LCA01 in 10 Central Florida Lakes, March 2008","title":"Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA01 in 10 central Florida lakes, March 2008","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds421","usgsCitation":"Harrison, A.S., Dadisman, S.V., Davis, J.B., Flocks, J.G., and Wiese, D.S., 2009, Archive of digital boomer seismic reflection data collected during USGS field activity 08LCA01 in 10 central Florida lakes, March 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 421, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds421.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-03-24","temporalEnd":"2008-03-28","ipdsId":"IP-009856","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12591,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/421/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.830525,28.085293],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.815168,28.012547],[-82.821755,28.002494],[-82.815168,27.973721],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.51898,24.687818],[-81.5124,24.703737],[-81.476642,24.711244],[-81.469275,24.704286],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451881,24.714518],[-81.456588,24.740097],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.430599,24.747259],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.38558,24.726182],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.309664,24.665017],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.332831,24.639528],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.401946,24.623564],[-81.403319,24.640294],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.448623,24.640172],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.480951,24.645121],[-81.47641,24.653197],[-81.480504,24.659757],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.505585,24.654609],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.54645,24.614895],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.664209,24.573143],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.811386,24.56975],[-81.800676,24.570989],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.739241,24.589973],[-81.730473,24.58196],[-81.705364,24.597647],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.655735,24.616295],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614829,24.642764],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.104187,24.588256],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.165206,24.552159],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-81.249799,24.673357],[-81.243232,24.673998],[-81.244761,24.669202],[-81.281778,24.65375],[-81.260006,24.674848],[-81.249799,24.673357]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.906288,24.769867],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.023794,24.716901],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.075855,24.704266],[-81.078439,24.692382],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.125371,24.708291],[-81.066816,24.723926],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.016918,24.734676],[-80.960129,24.764226],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.290801,24.736862],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.310744,24.727068],[-81.326844,24.728375],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.342695,24.75625],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.89054,24.791678],[-80.884572,24.791561],[-80.906874,24.783744],[-80.89054,24.791678]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.822342,24.812629],[-80.850338,24.8026],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.719977,24.864644],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.690354,24.881539],[-80.71185,24.863323],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.729836,29.738881],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.694939,29.761844],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.884632,29.652248],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-85.017205,29.604379],[-84.968314,29.617238],[-84.920333,29.648638],[-84.813352,29.687028],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.093902,29.684838],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.18453,29.663987],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.184776,29.68271],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.255159,26.70816],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.24251,26.694361],[-82.246535,26.683437],[-82.218342,26.626407],[-82.214337,26.602944],[-82.177541,26.502328],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.149368,26.477605],[-82.120046,26.473581],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.076924,26.466106],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.038403,26.456907],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.063114,26.425459],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.126671,26.436279],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.186441,26.489221],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.222131,26.590402],[-82.238872,26.636433],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.264351,26.698496],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.399767,25.108536],[-80.428318,25.095547],[-80.443375,25.076084],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.493881,25.038502],[-80.48912,25.031301],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.537995,24.990244],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.635571,24.913003],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.660198,24.90498],[-80.641306,24.914311],[-80.623866,24.931236],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.581131,24.964738],[-80.570813,24.962215],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.54411,24.999916],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.524498,25.016945],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.495569,25.047497],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.465496,25.086609],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.484188,25.10943],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.476174,25.099454],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.446473,25.151287],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.387164,25.170859],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.369965,25.206444],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.339421,25.290069],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.275961,25.344039],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.192336,25.473331],[-80.188778,25.50773],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.184033,25.468587],[-80.204198,25.412244],[-80.221991,25.397417],[-80.240376,25.347005],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.050069,30.362338],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.015708,30.601704],[-82.026941,30.606153],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-81.981273,30.776767],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.842058,30.78712],[-81.808529,30.790014],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.782653,30.769937],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.694778,30.748414],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.664598,30.746599],[-81.652123,30.742435],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.609495,30.720705],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.542675,30.713593],[-81.530531,30.722858],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.442564,30.555189],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.440108,30.497678],[-81.42601,30.496739],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.407008,30.42204],[-81.397422,30.400626],[-81.396407,30.34004],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.295268,29.928614],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.256711,29.784693],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.560973,28.530736],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.526732,28.451705],[-80.562877,28.437779],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.589975,28.17799],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.508871,27.970477],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.350553,27.628361],[-80.330956,27.597541],[-80.311757,27.524625],[-80.30117,27.500314],[-80.293171,27.500314],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.153375,27.169308],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.03212,26.77153],[-80.037462,26.76634],[-80.032862,26.700842],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.060564,26.444652],[-80.079865,26.264358],[-80.089365,26.231859],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.117778,25.986369],[-80.119684,25.841043],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.144,25.740812],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.160903,25.664897],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.184626,25.745557],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.305615,25.593134],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.313918,25.539164],[-80.328746,25.53264],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.337049,25.465621],[-80.328152,25.443084],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.326373,25.422919],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.82653,25.160478],[-80.838227,25.174791],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-80.970727,25.134084],[-80.999176,25.124222],[-81.049308,25.128322],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.146737,25.193139],[-81.171265,25.221609],[-81.16207,25.289833],[-81.148915,25.318067],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.140099,25.341117],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.146765,25.407577],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.204389,25.538908],[-81.209321,25.548611],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.240519,25.599041],[-81.240677,25.613629],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.328935,25.717233],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.386127,25.839906],[-81.394476,25.851834],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.441391,25.863761],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.511762,25.89676],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.584519,25.888808],[-81.644553,25.897953],[-81.663821,25.885605],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.713172,25.897568],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.73195,25.931506],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.762439,26.00607],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.820675,26.236735],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.01368,26.490829],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.043577,26.519577],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.111996,26.54085],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.17984,26.696661],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.125795,26.699536],[-82.106247,26.667339],[-82.099922,26.662739],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.084974,26.702411],[-82.066575,26.742657],[-82.061401,26.789228],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.076349,26.958263],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.117171,26.954239],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.162017,26.925491],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.156267,26.851898],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.151093,26.783479],[-82.172941,26.778879],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.251134,26.755881],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.269499,26.784674],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.351649,26.908384],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.477019,27.141231],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.569754,27.279452],[-82.569248,27.298588],[-82.597629,27.335754],[-82.642821,27.38972],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.706821,27.498415],[-82.686421,27.497215],[-82.683621,27.513115],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.632053,27.551908],[-82.612019,27.571231],[-82.611717,27.585283],[-82.584629,27.596021],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.558538,27.638678],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.494891,27.718963],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.418401,27.803187],[-82.402857,27.812671],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.460016,27.9116],[-82.462078,27.920066],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.491117,27.9145],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.46884,27.843295],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.538618,27.864901],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.576003,27.969424],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.720522,27.955798],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.710022,27.928299],[-82.691621,27.924899],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63422,27.9037],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63052,27.753905],[-82.62572,27.727006],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.652521,27.700307],[-82.677321,27.706207],[-82.679019,27.696054],[-82.713629,27.698661],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.712555,27.646647],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.705017,27.62531],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.739122,27.636909],[-82.738022,27.706807],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.760923,27.745205],[-82.783124,27.783804],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.851126,27.8863],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.831388,27.962117],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.821975,27.956868],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.832155,27.909242],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.792635,28.01116],[-82.792635,28.032307],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.797762,28.187789],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.759072,28.25402],[-82.746188,28.261192],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.73146,28.325075],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.697433,28.420166],[-82.684137,28.428019],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.680396,28.457194],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.669416,28.519879],[-82.656694,28.544814],[-82.66165,28.554143],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.664055,28.606584],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.702618,28.932955],[-82.723861,28.953506],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.758906,28.993277],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.801166,29.105103],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.805703,29.129848],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.827073,29.158425],[-82.974676,29.17091],[-82.991653,29.180664],[-83.018212,29.151417],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.030453,29.134023],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.056867,29.146263],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.061162,29.176113],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.074734,29.247975],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.089013,29.266502],[-83.107477,29.268889],[-83.128027,29.282733],[-83.169576,29.290355],[-83.17826,29.327916],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.200702,29.373855],[-83.202446,29.394422],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.240509,29.433178],[-83.272019,29.432256],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.356722,29.499901],[-83.370288,29.499901],[-83.379254,29.503558],[-83.383973,29.512995],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.405256,29.578319],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.414701,29.670536],[-83.436259,29.677389],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.483143,29.690478],[-83.483567,29.698542],[-83.493728,29.708388],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.566018,29.761434],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.788729,29.976982],[-83.82869,29.983187],[-83.845427,29.998068],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-83.931879,30.044175],[-83.991607,30.08392],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.024274,30.103271],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.083057,30.092286],[-84.10273,30.093611],[-84.11384,30.085478],[-84.124889,30.090601],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.179149,30.073187],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.247491,30.10114],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.270792,30.068094],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.297836,30.057451],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.365882,30.024588],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.3477,29.984123],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.343389,29.899539],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.378937,29.893112],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.443652,29.913785],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.494562,29.913957],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.535873,29.910092],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.647958,29.847104],[-84.65645,29.834277],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.881777,29.733882],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.893992,29.785176],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.91511,29.783303],[-84.93837,29.750211],[-84.964007,29.742422],[-84.968841,29.72708],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.037212,29.711074],[-85.072123,29.719027],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.177284,29.700193],[-85.22745,29.693633],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.347711,29.66719],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.380303,29.698485],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413983,29.799865],[-85.417971,29.828855],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.405815,29.865817],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405011,29.830151],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.317661,29.691286],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.31142,29.814373],[-85.317464,29.838894],[-85.336654,29.849295],[-85.363731,29.898915],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.425956,29.949888],[-85.487764,29.961227],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.571907,30.02644],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.601178,30.056342],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.089963,30.303569],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.50615,30.3823],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-86.909679,30.372423],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.267827,30.31548],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.504701,30.324039],[-87.49998,30.328957],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.452278,30.344099],[-87.451878,30.364999],[-87.438678,30.380798],[-87.440678,30.391498],[-87.429578,30.406498],[-87.403477,30.410198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.370768,30.446865],[-87.399877,30.450997],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.434678,30.479196],[-87.431178,30.495795],[-87.447702,30.510458],[-87.446586,30.527068],[-87.43544,30.54914],[-87.418647,30.561837],[-87.406558,30.599928],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.393588,30.63088],[-87.397262,30.654351],[-87.406958,30.675165],[-87.449362,30.698913],[-87.466338,30.700835],[-87.481225,30.716508],[-87.502317,30.72159],[-87.511729,30.733535],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.581869,30.812403],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.605776,30.831304],[-87.615923,30.834693],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.589187,30.964464],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.998643,30.99287],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.980127,30.961286],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.918023,30.77809],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, Arnell S. 0000-0002-5581-2255","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-2255","contributorId":35021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"Arnell","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadisman, Shawn V. sdadisman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadisman","given":"Shawn","email":"sdadisman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":50168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiese, Dana S. dwiese@usgs.gov","contributorId":2476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiese","given":"Dana","email":"dwiese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97455,"text":"ofr20091061 - 2009 - Hurricane Ike: Observations and analysis of coastal change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T13:19:35.634939","indexId":"ofr20091061","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1061","title":"Hurricane Ike: Observations and analysis of coastal change","docAbstract":"Understanding storm-induced coastal change and forecasting these changes require knowledge of the physical processes associated with the storm and the geomorphology of the impacted coastline. The primary physical processes of interest are the wind field, storm surge, and wave climate. Not only does wind cause direct damage to structures along the coast, but it is ultimately responsible for much of the energy that is transferred to the ocean and expressed as storm surge, mean currents, and large waves. Waves and currents are the processes most responsible for moving sediments in the coastal zone during extreme storm events. Storm surge, the rise in water level due to the wind, barometric pressure, and other factors, allows both waves and currents to attack parts of the coast not normally exposed to those processes.\r\n\r\nCoastal geomorphology, including shapes of the shoreline, beaches, and dunes, is equally important to the coastal change observed during extreme storm events. Relevant geomorphic variables include sand dune elevation, beach width, shoreline position, sediment grain size, and foreshore beach slope. These variables, in addition to hydrodynamic processes, can be used to predict coastal vulnerability to storms\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards Project (http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes), strives to provide hazard information to those interested in the Nation's coastlines, including residents of coastal areas, government agencies responsible for coastal management, and coastal researchers. As part of the National Assessment, observations were collected to measure coastal changes associated with Hurricane Ike, which made landfall near Galveston, Texas, on September 13, 2008. Methods of observation included aerial photography and airborne topographic surveys. This report documents these data-collection efforts and presents qualitative and quantitative descriptions of hurricane-induced changes to the shoreline, beaches, dunes, and infrastructure in the region that was heavily impacted by Hurricane Ike.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091061","usgsCitation":"Doran, K., Plant, N.G., Stockdon, H.F., Sallenger, A., and Serafin, K.A., 2009, Hurricane Ike: Observations and analysis of coastal change: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1061, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091061.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","temporalStart":"2008-09-13","temporalEnd":"2008-09-13","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12595,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403718,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86529.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.4,\n 28.8417\n ],\n [\n -93.3667,\n 28.8417\n ],\n [\n -93.3667,\n 29.775\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 29.775\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 28.8417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doran, Kara S. 0000-0001-8050-5727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-5727","contributorId":33010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Kara S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stockdon, Hilary F. 0000-0003-0791-4676 hstockdon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0791-4676","contributorId":2153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockdon","given":"Hilary","email":"hstockdon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H. Jr.","contributorId":27458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury H.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Serafin, Katherine A.","contributorId":84466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serafin","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97461,"text":"sir20095004 - 2009 - Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20095004","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5004","title":"Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05","docAbstract":"Restoring previously drained wetlands is a strategy currently being used to improve water quality and decrease nutrient loading into Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. In this 2003-05 study, ground- and surface-water quality and hydrologic conditions were characterized in the Wood River Wetland. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels, primarily as dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium (NH4) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), were high in surface waters. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations also were elevated in surface water, with median concentrations of 44 and 99 milligrams of carbon per liter (mg-C/L) in the North and South Units of the Wood River Wetland, respectively, reaching a maximum of 270 mg-C/L in the South Unit in late autumn. Artesian well water produced NH4 and SRP concentrations of about 6,000 micrograms per liter (ug/L), and concentrations of 36,500 ug-N/L NH4 and 4,110 ug-P/L SRP in one 26-28 ft deep piezometer well. Despite the high ammonium concentrations, the nitrate levels were moderate to low in wetland surface and ground waters. \r\n\r\nThe surface-water concentrations of NH4 and SRP increased in spring and summer, outpacing those for chloride (a conservative tracer), indicative of evapoconcentration. In-situ chamber experiments conducted in June and August 2005 indicated a positive flux of NH4 and SRP from the wetland sediments. Potential sources of NH4 and SRP include diffusion of nutrients from decomposed peat, decomposing aquatic vegetation, or upwelling ground water. In addition to these inputs, evapoconcentration raised surface-water solute concentrations to exceedingly high values by the end of summer. The increase was most pronounced in the South Unit, where specific conductance reached 2,500 uS/cm and median concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus reached 18,000-36,500 ug-N/L and about 18,000-26,000 ug-P/L, respectively. Water-column SRP and total phosphorus levels decreased during autumn and winter following inputs of irrigation water and precipitation, which have lower nutrient concentrations. The SRP concentrations, however, decreased faster than the dilution rate alone, possibly due to precipitation of phosphorus with iron, manganese, or calcium.\r\n\r\nThe high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus during the growing season give rise to a rich plant community in the wetland consisting of emergent and submergent macrophytes and algae including phytoplankton and benthic and epiphytic algae that have pronounced effects on dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. Midday readings of surface-water DO during summer often were supersaturated (as much as 310 percent saturation) with elevated pH (as much as 9.2 units), indicative of high rates of photosynthesis. \r\n\r\nMinimum DO concentrations in the shallow ground-water piezometer wells were 0.4 mg/L in the North Unit and 0.8 mg/L in the South Unit during summer, which is probably low enough to support microbial denitrification. Denitrification was confirmed during in-situ experiments conducted at the sediment-water interface, but rates were low due to low background nitrate (NO3). Nevertheless, denitrification (and plant uptake) likely contribute to low nitrate levels. Another possible cause of low nitrate levels is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA), a microbial process that converts and decreases nitrate to ammonia. DNRA explains the excess ammonia production measured in the chambers treated with nitrate.\r\n\r\nSurface-water levels and standing surface-water volume in the Wood River Wetland reached a maximum in early spring, inundating 80-90 percent of the wetland. Surface-water levels and standing volume then declined reaching a minimum in August through November, when the South Unit was only 10 percent inundated and the North Unit was nearly dry. The shallow ground-water levels followed a trend similar to surface-water levels and indicated a strong upward gradient.\r\n\r\nA monthly water budget was developed individually for the North ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., Snyder, D.T., Duff, J.H., Triska, F.J., Lee, K.K., Avanzino, R.J., and Sobieszczyk, S., 2009, Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5004, x, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095004.","productDescription":"x, 67 p.","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12601,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.33333333333333,42 ], [ -122.33333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,42 ], [ -122.33333333333333,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":97454,"text":"fs20093027 - 2009 - Coastal change during Hurricane Dennis 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T16:20:40.116055","indexId":"fs20093027","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3027","title":"Coastal change during Hurricane Dennis 2005","docAbstract":"Hurricane Dennis made landfall as a Category 3 storm on Santa Rosa Island in the Florida Panhandle on July 10, 2005. Exposed to some of the strongest winds, Santa Rosa Island suffered erosion, as well as severe overwash. A storm surge of 2 m was recorded near Navarre Beach.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) are collaborating in a research project investigating coastal change that occurred as a result of Hurricane Dennis. The USGS acquired still oblique aerial photography both before and after hurricane landfall to better understand the impacts of extreme storms on coastal environments. On Tuesday, July 12, 2005, scientists conducted an aerial photographic survey of Santa Rosa Island, Florida, that was impacted by Hurricane Dennis.\r\n\r\nThe photographs were compared to pre-Dennis photographs taken in July 2001 and after the landfall of Hurricane Ivan in September 2004 to illustrate extreme coastal change. On Santa Rosa Island, the storm eroded dunes and beaches, and overwashed roads. In Navarre Beach, parking lots and roads were covered with sand and dune walkovers damaged or destroyed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093027","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K., 2009, Coastal change during Hurricane Dennis 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3027, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093027.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"2005-07-10","temporalEnd":"2005-07-10","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423302,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86528.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3027.jpg"},{"id":12594,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3027/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Santa Rosa Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.83903532185573,\n 30.446305280884204\n ],\n [\n -87.09425069828175,\n 30.446305280884204\n ],\n [\n -87.09425069828175,\n 30.333670778298043\n ],\n [\n -86.83903532185573,\n 30.333670778298043\n ],\n [\n -86.83903532185573,\n 30.446305280884204\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, Karen 0000-0002-2994-5572","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-5572","contributorId":88050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97459,"text":"ofr20091068 - 2009 - Minimum Pool and Bull Trout Prey Base Investigations at Beulah Reservoir - Final Report for 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"ofr20091068","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1068","title":"Minimum Pool and Bull Trout Prey Base Investigations at Beulah Reservoir - Final Report for 2008","docAbstract":"Beulah Reservoir in southeastern Oregon provides irrigation water to nearby farms and supports an adfluvial population of threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Summer drawdowns in the reservoir could affect forage fish production and overwintering bull trout. To assess the impacts of drawdown, we sampled fish, invertebrates, and water-quality variables seasonally during 2006-08. In 2006, the summer drawdown was about 68 percent of full pool, which was less than a typical drawdown of 85 percent. We detected few changes in pelagic invertebrate densities, and catch rates, abundance, and sizes of fish when comparing values from spring to values from fall. We did note that densities of benthic insects in areas that were dewatered annually were lower than those from areas that were not dewatered annually. In 2007, the drawdown was 100 percent (to run-of-river level) and resulted in decreases in abundance of invertebrates as much as 96 percent, decreases in catch rates of fish as much as 80 percent, decreases in abundance of redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) and northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) as much as 93 percent, and decreased numbers of small fish in catches. In the fall 2007, we estimated the total biomass of forage fish to be 76 kilograms, or about one-quarter of total biomass of forage fish in 2006. Bioenergetics modeling suggested that ample forage for about 1,000 bull trout would exist after a moderate drawdown, but that forage remaining after a complete dewatering would not be sufficient for a population one-fifth the size. Our results indicate that drawdowns in Beulah Reservoir affect the aquatic community and perhaps the health and well-being of bull trout. The severity of effects depends on the extent of drawdown, population size of bull trout, and perhaps other factors.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091068","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Rose, B.P., and Mesa, M.G., 2009, Minimum Pool and Bull Trout Prey Base Investigations at Beulah Reservoir - Final Report for 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1068, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091068.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12599,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Brien P. brose@usgs.gov","contributorId":3493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Brien","email":"brose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97458,"text":"fs20093030 - 2009 - Organic Compounds in Clackamas River Water Used for Public Supply near Portland, Oregon, 2003-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T10:06:57","indexId":"fs20093030","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3030","title":"Organic Compounds in Clackamas River Water Used for Public Supply near Portland, Oregon, 2003-05","docAbstract":"Organic compounds studied in this U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment generally are man-made, including pesticides, gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, personal care and domestic-use products, disinfection by-products, and manufacturing additives. In all, 56 compounds were detected in samples collected approximately monthly during 2003-05 at the intake for the Clackamas River Water plant, one of four community water systems on the lower Clackamas River. The diversity of compounds detected suggests a variety of different sources and uses (including wastewater discharges, industrial, agricultural, domestic, and others) and different pathways to drinking-water supplies (point sources, precipitation, overland runoff, ground-water discharge, and formation during water treatment). A total of 20 organic compounds were commonly detected (in at least 20 percent of the samples) in source water and (or) finished water. Fifteen compounds were commonly detected in source water, and five of these compounds (benzene, m- and p-xylene, diuron, simazine, and chloroform) also were commonly detected in finished water. With the exception of gasoline hydrocarbons, disinfection by-products, chloromethane, and the herbicide diuron, concentrations in source and finished water were less than 0.1 microgram per liter and always less than human-health benchmarks, which are available for about 60 percent of the compounds detected. On the basis of this screening-level assessment, adverse effects to human health are assumed to be negligible (subject to limitations of available human-health benchmarks).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093030","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, Source Water-Quality Assessment","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., and McGhee, G., 2009, Organic Compounds in Clackamas River Water Used for Public Supply near Portland, Oregon, 2003-05: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3030, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093030.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3030.jpg"},{"id":12598,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.66666666666667,44.75 ], [ -122.66666666666667,45.5 ], [ -121.58333333333333,45.5 ], [ -121.58333333333333,44.75 ], [ -122.66666666666667,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db691145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGhee, Gordon","contributorId":80380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGhee","given":"Gordon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97447,"text":"tm2A9 - 2009 - Quantifying Equid Behavior - A Research Ethogram for Free-Roaming Feral Horses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"tm2A9","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2-A9","title":"Quantifying Equid Behavior - A Research Ethogram for Free-Roaming Feral Horses","docAbstract":"Feral horses (Equus caballus) are globally distributed in free-roaming populations on all continents except Antarctica and occupy a wide range of habitats including forest, grassland, desert, and montane environments. The largest populations occur in Australia and North America and have been the subject of scientific study for decades, yet guidelines and ethograms for feral horse behavioral research are largely absent in the scientific literature. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Fort Collins Science Center conducted research on the influences of the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida (PZP) on feral horse behavior from 2003-2006 in three discrete populations in the American west. These populations were the Little Book Cliffs Wild Horse Range in Colorado, McCullough Peaks Herd Management Area in Wyoming, and Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in Montana; the research effort included over 1,800 hours of behavioral observations of 317 adult free-roaming feral horses. An ethogram was developed during the course of this study to facilitate accurate scientific data collection on feral horse behavior, which is often challenging to quantify. By developing this set of discrete behavioral definitions and a set of strict research protocols, scientists were better able to address both applied questions, such as behavioral changes related to fertility control, and theoretical questions, such as understanding networks and dominance hierarchies within social groups of equids.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm2A9","usgsCitation":"Ransom, J.I., and Cade, B.S., 2009, Quantifying Equid Behavior - A Research Ethogram for Free-Roaming Feral Horses: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 2-A9, vi, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm2A9.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12586,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02a09/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486fe4b07f02db50d488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ransom, Jason I. 0000-0002-5930-4004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-4004","contributorId":71645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97457,"text":"fs20093013 - 2009 - Geochemistry of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T11:39:44","indexId":"fs20093013","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3013","title":"Geochemistry of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer","docAbstract":"The Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer in south-central Oklahoma provides water for public supply, farms, mining, wildlife conservation, recreation, and the scenic beauty of springs, streams, and waterfalls. A new understanding of the aquifer flow system was developed as part of the Arbuckle-Simpson Hydrology Study, done in 2003 through 2008 as a collaborative research project between the State of Oklahoma and the Federal government. The U.S. Geological Survey collected 36 water samples from 32 wells and springs in the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer in 2004 through 2006 for geochemical analyses of major ions, trace elements, isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, dissolved gases, and dating tracers. The geochemical analyses were used to characterize the water quality in the aquifer, to describe the origin and movement of ground water from recharge areas to discharge at wells and springs, and to determine the age of water in the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20093013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Christenson, S., Hunt, A.G., Parkhurst, D.L., and Osborn, N.I., 2009, Geochemistry of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3013, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093013.","productDescription":"4 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3013.jpg"},{"id":12597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":369047,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3013/pdf/FS2009-3013.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -97.30178833007811,\n 34.288991865037524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab29b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christenson, Scott","contributorId":59128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osborn, Noel I. nosborn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osborn","given":"Noel","email":"nosborn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97453,"text":"fs20093025 - 2009 - Coastal change during Hurricane Isabel 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T16:30:40.250734","indexId":"fs20093025","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3025","title":"Coastal change during Hurricane Isabel 2003","docAbstract":"On September 18, 2003, Hurricane Isabel made landfall on the northern Outer Banks of North Carolina. At the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's Field Research Facility in Duck, 125 km north of where the eyewall cut across Hatteras Island, the Category 2 storm generated record conditions for the 27 years of monitoring. The storm produced an 8.1 m high wave measured at a waverider buoy in 20 m of water and a 1.5 m storm surge.\r\n\r\nAs part of a program to document and better understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), surveyed the impact zone of Hurricane Isabel. Methods included pre- and post-storm photography, videography, and lidar.\r\n\r\nHurricane Isabel caused extensive erosion and overwash along the Outer Banks near Cape Hatteras, including the destruction of houses, the erosion of protective sand dunes, and the creation of island breaches. The storm eroded beaches and dunes in Frisco and Hatteras Village, southwest of the Cape. Overwash deposits covered roads and filled homes with sand. The most extensive beach changes were associated with the opening of a new breach about 500 m wide that divided into three separate channels that completely severed the island southwest of Cape Hatteras. The main breach, and a smaller one several kilometers to the south (not shown), occurred at minima in both island elevation and island width.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093025","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K., 2009, Coastal change during Hurricane Isabel 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3025, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093025.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"2003-09-18","temporalEnd":"2003-09-18","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423303,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12593,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3025.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Hatteras","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.40756089023506,\n 35.33119633417567\n ],\n [\n -75.8585255459685,\n 35.33119633417567\n ],\n [\n -75.8585255459685,\n 35.12733114799569\n ],\n [\n -75.40756089023506,\n 35.12733114799569\n ],\n [\n -75.40756089023506,\n 35.33119633417567\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afb68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, Karen 0000-0002-2994-5572","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-5572","contributorId":88050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97460,"text":"sir20095073 - 2009 - Geochemical Investigation of Source Water to Cave Springs, Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:31","indexId":"sir20095073","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5073","title":"Geochemical Investigation of Source Water to Cave Springs, Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Cave Springs supply the water for the Lehman Caves Visitor Center at Great Basin National Park, which is about 60 miles east of Ely, Nevada, in White Pine County. The source of water to the springs was investigated to evaluate the potential depletion caused by ground-water pumping in areas east of the park and to consider means to protect the supply from contamination. Cave Springs are a collection of several small springs that discharge from alluvial and glacial deposits near the contact between quartzite and granite. Four of the largest springs are diverted into a water-collection system for the park. Water from Cave Springs had more dissolved strontium, calcium, and bicarbonate, and a heavier value of carbon-13 than water from Marmot Spring at the contact between quartzite and granite near Baker Creek campground indicating that limestone had dissolved into water at Cave Springs prior to discharging. The source of the limestone at Cave Springs was determined to be rounded gravels from a pit near Baker, Nevada, which was placed around the springs during the reconstruction of the water-collection system in 1996.\r\n\r\nIsotopic compositions of water at Cave Springs and Marmot Spring indicate that the source of water to these springs primarily is from winter precipitation. Mixing of water at Cave Springs between alluvial and glacial deposits along Lehman Creek and water from quartzite is unlikely because deuterium and oxygen-18 values from a spring discharging from the alluvial and glacial deposits near upper Lehman Creek campground were heavier than the deuterium and oxygen-18 values from Cave Springs. Additionally, the estimated mean age of water determined from chlorofluorocarbon concentrations indicates water discharging from the spring near upper Lehman Creek campground is younger than that discharging from either Cave Springs or Marmot Spring. The source of water at Cave Springs is from quartzite and water discharges from the springs on the upstream side of the contact between quartzite and granite where the alluvial and glacial deposits are thin. Consequently, the potential for depletion of discharge at Cave Springs from ground-water pumping in Snake Valley east of the park is less than if the source of water was from alluvial and glacial deposits or carbonate rocks, which would be more directly connected to downstream pumping sites in Snake Valley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Glancy, P.A., 2009, Geochemical Investigation of Source Water to Cave Springs, Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5073, viii, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095073.","productDescription":"viii, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.66666666666667,38.583333333333336 ], [ -114.66666666666667,39.333333333333336 ], [ -114,39.333333333333336 ], [ -114,38.583333333333336 ], [ -114.66666666666667,38.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae70a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glancy, Patrick A.","contributorId":87113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glancy","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97433,"text":"sir20095035 - 2009 - Inventory and Statistical Analysis of Sediment Data for Streams in Kentucky, 1950-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20095035","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5035","title":"Inventory and Statistical Analysis of Sediment Data for Streams in Kentucky, 1950-2008","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment is a constituent of water that is monitored because of concerns about accelerated erosion, nonpoint contamination of water resources, and degradation of aquatic environments. Understanding the availability of monitored sediment data for streams in Kentucky is critical to planning future modeling and monitoring efforts. In order to assess the availability of sediment data for Kentucky, long-term records were obtained from the National Water Information System (NWIS) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Suspended-sediment concentration (SSC), the parameter traditionally measured and reported by the USGS, was statistically compared to turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), two parameters that are considered surrogate data. Coincident observations of SSC with either turbidity or TSS were available for 42 sites. In combination with instantaneous streamflow, turbidity and TSS both proved to be significant indicators of SSC when data from all sites were used. Because of the perceived link between sediment and nutrient abundance in streams, sediment-parameter data at these sites were correlated to total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus concentrations. A significant relation (p-value < 0.05) was found between monitored nutrient concentrations and coincident sediment abundance, although there were no clear linear relations.\r\n\r\nThis compilation of data showed that SSC was monitored at 118 sites in Kentucky at some time between 1950 and 2008. As of March 2008, 9 sites were monitored for SSC in Kentucky (8 of which are new) down from a high of more than 60 SSC sites during the 1980s. Of these 118 SSC sites, 21 sites were also monitored for TSS; there are coincident records for both SSC and TSS at 6 sites. Forty-seven of these long-term water-quality sites were also monitored for turbidity; there are coincident records for SSC and turbidity at 42 sites, including all of those at which there are coincident data for TSS. The number of sites at which SSC and at least one other sediment parameter (TSS or turbidity) were monitored decreased from a high of 27 in 1987 to zero during the period 2001-2005.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Williamson, T., 2009, Inventory and Statistical Analysis of Sediment Data for Streams in Kentucky, 1950-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5035, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095035.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1950-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12570,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5035/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.8,36.083333333333336 ], [ -89.8,40.166666666666664 ], [ -81.6,40.166666666666664 ], [ -81.6,36.083333333333336 ], [ -89.8,36.083333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97441,"text":"fs20093020 - 2009 - National Streamflow Information Program: Implementation Status Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:05","indexId":"fs20093020","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3020","title":"National Streamflow Information Program: Implementation Status Report","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates and maintains a nationwide network of about 7,500 streamgages designed to provide and interpret long-term, accurate, and unbiased streamflow information to meet the multiple needs of many diverse national, regional, state, and local users. The National Streamflow Information Program (NSIP) was initiated in 2003 in response to Congressional and stakeholder concerns about (1) the decrease in the number of operating streamgages, including a disproportionate loss of streamgages with a long period of record; (2) the inability of the USGS to continue operating high-priority streamgages in an environment of reduced funding through partnerships; and (3) the increasing demand for streamflow information due to emerging resource-management issues and new data-delivery capabilities. The NSIP's mission is to provide the streamflow information and understanding required to meet national, regional, state, and local needs.\r\n\r\nMost of the existing streamgages are funded through partnerships with more than 850 other Federal, state, tribal, and local agencies. Currently, about 90 percent of the streamgages send data to the World Wide Web in near-real time (some information is transmitted within 15 minutes, whereas some lags by about 4 hours). The streamflow information collected at USGS streamgages is used for many purposes:\r\n\r\n\r\n*In water-resource appraisals and allocations - to determine how much water is available and how it is being allocated; \r\n*To provide streamflow information required by interstate agreements, compacts, and court decrees; \r\n*For engineering design of reservoirs, bridges, roads, culverts, and treatment plants; \r\n*For the operation of reservoirs, the operation of locks and dams for navigation purposes, and power production; \r\n*To identify changes in streamflow resulting from changes in land use, water use, and climate; \r\n*For streamflow forecasting, flood planning, and flood forecasting; \r\n*To support water-quality programs by allowing determination of constituent loads and fluxes; and \r\n*For characterizing and evaluating instream conditions for habitat assessments, instream-flow requirements, and recreation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093020","usgsCitation":"Norris, J.M., 2009, National Streamflow Information Program: Implementation Status Report: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3020, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093020.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3020.jpg"},{"id":12578,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4154","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, J. Michael 0000-0002-7480-0161 mnorris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-0161","contributorId":1625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"J.","email":"mnorris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97444,"text":"fs20083078 - 2009 - Hazards management in Grand County, Colorado— Fire fuels characterization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-07T20:06:43.463855","indexId":"fs20083078","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3078","title":"Hazards management in Grand County, Colorado— Fire fuels characterization","docAbstract":"The USGS Fire Science Initiative is designed to identify potential wildfire risks and related hazards and to mitigate their effects on people, property, and natural resources. The USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center (RMGSC) plays an integral role in the fire science demonstration project targeting Grand County, Colo., which uses remote sensing imagery, other geospatial data, and advanced classification techniques to produce inventories and assessments of the current state of the ecosystem. The data gathered - extent of tree mortality and insect infestation, changes in fire fuels, susceptibility to post-fire effects, distribution of wildland-urban interface areas, etc. - will give much needed information to decisionmakers on the Federal, State, and local levels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20083078","usgsCitation":"Cole, C., Lile, E., and Briggs, J., 2009, Hazards management in Grand County, Colorado— Fire fuels characterization: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3078, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083078.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388918,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86516.htm"},{"id":12581,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3078.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Grand County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6516,40.4463],[-106.6493,40.4434],[-106.6489,40.4396],[-106.6405,40.4332],[-106.6334,40.4327],[-106.6223,40.4321],[-106.6206,40.43],[-106.6242,40.4279],[-106.6287,40.4192],[-106.6249,40.4157],[-106.6184,40.4053],[-106.6176,40.4032],[-106.6139,40.3928],[-106.6083,40.3792],[-106.6077,40.3774],[-106.6053,40.3751],[-106.6028,40.3747],[-106.5998,40.3747],[-106.5962,40.3761],[-106.592,40.3783],[-106.5872,40.3793],[-106.5781,40.3784],[-106.5715,40.3771],[-106.5606,40.3776],[-106.5564,40.3763],[-106.5546,40.3749],[-106.5533,40.3726],[-106.5509,40.3699],[-106.5479,40.3681],[-106.5412,40.3659],[-106.5388,40.365],[-106.5334,40.3627],[-106.5309,40.3628],[-106.5291,40.3637],[-106.5285,40.3664],[-106.5274,40.3736],[-106.5256,40.3809],[-106.5232,40.3841],[-106.5209,40.3859],[-106.5197,40.3864],[-106.516,40.3882],[-106.513,40.3887],[-106.51,40.39],[-106.5082,40.3941],[-106.5076,40.3946],[-106.5016,40.3987],[-106.5004,40.4001],[-106.4896,40.4092],[-106.4872,40.4101],[-106.4848,40.4101],[-106.4806,40.4088],[-106.4763,40.4056],[-106.4739,40.402],[-106.4738,40.3983],[-106.478,40.3929],[-106.4774,40.3902],[-106.4726,40.387],[-106.4707,40.3848],[-106.4713,40.3811],[-106.4707,40.3793],[-106.4653,40.3762],[-106.4634,40.3735],[-106.4628,40.3698],[-106.4616,40.3676],[-106.4579,40.3653],[-106.4567,40.363],[-106.4573,40.3603],[-106.4561,40.3576],[-106.4531,40.3558],[-106.4476,40.3495],[-106.4446,40.3481],[-106.4403,40.3481],[-106.4355,40.3495],[-106.4283,40.3518],[-106.4229,40.3514],[-106.4156,40.3496],[-106.4072,40.346],[-106.4023,40.3433],[-106.3993,40.3401],[-106.3956,40.3347],[-106.3932,40.3338],[-106.3914,40.3342],[-106.3902,40.3356],[-106.3902,40.3383],[-106.3909,40.3456],[-106.3897,40.3479],[-106.3824,40.352],[-106.3758,40.3542],[-106.3704,40.3556],[-106.3644,40.3552],[-106.3602,40.3561],[-106.3565,40.3566],[-106.3517,40.3548],[-106.3438,40.3471],[-106.3347,40.3385],[-106.3317,40.3376],[-106.3281,40.3371],[-106.3251,40.3362],[-106.3196,40.334],[-106.3148,40.3313],[-106.3082,40.3295],[-106.3045,40.3295],[-106.3003,40.3304],[-106.2973,40.3313],[-106.2955,40.3327],[-106.2949,40.335],[-106.2955,40.3395],[-106.2968,40.344],[-106.2968,40.3476],[-106.2962,40.3495],[-106.2938,40.3531],[-106.2902,40.3563],[-106.2872,40.3572],[-106.2835,40.3577],[-106.2763,40.3554],[-106.2727,40.3554],[-106.2697,40.3568],[-106.2654,40.3591],[-106.2624,40.3591],[-106.26,40.3582],[-106.2576,40.3554],[-106.2491,40.34],[-106.2412,40.3319],[-106.2346,40.3265],[-106.2309,40.3247],[-106.2279,40.3238],[-106.2249,40.3242],[-106.2207,40.326],[-106.2159,40.327],[-106.211,40.327],[-106.2038,40.3261],[-106.1954,40.3261],[-106.1923,40.3261],[-106.1863,40.3279],[-106.1827,40.3297],[-106.1803,40.3325],[-106.1743,40.342],[-106.1713,40.3438],[-106.1689,40.3443],[-106.1653,40.3443],[-106.1622,40.3429],[-106.158,40.3402],[-106.1544,40.3357],[-106.1507,40.3334],[-106.1471,40.3316],[-106.1417,40.3302],[-106.1357,40.3298],[-106.1339,40.3307],[-106.1327,40.3312],[-106.1321,40.3348],[-106.1314,40.3361],[-106.126,40.338],[-106.123,40.3393],[-106.1188,40.3434],[-106.117,40.3443],[-106.108,40.3484],[-106.1049,40.3507],[-106.1019,40.3525],[-106.0995,40.353],[-106.0977,40.3525],[-106.0917,40.3489],[-106.088,40.3471],[-106.0844,40.3466],[-106.0814,40.3471],[-106.0772,40.3484],[-106.0651,40.3552],[-106.0621,40.3561],[-106.0525,40.358],[-106.0506,40.3584],[-106.041,40.3634],[-106.0356,40.3657],[-106.0265,40.3698],[-106.0235,40.3702],[-106.0199,40.3707],[-106.0163,40.3702],[-106.0126,40.368],[-106.0078,40.363],[-106.006,40.3616],[-106.0036,40.3616],[-105.9994,40.3625],[-105.9939,40.363],[-105.9879,40.362],[-105.9789,40.3593],[-105.9746,40.3571],[-105.9716,40.3548],[-105.9662,40.3475],[-105.962,40.3457],[-105.9608,40.3457],[-105.9584,40.3457],[-105.9553,40.348],[-105.9493,40.358],[-105.9469,40.3602],[-105.9414,40.3611],[-105.9378,40.3625],[-105.9366,40.3643],[-105.9366,40.3666],[-105.9384,40.3693],[-105.9414,40.3711],[-105.9438,40.3729],[-105.9438,40.3752],[-105.9432,40.3793],[-105.942,40.3815],[-105.9396,40.3834],[-105.936,40.3843],[-105.9299,40.387],[-105.9257,40.3892],[-105.9191,40.3974],[-105.9185,40.3979],[-105.9167,40.3988],[-105.9137,40.3983],[-105.9046,40.396],[-105.9028,40.3969],[-105.901,40.4046],[-105.8997,40.4092],[-105.8991,40.4164],[-105.8991,40.4305],[-105.8991,40.4341],[-105.8967,40.445],[-105.8961,40.4568],[-105.8954,40.4627],[-105.8936,40.4677],[-105.8924,40.4686],[-105.8894,40.4718],[-105.8864,40.4736],[-105.8839,40.474],[-105.8791,40.4749],[-105.8664,40.4763],[-105.8598,40.4785],[-105.8537,40.4826],[-105.8513,40.4849],[-105.835,40.4808],[-105.8289,40.4789],[-105.8241,40.4767],[-105.8229,40.4758],[-105.8199,40.4735],[-105.8175,40.4708],[-105.8126,40.4694],[-105.8066,40.4671],[-105.8036,40.4653],[-105.8024,40.463],[-105.8018,40.4585],[-105.8024,40.454],[-105.8042,40.4485],[-105.8097,40.439],[-105.8115,40.4358],[-105.8133,40.4295],[-105.8128,40.4263],[-105.811,40.4227],[-105.8037,40.4145],[-105.7953,40.4036],[-105.7911,40.3968],[-105.7869,40.3855],[-105.7845,40.3805],[-105.7797,40.3732],[-105.7689,40.3646],[-105.7641,40.3591],[-105.7556,40.3527],[-105.7496,40.3487],[-105.7442,40.3473],[-105.737,40.3464],[-105.7339,40.345],[-105.7321,40.3427],[-105.7316,40.3391],[-105.7298,40.3359],[-105.7243,40.3336],[-105.7165,40.3309],[-105.7117,40.3295],[-105.7057,40.3259],[-105.7003,40.3218],[-105.6997,40.32],[-105.7003,40.3159],[-105.7003,40.3136],[-105.6979,40.3109],[-105.6949,40.3091],[-105.6925,40.3077],[-105.6907,40.3059],[-105.6907,40.3036],[-105.6895,40.3018],[-105.6883,40.3],[-105.6877,40.2973],[-105.6877,40.2946],[-105.6865,40.2927],[-105.6847,40.2914],[-105.6847,40.2896],[-105.6853,40.2878],[-105.6854,40.2859],[-105.6848,40.2837],[-105.6806,40.2782],[-105.68,40.2759],[-105.6794,40.2719],[-105.6788,40.2696],[-105.6746,40.2669],[-105.6716,40.2664],[-105.6674,40.2659],[-105.6637,40.2655],[-105.6601,40.2641],[-105.6577,40.2614],[-105.6553,40.2587],[-105.6517,40.255],[-105.6518,40.2527],[-105.653,40.2496],[-105.6566,40.2469],[-105.659,40.2428],[-105.6663,40.2365],[-105.6669,40.2351],[-105.67,40.2174],[-105.6694,40.2142],[-105.6694,40.2115],[-105.67,40.2088],[-105.6724,40.2047],[-105.6749,40.2025],[-105.6767,40.1993],[-105.6773,40.1957],[-105.6761,40.1902],[-105.6738,40.1857],[-105.672,40.1821],[-105.6684,40.1757],[-105.6678,40.1721],[-105.669,40.1684],[-105.669,40.1671],[-105.6696,40.1635],[-105.6684,40.1603],[-105.6661,40.1567],[-105.6595,40.1525],[-105.6535,40.1503],[-105.6438,40.1484],[-105.6396,40.1466],[-105.6307,40.1375],[-105.6283,40.1339],[-105.6253,40.1207],[-105.6254,40.118],[-105.6266,40.1162],[-105.6332,40.1103],[-105.6338,40.1076],[-105.6339,40.1031],[-105.6327,40.0976],[-105.6333,40.0953],[-105.6357,40.0908],[-105.6363,40.0886],[-105.6346,40.0804],[-105.6352,40.0777],[-105.643,40.0668],[-105.6485,40.0614],[-105.6491,40.0573],[-105.6467,40.0528],[-105.6449,40.0491],[-105.6438,40.0473],[-105.6371,40.0446],[-105.6371,40.0432],[-105.6426,40.0337],[-105.648,40.0278],[-105.6505,40.0251],[-105.6517,40.0192],[-105.6523,40.0174],[-105.6571,40.0156],[-105.6751,40.0143],[-105.6823,40.013],[-105.686,40.0098],[-105.6878,40.0057],[-105.6878,40.0012],[-105.6866,39.9976],[-105.6824,39.9907],[-105.6813,39.9853],[-105.6831,39.9717],[-105.6855,39.9654],[-105.6862,39.9631],[-105.6844,39.9567],[-105.6856,39.9536],[-105.6904,39.9491],[-105.691,39.9432],[-105.6911,39.9413],[-105.6899,39.9382],[-105.6857,39.9345],[-105.6743,39.93],[-105.6779,39.9241],[-105.6798,39.9182],[-105.6804,39.9141],[-105.684,39.91],[-105.6864,39.9064],[-105.6895,39.8978],[-105.6925,39.8933],[-105.6955,39.8892],[-105.6955,39.8861],[-105.6961,39.8783],[-105.6955,39.8734],[-105.6926,39.8634],[-105.6908,39.8548],[-105.6884,39.8507],[-105.6903,39.847],[-105.6909,39.8434],[-105.6927,39.838],[-105.6963,39.8357],[-105.7005,39.8348],[-105.7053,39.8348],[-105.7095,39.8362],[-105.7125,39.8362],[-105.7143,39.8349],[-105.7161,39.8312],[-105.7167,39.8258],[-105.7203,39.8204],[-105.7257,39.8149],[-105.7311,39.8086],[-105.733,39.8054],[-105.7359,39.8032],[-105.7414,39.8009],[-105.7539,39.7973],[-105.7623,39.7951],[-105.7659,39.7951],[-105.7755,39.7983],[-105.7779,39.7992],[-105.7862,39.8015],[-105.7934,39.8019],[-105.7982,39.8015],[-105.8018,39.7997],[-105.806,39.7961],[-105.8108,39.7906],[-105.8156,39.7879],[-105.8222,39.7861],[-105.8264,39.7861],[-105.8408,39.7884],[-105.8449,39.7884],[-105.8473,39.7884],[-105.8485,39.7898],[-105.8539,39.7948],[-105.8569,39.7961],[-105.8737,39.797],[-105.8814,39.7971],[-105.885,39.7962],[-105.8856,39.7934],[-105.8856,39.7907],[-105.8856,39.788],[-105.8892,39.7835],[-105.8898,39.7812],[-105.8887,39.7785],[-105.8857,39.7748],[-105.8851,39.7712],[-105.8827,39.7653],[-105.8803,39.7621],[-105.8785,39.7603],[-105.8785,39.7585],[-105.8803,39.7553],[-105.8821,39.7517],[-105.8821,39.7495],[-105.8809,39.7463],[-105.8803,39.7422],[-105.8803,39.7381],[-105.8821,39.7349],[-105.8863,39.7318],[-105.8911,39.7295],[-105.8995,39.7291],[-105.9025,39.7277],[-105.9043,39.725],[-105.9055,39.7205],[-105.9103,39.7155],[-105.9157,39.7109],[-105.9193,39.7069],[-105.9211,39.7005],[-105.9211,39.6969],[-105.93,39.6937],[-105.9378,39.6897],[-105.9402,39.6892],[-105.9432,39.6897],[-105.945,39.691],[-105.9468,39.6928],[-105.9492,39.6928],[-105.9569,39.6919],[-105.9623,39.6906],[-105.9701,39.6897],[-105.9784,39.6879],[-105.9886,39.6847],[-105.9946,39.6838],[-106.0065,39.6847],[-106.0149,39.686],[-106.0215,39.6892],[-106.0269,39.6933],[-106.0316,39.6987],[-106.037,39.7069],[-106.0394,39.7123],[-106.0424,39.716],[-106.0496,39.7223],[-106.0538,39.7237],[-106.0556,39.7255],[-106.0574,39.7291],[-106.0604,39.7418],[-106.0646,39.7576],[-106.0736,39.7776],[-106.0772,39.7858],[-106.079,39.7939],[-106.0814,39.8012],[-106.0856,39.8057],[-106.094,39.8138],[-106.103,39.8211],[-106.1126,39.8283],[-106.1192,39.8347],[-106.1246,39.8406],[-106.1282,39.8428],[-106.1336,39.8424],[-106.1395,39.8405],[-106.1425,39.8396],[-106.1461,39.8392],[-106.1539,39.841],[-106.1701,39.845],[-106.1827,39.8514],[-106.1899,39.8563],[-106.1977,39.8631],[-106.2025,39.8708],[-106.2073,39.8776],[-106.2145,39.884],[-106.2229,39.8908],[-106.2284,39.8971],[-106.2338,39.903],[-106.2404,39.9075],[-106.2482,39.912],[-106.2578,39.9152],[-106.2692,39.916],[-106.289,39.916],[-106.2938,39.916],[-106.313,39.9155],[-106.3956,39.9144],[-106.3953,39.9249],[-106.4343,39.9249],[-106.6267,39.925],[-106.6242,40.0005],[-106.6356,40.0002],[-106.636,40.1047],[-106.6358,40.1493],[-106.6368,40.1788],[-106.6319,40.179],[-106.6317,40.1936],[-106.6317,40.2364],[-106.6311,40.2799],[-106.6314,40.324],[-106.6311,40.3414],[-106.652,40.3414],[-106.6515,40.3663],[-106.6514,40.4068],[-106.6516,40.4463]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Grand\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher","contributorId":82021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lile, Elizabeth","contributorId":57186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lile","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Jennifer","contributorId":96800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97439,"text":"sir20085239 - 2009 - Geospatial data to support analysis of water-quality conditions in basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T14:08:33","indexId":"sir20085239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5239","title":"Geospatial data to support analysis of water-quality conditions in basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"The Southwest Principal Aquifers study area consists of most of California and Nevada and parts of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado; it is about 409,000 square miles. The Basin-fill aquifers extend through about 201,000 square miles of the study area and are the primary source of water for cities and agricultural communities in basins in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States (Southwest). The demand on limited ground-water resources in areas in the southwestern United States has increased significantly. This increased demand underscores the importance of understanding factors that affect the water quality in basin-fill aquifers in the region, which are being studied through the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. As a part of this study, spatial datasets of natural and anthropogenic factors that may affect ground-water quality of the basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States were developed. These data include physical characteristics of the region, such as geology, elevation, and precipitation, as well as anthropogenic factors, including population, land use, and water use. Spatial statistics for the alluvial basins in the Southwest have been calculated using the datasets. This information provides a foundation for the development of conceptual and statistical models that relate natural and anthropogenic factors to ground-water quality across the Southwest.\r\n\r\nA geographic information system (GIS) was used to determine and illustrate the spatial distribution of these basin-fill variables across the region. One hundred-meter resolution raster data layers that represent the spatial characteristics of the basins' boundaries, drainage areas, population densities, land use, and water use were developed for the entire Southwest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085239","usgsCitation":"McKinney, T., and Anning, D.W., 2009, Geospatial data to support analysis of water-quality conditions in basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5239, Report: iv, 16 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085239.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; HTML","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12576,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-109.050076,41.000659],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-103.043531,34.018014],[-103.064625,32.999899],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-106.639529,31.980348],[-106.618745,31.966955],[-106.625123,31.954531],[-106.616136,31.948439],[-106.629747,31.92657],[-106.611846,31.920003],[-106.645479,31.89867],[-106.629197,31.883717],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.605845,31.846305],[-106.605267,31.827912],[-106.577244,31.810406],[-106.547144,31.807305],[-106.528543,31.783907],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-111.074825,31.332239],[-112.246102,31.704195],[-114.813613,32.494277],[-114.803883,32.548002],[-114.791551,32.557023],[-114.810517,32.563828],[-114.799737,32.592178],[-114.809393,32.617119],[-114.781872,32.62505],[-114.764382,32.642666],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.192967,32.687751],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.359484,33.164231],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.1755,33.763617],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.227743,34.161728],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.704203,35.173206],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.928769,36.523147],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.929666,36.636959],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.344029,37.144099],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.467888,37.49814],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.116112,37.505386],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257134,37.745001],[-122.244938,37.750294],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.329159,37.783173],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.323567,37.823214],[-122.306222,37.827469],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.363655,38.014166],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.321112,38.012857],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.448413,37.988313],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.487684,37.948716],[-122.480484,37.945443],[-122.48572,37.937589],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.43925,37.88392],[-122.45005,37.871157],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.678474,37.906604],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.976764,37.99568],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-123.011533,38.003438],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.991953,38.233185],[-122.993235,38.239686],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.19104,41.736079],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.378193,42.009518],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-115.031783,41.996008],[-114.831077,42.002207],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-109.050076,41.000659]]],[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.049682,33.914563],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.418768,34.052093],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368813,34.06778],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.35532,34.017914],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.594033,33.035951],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.477646,33.448392],[-118.445812,33.428907],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.570927,33.439351],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.532941,33.284728],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arizona\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKinney, Tim S.","contributorId":66792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"Tim S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anning, David W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}