{"pageNumber":"204","pageRowStart":"5075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11364,"records":[{"id":70022647,"text":"70022647 - 2000 - Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:15:24.941221","indexId":"70022647","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane","docAbstract":"<p>Magnetotelluric traverses across the southern Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) reveal the presence of a thick conductive layer (or layers) beneath Paleozoic crystalline rocks. These rocks have been interpreted to be flysch of probable Mesozoic age, on the basis of the occurrence of Jurassic-Cretaceous flysch in the Kahiltna assemblage and Gravina-Nutzotin belt flanking the YTT to the southwest and southeast, respectively. The Pb, Nd, Sr, and O isotopes in Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks that crop out throughout the YTT were measured to determine if these rocks do in fact contain a component of flysch. Previous limited analyses indicated that the Pb isotopes of the granitic rocks could be a mixture of radiogenic Pb derived from Paleozoic crystalline rocks of the YTT with an increasing component of relatively nonradiogenic Pb with decreasing age. Our Nd, Sr, and O data, along with additional Pb isotope data, eliminate flysch as a likely source and strongly suggest that the nonradiogenic end-member was derived from mafic rocks, either directly from mantle magma or by melting of mafic crust. The lack of a sedimentary component in the granitic plutons suggests either that the plutons did not incorporate significant amounts of flysch during intrusion or that the conductive layer beneath the YTT crystalline rocks is not flysch.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e00-006","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Farmer, G.L., Rye, R.O., and Nokleberg, W., 2000, Isotopic evidence for the sources of Cretaceous and tertiary granitic rocks, east-central Alaska: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana terrane: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 37, no. 6, p. 945-956, https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"945","endPage":"956","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.2548828125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.2548828125,\n              67.01600934917997\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              67.01600934917997\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.830078125,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fafe4b0c8380cd64727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022541,"text":"70022541 - 2000 - Effects of neck collars and radiotransmitters on survival and reproduction of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T18:03:01","indexId":"70022541","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of neck collars and radiotransmitters on survival and reproduction of emperor geese","docAbstract":"<p>Neck collars have been used widely for studies of goose population biology. Despite concerns about their negative impacts, few studies have employed designs capable of clearly demonstrating these effects. During a 1993-98 study of emperor geese (<i>Chen canagica</i>), we contrasted survival and reproduction of geese marked with tarsal bands to those marked with either small neck collars, large neck collars, or small neck collars with attached radiotransmitters. Annual survival of adult females marked with tarsal bands varied among years and averaged 0.807 ?? 0.140 (v?? ?? SE). Survival of geese with other types of markers also varied among years but was lower (0.640 ?? 0.198). Collars with radiotransmitters lowered breeding propensity, as indexed by resighting rates. Although clutch sizes of tarsal banded birds were similar to those for unmarked birds, other markers reduced clutch sizes by about 1 egg. Egg mass and hatch date were not affected by marker type. Future studies of goose demographics should seriously consider use of alternative markers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802995","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., and Morse, J.A., 2000, Effects of neck collars and radiotransmitters on survival and reproduction of emperor geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 1, p. 231-237, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802995.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Manokinak River, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0768e4b0c8380cd516ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morse, Julie A.","contributorId":63939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022520,"text":"70022520 - 2000 - Changes in sea urchins and kelp following a reduction in sea otter density as a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:22:10","indexId":"70022520","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in sea urchins and kelp following a reduction in sea otter density as a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"Interactions between sea otters Enhydra lutris, sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and kelp were investigated following the reduction in sea otter density in Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. At northern Knight Island, a heavily oiled portion of the sound, sea otter abundance was reduced by a minimum of 50% by the oil spill, and from 1995 through 1998 remained at an estimated 66% lower than in 1973. Where sea otter densities were reduced, there were proportionally more large sea urchins. However, except in some widely scattered aggregations, both density and biomass of sea urchins were similar in an area of reduced sea otter density compared with an area where sea otters remained about 10 times more abundant. Furthermore, there was no change in kelp abundance in the area of reduced sea otter density. This is in contrast to greatly increased biomass of sea urchins and greatly reduced kelp density observed following an approximate 90% decline in sea otter abundance in the western Aleutian Islands. The variation in community response to a reduction in sea otters may be related to the magnitude of the reduction and the non-linear response by sea urchins to changes in predator abundance. The number of surviving sea otters may have been high enough to suppress sea urchin populations in Prince William Sound, but not in the Aleutians. Alternatively, differences in response may have been due to differences in the frequency or magnitude of sea urchin recruitment. Densities of small sea urchins were much higher in the Aleutian system even prior to the reduction in sea otters, suggesting a higher rate of recruitment.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps199281","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Dean, T.A., Bodkin, J.L., Jewett, S.C., Monson, D., and Jung, D., 2000, Changes in sea urchins and kelp following a reduction in sea otter density as a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 199, p. 281-291, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps199281.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"291","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps199281","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"199","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f424e4b0c8380cd4bb7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jewett, Stephen C.","contributorId":94397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jung, D.","contributorId":16608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022493,"text":"70022493 - 2000 - Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T18:08:37.638589","indexId":"70022493","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear","docAbstract":"<p>We evaluated the accuracy and precision of tooth wear for aging gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario based on 47 known-age or known-minimum-age skulls. Estimates of age using tooth wear and a commercial cementum annuli-aging service were useful for wolves up to 14 years old. The precision of estimates from cementum annuli was greater than estimates from tooth wear, but tooth wear estimates are more applicable in the field. We tended to overestimate age by 1-2 years and occasionally by 3 or 4 years. The commercial service aged young wolves with cementum annuli to within <span>±</span>1 year of actual age, but under estimated ages of wolves <span>≥</span>9 years old by 1-3 years. No differences were detected in tooth wear patterns for wild wolves from Alaska, Minnesota, and Ontario, nor between captive and wild wolves. Tooth wear was not appropriate for aging wolves with an underbite that prevented normal wear or severely broken and missing teeth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802745","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Gipson, P.S., Ballard, W., Nowak, R.M., and Mech, L., 2000, Accuracy and precision of estimating age of gray wolves by tooth wear: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 3, p. 752-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802745.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"758","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[-178.785825,51.633434],[-179.462765,51.376176],[-178.634021,51.623981],[-178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[-177.601645,52.016377],[-177.235523,51.87326],[-177.661607,52.112746],[-177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[-179.758993,51.946595],[-179.649484,51.87367],[-179.482464,51.982834],[-179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[-173.587554,52.476785],[-173.769503,52.512072],[-173.725696,52.356579],[-173.3955,52.402647],[-173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[-172.763366,52.823656],[-172.469022,52.911337],[-173.107249,52.993228],[-173.421682,52.845477],[-172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e687e4b0c8380cd4748e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gipson, P. S.","contributorId":70136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gipson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowak, R. M.","contributorId":51870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022454,"text":"70022454 - 2000 - Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022454","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Rivers fed by glaciers constitute a major part of the freshwater runoff into the Cook Inlet basin of south-central Alaska. This basin is very important to the economy of the State of Alaska because it is home to more than half of the population and it supports multi-million dollar commercial, subsistence and sport fisheries. Hence an understanding of how glacial runoff influences biological productivity is important for managing rivers that drain into Cook Inlet. This paper examines the ways in which the regulation of glacier-fed rivers by proglacial lakes affects salmon productivity, with particular reference to the Kenai River. Salmon escapement per unit channel length on the Kenai River is between two and ten times that found for rain-and-snowmelt dominated rivers and glacier-fed rivers lacking lake regulation. Lakes are shown to influence biological processes in glacier-fed rivers by attenuating peak flows, sustaining high flows throughout the summer, supplementing winter low flows, settling suspended sediment, and increasing river temperatures. Downstream from large lakes, glacier-fed rivers are less disturbed, channels are relatively stable and have well-developed salmonid habitats. The positive influences are indicated by the high diversity and abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, which are important food resources for juvenile salmonids. High summer flows allow access for up-river salmon runs and lakes also provide both overwintering and rearing habitat. Copyright ?? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Rivers fed by glaciers constitute a major part of the freshwater runoff into the Cook Inlet basin of south-central Alaska. This basin is very important to the economy of the State of Alaska because it is home to more than half of the population and it supports multi-million dollar commercial, subsistence and sport fisheries. Hence an understanding of how glacial runoff influences biological productivity is important for managing rivers that drain into Cook Inlet. This paper examines the ways in which the regulation of glacier-fed rivers by proglacial lakes affects salmon productivity, with particular reference to the Kenai River. Salmon escapement per unit channel length on the Kenai River is between two and ten times that found for rain-and-snowmelt dominated rivers and glacier-fed rivers lacking lake regulation. Lakes are shown to influence biological processes in glacier-fed rivers by attenuating peak flows, sustaining high flows throughout the summer, supplementing winter low flows, settling suspended sediment, and increasing river temperatures. Downstream from large lakes, glacier-fed rivers are less disturbed, channels are relatively stable and have well-developed salmonid habitats. The positive influences are indicated by the high diversity and abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, which are important food resources for juvenile salmonids. High summer flows allow access for up-river salmon runs and lakes also provide both overwintering and rearing habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C., 2000, Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 16-17, p. 3149-3159, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y.","startPage":"3149","endPage":"3159","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206808,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"id":230834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"16-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae57e4b0c8380cd87096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022367,"text":"70022367 - 2000 - Sexing adult black-legged kittiwakes by DNA, behavior, and morphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T16:52:03.911135","indexId":"70022367","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sexing adult black-legged kittiwakes by DNA, behavior, and morphology","docAbstract":"<p>We sexed adult Black-legged Kittiwakes (<i>Rissa tridactyla</i>) using DNA-based genetic techniques, behavior and morphology and compared results from these techniques. Genetic and morphology data were collected on 605 breeding kittiwakes and sex-specific behaviors were recorded for a sub-sample of 285 of these individuals. We compared sex classification based on both genetic and behavioral techniques for this sub-sample to assess the accuracy of the genetic technique. DNA-based techniques correctly sexed 97.2% and sex-specific behaviors, 96.5% of this sub-sample. We used the corrected genetic classifications from this sub-sample and the genetic classifications for the remaining birds, under the assumption they were correct, to develop predictive morphometric discriminant function models for all 605 birds. These models accurately predicted the sex of 73-96% of individuals examined, depending on the sample of birds used and the characters included. The most accurate single measurement for determining sex was length of head plus bill, which correctly classified 88% of individuals tested. When both members of a pair were measured, classification levels improved and approached the accuracy of both behavioral observations and genetic analyses. Morphometric techniques were only slightly less accurate than genetic techniques but were easier to implement in the field and less costly. Behavioral observations, while highly accurate, required that birds be easily observable during the breeding season and that birds be identifiable. As such, sex-specific behaviors may best be applied as a confirmation of sex for previously marked birds. All three techniques thus have the potential to be highly accurate, and the selection of one or more will depend on the circumstances of any particular field study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1522177","usgsCitation":"Jodice, P., Lanctot, R., Gill, V., Roby, D., and Hatch, S.A., 2000, Sexing adult black-legged kittiwakes by DNA, behavior, and morphology: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 3, p. 405-415, https://doi.org/10.2307/1522177.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.45393371582028,\n              59.38463276428672\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.22596740722656,\n              59.38463276428672\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.22596740722656,\n              59.48763434062946\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.45393371582028,\n              59.48763434062946\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.45393371582028,\n              59.38463276428672\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8db5e4b08c986b3184fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jodice, P.G.R.","contributorId":79846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"P.G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":77879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, V.A.","contributorId":35498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roby, D.D. 0000-0001-9844-0992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0992","contributorId":70944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roby","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022649,"text":"70022649 - 2000 - Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:19:43","indexId":"70022649","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Long-term impacts of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","title":"Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns","docAbstract":"<p><span>We use age distributions of sea otters (</span><i>Enhydra lutris</i><span>) found dead on beaches of western Prince William Sound, Alaska, between 1976 and 1998 in conjunction with time-varying demographic models to test for lingering effects from the 1989<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>oil spill. Our results show that sea otters in this area had decreased survival rates in the years following the spill and that the effects of the spill on annual survival increased rather than dissipated for older animals. Otters born after the 1989 spill were affected less than those alive in March 1989, but do show continuing negative effects through 1998. Population-wide effects of the spill appear to have slowly dissipated through time, due largely to the loss of cohorts alive during the spill. Our results demonstrate that the difficult-to-detect long-term impacts of environmental disasters may still be highly significant and can be rigorously analyzed by using a combination of population data, modeling techniques, and statistical analyses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.120163397","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Doak, D.F., Ballachey, B.E., Johnson, A.H., and Bodkin, J.L., 2000, Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 97, no. 12, p. 6562-6567, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120163397.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6562","endPage":"6567","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/18659","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4996e4b0c8380cd68739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Aaron H.","contributorId":46971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022709,"text":"70022709 - 2000 - Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:01:11","indexId":"70022709","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Unbiased estimates of survival based on individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters require meeting the assumptions that radios do not affect survival, and animals for which the radio signal is lost have the same survival probability as those for which fate is known. In most survival studies, researchers have made these assumptions without testing their validity. We tested these assumptions by comparing interannual recapture rates (and, by inference, survival) between radioed and unradioed adult female harlequin ducks (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>), and for radioed females, between right-censored birds (i.e., those for which the radio signal was lost during the telemetry monitoring period) and birds with known fates. We found that recapture rates of birds equipped with implanted radiotransmitters (21.6 ± 3.0%; x̄ ± SE) were similar to unradioed birds (21.7 ± 8.6%), suggesting that radios did not affect survival. Recapture rates also were similar between right-censored (20.6 ± 5.1%) and known-fate individuals (22.1 ± 3.8%), suggesting that missing birds were not subject to differential mortality. We also determined that capture and handling resulted in short-term loss of body mass for both radioed and unradioed females and that this effect was more pronounced for radioed birds (the difference between groups was 15.4 ± 7.1 g). However, no difference existed in body mass after recapture 1 year later. Our study suggests that implanted radios are an unbiased method for estimating survival of harlequin ducks and likely other species under similar circumstances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803257","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Mulcahy, D.M., and Jarvis, R.L., 2000, Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 591-598, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803257.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":394615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022365,"text":"70022365 - 2000 - Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022365","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Concentrations of total Hg, Hg (II), and methylmercury were measured in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected downstream from abandoned mercury mines in south-western Alaska to evaluate environmental effects to surrounding ecosystems. These mines are found in a broad belt covering several tens of thousands of square kilometers, primarily in the Kuskokwim River basin. Mercury ore is dominantly cinnabar (HgS), but elemental mercury (Hg(o)) is present in ore at one mine and near retorts and in streams at several mine sites. Approximately 1400 t of mercury have been produced from the region, which is approximately 99% of all mercury produced from Alaska. These mines are not presently operating because of low prices and low demand for mercury. Stream-sediment samples collected downstream from the mines contain as much as 5500 ??g/g Hg. Such high Hg concentrations are related to the abundance of cinnabar, which is highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and is visible in streams below mine sites. Although total Hg concentrations in the stream-sediment samples collected near mines are high, Hg speciation data indicate that concentrations of Hg (II) are generally less than 5%, and methylmercury concentrations are less than 1% of the total Hg. Stream waters below the mines are neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.8-8.4), which is a result of the insolubility of cinnabar and the lack of acid- generating minerals such as pyrite in the deposits. Unfiltered stream-water samples collected below the mines generally contain 500-2500 ng/l Hg; whereas, corresponding stream-water samples filtered through a 0.45-??m membrane contain less than 50 ng/l Hg. These stream-water results indicate that most of the Hg transported downstream from the mines is as finely- suspended material rather than dissolved Hg. Mercury speciation data show that concentrations of Hg (II) and methylmercury in stream-water samples are typically less than 22 ng/l, and generally less than 5% of the total Hg. Muscle samples of fish collected downstream from mines contain as much as 620 ng/g Hg (wet wt.), of which 90-100% is methylmercury. Although these Hg concentrations are several times higher than that in fish collected from regional baseline sites, the concentration of Hg in fish is below the 1000 ng/g action level for edible fish established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Salmon contain less than 100 ng/g Hg, which are among the lowest Hg contents observed for fish in the study, and well below the FDA action level. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Theodorakos, P.M., Bailey, E., and Turner, R., 2000, Distribution, speciation, and transport of mercury in stream-sediment, stream-water, and fish collected near abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 260, no. 1-3, p. 21-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8.","startPage":"21","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206692,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00539-8"},{"id":230571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0323e4b0c8380cd5036b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodorakos, P. M.","contributorId":12500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, R.R.","contributorId":29983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022837,"text":"70022837 - 2000 - Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T17:08:20.817408","indexId":"70022837","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and global-scale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long-term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long-term, watershed-level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., Stottlemyer, R., Zak, J., Edmonds, R., and Van Miegroet, H., 2000, Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 337-346, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Michigan, North Carolina, Texas, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Asik watershed, Big Bend National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Isle Royale National Park, Noatak National Preserve, Noland Divide, Olympic National Park, Pine Canyon, Wallace Lake, West Twin Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.924560546875,\n              35.47297322193219\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.87100219726562,\n              35.44612729642443\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.84902954101562,\n              35.44500852178629\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.78860473632812,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75015258789062,\n              35.44500852178629\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              35.42710601280137\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.62930297851562,\n              35.43605776486772\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60870361328125,\n              35.42262976362149\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5894775390625,\n              35.431582013221266\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.52493286132812,\n              35.43605776486772\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.50433349609375,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.48785400390625,\n              35.42598697382711\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.46450805664062,\n              35.45395828344931\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.38760375976562,\n              35.45395828344931\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.353271484375,\n              35.480801595828616\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.32855224609375,\n              35.46626258047241\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.287353515625,\n              35.50651802802079\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.27636718749999,\n              35.49421989176048\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25576782226562,\n              35.51993202904746\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.28598022460938,\n              35.561277754384555\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25302124023436,\n              35.575799570297406\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.17474365234374,\n              35.49421989176048\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              35.51434313431818\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.15689086914062,\n              35.53781387714839\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              35.546753306701\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.08685302734375,\n              35.567980458012094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0621337890625,\n              35.556808973844596\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.03878784179688,\n              35.58250105910778\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.056640625,\n              35.598135685537905\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0291748046875,\n              35.6427892190328\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.98934936523438,\n              35.64725320088259\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99484252929688,\n              35.66510663398735\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0401611328125,\n              35.660643649881614\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.04153442382812,\n              35.68630240145625\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.08547973632812,\n              35.706377408871774\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07449340820312,\n              35.72087288213255\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.08959960937499,\n              35.753199435570316\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.11019897460938,\n              35.77102915686019\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.16925048828125,\n              35.767686388511244\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.19122314453125,\n              35.733136223133926\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.24478149414061,\n              35.73202145196925\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.26126098632811,\n              35.721987809328716\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.26400756835938,\n              35.69745580725804\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.29559326171875,\n              35.67626300279665\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.30520629882812,\n              35.65952786487723\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.32168579101562,\n              35.66733803249021\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.34640502929686,\n              35.66845370835343\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.36288452148438,\n              35.6517169333161\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.39309692382811,\n              35.64055713458091\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.41506958007812,\n              35.62939577711732\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.44940185546875,\n              35.61600009092947\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.48236083984375,\n              35.58808520476323\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.4906005859375,\n              35.575799570297406\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.50433349609375,\n              35.56686337967425\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              35.570214567965984\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.58123779296875,\n              35.569097520776076\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60870361328125,\n              35.58473476410106\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64028930664062,\n              35.570214567965984\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.66638183593749,\n              35.574682600980914\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.75152587890625,\n              35.56574628576276\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.77212524414062,\n              35.56574628576276\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8092041015625,\n              35.543401137387335\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.82156372070312,\n              35.52775582793653\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.83255004882812,\n              35.52552053465406\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.84902954101562,\n              35.51993202904746\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.85452270507812,\n              35.52216747798627\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.88473510742186,\n              35.51993202904746\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.91494750976562,\n              35.47632833265728\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.924560546875,\n              35.47297322193219\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.78097534179686,\n              29.249261450389792\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.78097534179686,\n              29.220500620041914\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.71917724609375,\n              29.180941290001776\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.59146118164062,\n              29.148563215253184\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.55850219726562,\n              29.149762585277653\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.47610473632811,\n              29.066973223731654\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.36074829101562,\n              29.014145252385035\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.28521728515625,\n              28.976909313412413\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.14926147460936,\n              28.968499342421694\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.11080932617186,\n              28.97931203672246\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.084716796875,\n              29.0537687665771\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.03253173828124,\n              29.099376992628493\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.98309326171875,\n              29.178543264303006\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.94326782226562,\n              29.16895060109228\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.90481567382812,\n              29.20252099881366\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.86911010742186,\n              29.209713225868185\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.864990234375,\n              29.243270277106987\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.89794921875,\n              29.263638834879824\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.8704833984375,\n              29.34387539941801\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.83477783203125,\n              29.35345166863502\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.83615112304688,\n              29.37140474730792\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.86087036132811,\n              29.38456832654707\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.85675048828125,\n              29.401319510041485\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.90481567382812,\n              29.39773020297217\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.90481567382812,\n              29.42763722319321\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.40469360351562,\n              29.426441111375265\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.51730346679688,\n              29.342678302488952\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.546142578125,\n              29.305561325527698\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.54339599609375,\n              29.270826769181955\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.58596801757811,\n              29.231286878292476\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.64089965820311,\n              29.2324852813013\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.65875244140625,\n              29.252855985973763\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.78097534179686,\n              29.249261450389792\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.26385498046874,\n              47.48380086737799\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.18145751953125,\n              47.60060732292067\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.09906005859375,\n              47.61727271567975\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.00018310546874,\n              47.70606513569572\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.00018310546874,\n              47.879512933970496\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.09631347656249,\n              47.90345483298757\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              47.94946583788702\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.25286865234376,\n              48.0156497866894\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.43414306640625,\n              48.057889555610984\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.77471923828125,\n              48.111099041065366\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0191650390625,\n              48.09642606004488\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03289794921876,\n              48.057889555610984\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.94775390625,\n              48.0156497866894\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.024658203125,\n              47.96234158490351\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.14276123046876,\n              47.94394667836214\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26361083984374,\n              47.97889140226657\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26635742187501,\n              47.85187391101592\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07409667968749,\n              47.83159592699297\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03839111328125,\n              47.81499895328108\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.85711669921874,\n              47.70976154266637\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.93951416015626,\n              47.611718174784926\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.8323974609375,\n              47.593198777144636\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.96972656249999,\n              47.470806305936264\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.73077392578124,\n              47.429945332976125\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.51379394531249,\n              47.50050343862717\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26385498046874,\n              47.48380086737799\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.63419771194457,\n              48.054648191772074\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.62520694732666,\n              48.054648191772074\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.62520694732666,\n              48.058793085266856\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.63419771194457,\n              48.058793085266856\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.63419771194457,\n              48.054648191772074\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.04833984375,\n              67.02887556543278\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.8011474609375,\n              67.17208621852586\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.1636962890625,\n              67.34620894041845\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.09228515625,\n              67.39693323856477\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.7572021484375,\n              67.3905985915074\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.136474609375,\n              67.61549716460256\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.9771728515625,\n              67.60084926188547\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.75195312499997,\n              67.54006818806145\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.521240234375,\n              67.61968061043788\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.4278564453125,\n              67.90035413006105\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.84533691406247,\n              67.92101125483218\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.25183105468747,\n              68.01785424468962\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.62536621093747,\n              68.0096280290576\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.9769287109375,\n              67.97875365614591\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6580810546875,\n              67.89001868431993\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.806396484375,\n              67.79471694725302\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.77893066406247,\n              67.63849694000439\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.96569824218747,\n              67.4770266555557\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.94921875,\n              67.434905815823\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.7239990234375,\n              67.3905985915074\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.7679443359375,\n              67.32080636883347\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5262451171875,\n              67.21041648785257\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.59216308593747,\n              67.15503096293045\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.344970703125,\n              67.07385369337244\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.04833984375,\n              67.02887556543278\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f152e4b0c8380cd4abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":12640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zak, J.C.","contributorId":82097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edmonds, R.L.","contributorId":32335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Miegroet, H.","contributorId":47723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Miegroet","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022286,"text":"70022286 - 2000 - Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:54:21","indexId":"70022286","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations","docAbstract":"ERS-1/ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar interferometry was used to study the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano in Alaska. First, we derived an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) using a tandem ERS-1/ERS-2 image pair and the preexisting DEM. Second, by studying changes in interferometric coherence we found that the newly erupted lava lost radar coherence for 5-17 months after the eruption. This suggests changes in the surface backscattering characteristics and was probably related to cooling and compaction processes. Third, the atmospheric delay anomalies in the deformation interferograms were quantitatively assessed. Atmospheric delay anomalies in some of the interferograms were significant and consistently smaller than one to two fringes in magnitude. For this reason, repeat observations are important to confidently interpret small geophysical signals related to volcanic activities. Finally, using two-pass differential interferometry, we analyzed the preemptive inflation, coeruptive deflation, and posteruptive inflation and confirmed the observations using independent image pairs. We observed more than 140 cm of subsidence associated with the 1997 eruption. This subsidence occurred between 16 months before the eruption and 5 months after the eruption, was preceded by ∼18 cm of uplift between 1992 and 1995 centered in the same location, and was followed by ∼10 cm of uplift between September 1997 and 1998. The best fitting model suggests the magma reservoir resided at 2.7 km depth beneath the center of the caldera, which was ∼5 km from the eruptive vent. We estimated the volume of the erupted material to be 0.055 km<sup>3</sup> and the average thickness of the erupted lava to be ∼7.4 m. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900034","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Mann, D., Freymueller, J.T., and Meyer, D., 2000, Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B5, p. 10791-10806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900034.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10791","endPage":"10806","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900034"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba35de4b08c986b31fc93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, Dorte","contributorId":76491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Dorte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022282,"text":"70022282 - 2000 - Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022282","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","docAbstract":"The objective biomization method developed by Prentice et al. (1996) for Europe was extended using modern pollen samples from Beringia and then applied to fossil pollen data to reconstruct palaeovegetation patterns at 6000 and 18,000 14C yr BP. The predicted modern distribution of tundra, taiga and cool conifer forests in Alaska and north-western Canada generally corresponds well to actual vegetation patterns, although sites in regions characterized today by a mosaic of forest and tundra vegetation tend to be preferentially assigned to tundra. Siberian larch forests are delimited less well, probably due to the extreme under-representation of Larix in pollen spectra. The biome distribution across Beringia at 6000 14C yr BP was broadly similar to today, with little change in the northern forest limit, except for a possible northward-advance in the Mackenzie delta region. The western forest limit in Alaska was probably east of its modern position. At 18,000 14C yr BP the whole of Beringia was covered by tundra. However, the importance of the various plant functional types varied from site to site, supporting the idea that the vegetation cover was a mosaic of different tundra types.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.E., Anderson, P.M., Brubaker, L., Ager, T.A., Andreev, A., Bigelow, N., Cwynar, L., Eisner, W.R., Harrison, S.P., Hu, F., Jolly, D., Lozhkin, A., MacDonald, G.M., Mock, C.J., Ritchie, J., Sher, A., Spear, R., Williams, J., and Yu, G., 2000, Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP: Journal of Biogeography, v. 27, no. 3, p. 521-554, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x.","startPage":"521","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206645,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x"},{"id":230452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7cd9e4b0c8380cd79bf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brubaker, L.B.","contributorId":29153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brubaker","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andreev, A.A.","contributorId":102229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreev","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bigelow, N.H.","contributorId":85352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cwynar, L.C.","contributorId":107458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cwynar","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eisner, Wendy R.","contributorId":35497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisner","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, S. P.","contributorId":78488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hu, F.-S.","contributorId":33481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"F.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jolly, D.","contributorId":81655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lozhkin, A.V.","contributorId":62782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lozhkin","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"MacDonald, G. M.","contributorId":31546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mock, Cary J.","contributorId":87323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mock","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ritchie, J.C.","contributorId":89299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Sher, A.V.","contributorId":84533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sher","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Spear, R.W.","contributorId":87324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Williams, J.W.","contributorId":53553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Yu, G.","contributorId":61198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70022081,"text":"70022081 - 2000 - Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:52:27.381337","indexId":"70022081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3097,"text":"Polarforschung","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","docAbstract":"Differences in lithofacies and biofacies suggest that lower Paleozoic rocks now exposed in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands did not form as part of a single depositional system. Lithologic contrasts are noted in shallow- and deep-water strata and are especially marked in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. A widespread intraplatform basin of Early and Middle Ordovician age in northern Alaska has no counterpart in the Canadian Arctic, and the regional drowning and backstepping of the Silurian shelf margin in Canada has no known parallel in northern Alaska. Lower Paleozoic basinal facies in northern Alaska are chiefly siliciclastic, whereas resedimented carbonates are volumetrically important in Canada. Micro- and macrofossil assemblages from northern Alaska contain elements typical of both Siberian and Laurentian biotic provinces; coeval Canadian Arctic assemblages contain Laurentian forms but lack Siberian species. Siberian affinities in northern Alaskan biotas persist from at least Middle Cambrian through Mississippian time and appear to decrease in intensity from present-day west to east. Our lithologic and biogeographic data are most compatible with the hypothesis that northern Alaska-Chukotka formed a discrete tectonic block situated between Siberia and Laurentia in early Paleozoic time. If Arctic Alaska was juxtaposed with the Canadian Arctic prior to opening of the Canada basin, biotic constraints suggest that such juxtaposition took place no earlier than late Paleozoic time.","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publishing","doi":"10.2312/polarforschung.68.257","issn":"00322490","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., Bradley, D.C., and De Freitas, T.A., 2000, Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time: Polarforschung, v. 68, no. 1-3, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2312/polarforschung.68.257.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164.53125,\n              68.39918004344189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.796875,\n              69.65708627301174\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              66.37275500247455\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              59.88893689676585\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              61.938950426660604\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.4140625,\n              67.06743335108298\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              74.49641311694307\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.1796875,\n              78.63000556774836\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.46875,\n              82.40242347938855\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.0390625,\n              83.27770503961696\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.34374999999999,\n              83.52016238353205\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              82.1183836069127\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.22656249999999,\n              79.74993207509453\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.60937499999999,\n              79.10508621944108\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              76.9999351181161\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.1328125,\n              71.85622888185527\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.109375,\n              70.49557354093136\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              72.39570570653261\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.640625,\n              70.8446726342528\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.53125,\n              68.39918004344189\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e8de4b0c8380cd534ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Freitas, T. A.","contributorId":40077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Freitas","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022569,"text":"70022569 - 2000 - A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:01:47.423144","indexId":"70022569","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations","docAbstract":"<p> Mount Rainier is one of the most seismically active volcanoes in the Cascade Range, with an average of one to two high-frequency volcano-tectonic (or VT) earthquakes occurring directly beneath the summit in a given month. Despite this level of seismicity, little is known about its cause. The VT earthquakes occur at a steady rate in several clusters below the inferred base of the Quaternary volcanic edifice. More than half of 18 focal mechanisms determined for these events are normal, and most stress axes deviate significantly from the regional stress field. We argue that these characteristics are most consistent with earthquakes in response to processes associated with circulation of fluids and magmatic gases within and below the base of the edifice.Circulation of these fluids and gases has weakened rock and reduced effective stress to the point that gravity-induced brittle fracture, due to the weight of the overlying edifice, can occur. Results from seismic tomography and rock, water, and gas geochemistry studies support this interpretation. We combine constraints from these studies into a model for the magmatic system that includes a large volume of hot rock (temperatures greater than the brittle–ductile transition) with small pockets of melt and/or hot fluids at depths of 8–18 km below the summit. We infer that fluids and heat from this volume reach the edifice via a narrow conduit, resulting in fumarolic activity at the summit, hydrothermal alteration of the edifice, and seismicity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00008909","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Moran, S., Zimbelman, D.R., and Malone, S.D., 2000, A model for the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington, from seismic and geochemical observations: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 7, p. 425-436, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008909.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"436","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.74705505371094,\n              46.793948571014326\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.69933319091795,\n              46.80076450318144\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.68766021728516,\n              46.81016437224757\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.64920806884764,\n              46.82872428833321\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6574478149414,\n              46.849156277107134\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.66088104248047,\n              46.85831292242506\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.67255401611328,\n              46.886242780405766\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.67907714843751,\n              46.889293060706166\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.73194885253906,\n              46.922834696057336\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79477691650389,\n              46.95002787823716\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81812286376953,\n              46.91181283760963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.83185577392578,\n              46.894923891703606\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8335723876953,\n              46.880376369216975\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84009552001952,\n              46.85549565938302\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84833526611328,\n              46.845868895404294\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84043884277344,\n              46.829194076477336\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80816650390625,\n              46.799824425936094\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74705505371094,\n              46.793948571014326\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ce4b0c8380cd46666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015052,"text":"1015052 - 2000 - Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T21:41:11.330967","indexId":"1015052","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates are presented for the population sizes of 53 species of Nearctic shorebirds occurring regularly in North America, plus four species that breed occasionally. Shorebird population sizes were derived from data obtained by a variety of methods from breeding, migration and wintering areas, and formal assessments of accuracy of counts or estimates are rarely available. Accurate estimates exist only for a few species that have been the subject of detailed investigation, and the likely accuracy of most estimates is considered poor or low. Population estimates range from a few tens to several millions. Overall, population estimates most commonly fell in the range of hundreds of thousands, particularly the low hundreds of thousands; estimated population sizes for large shorebird species currently all fall below 500,000. Population size was inversely related to size (mass) of the species, with a statistically significant negative regression between log (population size) and log (mass). Two outlying groups were evident on the regression graph: one, with populations lower than predicted, included species considered either to be \"at risk\" or particularly hard to count, and a second, with populations higher than predicted, included two species that are hunted. Population estimates are an integral part of conservation plans being developed for shorebirds in the United States and Canada, and may be used to identify areas of key international and regional importance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1522172","usgsCitation":"Morrison, R.I., Gill, R., Harrington, B.A., Skagen, S., Page, G.W., Gratto-Trevor, C.L., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Population estimates of Nearctic shorebirds: Waterbirds, v. 23, no. 3, p. 337-352, https://doi.org/10.2307/1522172.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"352","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, R. I. G.","contributorId":66640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"I. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, B. A.","contributorId":10758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrington","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, G. W.","contributorId":45246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Page","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gratto-Trevor, C. L.","contributorId":104447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gratto-Trevor","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1013306,"text":"1013306 - 2000 - Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:39:03","indexId":"1013306","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity","docAbstract":"Fish were sampled with beach seines and small-meshed beam trawls in nearshore ( &lt; 1 km) and shallow ( &lt; 25 m) habitats on the southern coast of Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska, from June to August, 1996-1998. Fish distributions among habitats were analysed for species composition, catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and frequency of occurrence. Two oceanographically distinct areas of Kachemak Bay were sampled and compared: the Outer Bay and the Inner Bay. Outer Kachemak Bay is exposed and receives oceanic, upwelled water from the Gulf of Alaska, whereas the Inner Bay is more estuarine. Thermohaline properties of bottom water in the Outer and Inner Bay were essentially the same, whereas the Inner Bay water-column was stratified with warmer, less saline waters near the surface. Distribution and abundance of pelagic schooling fish corresponded with area differences in stratification, temperature and salinity. The Inner Bay supported more species and higher densities of schooling and demersal fish than the Outer Bay. Schooling fish communities sampled by beach seine differed between the Outer and Inner Bays. Juvenile and adult Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), osmerids (Osmeridae) and sculpins (Cottidae) were all more abundant in the Inner Bay. Gadids (Gadidae) were the only schooling fish taxa more abundant in the Outer Bay. Thermohaline characteristics of bottom water were similar throughout Kachemak Bay. Correspondingly, bottom fish communities were similar in all areas. Relative abundances (CPUE) were not significantly different between areas for any of the five demersal fish groups: flatfishes (Pleuronectidae), ronquils (Bathymasteridae), sculpins (Cottidae), gadids (Gadidae) and pricklebacks (Stichaeidae).","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1999.0615","usgsCitation":"Abookire, A.A., Piatt, J.F., and Robards, M.D., 2000, Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 51, no. 1, p. 45-59, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1999.0615.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022856,"text":"70022856 - 2000 - USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:29:43.592798","indexId":"70022856","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the&nbsp;</span><i>NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures</i><span>, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council and published by FEMA. The hazard maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. In this paper we outline the methodology used to construct the hazard maps. There are three basic components to the maps. First, we use spatially smoothed historic seismicity as one portion of the hazard calculation. In this model, we apply the general observation that moderate and large earthquakes tend to occur near areas of previous small or moderate events, with some notable exceptions. Second, we consider large background source zones based on broad geologic criteria to quantify hazard in areas with little or no historic seismicity, but with the potential for generating large events. Third, we include the hazard from specific fault sources. We use about 450 faults in the western United States (WUS) and derive recurrence times from either geologic slip rates or the dating of pre-historic earthquakes from trenching of faults or other paleoseismic methods. Recurrence estimates for large earthquakes in New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina, were taken from recent paleoliquefaction studies. We used logic trees to incorporate different seismicity models, fault recurrence models, Cascadia great earthquake scenarios, and ground-motion attenuation relations. We present disaggregation plots showing the contribution to hazard at four cities from potential earthquakes with various magnitudes and distances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1586079","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Barnhard, T.P., Leyendecker, E.V., Wesson, R.L., Harmsen, S.C., Klein, F.W., Perkins, D.M., Dickman, N., Hanson, S., and Hopper, M.G., 2000, USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586079.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbba0e4b08c986b328730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, C.S.","contributorId":45310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhard, T. P.","contributorId":42208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhard","given":"T.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leyendecker, E. V.","contributorId":87162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leyendecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dickman, N.C.","contributorId":60820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickman","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70022531,"text":"70022531 - 2000 - Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T19:19:43","indexId":"70022531","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls","docAbstract":"<p>We measured antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in blood of nesting Common Eider (<i>Somateria mollissima</i>) females and immature Herring Gulls (<i>Larus argentatus</i>) in the Baltic Sea, and in blood of Spectacled Eider (<i>Somateria fischeri</i>) females nesting in a remote area of western Alaska. Positive (≥ 1:16) IBDV titers occurred in 75% of the eiders and 45% of the Herring Gull chicks. In eiders, the prevalence of positive titers differed among locations. We found no evidence that IBDV exposure impaired the immune function of Herring Gull chicks, based on their response to inoculation of sheep red blood cells. We suggest that eider ducks and Herring Gulls have been exposed to IBDV, even in locations where contact with poultry is unlikely. The presence of this virus in wild bird populations is of concern because it causes mortality of up to 30% in susceptible poultry.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:IBDVAI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hollmen, T., Franson, J.C., Docherty, D., Kilpi, M., Hario, M., Creekmore, L., and Petersen, M.R., 2000, Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls: Condor, v. 102, no. 3, p. 688-691, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:IBDVAI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"688","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:ibdvai]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Baltic Sea Nations","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.921875,\n              70.1403642720717\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0390625,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.9921875,\n              62.91523303947614\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.265625,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.5703125,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.921875,\n              70.1403642720717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              13.0078125,\n              53.9560855309879\n            ],\n            [\n              22.8515625,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              25.3125,\n              60.23981116999893\n            ],\n            [\n              18.28125,\n              61.270232790000634\n            ],\n            [\n              13.0078125,\n              53.9560855309879\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3acfe4b0c8380cd61fbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollmen, T.","contributorId":16787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollmen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":140358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Docherty, Douglas E.","contributorId":58245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"Douglas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kilpi, Mikaei","contributorId":102428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpi","given":"Mikaei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hario, Martti","contributorId":31340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hario","given":"Martti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":87251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70196247,"text":"70196247 - 2000 - Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-28T12:05:37","indexId":"70196247","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese","docAbstract":"<p><span>Emperor Geese (<i>Chen canagica</i>) breed on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in an area inhabited by three other goose species. Whereas populations of other geese increased since the mid 1980s, Emperor Goose numbers remained low. Because survival and habitat selection by broods of Emeperor Geese had not been studied previously and numbers of predatory Glaucous Gulls (<i>Larus hyperboreus</i>) had recently increased, I studied brood rearing ecology of Emperor Geese during 1993-1996 to assess whether this seasonal period could be limiting population growth. Survival of goslings to 30 days varied among years from 0.32 to 0.70 and was primarily influenced by mortality during the first five days after hatch. Other goose species with similar rates of gosling survival are increasing rapidly. Survival of Emperor Goose goslings was lowest in 1994, when unusually heavy rainfall occurred during early brood rearing. Using a long-term data set from Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, sizes of families in fall (n=23 years) were related to rainfall during early brood rearing. Gosling survival was lower and gull disturbance of broods greater in 1993-1994 than in 1995-1996. Although goslings wer commonly consumed by Glaucous Gulls, gull diets during 1993 were similar to those observed in the 1970s. Across a broad scale, broods of Emperor Geese (n=56) strongly selected habitats dominated by<i> Carex subspathaceae, Carex ramenskii</i>, and unvegetated areas interspersed among these forage species, as determined from telemetry. These selected habitats comprised one-third of all available habitat. Habitat selection by the composite goose community (dominated by Cackling Canada Geese [<i>Branta canadensis minima</i>]) was assessed by feces collections and differed substantially from that of Emperor Geese. Broods of Emperor Geese spent more time feeding during 1993-1996 than during an earlier study in 1985-1986. During 1994-1996, feeding rates of gosling and adult females was related more to total goose density than to Emperor Goose density. Although Cackling Canada Geese exhibited strongest selection of other habitats, their greater overall abundance resulted in numerical equivalence to Emperor Geese in habitats preferred by Emperor Geese. Interspecific competition for food has impacted behavior in Emperor Geese, which may impact growth and survival of juvenile geese.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2000, Survival and brood rearing ecology of emperor geese, 138 p.","productDescription":"138 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11122/4995"}],"publicComments":"PhD Dissertation, University of Alaska - Fairbanks","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff104be4b0da30c1bfd27c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180862,"text":"70180862 - 2000 - Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T08:41:10","indexId":"70180862","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":897,"text":"Arctic Research of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears","docAbstract":"<p>The polar bear is the apical predator and universal symbol of the Arctic. They occur throughout the Arctic marine environment wherever sea ice is prevalent. In the southern Beaufort Sea, polar bears are most common within the area of the outer continental shelf, where the hunt for seals along persistent leads and openings in the ice. Polar bears are a significant cultural and subsistence component of the lifestyles of indigenous people. They may also be one of the most important indicators of the health of the Arctic marine environment. Polar bears have a late age of maturation, a long inter0brth period, and small liter sizes. These life history features make polar bear populations susceptible to natural and human perturbations.</p><p>Petroleum exploration and extraction have been in progress along the coast of northern Alaska for more than 25 years. Until recently, most activity has taken place on the mainland or at sites connected to the shore by a causeway. In 1999, BP Exploration-Alaska began constructing the first artificial production island designed to transport oil through sub-seafloor pipelines. Other similar projects have been proposed to begin in the next several years.</p><p>The proximity of oil exploration and development to principal polar bear habitats raises concerns, and with the advent of true off-shore development projects, these concerns are compounded. Contact with oil and other industrial chemicals by polar bears, through grooming, consumption of tainted food, or direct consumption of chemicals, may be lethal. The active ice where polar bears hunt is also where spilled oil may be expected to concentrate during spring break-up and autumn freeze-up. Because of this, we could expect that an oil spill in the waters and ice of the continental shelf would have profound effects on polar bears. Assessments of the effects of spills, however, have not been done. This report described a promising method for estimating the effects of oil spills on polar bears in the Arctic marine environment. It uses enough real data to illuminate necessary calculations and illustrate the value of the methods. The results and conclusions presented here are only examples of possible scenarios resulting from a new estimation method. Final assessment of the potential impacts to polar bears of an oil spill remains a work in progress.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Amstrup, S.C., and McDonald, T.L., 2000, Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 14, no. 2, p. 33-37.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              68.64055504059381\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              72.28906720017675\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.4951171875,\n              72.28906720017675\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.4951171875,\n              68.64055504059381\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              68.64055504059381\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70181844,"text":"70181844 - 2000 - Ecological correlates of mate fidelity in two Arctic-breeding sandpipers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T15:37:18","indexId":"70181844","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological correlates of mate fidelity in two Arctic-breeding sandpipers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Monogamous birds exhibit considerable interspecific variation in rates of mate fidelity between years, but the reasons for this variation are still poorly understood. In a 4-year study carried out in western Alaska, mate-fidelity rates in Semipalmated Sandpipers (</span><i>Calidris pusilla</i><span>; mate fidelity was 47% among pairs where at least one mate returned and 94% among pairs where both mates returned) were substantially higher than in Western Sandpipers (</span><i>Calidris mauri</i><span>; 25 and 67%, respectively), despite the similar breeding biology of these sibling species. Divorce was not a response to nesting failure in Western Sandpipers, and mate change had no effect on the reproductive performance of either species. Nor were mate-fidelity rates related to differential rates of breeding dispersal, because the species did not differ in site fidelity. Reunited pairs and males that changed mates showed strong site tenacity, while females that changed mates moved farther. Differences in local survival rates or habitat are also unlikely to explain mate fidelity, since the two species did not differ in local survival rates, ϕ (Western Sandpipers: ϕ –hat = 0.57 ± 0.05 (mean ± SE), Semipalmated Sandpipers: ϕ –hat = 0.66 ± 0.06), and they bred in the same area, sometimes using the same nest cups. Although we were able to reject the above explanations, it was not possible to determine whether mate retention was lower in Western Sandpipers than in Semipalmated Sandpipers because of interspecific differences in mating tactics, time constraints imposed by migration distance, or a combination of these factors. Western Sandpipers exhibited greater sexual size dimorphism, but also migrated for shorter distances and tended to nest earlier and more asynchronously than Semipalmated Sandpipers. Finally, we show that conventional methods underestimate divorce rates, and interspecific comparisons may be biased if breeding-dispersal and recapture rates are not considered.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z00-146","usgsCitation":"Sandercock, B.K., Lank, D.B., Lanctot, R.B., Kempenaers, B., and Cooke, F., 2000, Ecological correlates of mate fidelity in two Arctic-breeding sandpipers: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 78, no. 11, p. 1948-1958, https://doi.org/10.1139/z00-146.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1958","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"78","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42539e4b0c825128ad46a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandercock, Brett K.","contributorId":95816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandercock","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lank, David B.","contributorId":42533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lank","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":29801,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kempenaers, Bart","contributorId":54943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kempenaers","given":"Bart","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13130,"text":"Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooke, Fred","contributorId":181599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":29801,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70186623,"text":"70186623 - 2000 - Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:05:17","indexId":"70186623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels","docAbstract":"<p>The recent proliferation and greater accessibility of molecular genetic markers has led to a growing appreciation of the ecological and evolutionary inferences that can be drawn from molecular characterizations of individuals and populations (Burke et al. 1992, Avise 1994). Different techniques have the ability to target DNA sequences which have different patterns of inheritance, different modes and rates of evolution and, concomitantly, different levels of variation. In the quest for 'the right marker for the right job', microsatellites have been widely embraced as the marker of choice for many empirical genetic studies. The proliferation of microsatellite loci for various species and the voluminous literature compiled in very few years associated with their evolution and use in various research applications, exemplifies their growing importance as a research tool in the biological sciences.</p><p>The ability to define allelic states based on variation at the nucleotide level has afforded unparalleled opportunities to document the actual mutational process and rates of evolution at individual microsatellite loci. The scrutiny to which these loci have been subjected has resulted in data that raise issues pertaining to assumptions formerly stated, but largely untestable for other marker classes. Indeed this is an active arena for theoretical and empirical work. Given the extensive and ever-increasing literature on various statistical methodologies and cautionary notes regarding the uses of microsatellites, some consideration should be given to the unique characteristics of these loci when determining how and under what conditions they can be employed.</p><p></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular methods in ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","isbn":"978-0-632-03437-6","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K.T., and Pearce, J.M., 2000, Microsatellites: Evolutionary and methodological background and empirical applications at individual, population, and phylogenetic levels, chap. 10 <i>of</i> Molecular methods in ecology, p. 235-273.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0632034378.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75403e4b09da6799c0c72","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baker, Allan J.","contributorId":36383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690079,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182055,"text":"70182055 - 2000 - Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:21:33","indexId":"70182055","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>We conducted genetic analyses of Aleutian Canada Geese (</span><i>Branta canadensis leucopareia</i><span>) from Buldir Island in the western Aleutians and the Semidi Islands in the eastern portion of their breeding range. We compared data from seven microsatellite DNA loci and 143 base pairs of the control region of mitochondrial DNA from the two populations of Aleutian Canada Geese and another small-bodied subspecies, the Cackling Canada Goose (</span><i>B. c. minima</i><span>) which nests in western Alaska. The widely separated island-nesting Aleutian geese were genetically more closely related to each other than to mainland-nesting small-bodied geese. The populations of Aleutian geese were genetically differentiated from one another in terms of mitochondrial DNA haplotype and microsatellite allele frequencies, suggesting limited contemporary gene flow and/or major shifts in gene frequency through genetic drift. The degree of population genetic differentiation suggests that Aleutian Canada Goose populations could be considered separate management units. There was some evidence of population bottlenecks, although we found no significant genetic evidence of non-random mating or inbreeding.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pierson, B.J., Pearce, J.M., Talbot, S.L., Shields, G.F., and Scribner, K.T., 2000, Molecular genetic status of Aleutian Canada Geese from Buldir and the Semidi Islands, Alaska: The Condor, v. 102, no. 1, p. 172-180, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0172:MGSOAC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Buldir Island, Semidi Islands, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ],\n            [\n              -183.95233154296875,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ],\n            [\n              -183.95233154296875,\n              52.42964095188324\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.42964095188324\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.23454284667966,\n              52.282862080335846\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.11273193359375,\n              55.910733545723346\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4288330078125,\n              55.910733545723346\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.4288330078125,\n              56.32719809668835\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.11273193359375,\n              56.32719809668835\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.11273193359375,\n              55.910733545723346\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -166.5966796875,\n              58.10110549730587\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.63134765625,\n              58.10110549730587\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.63134765625,\n              61.48075950007598\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.5966796875,\n              61.48075950007598\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.5966796875,\n              58.10110549730587\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57702e4b057081a24ee62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shields, Gerald F.","contributorId":149916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shields","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":669412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70182186,"text":"70182186 - 2000 - Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:12:48","indexId":"70182186","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","docAbstract":"<p><span>Metapopulation theory has proven useful for understanding the population structure and dynamics of many species of conservation concern. The metapopulation concept has been applied almost exclusively to nonmigratory species, however, for which subpopulation demographic independence—a requirement for a classically defined metapopulation - is explicitly related to geographic distribution and dispersal probabilities. Defining the degree of demographic independence among subpopulations of migratory animals, and thus the applicability of metapopulation theory as a conceptual framework for understanding population dynamics, is much more difficult. Unlike nonmigratory species, subpopulations of migratory animals cannot be defined as synonymous with geographic areas. Groups of migratory birds that are geographically separate at one part of the annual cycle may occur together at others, but co-occurrence in time and space does not preclude the demographic independence of subpopulations. I suggest that metapopulation theory can be applied to migratory species but that understanding the degree of subpopulation independence may require information about both spatial distribution throughout the annual cycle and behavioral mechanisms that may lead to subpopulation demographic independence. The key for applying metapopulation theory to migratory animals lies in identifying demographically independent subpopulations, even as they move during the annual cycle and potentially co-occur with other subpopulations. Using examples of migratory bird species, I demonstrate that spatial and temporal modes of subpopulation independence can interact with behavioral mechanisms to create demographically independent subpopulations, including cases in which subpopulations are not spatially distinct in some parts of the annual cycle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 2000, Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds: Conservation Biology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 366-372, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":669927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185536,"text":"70185536 - 2000 - Proceedings of a workshop concerning walrus survey methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T17:52:14","indexId":"70185536","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":26,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"MMM 00-2","title":"Proceedings of a workshop concerning walrus survey methods","docAbstract":"<p>In March 2000, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey hosted a workshop to evaluate various techniques and approaches to estimate the size and trend of the Pacific walrus population. Workshop participants included American and Russian experts in walrus biology and survey design, subsistence hunters, and resource managers. Workshop participants reviewed previous efforts to survey the Pacific walrus population and identified problems that were encountered in designing and conducting those surveys. The group also summarized survey conditions by season and evaluated potential tools and techniques for surveying walrus populations. </p>","conferenceTitle":"Workshop Concerning Walrus Survey Methods","conferenceDate":"March 27-28, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Garlich-Miller, J.L., and Jay, C.V., 2000, Proceedings of a workshop concerning walrus survey methods: Fish and Wildlife Technical Report MMM 00-2, 92 p.","productDescription":"92 p.","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df06e4b05ec79911d1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garlich-Miller, Joel L.","contributorId":10696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garlich-Miller","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}