{"pageNumber":"2037","pageRowStart":"50900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184717,"records":[{"id":70034764,"text":"70034764 - 2009 - Reducing streamflow forecast uncertainty: Application and qualitative assessment of the upper klamath river Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034764","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reducing streamflow forecast uncertainty: Application and qualitative assessment of the upper klamath river Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700-hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt-dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980-2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995-2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high-, medium-, and low-PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high-PIG years (low-flow years). ?? 2009 American Water Resources Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00307.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., McCabe, G., Clark, M., and Risley, J.C., 2009, Reducing streamflow forecast uncertainty: Application and qualitative assessment of the upper klamath river Basin, Oregon: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 45, no. 3, p. 580-596, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00307.x.","startPage":"580","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215728,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00307.x"},{"id":243550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3d1e4b0e8fec6cdb9b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Risley, J. C.","contributorId":88780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035356,"text":"70035356 - 2009 - Deformation of the late Miocene to Pliocene Inyo Surface, eastern Sierra region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035356","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation of the late Miocene to Pliocene Inyo Surface, eastern Sierra region, California","docAbstract":"A middle and late Miocene erosion surface, the Inyo Surface, underlies late Miocene mafic flows in the White Mountains and late Miocene and (or) early Pliocene flows elsewhere in the eastern Sierra region. The Inyo Surface is correlated with an erosion surface that underlies late Miocene mafic flows in the central and northern Sierra Nevada. The mafic flows had outpourings similar to flood basalts, although of smaller volume, providing paleohorizontal and paleolowland indicators. The flows filed and locally topped the existing landscape forming broad plateau-like flats. Topographic relief in the region was characterized by weathered and rounded slopesp rior to late Miocene mafic magmatism. Relicts of the older landscape lie adjacent to late Miocene and early Pliocene basalt-covered lowlands that now occur within the crests of ranges that have 2500-3000 m relief and dramatically steep escarpments. Late Miocene mafic flows that lie on the crest of the Sierra Nevada adjacent to the White Mountains predate significant activity on the Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone. These deposits and accompanying erosion surfaces provide excellent strain markers for reconstructing part of the Walker Lane north of the Garlock fault and west of the Amargosa drainage, here referred to as the eastern Sierra region. The Inyo Surface is a compound erosional surface that records at least four major erosion events during the Cenozoic. These four surfaces were first recognized on the Kern Plateau and named from oldest to youngest, the Summit Upland, the Subsummit Plateau, the Chagoopa Plateau, and the Canyon. The three older surfaces have also been subsequently modifi ed by Pleistocene glaciation. The compound erosion surface, which is locally overlain by late Miocene mafic flows in the northern and central Sierra Nevada, is here referred to as the Lindgren Surface. Correlatives in the eastern Sierra region are found in the White Mountains, Inyo Mountains, Darwin Plateau, Coso Range, and nearby ranges. Copyright ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2447(15)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., 2009, Deformation of the late Miocene to Pliocene Inyo Surface, eastern Sierra region, California: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 447, p. 313-350, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2447(15).","startPage":"313","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215523,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2447(15)"},{"id":243334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"447","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4de4b0c8380cd4ec5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034971,"text":"70034971 - 2009 - Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems. 2. Benthic methylmercury production and bed sediment - Pore water partitioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T07:48:55","indexId":"70034971","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems. 2. Benthic methylmercury production and bed sediment - Pore water partitioning","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mercury speciation, controls on methylmercury (MeHg) production, and bed sediment−pore water partitioning of total Hg (THg) and MeHg were examined in bed sediment from eight geochemically diverse streams where atmospheric deposition was the predominant Hg input. Across all streams, sediment THg concentrations were best described as a combined function of sediment percent fines (%fines; particles &lt; 63 μm) and organic content. MeHg concentrations were best described as a combined function of organic content and the activity of the Hg(II)-methylating microbial community and were comparable to MeHg concentrations in streams with Hg inputs from industrial and mining sources. Whole sediment tin-reducible inorganic reactive Hg (Hg(II)</span><sub>R</sub><span>) was used as a proxy measure for the Hg(II) pool available for microbial methylation. In conjunction with radiotracer-derived rate constants of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>203</sup><span>Hg(II) methylation, Hg(II)</span><sub>R</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>was used to calculate MeHg production potential rates and to explain the spatial variability in MeHg concentration. The %Hg(II)</span><sub>R</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>(of THg) was low (2.1 ± 5.7%) and was inversely related to both microbial sulfate reduction rates and sediment total reduced sulfur concentration. While sediment THg concentrations were higher in urban streams, %MeHg and %Hg(II)</span><sub>R</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>were higher in nonurban streams. Sediment pore water distribution coefficients (log<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>’s) for both THg and MeHg were inversely related to the log-transformed ratio of pore water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to bed sediment %fines. The stream with the highest drainage basin wetland density also had the highest pore water DOC concentration and the lowest log<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>K</i><sub>d</sub><span>’s for both THg and MeHg. No significant relationship existed between overlying water MeHg concentrations and those in bed sediment or pore water, suggesting upstream sources of MeHg production may be more important than local streambed production as a driver of water column MeHg concentration in drainage basins that receive Hg inputs primarily from atmospheric sources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es802698v","usgsCitation":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Lutz, M.A., Brigham, M.E., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Aiken, G.R., Orem, W.H., and Hall, B.D., 2009, Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems. 2. Benthic methylmercury production and bed sediment - Pore water partitioning: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 8, p. 2726-2732, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802698v.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2726","endPage":"2732","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53fae4b0c8380cd6ce49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":149175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lutz, Michelle A. malutz@usgs.gov","contributorId":167259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"Michelle","email":"malutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hall, Britt D.","contributorId":27161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Britt","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035109,"text":"70035109 - 2009 - Introduced avian diseases, climate change, and the future of Hawaiian honeycreepers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035109","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2191,"text":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduced avian diseases, climate change, and the future of Hawaiian honeycreepers","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1647/2008-059.1","issn":"10826742","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, C., and Lapointe, D., 2009, Introduced avian diseases, climate change, and the future of Hawaiian honeycreepers: Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v. 23, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1647/2008-059.1.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215296,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2008-059.1"},{"id":243091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3dd4e4b0c8380cd63893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, C. T.","contributorId":29349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapointe, D.A.","contributorId":69691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapointe","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034973,"text":"70034973 - 2009 - A Holocene record of climate-driven shifts in coastal carbon sequestration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034973","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Holocene record of climate-driven shifts in coastal carbon sequestration","docAbstract":"A sediment core collected in the mesohaline portion of Chesapeake Bay was found to contain periods of increased delivery of refractory black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The BC was most likely produced by biomass combustion during four centennialscale dry periods as indicated by the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), beginning in the late Medieval Warm Period of 1100 CE. In contrast, wetter periods were associated with increased non-BC organic matter influx into the bay, likely due to greater runoff and associated nutrient delivery. In addition, an overall increase in both BC and non-BC organic matter deposition during the past millennium may reflect a shift in climate regime. The finding that carbon sequestration in the coastal zone responds to climate fluctuations at both centennial and millennial scales through fire occurrence and nutrient delivery has implications for past and future climate predictions. Drought-induced fires may lead, on longer timescales, to greater carbon sequestration and, therefore, represent a negative climate feedback. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008GL036875","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mitra, S., Zimmerman, A., Hunsinger, G., Willard, D., and Dunn, J., 2009, A Holocene record of climate-driven shifts in coastal carbon sequestration: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036875.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476193,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036875","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036875"},{"id":243468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e4e4b0c8380cd45cf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitra, Siddhartha","contributorId":97608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitra","given":"Siddhartha","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12616,"text":"Dept of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University,  Greenville, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":448652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, A.R.","contributorId":71732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunsinger, G.B.","contributorId":35857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunsinger","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willard, D. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":67676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dunn, J.C.","contributorId":68556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035761,"text":"70035761 - 2009 - Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035761","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest","docAbstract":"Fire is an important feature of many forest ecosystems, although the quantification of its effects is compromised by the large scale at which fire occurs and its inherent unpredictability. A recurring problem is the use of subsamples collected within individual burns, potentially resulting in spatially autocorrelated data. Using subsamples from six different fires (and three unburned control areas) we show little evidence for strong spatial autocorrelation either before or after burning for eight measures of forest conditions (both fuels and vegetation). Additionally, including a term for spatially autocorrelated errors provided little improvement for simple linear models contrasting the effects of early versus late season burning. While the effects of spatial autocorrelation should always be examined, it may not always greatly influence assessments of fire effects. If high patch scale variability is common in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests, even following more than a century of fire exclusion, treatments designed to encourage further heterogeneity in forest conditions prior to the reintroduction of fire will likely be unnecessary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4996/fireecology.0502116","issn":"19339747","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., and Schwilk, D., 2009, Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest: Fire Ecology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 116-125, https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116.","startPage":"116","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476393,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216170,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0502116"},{"id":244019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a643ce4b0c8380cd72948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, P. J.","contributorId":73527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034836,"text":"70034836 - 2009 - Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034836","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls","docAbstract":"The Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits are part of an emerging belt of intrusion-centered gold-rich deposits in the Surigao district of northeast Mindanao, Philippines. Exhumation and weathering of these Late Pliocene-age deposits has led to the development of the world's deepest known porphyry oxidation profile at Boyongan (600 m), and yet only a modest (30-70 m) oxidation profile at adjacent Bayugo. Debris flows, volcanic rocks, and fluviolacustrine sediments accumulating in the actively extending Mainit graben subsequently covered the deposits and preserved the supergene profiles. At Boyongan and Bayugo, there is a vertical transition from shallower supergene copper oxide minerals (malachite + azurite + cuprite) to deeper sulfide-stable assemblages (chalcocite ?? hypogene sulfides). This transition provides a time-integrated proxy for the position of the water table at the base of the saturated zone during supergene oxidation. Contours of the elevation of the paleopotentiometric surface based on this min- eralogical transition show that the thickest portions of the unsaturated zone coincided with a silt-sand matrix diatreme breccia complex at Boyongan. Within the breccia complex, the thickness of the unsaturated zone approached 600 in, whereas outside the breccia complex (e.g., at Bayugo), the thickness averaged 50 m. Contours of the paleopotentiometric surface suggest that during weathering, groundwater flowed into the breccia complex from the north, south, and east, and exited along a high permeability zone to the west. The high relief (>550 m) on the elevation of the paleopotentiometric surface is consistent with an environment of high topographic relief, and the outflow zone to the west of the breccia complex probably reflects proximity to a steep scarp intersecting the western breccia complex margin. Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has enabled estimation of the elevation of the land surface, which further constrains the physiographic setting during supergene oxidation. Isotopic measurements of oxygen in supergene kaolinite from Boyongan suggest that local paleometeoric water involved in weathering had a ??180 composition of approximately -5.7 per mil. At the latitude of the southern Philippines, this value corresponds to Pleistocene rain water condensing at elevations between 750 and 1,050 m above contemporary sea level, providing a maximum estimate for the surface elevation during weathering of the porphyry systems. Physiographic reconstuctions suggest that the deep oxidation profile at Boyongan formed in an environment of high topographic relief immediately east of a prominent (>550 m) escarpment. The high permeability contrast between the breccia complex and the surrounding wall rocks, coupled with the proximity of the breccia complex to the escarpment, led to a depressed groundwater table and a vertically extensive unsaturated zone in the immediate vicinity of Boyongan. This thick vadose zone and the low hypogene pyrite/copper sulfide ratios (0.6) at Boyongan promoted in situ oxidation of copper sulfides with only modest (<200 m) supergene remobilization of copper. In contrast, higher hypogene pyrite/chalcopyrite ratios (2.3) at Bayugo led to greater acid production during weathering and more complete leaching of copper above the base of oxidation. This process promoted significant (600 m) lateral dispersion of copper down the paleohydraulic gradient into the diatreme breccia comple, ultimately leading to the formation of an exotic copper deposit. ?? 2009 Society of Economices Geologists, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Braxton, D., Cooke, D.R., Ignacio, A., Rye, R.O., and Waters, P., 2009, Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls: Economic Geology, v. 104, no. 3, p. 333-349, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333.","startPage":"333","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215903,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333"},{"id":243739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbfce4b08c986b32895d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braxton, D.P.","contributorId":107522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braxton","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooke, D. R.","contributorId":99764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ignacio, A.M.","contributorId":69383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignacio","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waters, P.J.","contributorId":103110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035711,"text":"70035711 - 2009 - Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035711","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate","docAbstract":"Mawrth Vallis contains one of the largest exposures of phyllosilicates on Mars. Nontronite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and hydrated silica have been identified throughout the region using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). In addition, saponite has been identified in one observation within a crater. These individual minerals are identified and distinguished by features at 1.38-1.42, ???1.91, and 2.17-2.41 ??m. There are two main phyllosilicate units in the Mawrth Vallis region. The lowermost unit is nontronite bearing, unconformably overlain by an Al-phyllosilicate unit containing montmorillonite plus hydrated silica, with a thin layer of kaolinite plus hydrated silica at the top of the unit. These two units are draped by a spectrally unremarkable capping unit. Smectites generally form in neutral to alkaline environments, while kaolinite and hydrated silica typically form in slightly acidic conditions; thus, the observed phyllosilicates may reflect a change in aqueous chemistry. Spectra retrieved near the boundary between the nontronite and Al-phyllosilicate units exhibit a strong positive slope from 1 to 2 ??m, likely from a ferrous component within the rock. This ferrous component indicates either rapid deposition in an oxidizing environment or reducing conditions. Formation of each of the phyllosilicate minerals identified requires liquid water, thus indicating a regional wet period in the Noachian when these units formed. The two main phyllosilicate units may be extensive layers of altered volcanic ash. Other potential formational processes include sediment deposition into a marine or lacustrine basin or pedogenesis. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003301","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McKeown, N., Bishop, J., Noe Dobrea, E., Ehlmann, B., Parente, M., Mustard, J., Murchie, S., Swayze, G., Bibring, J., and Silver, E.A., 2009, Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487810,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008je003301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d4e4b0c8380cd4bf53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, N.K.","contributorId":10529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe Dobrea, E.Z.","contributorId":97316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe Dobrea","given":"E.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehlmann, B.L.","contributorId":107837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehlmann","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parente, M.","contributorId":21673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parente","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mustard, J.F.","contributorId":91605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mustard","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Silver, E. A.","contributorId":18491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70034501,"text":"70034501 - 2009 - Detecting declines in the abundance of a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population: Understanding the accuracy, precision, and costs of our efforts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034501","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting declines in the abundance of a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population: Understanding the accuracy, precision, and costs of our efforts","docAbstract":"Using empirical field data for bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), we evaluated the trade-off between power and sampling effort-cost using Monte Carlo simulations of commonly collected mark-recapture-resight and count data, and we estimated the power to detect changes in abundance across different time intervals. We also evaluated the effects of monitoring different components of a population and stratification methods on the precision of each method. Our results illustrate substantial variability in the relative precision, cost, and information gained from each approach. While grouping estimates by age or stage class substantially increased the precision of estimates, spatial stratification of sampling units resulted in limited increases in precision. Although mark-resight methods allowed for estimates of abundance versus indices of abundance, our results suggest snorkel surveys may be a more affordable monitoring approach across large spatial scales. Detecting a 25% decline in abundance after 5 years was not possible, regardless of technique (power = 0.80), without high sampling effort (48% of study site). Detecting a 25% decline was possible after 15 years, but still required high sampling efforts. Our results suggest detecting moderate changes in abundance of freshwater salmonids requires considerable resource and temporal commitments and highlight the difficulties of using abundance measures for monitoring bull trout populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F09-026","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Al-Chokhachy, R., Budy, P., and Conner, M., 2009, Detecting declines in the abundance of a bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) population: Understanding the accuracy, precision, and costs of our efforts: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 66, no. 4, p. 649-658, https://doi.org/10.1139/F09-026.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215683,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F09-026"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff60e4b0c8380cd4f159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Al-Chokhachy, R.","contributorId":42431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Chokhachy","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budy, P.","contributorId":68091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conner, M.","contributorId":71787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034978,"text":"70034978 - 2009 - Trout density and health in a stream with variable water temperatures and trace element concentrations: does a cold-water source attract trout to increased metal exposure?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034978","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trout density and health in a stream with variable water temperatures and trace element concentrations: does a cold-water source attract trout to increased metal exposure?","docAbstract":"A history of hard-rock mining has resulted in elevated concentrations of heavy metals in Prickly Pear Creek (MT. USA). Remediation has improved water quality; however, dissolved zinc and cadmium concentrations still exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria. Physical habitat, salmonid density, fish health, and water quality were assessed, and metal concentrations in fish tissues, biofilm, and macroinvertebrates were determined to evaluate the existing condition in the watershed. Cadmium, zinc, and lead concentrations in fish tissues, biofilm, and invertebrates were significantly greater than those at the upstream reference site and an experimental site farther downstream of the confluence. Fish densities were greatest, and habitat quality for trout was better, downstream of the confluence, where water temperatures were relatively cool (16??C). Measures of fish health (tissue metal residues, histology, metallothionein concentrations, and necropsies), however, indicate that the health of trout at this site was negatively affected. Trout were in colder but more contaminated water and were subjected to increased trace element exposures and associated health effects. Maximum water temperatures in Prickly Pear Creek were significantly lower directly below Spring Creek (16??C) compared to those at an experimental site 10 km downstream (26??C). Trout will avoid dissolved metals at concentrations below those measured in Prickly Pear Creek; however, our results suggest that the preference of trout to use cool water temperatures may supersede behaviors to avoid heavy metals. ?? 2009 SETAC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/08-072R.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Harper, D., Farag, A., Hogstr, C., and MacConnell, E., 2009, Trout density and health in a stream with variable water temperatures and trace element concentrations: does a cold-water source attract trout to increased metal exposure?: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 28, no. 4, p. 800-808, https://doi.org/10.1897/08-072R.1.","startPage":"800","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/08-072R.1"},{"id":243532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb89ae4b08c986b327961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harper, D.D.","contributorId":82526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farag, A.M.","contributorId":106273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hogstr, C.","contributorId":7933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogstr","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacConnell, Elizabeth","contributorId":7861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacConnell","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034688,"text":"70034688 - 2009 - Plant toxicity, adaptive herbivory, and plant community dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034688","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant toxicity, adaptive herbivory, and plant community dynamics","docAbstract":"We model effects of interspecific plant competition, herbivory, and a plant's toxic defenses against herbivores on vegetation dynamics. The model predicts that, when a generalist herbivore feeds in the absence of plant toxins, adaptive foraging generally increases the probability of coexistence of plant species populations, because the herbivore switches more of its effort to whichever plant species is more common and accessible. In contrast, toxin-determined selective herbivory can drive plant succession toward dominance by the more toxic species, as previously documented in boreal forests and prairies. When the toxin concentrations in different plant species are similar, but species have different toxins with nonadditive effects, herbivores tend to diversify foraging efforts to avoid high intakes of any one toxin. This diversification leads the herbivore to focus more feeding on the less common plant species. Thus, uncommon plants may experience depensatory mortality from herbivory, reducing local species diversity. The depensatory effect of herbivory may inhibit the invasion of other plant species that are more palatable or have different toxins. These predictions were tested and confirmed in the Alaskan boreal forest. ?? 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-009-9240-x","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Feng, Z., Liu, R., DeAngelis, D., Bryant, L.C., Kielland, K., Stuart, C.F., and Swihart, R., 2009, Plant toxicity, adaptive herbivory, and plant community dynamics: Ecosystems, v. 12, no. 4, p. 534-547, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9240-x.","startPage":"534","endPage":"547","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215570,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9240-x"},{"id":243382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c02e4b0c8380cd79744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Z.","contributorId":84991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, R.","contributorId":23731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, Lee C.","contributorId":62045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryant","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":447045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kielland, K.","contributorId":98932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kielland","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stuart, Chapin F.","contributorId":23781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"Chapin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swihart, R.K.","contributorId":90560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swihart","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035714,"text":"70035714 - 2009 - Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035714","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","docAbstract":"Abstract. Forest structure and species composition in many western U.S. coniferous forests have been altered through fire exclusion, past and ongoing harvesting practices, and livestock grazing over the 20th century. The effects of these activities have been most pronounced in seasonally dry, low and mid-elevation coniferous forests that once experienced frequent, low to moderate intensity, fire regimes. In this paper, we report the effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) forest stand treatments on fuel load profiles, potential fire behavior, and fire severity under three weather scenarios from six western U.S. FFS sites. This replicated, multisite experiment provides a framework for drawing broad generalizations about the effectiveness of prescribed fire and mechanical treatments on surface fuel loads, forest structure, and potential fire severity. Mechanical treatments without fire resulted in combined 1-, 10-, and 100-hour surface fuel loads that were significantly greater than controls at three of five FFS sites. Canopy cover was significantly lower than controls at three of five FFS sites with mechanical-only treatments and at all five FFS sites with the mechanical plus burning treatment; fire-only treatments reduced canopy cover at only one site. For the combined treatment of mechanical plus fire, all five FFS sites with this treatment had a substantially lower likelihood of passive crown fire as indicated by the very high torching indices. FFS sites that experienced significant increases in 1-, 10-, and 100-hour combined surface fuel loads utilized harvest systems that left all activity fuels within experimental units. When mechanical treatments were followed by prescribed burning or pile burning, they were the most effective treatment for reducing crown fire potential and predicted tree mortality because of low surface fuel loads and increased vertical and horizontal canopy separation. Results indicate that mechanical plus fire, fire-only, and mechanical-only treatments using whole-tree harvest systems were all effective at reducing potential fire severity under severe fire weather conditions. Retaining the largest trees within stands also increased fire resistance. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/07-1755.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Stephens, S., Moghaddas, J., Edminster, C., Fiedler, C., Haase, S., Harrington, M., Keeley, J., Knapp, E.E., Mciver, J., Metlen, K., Skinner, C., and Youngblood, A., 2009, Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1.","startPage":"305","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1"},{"id":244331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1049e4b0c8380cd53be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, S.L.","contributorId":85694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moghaddas, J.J.","contributorId":107822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moghaddas","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edminster, C.","contributorId":18202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edminster","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fiedler, C.E.","contributorId":90129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haase, S.","contributorId":35156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrington, M.","contributorId":13834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knapp, E. E.","contributorId":54938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Metlen, K.","contributorId":99798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metlen","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70034984,"text":"70034984 - 2009 - Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70034984","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes","docAbstract":"Reflectance spectra of the organic compounds comprising the alkane series are presented from the ultraviolet to midinfrared, 0.35 to 15.5 /??m. Alkanes are hydrocarbon molecules containing only single carbon-carbon bonds, and are found naturally on the Earth and in the atmospheres of the giant planets and Saturn's moon, Titan. This paper presents the spectral properties of the alkanes as the first in a series of papers to build a spectral database of organic compounds for use in remote sensing studies. Applications range from mapping the environment on the Earth, to the search for organic molecules and life in the solar system and throughout the. universe. We show that the spectral reflectance properties of organic compounds are rich, with major diagnostic spectral features throughout the spectral range studied. Little to no spectral change was observed as a function of temperature and only small shifts and changes in the width of absorption bands were observed between liquids and solids, making remote detection of spectral properties throughout the solar system simpler. Some high molecular weight organic compounds contain single-bonded carbon chains and have spectra similar to alkanes even ' when they fall into other families. Small spectral differences are often present allowing discrimination among some compounds, further illustrating the need to catalog spectral properties for accurate remote sensing identification with spectroscopy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003150","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Curchin, J.M., Hoefen, T., and Swayze, G., 2009, Reflectance spectroscopy of organic compounds: 1. Alkanes: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003150.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476190,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008je003150","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003150"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a439e4b0e8fec6cdbacf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curchin, J. M.","contributorId":37145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curchin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoefen, T.M. 0000-0002-3083-5987","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":18143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70198254,"text":"70198254 - 2009 - Precision leveling and geodetic GPS observations performed on Surtsey between 1967 and 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T10:27:37","indexId":"70198254","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3500,"text":"Surtsey Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precision leveling and geodetic GPS observations performed on Surtsey between 1967 and 2002","docAbstract":"<p>The load on the crust from the ~ 0.8 km<sup>3</sup> of eruptive products of the Surtsey eruption is expected to lead to subsidence of the Surtsey island by sagging of the lithosphere, compaction of material, and slumping of the volcanic edifice. Immediately after the eruption ended in the summer of 1967 a levelling line was established across the island to monitor this expected subsidence. The line originally contained 42 benchmarks. As Surtsey is subjected to extensive erosion, in particular in the western and southern parts of the island, the western section of the line has been lost to the sea. In the year 2002 the line ended with benchmark 28. Additional benchmarks were installed 1979, 1982, 1985 and 2002, to fill in gaps in the original line and another profile was installed through the Surtur I crater. Between 1967 and 2002 levelling has been performed eleven times. One benchmark was surveyed with geodetic GPS in 1992. The benchmark was resurveyed in 2000 and 2002 and the GPS network has been extended to comprise four points. In this report we have compiled the levelling data collected on Surtsey so far. Furthermore we present coordinates for the GPS-benchmarks. Continuing subsidence of Surtsey is observed with a decaying rate. The area around the Surtur I crater is the most stable part with a subsidence rate of 0.7 cm/yr in the period 1991–2002. The largest subsidence is observed at the flanks of the island with rates up to 1.4 cm/yr. The excess rate here is most likely caused by slumping of the sides of the island.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Surtsey","usgsCitation":"Sturkell, E., Einarsson, P., Geirsson, H., Tryggvason, E., Moore, J.G., and Olafsdottir, R., 2009, Precision leveling and geodetic GPS observations performed on Surtsey between 1967 and 2002: Surtsey Research, v. 12, p. 39-45.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"45","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Surtsey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -26.455078125,\n              62.935234870604695\n            ],\n            [\n              -12.216796875,\n              62.935234870604695\n            ],\n            [\n              -12.216796875,\n              66.80922097449334\n            ],\n            [\n              -26.455078125,\n              66.80922097449334\n            ],\n            [\n              -26.455078125,\n              62.935234870604695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ba46e4b0702d0e845338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturkell, Erik","contributorId":169104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sturkell","given":"Erik","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25420,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einarsson, P.","contributorId":96018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einarsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geirsson, Halldor","contributorId":206490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geirsson","given":"Halldor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tryggvason, E.","contributorId":68884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tryggvason","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olafsdottir, Rosa","contributorId":206491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olafsdottir","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035715,"text":"70035715 - 2009 - Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035715","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3478,"text":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","docAbstract":"The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a convenient method for investigating whether two underlying univariate probability distributions can be regarded as undistinguishable from each other or whether an underlying probability distribution differs from a hypothesized distribution. Application of the test requires that the sample be unbiased and the outcomes be independent and identically distributed, conditions that are violated in several degrees by spatially continuous attributes, such as topographical elevation. A generalized form of the bootstrap method is used here for the purpose of modeling the distribution of the statistic D of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The innovation is in the resampling, which in the traditional formulation of bootstrap is done by drawing from the empirical sample with replacement presuming independence. The generalization consists of preparing resamplings with the same spatial correlation as the empirical sample. This is accomplished by reading the value of unconditional stochastic realizations at the sampling locations, realizations that are generated by simulated annealing. The new approach was tested by two empirical samples taken from an exhaustive sample closely following a lognormal distribution. One sample was a regular, unbiased sample while the other one was a clustered, preferential sample that had to be preprocessed. Our results show that the p-value for the spatially correlated case is always larger that the p-value of the statistic in the absence of spatial correlation, which is in agreement with the fact that the information content of an uncorrelated sample is larger than the one for a spatially correlated sample of the same size. ?? Springer-Verlag 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1","issn":"14363240","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., 2009, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data: Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, v. 23, no. 6, p. 749-757, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1.","startPage":"749","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216488,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1"},{"id":244361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40c8e4b0c8380cd65027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V.","contributorId":96511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky-Glahn","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035716,"text":"70035716 - 2009 - Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T13:17:06","indexId":"70035716","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?","docAbstract":"The lake whitefish (<i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>) is one of the native Lake Ontario fishes that declined severely over the past century. Recent evidence of larval lake whitefish production in a historic spawning area (Chaumont Bay) might signal a recovery of this species in New York waters. We surveyed coastal and open water areas to evaluate densities and estimate total abundance of larval lake whitefish in Chaumont Bay. Other historic spawning areas and embayments with appropriate spawning and nursery habitat were also surveyed, but only a few larvae were found outside of Chaumont Bay. Lake whitefish larvae were found in every embayment sampled within Chaumont Bay, with larval densities of nearly 600/1000 m<sup>2</sup> in some samples. Greatest abundances occurred in the northern sectors and near the mouth of the bay. Open water densities were generally less than half that of nearshore sites. The total bay-wide estimate for 2005 was approximately 644,000 lake whitefish larvae, but dropped to 230,000–400,000 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Mean larval growth rates (0.36 mm/day) did not differ by year, but were consistently higher in early May than in late April. Lake whitefish production in Chaumont Bay is encouraging for this species, but the cause and persistence of the decline after 2005 can be determined only by continued monitoring. Other possible bottlenecks of survival may exist at juvenile and adult stages and could significantly affect recruitment dynamics. This species is sensitive to normal climatic fluctuations and increased variability associated with global climatic change could make winter nursery conditions unfavorable for this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., and Johnson, J.H., 2009, Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 94-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216489,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004"},{"id":244362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.9363,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,43.1696 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9456e4b08c986b31a9fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":106065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035717,"text":"70035717 - 2009 - Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035717","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","docAbstract":"1. Sea-level rise, one indirect consequence of increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, poses a major challenge to long-term stability of coastal wetlands. An important question is whether direct effects of elevated CO <sub>2</sub> on the capacity of marsh plants to accrete organic material and to maintain surface elevations outweigh indirect negative effects of stressors associated with sea-level rise (salinity and flooding). 2. In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to examine potential direct and indirect effects of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, salinity and flooding on elevation change in a brackish marsh community dominated by a C<sub>3</sub> species, Schoenoplectus americanus, and a C<sub>4</sub> grass, Spartina patens. This experimental design permitted identification of mechanisms and their role in controlling elevation change, and the development of models that can be tested in the field. 3. To test hypotheses related to CO<sub>2</sub> and sea-level rise, we used conventional anova procedures in conjunction with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM explained 78% of the variability in elevation change and showed the direct, positive effect of S. americanus production on elevation. The SEM indicated that C<sub>3</sub> plant response was influenced by interactive effects between CO<sub>2</sub> and salinity on plant growth, not a direct CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> ameliorated negative effects of salinity on S. americanus and enhanced biomass contribution to elevation. 4. The positive relationship between S. americanus production and elevation change can be explained by shoot-base expansion under elevated CO <sub>2</sub> conditions, which led to vertical soil displacement. While the response of this species may differ under other environmental conditions, shoot-base expansion and the general contribution of C<sub>3</sub> plant production to elevation change may be an important mechanism contributing to soil expansion and elevation gain in other coastal wetlands. 5. Synthesis. Our results revealed previously unrecognized interactions and mechanisms contributing to marsh elevation change, including amelioration of salt stress by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and the importance of plant production and shoot-base expansion for elevation gain. Identification of biological processes contributing to elevation change is an important first step in developing comprehensive models that permit more accurate predictions of whether coastal marshes will persist with continued sea-level rise or become submerged. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Cherry, J.A., McKee, K., and Grace, J., 2009, Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise: Journal of Ecology, v. 97, no. 1, p. 67-77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x.","startPage":"67","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x"},{"id":243888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08c5e4b0c8380cd51c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035745,"text":"70035745 - 2009 - A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035745","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data","docAbstract":"The robust design has become popular among animal ecologists as a means for estimating population abundance and related demographic parameters with mark-recapture data. However, two drawbacks of traditional mark-recapture are financial cost and repeated disturbance to animals. Mark-resight methodology may in many circumstances be a less expensive and less invasive alternative to mark-recapture, but the models developed to date for these data have overwhelmingly concentrated only on the estimation of abundance. Here we introduce a mark-resight model analogous to that used in mark-recapture for the simultaneous estimation of abundance, apparent survival, and transition probabilities between observable and unobservable states. The model may be implemented using standard statistical computing software, but it has also been incorporated into the freeware package Program MARK. We illustrate the use of our model with mainland New Zealand Robin (Petroica australis) data collected to ascertain whether this methodology may be a reliable alternative for monitoring endangered populations of a closely related species inhabiting the Chatham Islands. We found this method to be a viable alternative to traditional mark-recapture when cost or disturbance to species is of particular concern in long-term population monitoring programs. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0973.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"McClintock, B., and White, G.C., 2009, A less field-intensive robust design for estimating demographic parameters with Mark-resight data: Ecology, v. 90, no. 2, p. 313-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1.","startPage":"313","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476331,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0973.1"},{"id":244332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e436e4b0c8380cd464e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClintock, B.T.","contributorId":29108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClintock","given":"B.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035580,"text":"70035580 - 2009 - Integrating geodetic and geologic data in maps of seismic hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035580","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrating geodetic and geologic data in maps of seismic hazard","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkTitle":"Eos","language":"English","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R., and Hammond, W., 2009, Integrating geodetic and geologic data in maps of seismic hazard, <i>in</i> Eos, v. 90, no. 38.","startPage":"334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c79e4b0c8380cd62d74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, R.","contributorId":42061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, W.","contributorId":45928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035190,"text":"70035190 - 2009 - Provenance and palaeogeographic implications of Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary rocks in the northwestern Basin and Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035190","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Provenance and palaeogeographic implications of Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary rocks in the northwestern Basin and Range","docAbstract":"A thick sequence of uppermost Eocene to lower Oligocene volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks is exposed at the base of the Warner Range in northeastern California. This isolated exposure provides insight into the palaeogeographic setting of the northwestern Basin and Range during this time period. Significant thinning of the unit over 35km of lateral exposure and predominantly volcanic clast compositions suggest that the sequence was deposited in an alluvial plain adjacent to a volcanic arc. Palaeocurrent indicators in the conglomerates define a NNE transport direction. Detrital zircon analysis on coarse sandstones and dating of individual granite cobbles show a range of ages consistent with a local, volcanic source area primarily from the SSW with some far-travelled input from northern Nevada; the far-travelled component increases in influence as the unit thins to the north. Comparison with other sedimentary sequences of Eocene age and integration with palaeofloral and geophysical data help to define drainage divides, and suggest that this sequence accumulated in a relatively isolated, intra-arc basin. This localized accumulation differs markedly from contemporaneous drainages to the south that transported material westwards from central Nevada to the palaeoshoreline, and suggests that ongoing volcanism had a strong influence on palaeogeography in this region during the Eocene and Oligocene.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Geology Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/00206810902949829","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Egger, A., Colgan, J., and York, C., 2009, Provenance and palaeogeographic implications of Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary rocks in the northwestern Basin and Range: International Geology Review, v. 51, no. 9-11, p. 900-919, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902949829.","startPage":"900","endPage":"919","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810902949829"},{"id":243356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f9ee4b0c8380cd7f888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Egger, A.E.","contributorId":70159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egger","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colgan, J.P.","contributorId":71678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"York, C.","contributorId":54812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035191,"text":"70035191 - 2009 - Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:20:20","indexId":"70035191","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano","docAbstract":"<p><span>To gain a better understanding of the topographic and landscape evolution of the Cenozoic Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range, we combine geochemical and isotopic age correlations with palaeoaltimetry data from widely distributed ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. A sequence of Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrites is preserved across the modern crest of the range and into the western foothills. Using trace and rare earth element geochemical analyses of volcanic glass, these deposits have been correlated to ignimbrites described and isotopically dated in the Walker Lane fault zone and in central Nevada (Henry&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>, 2004, Geologic map of the Dogskin mountain quadrangle; Washoe County, Nevada; Faulds<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>et al.</i><span>, 2005, Geology, v. 33, p. 505–508). Ignimbrite deposits were sampled within the northern Sierra Nevada and western Nevada, and four distinct geochemical compositions were identified. The majority of samples from within the northern Sierra Nevada have compositions similar to the tuffs of Axehandle Canyon or Rattlesnake Canyon, both likely sourced from the same caldera complex in either the Clan Alpine Mountains or the Stillwater Range, or to the tuff of Campbell Creek, sourced from the Desatoya Mountains caldera. New<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age determinations from these samples of 31.2, 30.9, and 28.7&nbsp;Ma, respectively, support these correlations. Based on an Oligocene palinspastic reconstruction of the region, our results show that ignimbrites travelled over 200&nbsp;km from their source calderas across what is now the crest of the Sierra Nevada, and that during that time, no drainage divide existed between the ignimbrite source calderas in central Nevada and sample locations 200&nbsp;km to the west. Palaeoaltimetry data from Sierra Nevada ignimbrites, based on the hydrogen isotopic composition of hydration water in glass, reflect the effect of a steep western slope on precipitation and indicate that the area had elevations similar to the present-day range. These combined results suggest that source calderas were likely located in a region of high elevation to the east of the Oligocene Sierra Nevada, which had a steep western slope that allowed for the large extent and broad distribution of the ignimbrites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810902880370","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Cassel, E.J., Calvert, A.T., and Graham, S.A., 2009, Age, geochemical composition, and distribution of Oligocene ignimbrites in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for landscape morphology, elevation, and drainage divide geography of the Nevadaplano: International Geology Review, v. 51, no. 7-8, p. 723-742, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810902880370.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"742","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-012618","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215089,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810902880370"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f6e4b0c8380cd47fef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cassel, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":198355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cassel","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Stephan A.","contributorId":45902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034745,"text":"70034745 - 2009 - An adaptive strategy for reducing feral cat predation on endangered Hawaiian birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-08T13:44:35.516379","indexId":"70034745","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An adaptive strategy for reducing feral cat predation on endangered Hawaiian birds","docAbstract":"Despite the long history of Feral Cats Felis catus in Hawai'i, there has been little research to provide strategies to improve control programmes and reduce depredation on endangered species. Our objective Was to develop a predictive model to determine how landscape features on Mauna Kea, such as habitat, elevation, and proximity to roads, may affect the number of Feral Cats captured at each trap. We used log-link generalized linear models and QAIC <sub>c</sub> model ranking criteria to determine the effect of these factors. We found that The number of cats captured per trap Was related to effort, habitat type, and Whether traps Were located on The West or North Slope of Mauna Kea. We recommend an adaptive management strategy to minimize trapping interference by non-target Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus with toxicants, to focus trapping efforts in M??mane Sophora chrysophylla habitat on the West slope of Mauna Kea, and to cluster traps near others that have previously captured multiple cats.","language":"English","publisher":"Csiro Publishing","doi":"10.1071/pc090056","issn":"10382097","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., Banko, P., and Hansen, H., 2009, An adaptive strategy for reducing feral cat predation on endangered Hawaiian birds: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 15, no. 1, p. 56-64, https://doi.org/10.1071/pc090056.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawai'i Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.1981201171875,\n              18.802318121688117\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.7698974609375,\n              18.802318121688117\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.7698974609375,\n              20.370377256347663\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1981201171875,\n              20.370377256347663\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.1981201171875,\n              18.802318121688117\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e2e4b0c8380cd484e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, S.C. 0000-0001-6403-9922","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-9922","contributorId":86081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, P.C. 0000-0002-6035-9803","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":99531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, H.","contributorId":76443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035739,"text":"70035739 - 2009 - Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-26T10:12:55","indexId":"70035739","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many low‐elevation dry forests of the western United States contain more small trees and fewer large trees, more down woody debris, and less diverse and vigorous understory plant communities compared to conditions under historical fire regimes. These altered structural conditions may contribute to increased probability of unnaturally severe wildfires, susceptibility to uncharacteristic insect outbreaks, and drought‐related mortality. Broad‐scale fuel reduction and restoration treatments are proposed to promote stand development on trajectories toward more sustainable structures. Little research to date, however, has quantified the effects of these treatments on the ecosystem, especially delayed and latent tree mortality resulting directly or indirectly from treatments. In this paper, we explore complex hypotheses relating to the cascade of effects that influence ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality using structural equation modeling (SEM). We used annual census and plot data through six growing seasons after thinning and four growing seasons after burning from a replicated, operational‐scale, completely randomized experiment conducted in northeastern Oregon, USA, as part of the national Fire and Fire Surrogate study. Treatments included thin, burn, thin followed by burn (thin + burn), and control. Burn and thin + burn treatments increased the proportion of dead trees while the proportion of dead trees declined or remained constant in thin and control units, although the density of dead trees was essentially unchanged with treatment. Most of the new mortality (96%) occurred within two years of treatment and was attributed to bark beetles. Bark beetle‐caused tree mortality, while low overall, was greatest in thin + burn treatments. SEM results indicate that the probability of mortality of large‐diameter ponderosa pine from bark beetles and wood borers was directly related to surface fire severity and bole charring, which in turn depended on fire intensity, which was greater in units where thinning increased large woody fuels. These results have implications when deciding among management options for restoring ecosystem health in similar ponderosa pine and Douglas‐fir forests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-1751.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Youngblood, A., Grace, J., and Mciver, J., 2009, Delayed conifer mortality after fuel reduction treatments: Interactive effects of fuel, fire intensity, and bark beetles: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 321-337, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487807,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216376,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1751.1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe5de4b0c8380cd4ecd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034692,"text":"70034692 - 2009 - Water quality characterization in some birimian aquifers of the Birim Basin, Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034692","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2578,"text":"KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water quality characterization in some birimian aquifers of the Birim Basin, Ghana","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to determine the main controls on the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the study area. Mass balance modeling was used simultaneously with multivariate R-mode hierarchical cluster analysis to determine the significant sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. Two water types have been revealed in this area: (1) waters influenced more significantly by the weathering of silicate minerals from the underlying geology, and are rich in silica, sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, and magnesium ions, and (2) waters that have been influenced by the effects of fertilizers and other anthropogenic activities in the area. Mineral speciation and silicate mineral stability diagrams generated from the data suggest that montmorillonite, probably derived from the incongruent dissolution of feldspars and micas, is the most stable silicate phase in the groundwater. The apparent incongruent weathering of silicate minerals in the groundwater system has led to the enrichment of sodium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions as well as silica, leading to the supersaturation of calcite, aragonite, dolomite and quartz. Stability in the montmorillonite field suggests restricted flow conditions whereby groundwater residence time is relatively high, leading to greater contact of groundwater with the rock to enhance weathering. Cation exchange processes have also been determined to play minor roles in the hydrochemistry.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s12205-009-0179-4","issn":"12267988","usgsCitation":"Bruce, B., Yidana, S., Anku, Y., Akabzaa, T., and Asiedu, D., 2009, Water quality characterization in some birimian aquifers of the Birim Basin, Ghana: KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 13, no. 3, p. 179-187, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0179-4.","startPage":"179","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476443,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0179-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215631,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0179-4"},{"id":243448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc88fe4b08c986b32c9c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruce, B.-Y.","contributorId":101477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"B.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yidana, S.M.","contributorId":59554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yidana","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anku, Y.","contributorId":96083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anku","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Akabzaa, T.","contributorId":39580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akabzaa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Asiedu, D.","contributorId":76131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asiedu","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034711,"text":"70034711 - 2009 - Coal-to-liquids: Potential impact on U.S. coal reserves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034711","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal-to-liquids: Potential impact on U.S. coal reserves","docAbstract":"The production of liquid fuels from coal will very likely become an important part of the hydrocarbon energy mix of the future, provided that technical and environmental obstacles are overcome economically. The coal industry should be able to handle a coal-to-liquids (CTL) industry of modest size, using 60-70 million short tons or 54-64 million metric tonnes of coal per annum, without premature depletion of the country's coal reserves. However, attempts to use CTL technology to replace all petroleum imports would deplete the nation's coal reserves by the end of the century. ?? 2009 U.S. Government.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11053-009-9093-1","issn":"15207439","usgsCitation":"Milici, R.C., 2009, Coal-to-liquids: Potential impact on U.S. coal reserves: Natural Resources Research, v. 18, no. 2, p. 85-94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9093-1.","startPage":"85","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9093-1"},{"id":243702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f76ce4b0c8380cd4caec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milici, R. C.","contributorId":58688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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