Lakes are abundant landforms and important ecosystems in Alaska, but are unevenly distributed on the landscape with expansive lake-poor regions and several lake-rich regions. Such lake-rich areas are termed lake districts and have landscape characteristics that can be considered distinctive in similar respects to mountain ranges. In this report, we explore the nature of lake-rich areas by quantitatively identifying Alaska’s lake districts, describing and comparing their physical characteristics, and analyzing how Alaska lake districts are naturally organized and correspond to climatic and geophysical characteristics, as well as studied and managed by people.
We use a digital dataset (National Hydrography Dataset) of lakes greater than 1 hectare, which includes 409,040 individual lakes and represents 3.3 percent of the land-surface area of Alaska. The selection criteria we used to identify lake districts were (1) a lake area (termed limnetic ratio, in percent) greater than the mean for the State, and (2) a lake density (number of lakes per unit area) greater than the mean for the State using a pixel size scaled to the area of interest and number of lakes in the census. Pixels meeting these criteria were grouped and delineated and all groups greater than 1,000 square kilometers were identified as Alaska’s lake districts. These lake districts were described according to lake size-frequency metrics, elevation distributions, geology, climate, and ecoregions to better understand their similarities and differences. We also looked at where lake research and relevant ecological monitoring has occurred in Alaska relative to lake districts and how lake district lands and waters are currently managed.
We identified and delineated 20 lake districts in Alaska representing 16 percent of the State, but including 65 percent of lakes and 75 percent of lake area. The largest lake districts identified are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Arctic Coastal Plain, and Iliamna lake districts with high limnetic ratios of 19, 17, and 21 percent, respectively. The three smallest districts we considered were Tetlin in the eastern interior, Menhiskof on the Alaska Peninsula, and Matanuska–Susitna at the head of Cook Inlet with limnetic ratios of 14, 9, and 9 percent, respectively. Lake density and limnetic ratio were poorly related among lake districts, such that some districts had a few large lakes like Iliamna with Lakes Iliamna and Becharof—the two largest in the State, compared to other districts with many very small lakes like Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta with 111,130 lakes and 63 percent of these less than 10 hectares. Most lake districts are in regions with relatively low precipitation, but temperature regimes varied widely among lake districts. Approximately one-half of lake districts were glaciated during the Pleistocene and similar numbers occur in regions classified as having continuous, discontinuous, and sporadic permafrost, or perennially unfrozen soils. Most districts are at low elevations (less than 250 meters) with two important exceptions being Tetlin with a mean elevation of 530 meters and Ahtna with a mean elevation of 760 meters. These higher elevation districts, particularly Ahtna, had distinct characteristics from other lake districts such as continuous permafrost and Pleistocene glaciation. Several lake districts share similar boundaries to defined ecoregions with lake districts occurring in less than one-half of these 32 ecoregions of Alaska.
Most lake districts are lands fully or partly managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service, with other land management by the Bureau of Land Management and State and borough government. Much of the U.S. Geological Survey’s lake water-quality sampling efforts has been done in the Arctic Coastal Plain, Matanuska-Susitna, and Iliamna districts but no recorded collections in nine lake districts. Similarly, most lake limnological studies in Alaska were site-specific and represent only a small portion of Alaska’s lake districts. This identification, characterization, and analysis of lake-rich regions may help provide a template to guide future limnological and other scientific research for Alaska.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085215","usgsCitation":"Arp, C.D., and Jones, B.M., 2009, Geography of Alaska lake districts: Identification, description, and analysis of lake-rich regions of a diverse and dynamic state: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5215, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085215.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415536,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86311.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195237,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arp, Christopher D.","contributorId":17330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":301414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Benjamin M. 0000-0002-1517-4711 bjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-4711","contributorId":2286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin","email":"bjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97235,"text":"ds409 - 2009 - Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T12:15:42","indexId":"ds409","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"409","title":"Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008","docAbstract":"The Colorado River Basin provides habitat for 14 native fish, including four endangered species protected under the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), bonytail (Gila elegans), and humpback chub (Gila cypha). These endangered fish species once thrived in the Colorado River system, but water-resource development, including the building of numerous diversion dams and several large reservoirs, and the introduction of nonnative fish, resulted in large reductions in the numbers and range of the four species. Knowledge of sediment dynamics in river reaches important to specifc life-stages of the endangered fishes is critical to understanding the effects of flow regimes on endangered fish habitats. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Wyoming State Engineer's Office, implemented daily sediment sampling at three locations in critical habitat reaches in the Upper Colorado River Basin. This report presents a summary of data collected at these sites, including water and suspended-sediment discharge, streambed compositions, and channel and flood-plain topography. The locations are at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations 09152500, Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colorado; 09261000, Green River near Jensen, Utah; and 09302000, Duchesne River near Randlett, Utah.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds409","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Upper Colorado Endangered Fish Recovery Program, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wyoming State Engineer's Office","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Gerner, S.J., and Elliott, J.G., 2009, Summary of fluvial sediment collected at selected sites on the Gunnison River in Colorado and the Green and Duchesne Rivers in Utah, Water Years 2005-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 409, vi, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds409.","productDescription":"vi, 123 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Duchesne River, Green River, Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70073702,"text":"70073702 - 2009 - Illuminating Northern California’s Active Faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T16:30:26","indexId":"70073702","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-21T16:09:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Illuminating Northern California’s Active Faults","docAbstract":"Newly acquired light detection and ranging (lidar) topographic data provide a powerful community resource for the study of landforms associated with the plate boundary faults of northern California (Figure 1). In the spring of 2007, GeoEarthScope, a component of the EarthScope Facility construction project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, acquired approximately 2000 square kilometers of airborne lidar topographic data along major active fault zones of northern California. These data are now freely available in point cloud (x, y, z coordinate data for every laser return), digital elevation model (DEM), and KMZ (zipped Keyhole Markup Language, for use in Google EarthTM and other similar software) formats through the GEON OpenTopography Portal (http://www.OpenTopography.org/data). Importantly, vegetation can be digitally removed from lidar data, producing high-resolution images (0.5- or 1.0-meter DEMs) of the ground surface beneath forested regions that reveal landforms typically obscured by vegetation canopy (Figure 2)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009EO070002","usgsCitation":"Prentice, C.S., Crosby, C.J., Whitehill, C.S., Arrowsmith, J.R., Furlong, K.P., and Philips, D.A., 2009, Illuminating Northern California’s Active Faults: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 7, p. 55-55, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO070002.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"3","ipdsId":"IP-010042","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo070002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281356,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO070002"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.52,36.26 ], [ -124.52,43.31 ], [ -121.16,43.31 ], [ -121.16,36.26 ], [ -124.52,36.26 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"90","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6200e4b0b290850fde30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prentice, Carol S. 0000-0003-3732-3551 cprentice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-3551","contributorId":2676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"Carol","email":"cprentice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosby, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2522-4193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2522-4193","contributorId":68415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitehill, Caroline S.","contributorId":32087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehill","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arrowsmith, J. Ramon","contributorId":101185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arrowsmith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, Kevin P. 0000-0002-2674-5110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-5110","contributorId":19576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Philips, David A.","contributorId":70687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philips","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207812,"text":"70207812 - 2009 - Addressing geohazards through ocean drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-26T19:10:14.598044","indexId":"70207812","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T13:43:18","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3356,"text":"Scientific Drilling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Addressing geohazards through ocean drilling","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus","doi":"10.2204/iodp.sd.7.01.2009","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J., Silver, E., Camerlenghi, A., Dugan, B., Kirby, S.H., Shipp, C., and Suyehiro, K., 2009, Addressing geohazards through ocean drilling: Scientific Drilling, v. 7, p. 15-30, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.7.01.2009.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.7.01.2009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J.K.","contributorId":83333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silver, Eli","contributorId":202600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silver","given":"Eli","affiliations":[{"id":27155,"text":"University of California Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Camerlenghi, Angelo","contributorId":7450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camerlenghi","given":"Angelo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dugan, Brandon","contributorId":10213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"Brandon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shipp, Craig","contributorId":40522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipp","given":"Craig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suyehiro, Kiyoshi","contributorId":62348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suyehiro","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70174995,"text":"70174995 - 2009 - Passerine bird trends at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T13:29:09","indexId":"70174995","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-011","title":"Passerine bird trends at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, on the Island of Hawai‘i, was established in 1985 to protect native forest birds, particularly endangered species. Management actions on the 15,400 ha refuge include removing feral ungulates from the forest and pastures, controlling invasive alien plants, reforesting pastures, and supplementing endangered plant populations. To assess effects of this habitat improvement for birds, we calculated annual density estimates from point transect surveys and examined population trends for eight native and four alien passerine bird species over the 21 years since the refuge was established (1987-2007). We examined trends using a Bayesian approach to log-linear regression. We tested for changes in bird density in three study areas: (1) a middle elevation forest that had been heavily grazed, (2) an upper elevation pasture that was reforested during the study, and (3) a lower area of relatively intact forest that was formerly lightly grazed. In the middle study area, we found that densities of Hawai‘i ‘Elepaio (Chasiempis s. sandwichensis), and the endangered ‘Akiapōlā‘au (Hemignathus munroi) and Hawai‘i Creeper (Oreomystis mana) increased, and that all other native birds showed stable trends and exhibited no evidence of declining trends as has been seen elsewhere in much of Hawai‘i. Trends for all alien birds were also stable, except that House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) density has declined. In the lower study area, Hawai‘i Creeper and Hawai‘i ‘Ākepa (Loxops c. coccineus) showed increasing trajectories, and densities have declined for the other native species. Within the reforested upper study area, densities increased for three common native species—Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi (Hemignathus virens), ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccinea), and ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguinea)—and two alien species—Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus) and House Finch. Bird trends at the Hakalau refuge provide some of the first results of habitat improvement for forest birds in Hawai‘i. Restoring tree cover in open pasture and assisting recovery of high-quality habitat benefits both endangered and abundant native birds
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Camp, R., Pratt, T.K., Gorresen, P.M., Jeffrey, J.J., and Woodworth, B., 2009, Passerine bird trends at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai‘i: Technical Report HCSU-011, iv, 44 p.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010214","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hilo.hawaii.edu/hcsu/publications.php"},{"id":325639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2265167236328,\n 19.771872960796742\n ],\n [\n -155.33775329589844,\n 19.78285739839342\n ],\n [\n -155.33843994140625,\n 19.798363550212265\n ],\n [\n -155.335693359375,\n 19.81709813486505\n ],\n [\n -155.33432006835938,\n 19.83906000930461\n ],\n [\n -155.335693359375,\n 19.859727234743332\n ],\n [\n -155.33912658691406,\n 19.873288638401327\n ],\n [\n -155.33517837524414,\n 19.87522588708924\n ],\n [\n -155.33071517944333,\n 19.876678808066142\n ],\n [\n -155.3293418884277,\n 19.87861601531504\n ],\n [\n -155.32899856567383,\n 19.880876060507077\n ],\n [\n -155.24402618408203,\n 19.875387323411115\n ],\n [\n -155.24179458618164,\n 19.871835686347378\n ],\n [\n -155.2265167236328,\n 19.771872960796742\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889bde4b0589fa1c6bada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Camp, Richard J.","contributorId":27392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Thane K. tkpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thane","email":"tkpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorresen, P. Marcos mgorresen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorresen","given":"P.","email":"mgorresen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marcos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeffrey, John J.","contributorId":55256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffrey","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodworth, Bethany L.","contributorId":66797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Bethany L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":643534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199705,"text":"70199705 - 2009 - Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-08T09:00:48","indexId":"70199705","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T09:07:24","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?","docAbstract":"Transport time scales such as flushing time and residence time are often used to explain variability in phytoplankton biomass. In many cases, empirical data are consistent with a positive phytoplankton‐transport time relationship (i.e., phytoplankton biomass increases as transport time increases). However, negative relationships, varying relationships, or no significant relationship may also be observed. We present a simple conceptual model, in both mathematical and graphical form, to help explain why phytoplankton may have a range of relationships with transport time, and we apply it to several real systems. The phytoplankton growth‐loss balance determines whether phytoplankton biomass increases with, decreases with, or is insensitive to transport time. If algal growth is faster than loss (e.g., grazing, sedimentation), then phytoplankton biomass increases with increasing transport time. If loss is faster than growth, phytoplankton biomass decreases with increasing transport time. If growth and loss are approximately balanced, then phytoplankton biomass is relatively insensitive to transport time. In analyses of several systems, portions of an individual system, or time periods, apparent insensitivity of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time could arise due to the superposition of cases with different phytoplankton‐transport time relationships. Thus, in order to understand or predict responses of phytoplankton biomass to changes in transport time, the relative rates of algal growth and loss must be known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L.V., Thompson, J.K., and Brown, L.R., 2009, Why are diverse relationships observed between phytoplankton biomass and transport time?: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 1, p. 381-390, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"390","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0381","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd70e4b034bf6a7f8b47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156870,"text":"70156870 - 2009 - Nutrient dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-07T16:19:32.237679","indexId":"70156870","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-09T23:45:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Nutrient dynamics","docAbstract":"This chapter focuses on the variability and trends in chemical concentrations and fluxes at Mirror Lake during the period 1981–2000. It examines the water and chemical budgets of Mirror Lake to identify and understand better long-term trends in the chemical characteristics of the lake. It also identifies the causes of changes in nutrient concentrations and examines the contribution of hydrologic pathways to the contamination of Mirror Lake by road salt. The role of groundwater and precipitation on water and chemical budgets of the lake are also examined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0003","usgsCitation":"Likens, G.E., LaBaugh, J.W., Buso, D.C., and Bade, D., 2009, Nutrient dynamics, chap. of Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water, p. 69-204, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0003.","productDescription":"137 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"204","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.54925298690796,\n 37.74996778349549\n ],\n [\n -119.54991817474364,\n 37.74987446842912\n ],\n [\n -119.55033659934998,\n 37.748559561800654\n ],\n [\n -119.54941391944885,\n 37.74821174388173\n ],\n [\n -119.54962849617004,\n 37.74772818942464\n ],\n [\n -119.55081939697267,\n 37.74715131330766\n ],\n [\n -119.55094814300537,\n 37.74661685053925\n ],\n [\n -119.55050826072693,\n 37.746319925111216\n ],\n [\n -119.55043315887451,\n 37.74676107103159\n ],\n [\n -119.5498538017273,\n 37.74709192874621\n ],\n [\n -119.54911351203917,\n 37.74774515630119\n ],\n [\n -119.54871654510497,\n 37.748856478242885\n ],\n [\n -119.54855561256407,\n 37.74928064252237\n ],\n [\n -119.54895257949828,\n 37.74946727403511\n ],\n [\n -119.54895257949828,\n 37.75001019939585\n ],\n [\n -119.54933881759644,\n 37.74996778349549\n ],\n [\n -119.54925298690796,\n 37.74996778349549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08dfe4b011227bf1fda6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570893,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570894,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, James W. 0000-0002-4112-2536 jlabaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-2536","contributorId":1311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"James","email":"jlabaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buso, Donald C.","contributorId":33212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bade, Darren","contributorId":147259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bade","given":"Darren","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70254206,"text":"70254206 - 2009 - Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T21:08:20.015141","indexId":"70254206","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-09T15:50:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":13429,"text":"Transactions of American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river","docAbstract":"We estimated size-specific capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Lee's Ferry Reach of the Colorado River, Arizona, by backpack and boat electrofishing at discrete shoreline sites using both depletion and mark-recapture experiments. Our objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of estimating capture probability for juvenile fish in larger rivers; to determine how it is influenced by fish size, habitat, flow, density, and recovery period; and to test population closure assumptions. There was no mortality among the 351 rainbow trout that were captured by electrofishing, marked, and held for 24 h. Of a total of 2,966 fish that were marked and released, only 0.61% were captured outside of mark-recapture sites, and total emigration from mark-recapture sites was 2.2-2.6%. These data strongly suggest that populations within discrete sites can be treated as effectively closed for the 24-h period between marking and recapture. Eighty percent of capture probability estimates from 66 depletion experiments and 42 mark-recapture experiments ranged from 0.28 to 0.75 and from 0.17 to 0.45, respectively, and the average coefficient of variation of estimates was 0.26. There was strong support for a fish size-capture probability relationship that accounted for the differences in vulnerability across habitat types. Smaller fish were less vulnerable in high-angle shorelines that were sampled by boat electrofishing. There was little support for capture probability models that accounted for within-day and across-month variation in flow. The effects of fish density on capture probability were challenging to discern, variable among habitat types and estimation methodologies, and confounded with the effect of fish size. As capture probability estimates were generally precise and the closure assumption was met, our results demonstrate that electrofishing-based mark-recapture experiments at discrete sites can be used to estimate the abundance of juvenile fish in large rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/T08-025.1","usgsCitation":"Korman, J., Yard, M.D., Walters, C., and Coggins, L., 2009, Effects of fish size, habitat, flow, and density on capture probabilities of age-0 rainbow trout estimated from electrofishing at discrete sites in a large river: Transactions of American Fisheries Society, p. 58-75, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-025.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":322,"text":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Lee's Ferry Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.48668289184569,\n 36.93466271122842\n ],\n [\n -111.48376464843749,\n 36.928625118149235\n ],\n [\n -111.49028778076172,\n 36.92148916432789\n ],\n [\n -111.49972915649414,\n 36.92039126599804\n ],\n [\n -111.50522232055664,\n 36.91599951460428\n ],\n [\n -111.50453567504883,\n 36.90446996392354\n ],\n [\n -111.52050018310547,\n 36.90392089423511\n ],\n [\n -111.52616500854491,\n 36.90172457596916\n ],\n [\n -111.52788162231445,\n 36.894036964201895\n ],\n [\n -111.53406143188475,\n 36.89060474464471\n ],\n [\n -111.53200149536133,\n 36.88470096601324\n ],\n [\n -111.5196418762207,\n 36.87975791652459\n ],\n [\n -111.53200149536133,\n 36.881954866912125\n ],\n [\n -111.54642105102539,\n 36.880856399619006\n ],\n [\n -111.55414581298827,\n 36.87605041942542\n ],\n [\n -111.56805038452148,\n 36.87756090293265\n ],\n [\n -111.57096862792969,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -111.55809402465819,\n 36.85613670839554\n ],\n [\n -111.54779434204102,\n 36.84803240254599\n ],\n [\n -111.55036926269531,\n 36.84624659252608\n ],\n [\n -111.56822204589844,\n 36.84638396400846\n ],\n [\n -111.57337188720703,\n 36.8549005138863\n ],\n [\n -111.5742301940918,\n 36.862180038184434\n ],\n [\n -111.57800674438477,\n 36.86753622642931\n ],\n [\n -111.59156799316406,\n 36.86822289007559\n ],\n [\n -111.60221099853516,\n 36.861630664314674\n ],\n [\n -111.61027908325195,\n 36.852840145275046\n ],\n [\n -111.61869049072266,\n 36.851191810400394\n ],\n [\n -111.62160873413086,\n 36.83608041796078\n ],\n [\n -111.62881851196289,\n 36.8308594247793\n ],\n [\n -111.63843154907227,\n 36.811895979233846\n ],\n [\n -111.64735794067383,\n 36.80474911423461\n ],\n [\n -111.64752960205077,\n 36.7952647442859\n ],\n [\n -111.65147781372069,\n 36.78344200140682\n ],\n [\n -111.65834426879881,\n 36.77752994587241\n ],\n [\n -111.66709899902344,\n 36.76515440007755\n ],\n [\n -111.66915893554688,\n 36.756627862079114\n ],\n [\n -111.68100357055664,\n 36.75236423762844\n ],\n [\n -111.6976547241211,\n 36.74191047837866\n ],\n [\n -111.69919967651367,\n 36.731180139463724\n ],\n [\n -111.70675277709961,\n 36.72746544193304\n ],\n [\n -111.7119026184082,\n 36.72361297320252\n ],\n [\n -111.71791076660155,\n 36.69787903078789\n ],\n [\n -111.73559188842773,\n 36.69113448723155\n ],\n [\n -111.74348831176758,\n 36.682875056701356\n ],\n [\n -111.74692153930664,\n 36.66029475441398\n ],\n [\n -111.76185607910156,\n 36.65423549724267\n ],\n [\n -111.7664909362793,\n 36.649139843693824\n ],\n [\n -111.7668342590332,\n 36.63674360313849\n ],\n [\n -111.7690658569336,\n 36.62530974650164\n ],\n [\n -111.76374435424805,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -111.76614761352539,\n 36.61222072017988\n ],\n [\n -111.77095413208008,\n 36.601610089482534\n ],\n [\n -111.79533004760742,\n 36.58093583857703\n ],\n [\n -111.8107795715332,\n 36.5736296124793\n ],\n [\n -111.82863235473633,\n 36.552534175868985\n ],\n [\n -111.83309555053711,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -111.84991836547852,\n 36.52136305889455\n ],\n [\n -111.85129165649414,\n 36.516534549935\n ],\n [\n -111.86073303222656,\n 36.50687662812643\n ],\n [\n -111.86416625976562,\n 36.501495263232684\n ],\n [\n -111.86038970947266,\n 36.49556152992\n ],\n [\n -111.84837341308594,\n 36.49445752937066\n ],\n [\n -111.84442520141602,\n 36.49224948105883\n ],\n [\n -111.85283660888672,\n 36.48051816892598\n ],\n [\n -111.84442520141602,\n 36.46740460028067\n ],\n [\n -111.8418502807617,\n 36.45359844696098\n ],\n [\n -111.85455322265625,\n 36.44628018910229\n ],\n [\n -111.85609817504883,\n 36.43827073840857\n ],\n [\n -111.87395095825195,\n 36.43357515880956\n ],\n [\n -111.87652587890625,\n 36.423906894561256\n ],\n [\n -111.87257766723633,\n 36.41382299361495\n ],\n [\n -111.88339233398438,\n 36.406362827148655\n ],\n [\n -111.88751220703125,\n 36.39917828607653\n ],\n [\n -111.88493728637694,\n 36.39296035862884\n ],\n [\n -111.87549591064453,\n 36.38922936340128\n ],\n [\n -111.85489654541016,\n 36.39268399475275\n ],\n [\n -111.8547248840332,\n 36.38922936340128\n ],\n [\n -111.88871383666992,\n 36.38176683577235\n ],\n [\n -111.89712524414061,\n 36.373888946305556\n ],\n [\n -111.89352035522461,\n 36.36421325359297\n ],\n [\n -111.87652587890625,\n 36.3472087646811\n ],\n [\n -111.86330795288086,\n 36.32937079795403\n ],\n [\n -111.86708450317383,\n 36.31968957141092\n ],\n [\n -111.86897277832031,\n 36.31000714221622\n ],\n [\n -111.8609046936035,\n 36.30419710747953\n ],\n [\n -111.86502456665039,\n 36.29755653772329\n ],\n [\n -111.86382293701172,\n 36.29382096878581\n ],\n [\n -111.83206558227539,\n 36.25880861429488\n ],\n [\n -111.82931900024414,\n 36.23555062950767\n ],\n [\n -111.80545806884766,\n 36.200650676227696\n ],\n [\n -111.80477142333984,\n 36.19663341291529\n ],\n [\n -111.81987762451172,\n 36.181255086867964\n ],\n [\n -111.8162727355957,\n 36.16434929946814\n ],\n [\n -111.8214225769043,\n 36.14910324993565\n ],\n [\n -111.82039260864258,\n 36.14258812489666\n ],\n [\n -111.83429718017577,\n 36.113887411565116\n ],\n [\n -111.8301773071289,\n 36.10598247395818\n ],\n [\n -111.83635711669922,\n 36.10764673746366\n ],\n [\n -111.84545516967772,\n 36.10182166093424\n ],\n [\n -111.84511184692383,\n 36.097799332209796\n ],\n [\n -111.84991836547852,\n 36.09835414841387\n ],\n [\n -111.85867309570312,\n 36.0907250822317\n ],\n [\n -111.86914443969725,\n 36.093083236312616\n ],\n [\n -111.88201904296875,\n 36.08753452585921\n ],\n [\n -111.88253402709961,\n 36.080875556280155\n ],\n [\n -111.8763542175293,\n 36.07685215551436\n ],\n [\n -111.89523696899414,\n 36.06922100242124\n ],\n [\n -111.91566467285156,\n 36.05090321430484\n ],\n [\n -111.94673538208006,\n 36.049931697391784\n ],\n [\n -111.98175430297852,\n 36.05437281968144\n ],\n [\n -112.01488494873047,\n 36.07046978723051\n ],\n [\n -112.03325271606444,\n 36.08642473676437\n ],\n [\n -112.08749771118163,\n 36.10556640257244\n ],\n [\n -112.09573745727538,\n 36.10306992798007\n ],\n [\n -112.10329055786131,\n 36.10542771162082\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 36.10112817067241\n ],\n [\n -112.14088439941406,\n 36.110281749234474\n ],\n [\n -112.15564727783203,\n 36.110697795643894\n ],\n [\n -112.17178344726562,\n 36.103486012588036\n ],\n [\n -112.20027923583983,\n 36.101960358252065\n ],\n [\n -112.22345352172852,\n 36.1113912014288\n ],\n [\n -112.22791671752928,\n 36.12414877519126\n ],\n [\n -112.23443984985352,\n 36.13565654678543\n ],\n [\n -112.26190567016602,\n 36.14868740705872\n ],\n [\n -112.29349136352539,\n 36.15201408833908\n ],\n [\n -112.30087280273438,\n 36.15908281751799\n ],\n [\n -112.3048210144043,\n 36.1838876271496\n ],\n [\n -112.32868194580078,\n 36.21560970545108\n ],\n [\n -112.33503341674805,\n 36.2340275438345\n ],\n [\n -112.34155654907227,\n 36.2394274409703\n ],\n [\n -112.35031127929688,\n 36.24067351811116\n ],\n [\n -112.36026763916016,\n 36.24676516486063\n ],\n [\n -112.39717483520508,\n 36.24828800236324\n ],\n [\n -112.41949081420898,\n 36.238319800169904\n ],\n [\n -112.42738723754883,\n 36.22724252902252\n ],\n [\n -112.42876052856445,\n 36.20591436439329\n ],\n [\n -112.42172241210938,\n 36.205637336998635\n ],\n [\n -112.41657257080078,\n 36.22959658044717\n ],\n [\n -112.39580154418945,\n 36.2408119699007\n ],\n [\n -112.3733139038086,\n 36.238873622531884\n ],\n [\n -112.36009597778319,\n 36.238873622531884\n ],\n [\n -112.35254287719725,\n 36.23222749524095\n ],\n [\n -112.3458480834961,\n 36.23195056101004\n ],\n [\n -112.3355484008789,\n 36.207576508170014\n ],\n [\n -112.31597900390625,\n 36.183471968776296\n ],\n [\n -112.31237411499023,\n 36.16033017416435\n ],\n [\n -112.305850982666,\n 36.149241863737984\n ],\n [\n -112.2867965698242,\n 36.1416177408265\n ],\n [\n -112.26276397705077,\n 36.141063230254474\n ],\n [\n -112.24010467529295,\n 36.1280311035974\n ],\n [\n -112.23392486572266,\n 36.110281749234474\n ],\n [\n -112.22465515136717,\n 36.10057337405567\n ],\n [\n -112.20439910888672,\n 36.09336066155288\n ],\n [\n -112.16577529907225,\n 36.09668968804945\n ],\n [\n -112.15599060058594,\n 36.10140556751167\n ],\n [\n -112.1455192565918,\n 36.10223775215315\n ],\n [\n -112.12852478027344,\n 36.09349937380574\n ],\n [\n -112.1048355102539,\n 36.097244512088324\n ],\n [\n -112.09505081176756,\n 36.09391550909547\n ],\n [\n -112.0835494995117,\n 36.097244512088324\n ],\n [\n -112.05951690673828,\n 36.086008561814516\n ],\n [\n -112.03496932983398,\n 36.07671341388517\n ],\n [\n -112.02398300170898,\n 36.066723373326525\n ],\n [\n -111.98535919189453,\n 36.04757224925469\n ],\n [\n -111.94793701171875,\n 36.04021586880111\n ],\n [\n -111.92338943481444,\n 36.043824745098114\n ],\n [\n -111.91858291625977,\n 36.041326309894316\n ],\n [\n -111.90330505371094,\n 36.043824745098114\n ],\n [\n -111.88974380493164,\n 36.063809372490276\n ],\n [\n -111.88116073608398,\n 36.06533576734184\n ],\n [\n -111.8686294555664,\n 36.071996052851304\n ],\n [\n -111.86656951904297,\n 36.07754585998861\n ],\n [\n -111.87326431274414,\n 36.0850374783633\n ],\n [\n -111.8598747253418,\n 36.08365019548198\n ],\n [\n -111.84906005859375,\n 36.088089414531225\n ],\n [\n -111.84614181518553,\n 36.09197352555871\n ],\n [\n -111.8385887145996,\n 36.091002515795886\n ],\n [\n -111.83412551879883,\n 36.10085077285374\n ],\n [\n -111.82760238647461,\n 36.09946376906971\n ],\n [\n -111.82228088378906,\n 36.10598247395818\n ],\n [\n -111.82416915893555,\n 36.11305535033531\n ],\n [\n -111.81798934936523,\n 36.12095957607491\n ],\n [\n -111.80631637573241,\n 36.163517773207886\n ],\n [\n -111.80923461914062,\n 36.17446549576358\n ],\n [\n -111.80992126464844,\n 36.17986950381666\n ],\n [\n -111.79704666137695,\n 36.18984515478542\n ],\n [\n -111.79481506347655,\n 36.202312931782544\n ],\n [\n -111.80614471435547,\n 36.218933545852614\n ],\n [\n -111.81919097900389,\n 36.23915053224153\n ],\n [\n -111.82193756103516,\n 36.26226903225169\n ],\n [\n -111.85541152954102,\n 36.29617301452927\n ],\n [\n -111.8514633178711,\n 36.30129192777897\n ],\n [\n -111.85077667236328,\n 36.306410505090085\n ],\n [\n -111.85970306396484,\n 36.31360361344308\n ],\n [\n -111.85438156127928,\n 36.32812613620453\n ],\n [\n -111.85764312744139,\n 36.33780631461915\n ],\n [\n -111.86931610107422,\n 36.35439810755854\n ],\n [\n -111.88064575195311,\n 36.36227797065827\n ],\n [\n -111.8873405456543,\n 36.37112458545978\n ],\n [\n -111.88613891601562,\n 36.37402716176924\n ],\n [\n -111.85352325439453,\n 36.382181439429935\n ],\n [\n -111.84648513793944,\n 36.38508360313973\n ],\n [\n -111.8437385559082,\n 36.391716713449014\n ],\n [\n -111.84768676757812,\n 36.39765839419146\n ],\n [\n -111.8569564819336,\n 36.39986913619829\n ],\n [\n -111.87463760375977,\n 36.39448034238433\n ],\n [\n -111.8789291381836,\n 36.39738204701894\n ],\n [\n -111.87875747680664,\n 36.40069814823783\n ],\n [\n -111.86777114868164,\n 36.40815885862307\n ],\n [\n -111.86502456665039,\n 36.41271782897365\n ],\n [\n -111.86708450317383,\n 36.4203155183223\n ],\n [\n -111.8686294555664,\n 36.42611688968639\n ],\n [\n -111.86450958251953,\n 36.43095103471328\n ],\n [\n -111.8521499633789,\n 36.432055939882105\n ],\n [\n -111.8488883972168,\n 36.43481813399704\n ],\n [\n -111.8463134765625,\n 36.444346949113836\n ],\n [\n -111.83618545532227,\n 36.447937213608554\n ],\n [\n -111.83292388916016,\n 36.45318422438426\n ],\n [\n -111.83584213256836,\n 36.46699045144776\n ],\n [\n -111.84425354003906,\n 36.47775760202128\n ],\n [\n -111.84425354003906,\n 36.48176039194775\n ],\n [\n -111.83687210083008,\n 36.49252549054039\n ],\n [\n -111.84202194213867,\n 36.49818346814959\n ],\n [\n -111.85403823852538,\n 36.49942540790511\n ],\n [\n -111.85438156127928,\n 36.503151107655604\n ],\n [\n -111.84803009033203,\n 36.50922223422133\n ],\n [\n -111.84442520141602,\n 36.51667251151527\n ],\n [\n -111.84391021728516,\n 36.519707604051945\n ],\n [\n -111.8327522277832,\n 36.529225985680085\n ],\n [\n -111.82451248168945,\n 36.534329563007525\n ],\n [\n -111.82382583618164,\n 36.54784551881367\n ],\n [\n -111.82125091552734,\n 36.55115518861395\n ],\n [\n -111.81421279907225,\n 36.56039393337068\n ],\n [\n -111.80425643920898,\n 36.57169955053531\n ],\n [\n -111.79361343383789,\n 36.575283912895365\n ],\n [\n -111.76734924316406,\n 36.596097497458956\n ],\n [\n -111.76340103149414,\n 36.60560647239554\n ],\n [\n -111.75859451293945,\n 36.61042941741603\n ],\n [\n -111.75516128540039,\n 36.6164921203925\n ],\n [\n -111.76202774047852,\n 36.62696293911277\n ],\n [\n -111.75859451293945,\n 36.634126363996586\n ],\n [\n -111.75962448120116,\n 36.64252876365686\n ],\n [\n -111.7584228515625,\n 36.64776258214948\n ],\n [\n -111.74280166625977,\n 36.6551995018735\n ],\n [\n -111.7390251159668,\n 36.66291110439972\n ],\n [\n -111.73816680908203,\n 36.680672392083736\n ],\n [\n -111.72958374023438,\n 36.68755550957869\n ],\n [\n -111.71121597290039,\n 36.69498858456907\n ],\n [\n -111.7064094543457,\n 36.71301768775457\n ],\n [\n -111.70486450195312,\n 36.722237044678316\n ],\n [\n -111.6928482055664,\n 36.72870369441065\n ],\n [\n -111.69095993041992,\n 36.739571942595916\n ],\n [\n -111.67551040649414,\n 36.74865056520353\n ],\n [\n -111.66349411010742,\n 36.754152238021554\n ],\n [\n -111.66143417358398,\n 36.76102877424881\n ],\n [\n -111.65319442749023,\n 36.774229995650714\n ],\n [\n -111.64581298828125,\n 36.780004815311294\n ],\n [\n -111.64461135864258,\n 36.7846793506642\n ],\n [\n -111.64066314697266,\n 36.79430249620881\n ],\n [\n -111.64083480834961,\n 36.8021375933119\n ],\n [\n -111.63225173950195,\n 36.80722310453566\n ],\n [\n -111.62813186645506,\n 36.817942805467766\n ],\n [\n -111.62469863891602,\n 36.827012149156175\n ],\n [\n -111.61834716796875,\n 36.83182121345616\n ],\n [\n -111.61474227905273,\n 36.83662997546104\n ],\n [\n -111.61508560180664,\n 36.84349911104911\n ],\n [\n -111.61405563354492,\n 36.847620296243555\n ],\n [\n -111.60907745361328,\n 36.84775766525785\n ],\n [\n -111.60375595092772,\n 36.8509170844658\n ],\n [\n -111.59963607788086,\n 36.856823474483754\n ],\n [\n -111.5939712524414,\n 36.85874638670163\n ],\n [\n -111.588134765625,\n 36.8631414329529\n ],\n [\n -111.58315658569336,\n 36.8631414329529\n ],\n [\n -111.57989501953125,\n 36.861630664314674\n ],\n [\n -111.5797233581543,\n 36.8553125809442\n ],\n [\n -111.57508850097656,\n 36.84789503402531\n ],\n [\n -111.57302856445312,\n 36.842674847355426\n ],\n [\n -111.56633377075195,\n 36.84075153085174\n ],\n [\n -111.55740737915038,\n 36.841850574776956\n ],\n [\n -111.55071258544922,\n 36.84130105478872\n ],\n [\n -111.54247283935547,\n 36.84404861524222\n ],\n [\n -111.54075622558594,\n 36.84940607417791\n ],\n [\n -111.55088424682617,\n 36.857784936640186\n ],\n [\n -111.56375885009766,\n 36.87042017227047\n ],\n [\n -111.56375885009766,\n 36.87289203919785\n ],\n [\n -111.56118392944336,\n 36.87302936279296\n ],\n [\n -111.55431747436523,\n 36.87110680999585\n ],\n [\n -111.55105590820312,\n 36.87151878966862\n ],\n [\n -111.54401779174805,\n 36.87618773734233\n ],\n [\n -111.54058456420898,\n 36.87673700654107\n ],\n [\n -111.53234481811523,\n 36.87852210415612\n ],\n [\n -111.52547836303711,\n 36.875775782851\n ],\n [\n -111.51723861694336,\n 36.875363826137715\n ],\n [\n -111.5115737915039,\n 36.879483293282064\n ],\n [\n -111.51311874389648,\n 36.883465233639356\n ],\n [\n -111.51792526245116,\n 36.8868977741857\n ],\n [\n -111.52650833129881,\n 36.886485877468054\n ],\n [\n -111.5280532836914,\n 36.887996154568654\n ],\n [\n -111.52204513549805,\n 36.89280138293983\n ],\n [\n -111.52204513549805,\n 36.89870453512981\n ],\n [\n -111.51947021484375,\n 36.899528194484695\n ],\n [\n -111.50522232055664,\n 36.89897908923586\n ],\n [\n -111.50007247924805,\n 36.90199911920969\n ],\n [\n -111.49784088134766,\n 36.90886237918357\n ],\n [\n -111.49818420410156,\n 36.915450527897036\n ],\n [\n -111.4918327331543,\n 36.91599951460428\n ],\n [\n -111.48805618286133,\n 36.91723472024699\n ],\n [\n -111.48324966430664,\n 36.92121469122741\n ],\n [\n -111.4779281616211,\n 36.924371072232816\n ],\n [\n -111.47655487060547,\n 36.92821344666079\n ],\n [\n -111.47998809814453,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -111.48668289184569,\n 36.93466271122842\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korman, Josh","contributorId":29922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korman","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yard, Michael D. 0000-0002-6580-6027 myard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6580-6027","contributorId":169281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yard","given":"Michael","email":"myard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Carl","contributorId":66156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coggins, Lewis G.","contributorId":43249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coggins","given":"Lewis G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207726,"text":"70207726 - 2009 - Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T16:52:42.923987","indexId":"70207726","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-08T11:13:53","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon analyses of pollen, ostracodes, and total organic carbon (TOC) provide a reliable chronology for the sediments deposited in Bear Lake over the past 30,000 years. The differences in apparent age between TOC, pollen, and carbonate fractions are consistent and in accord with the origins of these fractions. Comparisons among different fractions indicate that pollen sample ages are the most reliable, at least for the past 15,000 years. The post-glacial radiocarbon data also agree with ages independently estimated from aspartic acid racemization in ostracodes. Ages in the red, siliclastic unit, inferred to be of last glacial age, appear to be several thousand years too old, probably because of a high proportion of reworked, refractory organic carbon in the pollen samples.
Age-depth models for five piston cores and the Bear Lake drill core (BL00-1) were constructed by using two methods: quadratic equations and smooth cubic-spline fits. The two types of age models differ only in detail for individual cores, and each approach has its own advantages. Specific lithological horizons were dated in several cores and correlated among them, producing robust average ages for these horizons. The age of the correlated horizons in the red, siliclastic unit can be estimated from the age model for BL00-1, which is controlled by ages above and below the red, siliclastic unit. These ages were then transferred to the correlative horizons in the shorter piston cores, providing control for the sections of the age models in those cores in the red, siliclastic unit.
These age models are the backbone for reconstructions of past environmental conditions in Bear Lake. In general, sedimentation rates in Bear Lake have been quite uniform, mostly between 0.3 and 0.8 mm yr‒1 in the Holocene, and close to 0.5 mm yr‒1 for the longer sedimentary record in the drill core from the deepest part of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/2009.2450(05)","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Rosenbauer, R.J., Kaufman, D., Dean, W.E., and McGeehin, J., 2009, Radiocarbon ages and age models for the past 30,000 years in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho: GSA Special Papers, v. 450, p. 133-144, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2450(05).","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -111.44805908203125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"450","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steve M.","contributorId":49807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaufman, Darrell","contributorId":215397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Darrell","affiliations":[{"id":39235,"text":"School of Earth Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McGeehin, John mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":167455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045981,"text":"70045981 - 2009 - Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-14T16:59:27.793515","indexId":"70045981","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-07T06:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers","docAbstract":"Development of the coastal aquifer systems of Southern California has resulted in overdraft, changes in streamflow, seawater intrusion, land subsidence, increased vertical flow between aquifers, and a redirection of regional flow toward pumping centers. These water-management challenges can be more effectively addressed by incorporating new understanding of the geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical setting of these aquifers.
\nGroundwater and surface-water flow are controlled, in part, by the geologic setting. The physiographic province and related tectonic fabric control the relation between the direction of geomorphic features and the flow of water. Geologic structures such as faults and folding also control the direction of flow and connectivity of groundwater flow. The layering of sediments and their structural association can also influence pathways of groundwater flow and seawater intrusion. Submarine canyons control the shortest potential flow paths that can result in seawater intrusion. The location and extent of offshore outcrops can also affect the flow of groundwater and the potential for seawater intrusion and land subsidence in coastal aquifer systems.
\nAs coastal aquifer systems are developed, the source and movement of ground-water and surface-water resources change. In particular, groundwater flow is affected by the relative contributions of different types of inflows and outflows, such as pump-age from multi-aquifer wells within basal or upper coarse-grained units, streamflow infiltration, and artificial recharge. These natural and anthropogenic inflows and outflows represent the supply and demand components of the water budgets of ground-water within coastal watersheds. They are all significantly controlled by climate variability related to major climate cycles, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The combination of natural forcings and anthropogenic stresses redirects the flow of groundwater and either mitigates or exacerbates the potential adverse effects of resource development, such as declining water levels, sea-water intrusion, land subsidence, and mixing of different waters. Streamflow also has been affected by development of coastal aquifer systems and related conjunctive use.
\nSaline water is the largest water-quality problem in Southern California coastal aquifer systems. Seawater intrusion is a significant source of saline water, but saline water is also known to come from other sources and processes. Seawater intrusion is typically restricted to the coarse-grained units at the base of fining-upward sequences of terrestrial deposits, and at the top of coarsening upward sequences of marine deposits. This results in layered and narrow intrusion fronts.
\nMaintaining the sustainability of Southern California coastal aquifers requires joint management of surface water and groundwater (conjunctive use). This requires new data collection and analyses (including research drilling, modern geohydrologic investigations, and development of detailed computer groundwater models that simulate the supply and demand components separately), implementation of new facilities (including spreading and injection facilities for artificial recharge), and establishment of new institutions and policies that help to sustain the water resources and better manage regional development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2009.2454(5.3)","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Izbicki, J., Reichard, E.G., Edwards, B.D., Land, M., and Martin, P., 2009, Comparison of groundwater flow in Southern California coastal aquifers, chap. of Earth science in the urban ocean: The Southern California continental borderland, v. 454, p. 345-373, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2454(5.3).","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-002213","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ],\n [\n -118.41696759712761,\n 34.83837527904167\n ],\n [\n -119.25040527348904,\n 34.28384187151697\n ],\n [\n -119.32767764083371,\n 34.210842379227316\n ],\n [\n -117.83742484204195,\n 33.58319992884715\n ],\n [\n -117.02606498492199,\n 32.61685755837884\n ],\n [\n -115.82834329107835,\n 32.733007144105244\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01034218480635\n ],\n [\n -117.55041319190444,\n 35.01486276104701\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"454","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571f3fb2e4b071321fe56a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":627626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":1479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70198268,"text":"70198268 - 2009 - Surface deformation analysis of the Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes, Hawai‘i, based on InSAR displacement time series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T11:03:22","indexId":"70198268","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Surface deformation analysis of the Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes, Hawai‘i, based on InSAR displacement time series","docAbstract":"We investigate the deformation of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes, Hawai`i, by exploiting the advanced differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) technique referred to as the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm. In particular, we present time series of line-of-sight (LOS) displacements derived from SAR data acquired by the ASAR instrument, on board the ENVISAT satellite, from the ascending (track 93) and descending (track 429) orbits between 2003 and 2008. For each coherent pixel of the radar images we compute time-dependent surface displacements as well as the average LOS deformation rate. Our results quantify, in space and time, the complex deformation of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes. The derived InSAR measurements are compared to continuous GPS data to asses the quality of the SBAS-InSAR products.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Conference Publications Program","conferenceTitle":"Second workshop on use of remote sensing techniques for monitoring volcanoes and seismogenic areas","conferenceDate":"November 11-14, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Naples, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/USEREST.2008.4740368","usgsCitation":"Casu, F., Solaro, G., Tizzani, P., Poland, M.P., Miklius, A., Sansosti, E., and Lanari, R., 2009, Surface deformation analysis of the Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes, Hawai‘i, based on InSAR displacement time series, in IEEE Conference Publications Program, Naples, Italy, November 11-14, 2008, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1109/USEREST.2008.4740368.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ba2de4b0702d0e84532e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casu, F.","contributorId":104732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solaro, G.","contributorId":79730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solaro","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tizzani, Pietro","contributorId":106729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tizzani","given":"Pietro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sansosti, Eugenio","contributorId":206390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sansosti","given":"Eugenio","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37323,"text":"IREA - CNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lanari, Riccardo","contributorId":40448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanari","given":"Riccardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70207675,"text":"70207675 - 2009 - Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-03T12:25:24","indexId":"70207675","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-03T12:10:04","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5904,"text":"Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora","docAbstract":"A semi-quantitative thermochronological study, combining U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, has allowed assessment of the crystallization and cooling history of the Laramide Sierrita Blanca granite as well as the thermal effects resulting from the intrusion into the Mesoproterozoic host rocks (~1.1 Ga Murrieta granite).
The U-Pb zircon age discrepancy between two samples of the Sierrita Blanca granite (72.6 ± 1.2 Ma and 69.7 ± 1.0 Ma) could be explained by a process of faster magma cooling in the contact zone with the host Murrieta granite. However, that the Sierrita Blanca granitic unit was made up of multiple intrusions of similar compositions emplaced relatively close in time cannot be discarded. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of both biotite and K-feldspar for the granite collected close to the contact are also significantly older than the ages for the sample collected in a more internal zone of the intrusion. The initial cooling of the Sierrita Blanca granite was fairly fast and monotonous from the closure temperature of zircon to that of biotite (~36–32°C/Ma). Subsequently, the cooling of these Laramide rocks became relatively slow (~10–9°C/Ma) between the closure temperature of biotite and K-feldspar. These estimated cooling rates are similar, perhaps slightly slower, to the ones estimated for other Laramide granitoids in NW Mexico.
Three samples of the host Murrieta granite, collected at different distances from the Laramide intrusion, were dated by U-Pb zircon geochronology at ~1.1 Ga, reiterating that the U-Pb zircon systematics are quite resistant to thermal effects inflicted by intrusions like the one in the Sierrita Blanca. However, close inspection of the U-Pb zircon data suggests the presence of Pb loss for some of the zircons. This Pb-loss phenomenon is most pronounced in the zircons from the sample collected at the contact with the Sierrita Blanca intrusive where heat and/or hydrothermal fluids are released by the Laramide intrusion. It is important to note that away from the intrusion-host contact there is a gradual decrease of such thermal effects in the rocks until samples with zircons that show no effects of resetting as suggested by their total U-Pb zircon concordance. This thermal resetting is more prominent in the 40Ar/39Ar systematics of biotite and K-feldspar, since they are totally reset to Laramide ages, including the sample collected the farthest away from the contact. The estimation of post-resetting cooling of biotite and K-feldspar from the host rocks at ~18–15°C/Ma is, in a sense, coherent with the cooling estimates for the same minerals for the Sierrita Blanca granite. This suggests that the general cooling of the Sierrita Blanca after the Laramide intrusion was, for the most part, coherent for the entire area and ended, as expected, in the more internal zones of the Laramide intrusion. Lastly, it is important to point out that the Miocene magmatic pulse present in the Sierrita Blanca and adjacent areas has not caused any thermal disturbance to the Cretaceous or Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks studied in the area.
","language":"Spanish, English","publisher":"Institute of Geology, University of Mexico","publisherLocation":"Mexico City, Mexico","doi":"10.18268/BSGM2009v61n3a11","usgsCitation":"Enriquez-Castillo, M.A., Iriondo, A., Chavez-Cabello, G., and Kunk, M.J., 2009, Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora: Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana, v. 61, no. 3, p. 451-483, https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2009v61n3a11.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2009v61n3a11","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Northwest Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.90625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -111.55517578125,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -111.55517578125,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Enriquez-Castillo, Monica A.","contributorId":221577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enriquez-Castillo","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iriondo, Alexander","contributorId":23619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iriondo","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chavez-Cabello, Gabriel","contributorId":221578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chavez-Cabello","given":"Gabriel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239188,"text":"70239188 - 2009 - Quaternary incision rates and drainage evolution of the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, western Colorado, as calibrated by the Lava Creek B ash","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T13:09:50.841845","indexId":"70239188","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-03T07:03:20","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary incision rates and drainage evolution of the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, western Colorado, as calibrated by the Lava Creek B ash","docAbstract":"The Quaternary erosional history of western Colorado is documented in terraces of the Colorado, Gunnison, and Uncompahgre Rivers that contain the Lava Creek B ash (0.64 Ma). This paper reports an important new ash locality that dates ca. 100-m-high river gravels associated with the paleo-confluence of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers upstream from Grand Junction. Provenance analysis reveals paleo-Gunnison River gravels (containing granite and gneiss clasts) and paleo-Uncompahgre River gravels (containing Uncompahgre Group quartzite and San Juan volcanic field rocks). The paleo-Uncompahgre River gravels are 3 m directly beneath Lava Creek B ash, and the areal distribution of terraces indicates that this area was the paleo-confluence between the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers. This confluence has shifted 11 km to the east since 0.64 Ma due to events related to stream piracy and drainage reorganization. Gunnison terrace straths near the paleo-confluence are estimated to be 106 m above the modern strath, giving an estimated incision rate of 165 m/Ma.
Because of excellent age and geologic control, this is one of the best incision-rate data points in the upper Colorado River system. It is similar to previously reported regional rates, but is substantially lower than upstream incision rates in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River. This dated Gunnison River terrace anchors the projection of Lava Creek B-bearing Grand Mesa pediment surfaces (e.g., Petrie Mesa) to regional base level and helps constrain a regional reconstruction of the 0.64-Ma profile of the paleo-Gunnison River. This reconstruction shows dramatic differences in incision rate in the Gunnison River system since 0.64 Ma, and that a transient knickpoint migrated past Sawmill Mesa prior to 0.64 Ma. This incision data point has important implications for evaluating major Quaternary changes in the configuration of this part of the Rocky Mountain drainage system. It also provides evidence for a young, disequilibrium drainage system that is responding to base-level changes downstream driven by a stream capture event, which in turn may have been driven by tectonic or climatic perturbations.
High-resolution geomagnetic field data (i.e., ≤5 seconds) have recently become more commonly used by space physicists. The data permit the identification of Pi2 pulsations, having periods of 40-150 seconds and irregular waveforms. Pulsations of this type appear clearly in time series from mid- and low-latitude ground stations on the nightside at substorm onset. Therefore, with data from multiple observatories, substorm genesis and evolution can be monitored. Here we propose a new substorm index, the Wp index (Wavelet and planetary), which measures Pi2 spectral power at low-latitude. This index is derived from geomagnetic field data obtained from observatories arranged in longitude around the Earth’s circumference. Presently, data from 5 ground stations (Fürstenfeldbruck, Iznik, Urumqi, Kakioka, and Teoloyucan) are used, but future work will include data from other sites as well (Honolulu, Tucson, San Juan, Tristan da Cunha, and Ebro). Here we compare substorm occurrence estimated from the Wp index and those from the AE and ASY indices. We show that Wp index is a good indicator of substorm onset.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proc. XIII IAGA Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nose, M., Iyemori, T., Takeda, M., Toh, H., Ookawa, T., Cifuentes-Nava, G., Matzka, J., Love, J.J., McCreadie, H., Tuncer, M.K., and Curto, J.J., 2009, New substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude and its comparison with AE and ASY indices, in Proc. XIII IAGA Workshop, p. 202-207.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nose, M.","contributorId":74642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nose","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iyemori, T.","contributorId":78989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyemori","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takeda, M.","contributorId":82584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takeda","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toh, H.","contributorId":210286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toh","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ookawa, T.","contributorId":210287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ookawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cifuentes-Nava, G.","contributorId":210288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cifuentes-Nava","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matzka, J.","contributorId":11849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzka","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McCreadie, H.","contributorId":210289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCreadie","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tuncer, M. K.","contributorId":210290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tuncer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Curto, J. J.","contributorId":210291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curto","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70047723,"text":"70047723 - 2009 - Aeromicrobiology/air quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T16:21:41","indexId":"70047723","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:16:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Aeromicrobiology/air quality","docAbstract":"The most prevalent microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, are introduced into the atmosphere from many anthropogenic sources such as agricultural, industrial and urban activities, termed microbial air pollution (MAP), and natural sources. These include soil, vegetation, and ocean surfaces that have been disturbed by atmospheric turbulence. The airborne concentrations range from nil to great numbers and change as functions of time of day, season, location, and upwind sources. While airborne, they may settle out immediately or be transported great distances. Further, most viable airborne cells can be rendered nonviable due to temperature effects, dehydration or rehydration, UV radiation, and/or air pollution effects. Mathematical microbial survival models that simulate these effects have been developed.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00166-8","isbn":"9780123739445","usgsCitation":"Andersen, G.L., Frisch, A., Kellogg, C.A., Levetin, E., Lighthart, B., and Paterno, D., 2009, Aeromicrobiology/air quality, chap. of Encyclopedia of Microbiology, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00166-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-021373","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278867,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00166-8"}],"edition":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527a217be4b051792d0194c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Gary L.","contributorId":68610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frisch, A.S.","contributorId":39282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frisch","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kellogg, Christina A. 0000-0002-6492-9455 ckellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-9455","contributorId":391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Christina","email":"ckellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Levetin, E.","contributorId":60940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levetin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lighthart, Bruce","contributorId":39690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lighthart","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paterno, D.","contributorId":38888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paterno","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70200752,"text":"70200752 - 2009 - Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T16:15:19","indexId":"70200752","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:15:11","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory","docAbstract":"The absolute measurement session of the XIII IAGA Workshop was held at the Boulder Magnetic Observatory June 10-13, 2008. Approximately 85 people attended this session. The main focus of the session was for observers to make and compare measurements using DIFlux magnetometers. The session also included absolute measurement training, with lectures and practical training. Also included were data processing training, an introduction to solar observations, and a discussion concerning timing for one-second data collection.
Testing and demonstration of three instruments under development was also carried out during the absolute measurement session. The auto DI Flux was demonstrated by Jean Rasson. A triaxial DI Flux was demonstrated by Uli Auster and Anne Hemshorn. A fast delta Declination/delta Inclination (dIdD) magnetometer was tested by Laszlo Hegymegi. Results from the Auto DI Flux and triaxial DI Flux are included in the workshop results presented below.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"XIII IAGA Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Berarducci, A., and Woods, A., 2009, Absolute Measurement Session XIII IAGA Workshop Boulder Magnetic Observatory, in XIII IAGA Workshop, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358992,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berarducci, A.","contributorId":11393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berarducci","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Andy","contributorId":210285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woods","given":"Andy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200021,"text":"70200021 - 2009 - Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T16:32:17","indexId":"70200021","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T16:10:50","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters","docAbstract":"Bioaccumulated toxic metals in tolerant biomonitors are indicators of metal bioavailability and can be calibrated against metal‐specific responses in sensitive species, thus creating a tool for defining dose–response for metals in a field setting. Dose–response curves that define metal toxicity in natural waters are rare. Demonstrating cause and effect under field conditions and integrated chemical measures of metal bioavailability from food and water is problematic. The total bioaccumulated metal concentration in any organism that is a net accumulator of the metal is informative about metal bioavailability summed across exposure routes. However, there is typically no one universal metal concentration that is indicative of toxicity, especially across species, largely because of interspecies differences in detoxification. Stressed organisms are also only present across a narrow range in the dose–response curve, limiting the use of singles species as both biomonitors and bioindicator of stress. Herein we show, in 3 field settings, that bioaccumulated Cu concentrations in a metal‐tolerant, riverine biomonitor (species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche spp.) can be calibrated against metal‐specific ecological responses across very wide ranges of contamination. Using the calibrated dose–response, we show that reduced abundance of species and individuals from particularly sensitive mayfly families (heptageniid mayflies) is more than 2‐fold more sensitive to bioavailable Cu than other traditional measures of stress like EPT or total number of benthic macroinvertebrate species. We propose that this field dose‐response curve be tested more widely for general application, and that calibrations against other stress responses be developed for biomonitors from lakes, estuaries, and coastal marine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., and Rainbow, P.S., 2009, Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 199-209, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-067.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rainbow, Philip S.","contributorId":83025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainbow","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004027,"text":"70004027 - 2009 - Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T16:16:25","indexId":"70004027","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:48:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast","docAbstract":"The Johnson Creek landslide is a translational slide in seaward dipping Miocene siltstone and sandstone (Astoria Formation) and an overlying Quaternary marine terrace deposit. The slide terminates in a sea cliff and has a hummocky to nearly horizontal ground surface. The basal slide plane, however, slopes subparallel to the dip of the Miocene rocks, except beneath the back-tilted toe blocks where it curves upward. The siltstone and sandstone have low estimated permeability but cores and field mapping reveal an extensive fracture system within the slide mass. The slide mainly moves in response to groundwater pressure and coastal erosion of the toe. Limit-equilibrium stability analyses indicate that 3 m of erosion at the toe would destabilize the slide for most of the wet season, although no movement could be directly attributed to erosion in the 5 years of observation. Intense rainfall events raise pore-water pressure throughout the slide in the form of pulses of water pressure traveling from the headwall graben down the axis of the slide at rates of 1.4-2.5 m/hr in the upper part, and 3.5 m/hr to virtually instantaneous in the middle part. Infiltration of meteoric water was only ~50 mm/hr. Slope of the water table exceeds topographic slope from the head to the toe of the slide, so infiltration was too slow to directly raise head in 90 percent of the slide mass where the saturated zone is deeper than a few meters. Only at the headwall graben was the saturated zone shallow enough for rainfall events to trigger pulses of water pressure through the entire saturated zone. When a pressure pulse reached the threshold pressure for movement in the central part of the slide, the whole slide began slow, creeping movement. As head became larger and larger than the threshold for movement in more of the slide mass, movement accelerated and differential displacement between internal slide blocks became more pronounced. These findings suggest that dewatering the shallowest part of the saturated zone in this type of slide will stop these rapid pressure pulses, thereby stopping or greatly reducing seasonal movement. If slides are also subject to continual removal of material from the toe, especially where there are back-tilted toe blocks, then some type of buttress or tied-back shear pile wall may be the only effective long term remediation.","conferenceTitle":"2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"2009-10-20T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Priest, G., Allan, J., Niem, A., Niem, W., and Dickenson, S.E., 2009, Movement triggers and remediation in a fracture-dominated translational landslide at the Oregon coast.","ipdsId":"IP-029309","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275528,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2009AM/finalprogram/abstract_164788.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0589475632,44.7347230413 ], [ -124.0589475632,44.7403016927 ], [ -124.0535831451,44.7403016927 ], [ -124.0535831451,44.7347230413 ], [ -124.0589475632,44.7347230413 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f78ee9e4b02e26443a93a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Priest, George R.","contributorId":50950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"George R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allan, Jonathan","contributorId":46847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allan","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":7198,"text":"Oregon Department Geology and Mineral Industries","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":350215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niem, Alan","contributorId":7345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niem, Wendy A.","contributorId":41313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niem","given":"Wendy A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dickenson, Stephen E.","contributorId":77023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickenson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043153,"text":"70043153 - 2009 - Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T12:21:40","indexId":"70043153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:24:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system","docAbstract":"In this chapter, the use of satellite remote sensing to monitor active geological processes is described. Specifically, threats posed by volcanic eruptions are briefly outlined, and essential monitoring requirements are discussed. As an application example, a collaborative, multi-agency operational volcano monitoring system in the north Pacific is highlighted with a focus on the 2007 eruption of Kliuchevskoi volcano, Russia. The data from this system have been used since 2004 to detect the onset of volcanic activity, support the emergency response to large eruptions, and assess the volcanic products produced following the eruption. The overall utility of such integrative assessments is also summarized.\n\nThe work described in this chapter was originally funded through two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth System Science research grants that focused on the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument. A skilled team of volcanologists, geologists, satellite tasking experts, satellite ground system experts, system engineers and software developers collaborated to accomplish the objectives. The first project, Automation of the ASTER Emergency Data Acquisition Protocol for Scientific Analysis, Disaster Monitoring, and Preparedness, established the original collaborative research and monitoring program between the University of Pittsburgh (UP), the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, and affiliates on the ASTER Science Team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as well as associates at the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) in Japan. This grant, completed in 2008, also allowed for detailed volcanic analyses and data validation during three separate summer field campaigns to Kamchatka Russia. The second project, Expansion and synergistic use of the ASTER Urgent Request Protocol (URP) for natural disaster monitoring and scientific analysis, has expanded the project to other volcanoes around the world and is in progress through 2011.\n\nThe focus on ASTER data is due to the suitability of the sensor for natural disaster monitoring and the availability of data. The instrument has several unique facets that make it especially attractive for volcanic observations (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). Specifically, ASTER routinely collects data at night, it has the ability to generate digital elevation models using stereo imaging, it can collect data in various gain states to minimize data saturation, it has a cross-track pointing capability for faster targeting, and it collects data up to ±85° latitude for better global coverage. As with any optical imaging-based remote sensing, the viewing conditions can negatively impact the data quality. This impact varies across the optical and thermal infrared wavelengths as well as being a function of the specific atmospheric window within a given wavelength region. Water vapor and cloud formation can obscure surface data in the visible and near infrared (VNIR)/shortwave infrared (SWIR) region due mainly to non-selective scattering of the incident photons. In the longer wavelengths of the thermal infrared (TIR), scattering is less of an issue, but heavy cloud cover can still obscure the ground due to atmospheric absorption. Thin clouds can be optically-transparent in the VNIR and TIR regions, but can cause errors in the extracted surface reflectance or derived surface temperatures. In regions prone to heavy cloud cover, optical remote sensing can be improved through increased temporal resolution. As more images are acquired in a given time period the chances of a clear image improve dramatically. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) routine monitoring, which commonly collects 4-6 images per day of any north Pacific volcano, takes advantage of this fact. The rapid response program described in this chapter also improves the temporal resolution of the ASTER instrument.\n\nASTER has been acquiring images of volcanic eruptions since soon after its launch in December 1999. An early example included the observations of the large pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced at Bezymianny volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. The first images in March 2000, just weeks after the eruption, revealed the extent, composition, and cooling history of this large deposit and of the active lava dome (Ramsey and Dehn, 2004). The initial results from these early datasets spurred interest in using ASTER data for expanded volcano monitoring in the north Pacific. It also gave rise to the multi-year NASA-funded programs of rapid response scheduling and imaging throughout the Aleutian, Kamchatka and Kurile arcs. Since the formal establishment of the programs, the data have provided detailed descriptions of the eruptions of Augustine, Bezymianny, Kliuchevskoi and Sheveluch volcanoes over the past nine years (Wessels et al., in press; Carter et al., 2007, 2008; Ramsey et al., 2008; Rose and Ramsey, 2009).\n\nThe initial research focus of this rapid response program was specifically on automating the ASTER sensor’s ability for targeted observational scheduling using the expedited data system. This urgent request protocol is one of the unique characteristics of ASTER. It provides a limited number of emergency observations, typically at a much-improved temporal resolution and quicker turnaround with data processing in the United States rather than in Japan. This can speed the reception of the processed data by several days to a week. The ongoing multi-agency research and operational collaboration has been highly successful. AVO serves as the primary source for status information on volcanic activity, working closely with the National Weather Service (NWS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), military and other state and federal emergency services. Collaboration with the Russian Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS)/Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) is also maintained. Once a volcano is identified as having increased thermal output, ASTER is automatically tasked and the volcano is targeted at the next available opportunity. After the data are acquired, scientists at all the agencies have access to the images, with the primary science analysis carried out at the University of Pittsburgh and AVO. Results are disseminated to the responsible monitoring agencies and the global community through e-mail mailing lists.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience and remote sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"inTech","publisherLocation":"Rijeka, Croatia","doi":"10.5772/8303","isbn":"9789533070032","usgsCitation":"Duda, K.A., Ramsey, M., Wessels, R.L., and Dehn, J., 2009, Optical satellite data volcano monitoring: a multi-sensor rapid response system, chap. of Geoscience and remote sensing, p. 473-496, https://doi.org/10.5772/8303.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"473","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-014609","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/8303","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":275643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275642,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/8303"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fa31e5e4b076c3a8d82665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, Kenneth A. duda@usgs.gov","contributorId":38039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Kenneth","email":"duda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, Michael","contributorId":83422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wessels, Rick L. rwessels@usgs.gov","contributorId":566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dehn, Jonathan","contributorId":49322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehn","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200659,"text":"70200659 - 2009 - Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T15:21:37","indexId":"70200659","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:21:24","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":780,"text":"Annales Geophysicae","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means","docAbstract":"Analysis is made of the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hourly means constructed from definitive minute data having missing values (gaps). Bootstrap sampling from different data-gap distributions is used to estimate average errors on hourly means as a function of the number of missing data. Absolute and relative error results are calculated for horizontal-intensity, declination, and vertical-component data collected at high, medium, and low magnetic latitudes. For 90% complete coverage (10% missing data), average (RMS) absolute errors on hourly means are generally less than errors permitted by Intermagnet for minute data. As a rule of thumb, the average relative error for hourly means with 10% missing minute data is approximately equal to 10% of the hourly standard deviation of the source minute data.
","language":"English","publisher":"EGU","doi":"10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., 2009, Missing data and the accuracy of magnetic-observatory hour means: Annales Geophysicae, v. 27, p. 3601-3610, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3601","endPage":"3610","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-3601-2009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200179,"text":"70200179 - 2009 - A standardized response to biological invasions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T15:07:23","indexId":"70200179","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:07:12","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A standardized response to biological invasions","docAbstract":"The Policy Forum “Will threat of biological invasions unite the European Union?” (P. E. Hulme et al., 3 April, p. 40) emphasized the major regulatory and political challenges faced by European institutions. However, they are not alone in facing the tremendous threat of biological invasions; this is a global challenge with infrastructure needs described nearly a decade ago (1). Hulme et al. emphasized that the perspective of Europe as the source, rather than recipient, of invasive alien species (IAS) needs revision. Other continents and countries face similar challenges. For example, as major forces in the world economy, China and the United States import and export substantial quantities of goods, which makes these two nations leading sources and recipients of IAS. However, inadequate funding, inappropriate methodology, and inconsistent data assembly have precluded generation of IAS inventories and have rendered conclusions about the percentage of IAS in the total flora and fauna of a region ambiguous. The number of information networks devoted to IAS is increasing globally, which may help to integrate IAS research at all scales, particularly if data sharing and compatibility can be improved. However, standardized information and technological platforms to share such information are lacking.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.325_146b","usgsCitation":"Rashid, I., Prakash Sharma, G., Esler, K.J., Reshi, Z.A., Khuroo, A.A., and Simpson, A., 2009, A standardized response to biological invasions: Science, v. 325, no. 5937, p. 146-146, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.325_146b.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/121433","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"325","issue":"5937","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rashid, Irfan","contributorId":209173,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rashid","given":"Irfan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prakash Sharma, Gyan","contributorId":209174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prakash Sharma","given":"Gyan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esler, Karen J.","contributorId":209175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Esler","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reshi, Zafar A.","contributorId":209176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reshi","given":"Zafar","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khuroo, Anzar A.","contributorId":209177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khuroo","given":"Anzar","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simpson, Annie 0000-0001-8338-5134 asimpson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-5134","contributorId":127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Annie","email":"asimpson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70058740,"text":"70058740 - 2009 - Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:18:54","indexId":"70058740","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:03:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","docAbstract":"Federal land management agencies have invested heavily in seeding vegetation for \nemergency stabilization and rehabilitation (ES&R) of non-forested lands. ES&R projects are \nimplemented to reduce post-fire dominance of non-native annual grasses, minimize probability \nof recurrent fire, quickly recover lost habitat for sensitive species, and ultimately result in plant \ncommunities with desirable characteristics including resistance to invasive species and resilience \nor ability to recover following disturbance. Land managers lack scientific evidence to verify \nwhether seeding non-forested lands achieves their desired long-term ES&R objectives. The \noverall objective of our investigation is to determine if ES&R projects increase perennial plant \ncover, improve community composition, decrease invasive annual plant cover and result in a \nmore desirable fuel structure relative to no treatment following fires while potentially providing \nhabitat for Greater Sage-Grouse, a species of management concern. In addition, we provide the \nlocations and baseline vegetation data for further studies relating to ES&R project impacts.
\nWe examined effects of seeding treatments (drill and broadcast) vs. no seeding on biotic \nand abiotic (bare ground and litter) variables for the dominant climate regimes and ecological \ntypes within the Great Basin. We attempted to determine seeding effectiveness to provide desired \nplant species cover while restricting non-native annual grass cover relative to post-treatment \nprecipitation, post-treatment grazing level and time-since-seeding. Seedings were randomly \nsampled from all known post-fire seedings that occurred in the four-state area of Idaho, Nevada, \nOregon and Utah. Sampling locations were stratified by major land resource area, precipitation, \nand loam-dominated soils to ensure an adequate spread of locations to provide inference of our \nfindings to similar lands throughout the Great Basin.
\nNearly 100 sites were located that contained an ES&R project. Of these sites, 61 were \nseeded by using a drill, 27 were broadcast aerially, and 12 had a combination of both. We \nrandomly sampled three burned and seeded, burned and unseeded, and unburned and unseeded \nlocations in the vicinity of the fire, each within the same ecological site. We measured foliar \ncover of all plant functional groups (perennial or annual, shrub, grass, forb, native or introduced), \nbiological soil crusts, and abiotic (bare soil and litter) variables using the line-point intercept \nprotocol. Fuel loads and horizontal fuel continuity were measured. We applied linear mixed \nmodels to response variables (cover and density of plant groups) relative to the dependent \nvariables (seeding treatments and precipitation/temperature relationships.
\nPost-fire strengths with native perennial grasses or shrubs in mixes did not increase density or cover of these groups significantly relative to unseeded, burned areas. Seeded non-native perennial grasses and the shrub Bassia prostrata were effective in providing more cover in aerial and drill seedings. Seeded non-native perennial grass cover increased with increased annual precipitation regardless of seeding type. Seeding native shrubs, particularly Artemisia tridentata, did not significantly increase shrub cover in burned areas. Cover of undesirable non-native annual grasses was lower in drill seedings relative to unseeded areas but only at higher elevations. Seeding effectiveness after wildfire is unpredictable in drier, low elevation environments, and our findings indicate management objectives are more likely met when focusing efforts on higher elevation or higher precipitation locations where establishment of perennial grasses is more likely. On sites where potential for invasion and dominance of non-native annuals is high, such as lower and drier sites, intensive methods of restoration that include invasive plant control before seeding may be required. Where establishment of native perennial plants is the goal, managers might consider using native-only seed mixtures, because we found that the non-native perennials typically used in Great Basin restoration efforts are selected for their competitive nature and may reduce establishment of less competitive native species. Although we attempted to include information on livestock grazing history after seedings, we were unable to extract sufficient data from files to address this topic that may play an additional role in understanding native plant abundance post-fire seeding.
\nEvaluation of drill and aerial seeding effects on fuel characteristics focused on two metrics that are standard inputs for fire behavior models, fuel load and fuel continuity. Fuel loads were evaluated separately for total fuel load biomass, and the individual components that sum to total biomass, namely herbaceous, shrub, shrub:herbaceous ratio, litter, 10-hour, and 100-hour fuel biomasses. Fuel continuity was evaluated using the following cover categories, total, annual grass, annual forb, perennial forb perennial grass, shrub, litter, vegetative interspace, and perennial interspace. Drill seeding did not affect fuel loads, except to reduce 10-hour fuels, probably due to mechanical destruction of dead and down fuels by the drill seeding equipment. Drill seeding did affect fuel continuity, specifically decreasing total plant cover by increasing perennial grass cover which suppressed annual grass and litter production resulting in a net decrease in continuity, but only at the elevations above approximately 1500m. Aerial seeding had no effect on any fuel load or fuel continuity category.
\nFor the Greater Sage-Grouse habitat study, we developed multi-scale empirical models of sage-grouse occupancy in 211 randomly located plots within a 40 million ha portion of the species’ range. We then used these models to predict sage-grouse habitat quality at 101 ES&R seeding projects. We compared conditions at restoration sites to published habitat guidelines. Sage-grouse occupancy was positively related to plot- and landscape-level dwarf sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula, A. nova, A. tripartita) and big sagebrush steppe, and negatively associated with non-native grass and human development. The predicted probability of sage-grouse occupancy at treated plots was low on average (0.07–0.09) and was not significantly different from burned areas that had not been treated. Restoration was more often successful at higher elevation sites with low annual temperatures, high spring precipitation, and high plant diversity. No plots seeded after fire (n=313) met all overstory guidelines for breeding habitats, but approximately 50% met understory guidelines, particularly for perennial grasses. This trend was similar for summer habitat. Ninety-eight percent of treated plots did not meet winter habitat guidelines. Restoration actions in burned areas did not increase the probability of meeting most guideline criteria. The probability of meeting guidelines was influenced by a latitudinal gradient, local climate, and topography. Post-fire seeding treatments in Great Basin sagebrush shrublands generally have not created high quality habitat for sage-grouse. Understory conditions are more likely to be adequate than those of overstory, but in unfavorable climates, establishing forbs and reducing cheatgrass dominance is unlikely. Reestablishing sagebrush cover will require more than 20 years using the restoration methods of the past two decades. Given current fire frequencies and restoration capabilities, protection of landscapes containing a mix of dwarf sagebrush and big sagebrush steppe, minimal human development, and low non-native plant cover may provide the best opportunity for conservation of sage-grouse habitats.
\nOur database of ES&R locations has used the Land Treatment Digital Library to archive data and location information regarding our study (see Pilliod and Welty 2013). This has contributed to two additional studies. One examined the potential spread of Bassia prostrata (aka Kochia prostrata; forage kochia) from ES&R project locations (Gray and Muir 2013). The second used remote sensing to determine the phenology of vegetation green-up on post-fire seeded sites (Sankey et al. 2013).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Pyke, D.A., Pilliod, D., Chambers, J., Brooks, M.L., and Grace, J., 2009, Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-053168","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286058,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.firescience.gov/JFSP_advanced_search_results_detail.cfm?jdbid=%24%26Z%27%3AT%20%20%20%0A"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Idaho;Oregon;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.42,34.43 ], [ -121.42,44.82 ], [ -110.78,44.82 ], [ -110.78,34.43 ], [ -121.42,34.43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559437e4b0120853e8bf7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pilliod, David S.","contributorId":101760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":75889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, James 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":35642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}