{"pageNumber":"2040","pageRowStart":"50975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184733,"records":[{"id":70034770,"text":"70034770 - 2009 - Constraints on deep moonquake focal mechanisms through analyses of tidal stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034770","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on deep moonquake focal mechanisms through analyses of tidal stress","docAbstract":"[1] A relationship between deep moonquake occurrence and tidal forcing is suggested by the monthly periodicities observed in the occurrence times of events recorded by the Apollo Passive Seismic Experiment. In addition, the typically large S wave to P wave arrival amplitude ratios observed on deep moonquake seismograms are indicative of shear failure. Tidal stress, induced in the lunar interior by the gravitational influence of the Earth, may influence moonquake activity. We investigate the relationship between tidal stress and deep moonquake occurrence by searching for a linear combination of the normal and shear components of tidal stress that best approximates a constant value when evaluated at the times of moonquakes from 39 different moonquake clusters. We perform a grid search at each cluster location, computing the stresses resolved onto a suite of possible failure planes, to obtain the best fitting fault orientation at each location. We find that while linear combinations of stresses (and in some cases stress rates) can fit moonquake occurrence at many clusters quite well; for other clusters, the fit is not strongly dependent on plane orientation. This suggests that deep moonquakes may occur in response to factors other than, or in addition to, tidal stress. Several of our inferences support the hypothesis that deep moonquakes might be related to transformational faulting, in which shear failure is induced by mineral phase changes at depth. The occurrence of this process would have important implications for the lunar interior. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003286","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Weber, R., Bills, B., and Johnson, C., 2009, Constraints on deep moonquake focal mechanisms through analyses of tidal stress: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003286.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215813,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003286"},{"id":243639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0ae4b0c8380cd4d8cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, R.C.","contributorId":103111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, B.G.","contributorId":107867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C.L.","contributorId":98546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034771,"text":"70034771 - 2009 - Geophysical investigation of seamounts near the Ogasawara fracture zone, western Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T22:04:14","indexId":"70034771","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical investigation of seamounts near the Ogasawara fracture zone, western Pacific","docAbstract":"This paper provides an analysis of multi-channel seismic data obtained during 2000-2001 on seamounts near the Ogasawara Fracture Zone (OFZ) northwest of the Marshall Islands in the western Pacific. The OFZ is unique in that it is a wide rift zone that includes many seamounts. Seven units are delineated on the basis of acoustic characteristics and depth: three units (I, II, and III) on the summit of seamounts and four units (IV, V, VI, and VII) in basins. Acoustic characteristics of layers on the summit of guyots and dredged samples indicate that the seamounts had been built above sea level by volcanism. This was followed by reef growth along the summit margin, which enabled deposition of shallow-water carbonates on the summit, and finally by subsidence of the edifices. The subsidence depth of the seamounts, estimated from the lower boundary of unit II, ranges between 1,550 and 2,040 m. The thick unit I of the southern seamounts is correlated with proximity to the equatorial high productivity zone, whereas local currents may have strongly affected the distribution of unit I on northern seamounts. A seismic profile in the basin around the Ita Mai Tai and OSM4 seamounts shows an unconformity between units IV and V, which is widespread from the East Mariana Basin to the Pigafetta Basin. Copyright ?? The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS); The Seismological Society of Japan; The Volcanological Society of Japan; The Geodetic Society of Japan; The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences; TERRAPUB.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Planets and Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Lee, T., Lee, K., Hein, J., and Moon, J., 2009, Geophysical investigation of seamounts near the Ogasawara fracture zone, western Pacific: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 61, no. 3, p. 319-331.","startPage":"319","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265848,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://svr4.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2009/6103/61030319.pdf"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a282ae4b0c8380cd59eb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, T.-G.","contributorId":80895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.-G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Kenneth","contributorId":61064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moon, J.-W.","contributorId":47968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moon","given":"J.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034773,"text":"70034773 - 2009 - Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T11:08:22","indexId":"70034773","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup","docAbstract":"<p><span>We collected female greater scaup (</span><i>Aythya marila</i><span>) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during two breeding seasons to determine if concentrations of 18 trace elements in livers and eggs were elevated and if hepatic concentrations correlated with body condition or affected reproductive status. Fifty-six percent, 5%, and 42% of females, respectively, had elevated hepatic cadmium (Cd: &gt;3</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>dry weight [dw]), mercury (Hg: &gt;3</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>dw), and selenium (Se: &gt;10</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>μg</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><span>dw). Somatic protein and lipid reserves were not correlated with hepatic Cd or Hg, but there was a weak negative correlation between protein and Se. Hepatic Cd, Hg, and Se were similar in females that had and had not initiated egg production. In a sample of six eggs, 33% and 100%, respectively, contained Se and Hg, but concentrations were below embryotoxicity thresholds. We conclude that trace element concentrations documented likely were not adversely impacting this study population.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.012","usgsCitation":"Badzinski, S.S., Flint, P.L., Gorman, K.B., and Petrie, S.A., 2009, Relationships between hepatic trace element concentrations, reproductive status, and body condition of female greater scaup: Environmental Pollution, v. 157, no. 6, p. 1886-1893, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1886","endPage":"1893","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7a3e4b0e8fec6cdc51c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Badzinski, Shannon S.","contributorId":176348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Badzinski","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorman, Kristen B.","contributorId":42437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petrie, Scott A.","contributorId":141223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petrie","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13717,"text":"Long Point Waterfowl","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034854,"text":"70034854 - 2009 - Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by <sup>15</sup>N addition experiments: Total uptake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T14:42:37","indexId":"70034854","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by <sup>15</sup>N addition experiments: Total uptake","docAbstract":"We measured uptake length of <sup>15</sup>NO-<sub>3</sub> in 72 streams in eight regions across the United States and Puerto Rico to develop quantitative predictive models on controls of NO-<sub>3</sub> uptake length. As part of the Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment II project, we chose nine streams in each region corresponding to natural (reference), suburban-urban, and agricultural land uses. Study streams spanned a range of human land use to maximize variation in NO-<sub>3</sub> concentration, geomorphology, and metabolism. We tested a causal model predicting controls on NO-<sub>3</sub> uptake length using structural equation modeling. The model included concomitant measurements of ecosystem metabolism, hydraulic parameters, and nitrogen concentration. We compared this structural equation model to multiple regression models which included additional biotic, catchment, and riparian variables. The structural equation model explained 79% of the variation in log uptake length (S <sub>Wtot</sub>). Uptake length increased with specific discharge (Q/w) and increasing NO-<sub>3</sub> concentrations, showing a loss in removal efficiency in streams with high NO-<sub>3</sub> concentration. Uptake lengths shortened with increasing gross primary production, suggesting autotrophic assimilation dominated NO-<sub>3</sub> removal. The fraction of catchment area as agriculture and suburban-urban land use weakly predicted NO-<sub>3</sub> uptake in bivariate regression, and did improve prediction in a set of multiple regression models. Adding land use to the structural equation model showed that land use indirectly affected NO-<sub>3</sub> uptake lengths via directly increasing both gross primary production and NO-<sub>3</sub> concentration. Gross primary production shortened S<sub>Wtot</sub>, while increasing NO-<sub>3</sub> lengthened S<sub>Wtot</sub> resulting in no net effect of land use on NO- <sub>3</sub> removal. ?? 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Hall, R.O., Tank, J.L., Sobota, D.J., Mulholland, P.J., O’Brien, J.M., Dodds, W.K., Webster, J., Valett, H.M., Poole, G.C., Peterson, B.J., Meyer, J., McDowell, W.H., Johnson, S.L., Hamilton, S.K., Grimm, N.B., Gregory, S., Dahm, C., Cooper, L.W., Ashkenas, L., Thomas, S.M., Sheibley, R., Potter, J.D., Niederlehner, B., Johnson, L., Helton, A.M., Crenshaw, C., Burgin, A.J., Bernot, M.J., Beaulieu, J.J., and Arangob, C., 2009, Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by <sup>15</sup>N addition experiments: Total uptake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 3, p. 653-665.","startPage":"653","endPage":"665","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267953,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://coweeta.uga.edu/publications/10305.pdf"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66aee4b0c8380cd72f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R. O. Jr.","contributorId":53101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tank, J. L.","contributorId":100214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tank","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sobota, D. J.","contributorId":15419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sobota","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Brien, J. M.","contributorId":63637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dodds, W. K.","contributorId":21297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodds","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Webster, J.R.","contributorId":74475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Valett, H. M.","contributorId":10985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valett","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Poole, G. C.","contributorId":20175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poole","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Peterson, B. J.","contributorId":53749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Meyer, J.L.","contributorId":73316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McDowell, W. H.","contributorId":88532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDowell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Johnson, S. L.","contributorId":53826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hamilton, S. K.","contributorId":60866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Grimm, N. B.","contributorId":54164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimm","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Gregory, S.V.","contributorId":21130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Dahm, Clifford N.","contributorId":22730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahm","given":"Clifford N.","affiliations":[{"id":7000,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Cooper, L. W.","contributorId":25782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ashkenas, L. R.","contributorId":14656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ashkenas","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Thomas, S. M.","contributorId":87771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Sheibley, R.W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":43066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"R.W.","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Potter, J. D.","contributorId":63638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Potter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Niederlehner, B.R.","contributorId":105929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niederlehner","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Johnson, L. T.","contributorId":28819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"L. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Helton, A. M.","contributorId":93289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Crenshaw, C.M.","contributorId":26157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crenshaw","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Burgin, A. J.","contributorId":90556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgin","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Bernot, M. J.","contributorId":18593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernot","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Beaulieu, J. J.","contributorId":96496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beaulieu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Arangob, C.P.","contributorId":67321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arangob","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30}]}}
,{"id":70035803,"text":"70035803 - 2009 - Constraining earthquake source inversions with GPS data: 1. Resolution-based removal of artifacts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035803","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraining earthquake source inversions with GPS data: 1. Resolution-based removal of artifacts","docAbstract":"We present a resolution analysis of an inversion of GPS data from the 2004 M<sub>w</sub> 6.0 Parkfield earthquake. This earthquake was recorded at thirteen 1-Hz GPS receivers, which provides for a truly coseismic data set that can be used to infer the static slip field. We find that the resolution of our inverted slip model is poor at depth and near the edges of the modeled fault plane that are far from GPS receivers. The spatial heterogeneity of the model resolution in the static field inversion leads to artifacts in poorly resolved areas of the fault plane. These artifacts look qualitatively similar to asperities commonly seen in the final slip models of earthquake source inversions, but in this inversion they are caused by a surplus of free parameters. The location of the artifacts depends on the station geometry and the assumed velocity structure. We demonstrate that a nonuniform gridding of model parameters on the fault can remove these artifacts from the inversion. We generate a nonuniform grid with a grid spacing that matches the local resolution length on the fault and show that it outperforms uniform grids, which either generate spurious structure in poorly resolved regions or lose recoverable information in well-resolved areas of the fault. In a synthetic test, the nonuniform grid correctly averages slip in poorly resolved areas of the fault while recovering small-scale structure near the surface. Finally, we present an inversion of the Parkfield GPS data set on the nonuniform grid and analyze the errors in the final model. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005449","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Page, M., Custodio, S., Archuleta, R., and Carlson, J., 2009, Constraining earthquake source inversions with GPS data: 1. Resolution-based removal of artifacts: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005449.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487277,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005449","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216318,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005449"},{"id":244181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa07e4b0c8380cd4d8b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, M.T.","contributorId":36771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custodio, S.","contributorId":81714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custodio","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Archuleta, R.J.","contributorId":79245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archuleta","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlson, J.M.","contributorId":54033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035539,"text":"70035539 - 2009 - Delayed tree mortality in the Atchafalaya Basin of Southern Louisiana following Hurricane Andrew","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035539","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delayed tree mortality in the Atchafalaya Basin of Southern Louisiana following Hurricane Andrew","docAbstract":"Hurricanes can damage trees in forested wetlands, and the potential for mortality related to these storms exists due to the effects of tree damage over time. In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed through the forested wetlands of southern Louisiana with winds in excess of 225 kph. Although more than 78 of the basal area was destroyed in some areas, most trees greater than 2.5 cm dbh were alive and resprouting prolifically the following year (98.8). Survival of most tree species was similarly high two years after the hurricane, but mortality rates of some species increased dramatically. For example, Populus heterophylla (swamp cottonwood) mortality increased from 7.8 to 59.2 (n 76) and Salix interior (sandbar willow) mortality increased from 4.5 to 57.1 (n 21). Stem sprouts on many up-rooted hardwood trees of other species were still alive in 1998, 6 years after the hurricane. Due to the understory tree species composition, regeneration, and high levels of resprouting, there was little change in species composition or perhaps a slight shift toward more shade and flood tolerant species six years following the hurricane event. Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow) was found on some of the sites heavily disturbed by Hurricane Andrew, and may proliferate at the expense of native tree species. ?? 2009 The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/08-21.1","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Keeland, B.D., and Gorham, L., 2009, Delayed tree mortality in the Atchafalaya Basin of Southern Louisiana following Hurricane Andrew: Wetlands, v. 29, no. 1, p. 101-111, https://doi.org/10.1672/08-21.1.","startPage":"101","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216335,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/08-21.1"},{"id":244198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe5ee4b0c8380cd4ecd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeland, B. D.","contributorId":45275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorham, L.E.","contributorId":12652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorham","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034852,"text":"70034852 - 2009 - Food habits of the hoary bat (LASIURUS CINEREUS) during spring migration through new mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034852","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food habits of the hoary bat (LASIURUS CINEREUS) during spring migration through new mexico","docAbstract":"Hoary bats (Lasiums cinernis) exhibit continental patterns of migration that are unique to bats, but details about their behaviors during migration are lacking. We captured 177 hoary bats in spring and early summer 2002 as individuals migrated through the Sandia Mountains of north-central New Mexico. Our results support earlier observations of asynchronous timing of migration between sexes of L. cinernis during spring, with females preceding males by ca. 1 month. We provide the first evidence that hoary bats may travel in dispersed groups, fly below the tree canopy along streams, and feed while migrating during spring. Analysis of guano revealed that diet of L. cinereus consisted mostly of moths, with more than one-half of samples identified as Noctuidae and Geometridae. We observed a late-spring decline in consumption of moths that might be related to seasonal changes in abundance of prey, differential selection of prey by bats, or sampling bias. We suspect that spring migration of L. cinernis through New Mexico temporally coincides with the seasonal abundance of moths.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/PS-45.1","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Valdez, E., and Cryan, P., 2009, Food habits of the hoary bat (LASIURUS CINEREUS) during spring migration through new mexico: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 54, no. 2, p. 195-200, https://doi.org/10.1894/PS-45.1.","startPage":"195","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215675,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/PS-45.1"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12d0e4b0c8380cd54411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdez, E.W.","contributorId":13581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cryan, P.M.","contributorId":82635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034780,"text":"70034780 - 2009 - Ancient photosynthetic eukaryote biofilms in an Atacama Desert coastal cave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70034780","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2729,"text":"Microbial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient photosynthetic eukaryote biofilms in an Atacama Desert coastal cave","docAbstract":"Caves offer a stable and protected environment from harsh and changing outside prevailing conditions. Hence, they represent an interesting habitat for studying life in extreme environments. Here, we report the presence of a member of the ancient eukaryote red algae Cyanidium group in a coastal cave of the hyperarid Atacama Desert. This microorganism was found to form a seemingly monospecific biofilm growing under extremely low photon flux levels. Our work suggests that this species, Cyanidium sp. Atacama, is a new member of a recently proposed novel monophyletic lineage of mesophilic \"cave\" Cyanidium sp., distinct from the remaining three other lineages which are all thermo-acidophilic. The cave described in this work may represent an evolutionary island for life in the midst of the Atacama Desert. ?? Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microbial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00248-009-9500-5","issn":"00953628","usgsCitation":"Azua-Bustos, A., Gonzalez-Silva, C., Mancilla, R., Salas, L., Palma, R., Wynne, J., McKay, C., and Vicuna, R., 2009, Ancient photosynthetic eukaryote biofilms in an Atacama Desert coastal cave: Microbial Ecology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 485-496, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9500-5.","startPage":"485","endPage":"496","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487237,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3450764","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-009-9500-5"},{"id":243797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf7e4b0c8380cd48fe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Azua-Bustos, A.","contributorId":45137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Azua-Bustos","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez-Silva, C.","contributorId":45138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez-Silva","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mancilla, R.A.","contributorId":76567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancilla","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salas, L.","contributorId":102293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Palma, R.E.","contributorId":15034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palma","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wynne, J.J.","contributorId":6569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynne","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McKay, C.P.","contributorId":41122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vicuna, R.","contributorId":33946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vicuna","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035686,"text":"70035686 - 2009 - A carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic study in dated sediment cores from the Louisiana Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T09:55:36","indexId":"70035686","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic study in dated sediment cores from the Louisiana Shelf","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">Three sediment cores were collected off the Mississippi River delta on the Louisiana Shelf at sites that are variably influenced by recurring, summer-time water-column hypoxia and fluvial loadings. The cores, with established chronology, were analyzed for their respective carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic composition to examine variable organic matter inputs, and to assess the sediment record for possible evidence of hypoxic events. Sediment from site MRJ03-3, which is located close to the Mississippi Canyon and generally not influenced by summer-time hypoxia, is typical of marine sediment in that it contains mostly marine algae and fine-grained material from the erosion of terrestrial C4 plants. Sediment from site MRJ03-2, located closer to the mouth of the Mississippi River and at the periphery of the hypoxic zone (annual recurrence of summer-time hypoxia &gt;50%), is similar in composition to core MRJ03-3, but exhibits more isotopic and elemental variability down-core, suggesting that this site is more directly influenced by river discharge. Site MRJ03-5 is located in an area of recurring hypoxia (annual recurrence &gt;75%), and is isotopically and elementally distinct from the other two cores. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of this core prior to 1960 is similar to average particulate organic matter from the lower Mississippi River, and approaches the composition of C3 plants. This site likely receives a greater input of local terrestrial organic matter to the sediment. After 1960 and to the present, a gradual shift to higher values of δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N and lower C:N ratios suggests that algal input to these shelf sediments increased as a result of increased productivity and hypoxia. The values of C:S and δ<sup>34</sup>S reflect site-specific processes that may be influenced by the higher likelihood of recurring seasonal hypoxia. In particular, the temporal variations in the C:S and δ<sup>34</sup>S down-core are likely caused by changes in the rate of sulfate reduction, and hence the degree of hypoxia in the overlying water column. Based principally on the down-core C:N and C:S ratios and δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>34</sup>S profiles, sites MRJ03-3 and MRJ03-2 generally reflect more marine organic matter inputs, while site MRJ03-5 appears to be more influenced by terrestrial deposition.</p><div class=\"KeywordGroup\" lang=\"en\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00367-009-0151-9","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Rosenbauer, R., Swarzenski, P., Kendall, C., Orem, W., Hostettler, F., and Rollog, M., 2009, A carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic study in dated sediment cores from the Louisiana Shelf: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 29, no. 6, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0151-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0151-9"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e336e4b0c8380cd45eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rollog, M.E.","contributorId":103112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollog","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034851,"text":"70034851 - 2009 - Uptake rate constants and partition coefficients for vapor phase organic chemicals using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034851","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake rate constants and partition coefficients for vapor phase organic chemicals using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)","docAbstract":"To fully utilize semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive samplers in air monitoring, data are required to accurately estimate airborne concentrations of environmental contaminants. Limited uptake rate constants (k<sub>ua</sub>) and no SPMD air partitioning coefficient (K<sub>sa</sub>) existed for vapor-phase contaminants. This research was conducted to expand the existing body of kinetic data for SPMD air sampling by determining k<sub>ua</sub> and K<sub>sa</sub> for a number of airborne contaminants including the chemical classes: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, brominated diphenyl ethers, phthalate esters, synthetic pyrethroids, and organophosphate/organosulfur pesticides. The k<sub>ua</sub>s were obtained for 48 of 50 chemicals investigated and ranged from 0.03 to 3.07??m<sup>3</sup>??g<sup>-1</sup>??d<sup>-1</sup>. In cases where uptake was approaching equilibrium, K<sub>sa</sub>s were approximated. K<sub>sa</sub> values (no units) were determined or estimated for 48 of the chemicals investigated and ranging from 3.84E+5 to 7.34E+7. This research utilized a test system (United States Patent 6,877,724 B1) which afforded the capability to generate and maintain constant concentrations of vapor-phase chemical mixtures. The test system and experimental design employed gave reproducible results during experimental runs spanning more than two years. This reproducibility was shown by obtaining mean k<sub>ua</sub> values (n??=??3) of anthracene and p,p???-DDE at 0.96 and 1.57??m<sup>3</sup>??g<sup>-1</sup>??d<sup>-1</sup> with relative standard deviations of 8.4% and 8.6% respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.043","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Cranor, W., Alvarez, D., Huckins, J., and Petty, J.D., 2009, Uptake rate constants and partition coefficients for vapor phase organic chemicals using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs): Atmospheric Environment, v. 43, no. 20, p. 3211-3219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.043.","startPage":"3211","endPage":"3219","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.043"}],"volume":"43","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd79e4b08c986b32904e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cranor, W.L.","contributorId":98261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranor","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvarez, D.A.","contributorId":39481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035201,"text":"70035201 - 2009 - Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035201","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse","docAbstract":"Robust redhorse (Moxostoma robustum) is a rare riverine sucker for which life history information is scarce. Spawning occurs over loose gravel substrate and eggs and larvae may be adversely affected by fine sediments among the gravel. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the threshold at which fine sediments are detrimental to successful egg incubation and larval emergence. Year 1 gravel treatments contained 0, 25, 50, and 75% fine sediments. Mean survival during Year 1 ranged from 63.5% in the 0% fine sediment treatment to 0% in the 75% fine sediment treatment. The results also indicated an adverse affect threshold between 0 and 25% fine sediment. Year 2 gravel treatments contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% fine sediments. Mean survival during Year 2 ranged from 69.8% in the 0% treatment to 9.1% in the 25% treatment. Year 2 results also identified the 15% fine sediment treatment as the threshold at which survival began to decline. Substrates at one known spawning area used by robust redhorse typically contain 25 to 50% fine sediment, but the spawning act cleans some fines from the egg pocket. Whether the \"cleaning\" that results from the spawning act reduces the fines sufficiently to avoid adverse effects is unknown. According to our results, survival rates of robust redhorse eggs and larvae are predicted to be about 8.0% or less when fine sediment is >25%. ?? US Government 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Jennings, C., Dilts, E., Shelton, J., and Peterson, R.C., 2009, Fine sediment affects on survival to emergence of robust redhorse: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 87, no. 1, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215213,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9561-9"},{"id":243000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1021e4b0c8380cd53b3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilts, E.W.","contributorId":38799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilts","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shelton, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":90850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Ronald C.","contributorId":103070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035688,"text":"70035688 - 2009 - Real-time flood forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70035688","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time flood forecasting","docAbstract":"Researchers at the Hydroinformatic Research and Development Team (HIRDT) of the National Taiwan University undertook a project to create a real time flood forecasting model, with an aim to predict the current in the Tamsui River Basin. The model was designed based on deterministic approach with mathematic modeling of complex phenomenon, and specific parameter values operated to produce a discrete result. The project also devised a rainfall-stage model that relates the rate of rainfall upland directly to the change of the state of river, and is further related to another typhoon-rainfall model. The geographic information system (GIS) data, based on precise contour model of the terrain, estimate the regions that were perilous to flooding. The HIRDT, in response to the project's progress, also devoted their application of a deterministic model to unsteady flow of thermodynamics to help predict river authorities issue timely warnings and take other emergency measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Scientist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00030996","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., Tsay, T., Chien, C., and Wu, I., 2009, Real-time flood forecasting: American Scientist, v. 97, no. 2, p. 119-125.","startPage":"119","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95a1e4b0c8380cd81b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, C.","contributorId":27622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tsay, T.-K.","contributorId":76155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsay","given":"T.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chien, C.-H.","contributorId":39214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chien","given":"C.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, I.-L.","contributorId":101908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"I.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034580,"text":"70034580 - 2009 - Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:11:47","indexId":"70034580","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (<i>Enhydra lutris nereis</i>)","title":"Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Differences in diet composition among conspecifics (dietary specialization) have been documented across a broad range of taxonomic groups and habitats, and such variation at the individual level is increasingly recognized as an important component of diversity in trophic interactions. Accurate identification of individual dietary specialization, however, requires longitudinal dietary records that are labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive to obtain for many species. Here we explore the use of stable isotopes (δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N) as a promising technique for detecting and quantifying patterns of individual dietary specialization. Southern sea otters (</span><i>Enhydra lutris nereis</i><span>) offer a unique opportunity for testing this approach because (1) they consume a wide variety of prey that span multiple trophic levels, habitats, and ecologically defined functional groups; and (2) individual diet specialization can be validated with existing observational data. We analyzed the isotopic composition of sea otter vibrissae (</span><i>n</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 31) in order to characterize inter- and intra-individual variation in sea otter diets at Monterey Bay, California, USA. At the population level, sea otters showed substantial variation in both δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N values, occupying nearly all of the “isotopic space” created by the diversity of isotopic signatures of potential prey taxa. Most of the variation in sea otter vibrissae was accounted for by differences between individuals, with much less contributed by within-individual variation. A majority of sea otters (∼80%) showed relatively little temporal variability in isotopic composition, suggesting that the proportional composition of most individuals' diets is relatively constant over time; a few individuals (∼20%) exhibited a high degree of intra-vibrissa isotopic variability, suggesting seasonal shifts in diet composition. These results and our interpretation of them were supported by long-term observational data on the diets of radio-tagged sea otters from the same population (</span><i>n</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 23). Our results demonstrate that stable isotopes can provide an efficient tool for measuring individual- and population-level dietary breadth and may be useful for studying populations where longitudinal data on individuals would otherwise be impossible to acquire. This will be critical for examining the causes and consequences of dietary variation within and among consumer populations, thereby improving our understanding of these important ecological and evolutionary processes at the community level.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/07-1812.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Newsome, S., Tinker, M.T., Monson, D., Oftedal, O., Ralls, K., Staedler, M., Fogel, M., and Estes, J.A., 2009, Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis): Ecology, v. 90, no. 4, p. 961-974, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1812.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"961","endPage":"974","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0a8e4b08c986b32a255","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newsome, S.D.","contributorId":66928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsome","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":446485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oftedal, O.T.","contributorId":35562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oftedal","given":"O.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ralls, K.","contributorId":107222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralls","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fogel, M. L.","contributorId":31588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogel","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035687,"text":"70035687 - 2009 - The Pliocene Lost River found to west: Detrital zircon evidence of drainage disruption along a subsiding hotspot track","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70035687","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pliocene Lost River found to west: Detrital zircon evidence of drainage disruption along a subsiding hotspot track","docAbstract":"SHRIMP analysis of U/Pb ages of detrital zircons in twelve late Miocene to Pleistocene sand samples from six drill cores on the Snake River Plain (SRP), Idaho, suggests that an ancestral Lost River system was drained westward along the northern side of the SRP. Neoproterozoic (650 to 740??Ma, Cryogenian) detrital zircon grains from the Wildhorse Creek drainage of the Pioneer Mountains core complex, with a source in 695??Ma orthogneiss, and which are characteristic of the Big Lost River system, are found in Pliocene sand from cores drilled in the central SRP (near Wendell) and western SRP (at Mountain Home). In addition to these Neoproterozoic grains, fluvial sands sourced from the northern margin of the SRP contain detrital zircons with the following ages: 42 to 52??Ma from the Challis magmatic belt, 80 to 100??Ma from the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho batholith, and mixed Paleozoic and Proterozoic ages (1400 to 2000??Ma). In contrast, sands in the Mountain Home Air Base well (MHAB) that contain 155-Ma Jurassic detrital grains with a source in northern Nevada are interpreted to represent an integrated Snake River, with provenance on the southern, eastern and northern sides of the SRP. We propose that late Pliocene and early Pleistocene construction of basaltic volcanoes and rhyolitic domes of the Axial Volcanic Zone of the eastern SRP and the northwest-trending Arco Volcanic Rift Zone (including the Craters of the Moon volcanic center), disrupted the paleo-Lost River drainage, confining it to the Big Lost Trough, a volcanically dammed basin of internal drainage on the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). After the Axial Volcanic Zone and Arco Volcanic Rift Zone were constructed to form a volcanic eruptive and intrusive highland to the southwest, sediment from the Big Lost River was trapped in the Big Lost Trough instead of being delivered by surface streams to the western SRP. Today, water from drainages north of the SRP enters the Snake River Plain regional aquifer through sinks in the Big Lost Trough, and the water resurfaces at Thousand Springs, Idaho, about 195??km to the southwest. Holocene to latest Pliocene samples from drill core in the Big Lost Trough reveal interplay between the glacio-fluvial outwash of the voluminous Big Lost River system and the relatively minor Little Lost River system. A mixed provenance signature is recognized in fine-grained sands deposited in a highstand of a Pleistocene pluvial-lake system. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.019","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Hodges, M., Link, P.K., and Fanning, C., 2009, The Pliocene Lost River found to west: Detrital zircon evidence of drainage disruption along a subsiding hotspot track: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 188, no. 1-3, p. 237-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.019.","startPage":"237","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216046,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.019"},{"id":243886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"188","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba88fe4b08c986b321ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, M.K.V.","contributorId":105146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"M.K.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, P. K.","contributorId":34973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fanning, C.M.","contributorId":82434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035246,"text":"70035246 - 2009 - Geomorphic changes resulting from floods in reconfigured gravel-bed river channels in Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035246","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic changes resulting from floods in reconfigured gravel-bed river channels in Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Geomorphic changes in reconfi gured reaches of three Colorado rivers in response to floods in 2005 provide a benchmark for \"restoration\" assessment. Sedimententrainment potential is expressed as the ratio of the shear stress from the 2 yr, 5 yr, 10 yr, and 2005 floods to the critical shear stress for sediment. Some observed response was explained by the excess of flood shear stress relative to the resisting force of the sediment. Bed-load entrainment in the Uncompahgre River and the North Fork Gunnison River, during 4 and 6 yr floods respectively, resulted in streambed scour, streambed deposition, lateral-bar accretion, and channel migration at various locations. Some constructed boulder and log structures failed because of high rates of bank erosion or bed-material deposition. The Lake Fork showed little or no net change after the 2005 flood; however, this channel had not conveyed floods greater than the 2.5 yr flood since reconfi guration. Channel slope and the 2 yr flood, a surrogate for bankfull discharge, from all three reconfi gured reaches plotted above the Leopold and Wolman channel-pattern threshold in the \"braided channel\" region, indicating that braiding, rather than a single-thread meandering channel, and midchannel bar formation may be the natural tendency of these gravel-bed reaches. When plotted against a total stream-power and median-sediment-size threshold for the 2 yr flood, however, the Lake Fork plotted in the \"single-thread channel\" region, the North Fork Gunnison plotted in the \" multiplethread\" region, and the Uncompahgre River plotted on the threshold. All three rivers plotted in the multiple-thread region for floods of 5 yr recurrence or greater. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2451(12)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Capesius, J., 2009, Geomorphic changes resulting from floods in reconfigured gravel-bed river channels in Colorado, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 451, p. 173-198, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2451(12).","startPage":"173","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215369,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2451(12)"},{"id":243166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"451","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2782e4b0c8380cd5995e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. G.","contributorId":45341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capesius, J.P.","contributorId":73839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capesius","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034836,"text":"70034836 - 2009 - Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034836","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls","docAbstract":"The Boyongan and Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits are part of an emerging belt of intrusion-centered gold-rich deposits in the Surigao district of northeast Mindanao, Philippines. Exhumation and weathering of these Late Pliocene-age deposits has led to the development of the world's deepest known porphyry oxidation profile at Boyongan (600 m), and yet only a modest (30-70 m) oxidation profile at adjacent Bayugo. Debris flows, volcanic rocks, and fluviolacustrine sediments accumulating in the actively extending Mainit graben subsequently covered the deposits and preserved the supergene profiles. At Boyongan and Bayugo, there is a vertical transition from shallower supergene copper oxide minerals (malachite + azurite + cuprite) to deeper sulfide-stable assemblages (chalcocite ?? hypogene sulfides). This transition provides a time-integrated proxy for the position of the water table at the base of the saturated zone during supergene oxidation. Contours of the elevation of the paleopotentiometric surface based on this min- eralogical transition show that the thickest portions of the unsaturated zone coincided with a silt-sand matrix diatreme breccia complex at Boyongan. Within the breccia complex, the thickness of the unsaturated zone approached 600 in, whereas outside the breccia complex (e.g., at Bayugo), the thickness averaged 50 m. Contours of the paleopotentiometric surface suggest that during weathering, groundwater flowed into the breccia complex from the north, south, and east, and exited along a high permeability zone to the west. The high relief (>550 m) on the elevation of the paleopotentiometric surface is consistent with an environment of high topographic relief, and the outflow zone to the west of the breccia complex probably reflects proximity to a steep scarp intersecting the western breccia complex margin. Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has enabled estimation of the elevation of the land surface, which further constrains the physiographic setting during supergene oxidation. Isotopic measurements of oxygen in supergene kaolinite from Boyongan suggest that local paleometeoric water involved in weathering had a ??180 composition of approximately -5.7 per mil. At the latitude of the southern Philippines, this value corresponds to Pleistocene rain water condensing at elevations between 750 and 1,050 m above contemporary sea level, providing a maximum estimate for the surface elevation during weathering of the porphyry systems. Physiographic reconstuctions suggest that the deep oxidation profile at Boyongan formed in an environment of high topographic relief immediately east of a prominent (>550 m) escarpment. The high permeability contrast between the breccia complex and the surrounding wall rocks, coupled with the proximity of the breccia complex to the escarpment, led to a depressed groundwater table and a vertically extensive unsaturated zone in the immediate vicinity of Boyongan. This thick vadose zone and the low hypogene pyrite/copper sulfide ratios (0.6) at Boyongan promoted in situ oxidation of copper sulfides with only modest (<200 m) supergene remobilization of copper. In contrast, higher hypogene pyrite/chalcopyrite ratios (2.3) at Bayugo led to greater acid production during weathering and more complete leaching of copper above the base of oxidation. This process promoted significant (600 m) lateral dispersion of copper down the paleohydraulic gradient into the diatreme breccia comple, ultimately leading to the formation of an exotic copper deposit. ?? 2009 Society of Economices Geologists, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Braxton, D., Cooke, D.R., Ignacio, A., Rye, R.O., and Waters, P., 2009, Ultra-deep oxidation and exotic copper formation at the late pliocene boyongan and bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposits, surigao, philippines: Geology, mineralogy, paleoaltimetry, and their implications for Geologic, physiographic, and tectonic controls: Economic Geology, v. 104, no. 3, p. 333-349, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333.","startPage":"333","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215903,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.333"},{"id":243739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbfce4b08c986b32895d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braxton, D.P.","contributorId":107522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braxton","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooke, D. R.","contributorId":99764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ignacio, A.M.","contributorId":69383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignacio","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waters, P.J.","contributorId":103110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034835,"text":"70034835 - 2009 - Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-14T13:09:15","indexId":"70034835","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors","docAbstract":"This paper provides a summary of the current equations and rescaling factors for converting calibrated Digital Numbers (DNs) to absolute units of at-sensor spectral radiance, Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, and at-sensor brightness temperature. It tabulates the necessary constants for the Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Advanced Land Imager (ALI) sensors. These conversions provide a basis for standardized comparison of data in a single scene or between images acquired on different dates or by different sensors. This paper forms a needed guide for Landsat data users who now have access to the entire Landsat archive at no cost.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Markham, B.L., and Helder, D., 2009, Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 113, no. 5, p. 893-903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007.","startPage":"893","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476320,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090027884","text":"External Repository"},{"id":215876,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007"},{"id":243710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9e5be4b08c986b31de47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034828,"text":"70034828 - 2009 - Climatic effects of 30 years of landscape change over the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region: 1. Surface energy budget changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034828","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic effects of 30 years of landscape change over the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region: 1. Surface energy budget changes","docAbstract":"This paper is part 1 of a two-part study that evaluates the climatic effects of recent landscape change for one of the nation's most rapidly expanding metropolitan complexes, the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region. The region's landscape evolution over an approximate 30-year period since the early 1970s is documented on the basis of analyses of Landsat images and land use/land cover (LULC) data sets derived from aerial photography (1973) and Landsat (1992 and 2001). High-resolution, Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), simulations (2-km grid spacing) are used in conjunction with consistently defined land cover data sets and associated biophysical parameters for the circa 1973, circa 1992, and circa 2001 time periods to quantify the impacts of intensive land use changes on the July surface temperatures and the surface radiation and energy budgets for the Greater Phoenix region. The main findings are as follows: since the early 1970s the region's landscape has been altered by a significant increase in urban/suburban land area, primarily at the expense of decreasing plots of irrigated agriculture and secondarily by the conversion of seminatural shrubland. Mean regional temperatures for the circa 2001 landscape were 0.12??C warmer than the circa 1973 landscape, with maximum temperature differences, located over regions of greatest urbanization, in excess of 1??C. The significant reduction in irrigated agriculture, for the circa 2001 relative to the circa 1973 landscape, resulted in dew point temperature decreases in excess of 1??C. The effect of distinct land use conversion themes (e.g., conversion from irrigated agriculture to urban land) was also examined to evaluate how the most important conversion themes have each contributed to the region's changing climate. The two urbanization themes studied (from an initial landscape of irrigated agriculture and seminatural shrubland) have the greatest positive effect on near-surface temperature, increasing maximum daily temperatures by 1??C. Overall, sensible heat flux differences between the circa 2001 and circa 1973 landscapes result in a 1 W m<sup>-2</sup> increase in domain-wide sensible heating, and a similar order of magnitude decrease in latent heating, highlighting the importance of surface repartitioning in establishing near-surface temperature trends. In part 2 of this study, we address the role of the surface budget changes on the mesoscale dynamics/thermodynamics, in context of the large-scale environment. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JD010745","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Georgescu, M., Miguez-Macho, G., Steyaert, L.T., and Weaver, C., 2009, Climatic effects of 30 years of landscape change over the Greater Phoenix, Arizona, region: 1. Surface energy budget changes: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 114, no. 5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010745.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476513,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010745","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010745"},{"id":243583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f664e4b0c8380cd4c72c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Georgescu, M.","contributorId":98541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgescu","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miguez-Macho, G.","contributorId":32354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miguez-Macho","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, C.P.","contributorId":70602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034833,"text":"70034833 - 2009 - Symbiotic regulation of plant growth, development and reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-24T13:34:13.037425","indexId":"70034833","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1285,"text":"Communitative and Integrative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Symbiotic regulation of plant growth, development and reproduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>The growth and development of rice (</span><i>Oryzae sativa</i><span>) seedlings was shown to be regulated epigenetically by a fungal endophyte. In contrast to un-inoculated (nonsymbiotic) plants, endophyte colonized (symbiotic) plants preferentially allocated resources into root growth until root hairs were well established. During that time symbiotic roots expanded at five times the rate observed in nonsymbiotic plants. Endophytes also influenced sexual reproduction of mature big sagebrush (</span><i>Artemisia tridentata</i><span>) plants. Two spatially distinct big sagebrush subspecies and their hybrids were symbiotic with unique fungal endophytes, despite being separated by only 380m distance and 60 m elevation. A double reciprocal transplant experiment of parental and hybrid plants, and soils across the hybrid zone showed that fungal endophytes interact with the soils and different plant genotypes to confer enhanced plant reproduction in soil native to the endophyte and reduced reproduction in soil alien to the endophyte. Moreover, the most prevalent endophyte of the hybrid zone reduced the fitness of both parental subspecies. Because these endophytes are passed to the next generation of plants on seed coats, this interaction provides a selective advantage, habitat specificity, and the means of restricting gene flow, thereby making the hybrid zone stable, narrow, and potentially leading to speciation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.4161/cib.7821","issn":"19420889","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R.J., Freeman, D.C., McArthur, E., Kim, Y., and Redman, R.S., 2009, Symbiotic regulation of plant growth, development and reproduction: Communitative and Integrative Biology, v. 2, no. 2, p. 141-143, https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.7821.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.7821","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":383605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba336e4b08c986b31fc01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, D. Carl","contributorId":31599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carl","affiliations":[{"id":7147,"text":"Wayne State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McArthur, E.D.","contributorId":27274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McArthur","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, Y.-O.","contributorId":47593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Y.-O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Redman, R. S.","contributorId":26094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034582,"text":"70034582 - 2009 - New insights into the hydrostratigraphy of the High Plains aquifer from three-dimensional visualizations based on well records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034582","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into the hydrostratigraphy of the High Plains aquifer from three-dimensional visualizations based on well records","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers in thick sequences of continentally derived heterolithic deposits, such as the High Plains of the North American Great Plains, are difficult to characterize hydrostratigraphically because of their framework complexity and the lack of high-quality subsurface information from drill cores and geophysical logs. However, using a database of carefully evaluated drillers' and sample logs and commercially available visualization software, it is possible to qualitatively characterize these complex frameworks based on the concept of relative permeability. Relative permeability is the permeable fraction of a deposit expressed as a percentage of its total thickness. In this methodology, uncemented coarse and fine sediments are arbitrarily set at relative permeabilities of 100% and 0%, respectively, with allowances made for log entries containing descriptions of mixed lithologies, heterolithic strata, and cementation. To better understand the arrangement of high- and low-permeability domains within the High Plains aquifer, a pilot study was undertaken in southwest Kansas to create three-dimensional visualizations of relative permeability using a database of >3000 logs. Aggregate relative permeability ranges up to 99% with a mean of 51%. Laterally traceable, thick domains of >80% relative permeability embedded within a lower relative permeability matrix strongly suggest that preferred pathways for lateral and vertical water transmission exist within the aquifer. Similarly, domains with relative permeabilities of <45% are traceable laterally over appreciable distances in the sub-surface and probably act as leaky confining layers. This study shows that the aquifer does not consist solely of local, randomly distributed, hydrostratigraphic units, as suggested by previous studies. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/GES00203.1","issn":"1553040X","usgsCitation":"Macfarlane, P.A., 2009, New insights into the hydrostratigraphy of the High Plains aquifer from three-dimensional visualizations based on well records: Geosphere, v. 5, no. 1, p. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00203.1.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487799,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00203.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215889,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00203.1"},{"id":243724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65dce4b0c8380cd72c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034830,"text":"70034830 - 2009 - Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:44:56","indexId":"70034830","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2476,"text":"Journal of Thermal Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake","docAbstract":"1.We examined multiple hypotheses regarding differences in body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake using temperature-sensitive radio telemetry and an information-theoretic analytical approach.2.Giant Gartersnakes selected body temperatures near 30 ??C, and males and females had similar body temperatures most of the year, except during the midsummer gestation period.3.Seasonal differences in the body temperatures of males and females may relate to both the costs associated with thermoregulatory behavior, such as predation, and the benefits associated with maintaining optimal body temperatures, such as successful incubation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Thermal Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2009.01.006","issn":"03064565","usgsCitation":"Wylie, G., Casazza, M.L., Halstead, B., and Gregory, C., 2009, Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake: Journal of Thermal Biology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 183-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2009.01.006.","startPage":"183","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215791,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2009.01.006"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8dade4b08c986b3184cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wylie, G.D.","contributorId":68238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":447839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halstead, B.J.","contributorId":42045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halstead","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gregory, C.J.","contributorId":32487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037489,"text":"70037489 - 2009 - Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037489","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2010,"text":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century","docAbstract":"Hormones coordinate developmental, physiological, and behavioral processes within and between all living organisms. They orchestrate and shape organogenesis from early in development, regulate the acquisition, assimilation, and utilization of nutrients to support growth and metabolism, control gamete production and sexual behavior, mediate organismal responses to environmental change, and allow for communication of information between organisms. Genes that code for hormones; the enzymes that synthesize, metabolize, and transport hormones; and hormone receptors are important targets for natural selection, and variation in their expression and function is a major driving force for the evolution of morphology and life history. Hormones coordinate physiology and behavior of populations of organisms, and thus play key roles in determining the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems. The field of endocrinology is concerned with the study of hormones and their actions. This field is rooted in the comparative study of hormones in diverse species, which has provided the foundation for the modern fields of evolutionary, environmental, and biomedical endocrinology. Comparative endocrinologists work at the cutting edge of the life sciences. They identify new hormones, hormone receptors and mechanisms of hormone action applicable to diverse species, including humans; study the impact of habitat destruction, pollution, and climatic change on populations of organisms; establish novel model systems for studying hormones and their functions; and develop new genetic strains and husbandry practices for efficient production of animal protein. While the model system approach has dominated biomedical research in recent years, and has provided extraordinary insight into many basic cellular and molecular processes, this approach is limited to investigating a small minority of organisms. Animals exhibit tremendous diversity in form and function, life-history strategies, and responses to the environment. A major challenge for life scientists in the 21st century is to understand how a changing environment impacts all life on earth. A full understanding of the capabilities of organisms to respond to environmental variation, and the resilience of organisms challenged by environmental changes and extremes, is necessary for understanding the impact of pollution and climatic change on the viability of populations. Comparative endocrinologists have a key role to play in these efforts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/icb/icp082","issn":"15407063","usgsCitation":"Denver, R., Hopkins, P., McCormick, S., Propper, C., Riddiford, L., Sower, S., and Wingfield, J., 2009, Comparative endocrinology in the 21st century: Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 339-348, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476200,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp082"},{"id":244982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f819e4b0c8380cd4ce99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denver, R.J.","contributorId":51159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, P.M.","contributorId":25828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Propper, C.R.","contributorId":11074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Propper","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riddiford, L.","contributorId":42844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddiford","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sower, S.A.","contributorId":52841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sower","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wingfield, J.C.","contributorId":22929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingfield","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70037455,"text":"70037455 - 2009 - In-Flight performance of MESSENGER's Mercury dual imaging system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037455","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"In-Flight performance of MESSENGER's Mercury dual imaging system","docAbstract":"The Mercury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched in August 2004 and planned for insertion into orbit around Mercury in 2011, has already completed two flybys of the innermost planet. The Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) acquired nearly 2500 images from the first two flybys and viewed portions of Mercury's surface not viewed by Mariner 10 in 1974-1975. Mercury's proximity to the Sun and its slow rotation present challenges to the thermal design for a camera on an orbital mission around Mercury. In addition, strict limitations on spacecraft pointing and the highly elliptical orbit create challenges in attaining coverage at desired geometries and relatively uniform spatial resolution. The instrument designed to meet these challenges consists of dual imagers, a monochrome narrow-angle camera (NAC) with a 1.5?? field of view (FOV) and a multispectral wide-angle camera (WAC) with a 10.5?? FOV, co-aligned on a pivoting platform. The focal-plane electronics of each camera are identical and use a 1024??1024 charge-coupled device detector. The cameras are passively cooled but use diode heat pipes and phase-change-material thermal reservoirs to maintain the thermal configuration during the hot portions of the orbit. Here we present an overview of the instrument design and how the design meets its technical challenges. We also review results from the first two flybys, discuss the quality of MDIS data from the initial periods of data acquisition and how that compares with requirements, and summarize how in-flight tests are being used to improve the quality of the instrument calibration. ?? 2009 SPIE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions XII","conferenceDate":"4 August 2009 through 6 August 2009","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.826370","issn":"0277786X","isbn":"9780819477316","usgsCitation":"Hawkins, S., Murchie, S., Becker, K., Selby, C., Turner, F., Noble, M., Chabot, N., Choo, T., Darlington, E., Denevi, B., Domingue, D., Ernst, C., Holsclaw, G., Laslo, N., Mcclintock, W., Prockter, L., Robinson, M., Solomon, S., and Sterner, R., 2009, In-Flight performance of MESSENGER's Mercury dual imaging system, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 7441, San Diego, CA, 4 August 2009 through 6 August 2009, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826370.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217414,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.826370"},{"id":245360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7441","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39bce4b0c8380cd61a18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawkins, S.E. 0000-0002-1878-9121","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-9121","contributorId":21014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, K.J.","contributorId":88111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Selby, C.M.","contributorId":102303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selby","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Turner, F.S.","contributorId":81344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"F.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Noble, M.W.","contributorId":21383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chabot, N.L.","contributorId":106348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chabot","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Choo, T.H.","contributorId":51126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choo","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Darlington, E.H.","contributorId":64923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darlington","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Denevi, B.W.","contributorId":20559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denevi","given":"B.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Domingue, D.L.","contributorId":96119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domingue","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ernst, C.M.","contributorId":48418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Holsclaw, G.M.","contributorId":27721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holsclaw","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Laslo, N.R.","contributorId":98570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laslo","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Mcclintock, W.E.","contributorId":7113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcclintock","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Prockter, L.M.","contributorId":33149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prockter","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Solomon, S.C.","contributorId":39960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Sterner, R.E.","contributorId":21796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sterner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70037485,"text":"70037485 - 2009 - Seismic analysis of clinoform depositional sequences and shelf-margin trajectories in Lower Cretaceous (Albian) strata, Alaska North Slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T16:33:21","indexId":"70037485","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic analysis of clinoform depositional sequences and shelf-margin trajectories in Lower Cretaceous (Albian) strata, Alaska North Slope","docAbstract":"<p><span>Lower Cretaceous strata beneath the Alaska North Slope include clinoform depositional sequences that filled the western Colville foreland basin and overstepped the Beaufort rift shoulder. Analysis of Albian clinoform sequences with two‐dimensional (2D) seismic data resulted in the recognition of seismic facies inferred to represent lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. These are stacked to produce shelf‐margin trajectories that appear in low‐resolution seismic data to alternate between aggradational and progradational. Higher‐resolution seismic data reveal shelf‐margin trajectories that are more complex, particularly in net‐aggradational areas, where three patterns commonly are observed: (1) a negative (downward) step across the sequence boundary followed by mostly aggradation in the lowstand systems tract (LST), (2) a positive (upward) step across the sequence boundary followed by mostly progradation in the LST and (3) an upward backstep across a mass‐failure décollement. These different shelf‐margin trajectories are interpreted as (1) fall of relative sea level below the shelf edge, (2) fall of relative sea level to above the shelf edge and (3) mass‐failure removal of shelf‐margin sediment. Lowstand shelf margins mapped using these criteria are oriented north–south in the foreland basin, indicating longitudinal filling from west to east. The shelf margins turn westward in the north, where the clinoform depositional system overstepped the rift shoulder, and turn eastward in the south, suggesting progradation of depositional systems from the ancestral Brooks Range into the foredeep. Lowstand shelf‐margin orientations are consistently perpendicular to clinoform‐foreset‐dip directions. Although the Albian clinoform sequences of the Alaska North Slope are generally similar in stratal geometry to clinoform sequences elsewhere, they are significantly thicker. Clinoform‐sequence thickness ranges from 600–1000 m in the north to 1700–2000 m in the south, reflecting increased accommodation from the rift shoulder into the foredeep. The unusually thick clinoform sequences suggest significant subsidence followed by rapid sediment influx.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00392.x","issn":"0950091X","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Bird, K.J., and Schenk, C.J., 2009, Seismic analysis of clinoform depositional sequences and shelf-margin trajectories in Lower Cretaceous (Albian) strata, Alaska North Slope: Basin Research, v. 21, no. 5, p. 644-654, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00392.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"654","ipdsId":"IP-012915","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00392.x"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8aede4b08c986b317481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70045492,"text":"70045492 - 2009 - Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-14T10:25:05","indexId":"70045492","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity","docAbstract":"Management and conservation of aquatic systems require the ability to assess biological conditions and identify changes in biodiversity. Predictive models for fish assemblages were constructed to assess biological condition and changes in biodiversity for streams sampled in the eastern United States as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program. Separate predictive models were developed for northern and southern regions. Reference sites were designated using land cover and local professional judgment. Taxonomic completeness was quantified based on the ratio of the number of observed native fish species expected to occur to the number of expected native fish species. Models for both regions accurately predicted fish species composition at reference sites with relatively high precision and low bias. In general, species that occurred less frequently than expected (decreasers) tended to prefer riffle areas and larger substrates, such as gravel and cobble, whereas increaser species (occurring more frequently than expected) tended to prefer pools, backwater areas, and vegetated and sand substrates. In the north, the percentage of species identified as increasers and the percentage identified as decreasers were equal, whereas in the south nearly two-thirds of the species examined were identified as decreasers. Predictive models of fish species can provide a standardized indicator for consistent assessments of biological condition at varying spatial scales and critical information for an improved understanding of fish species that are potentially at risk of loss with changing water quality conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/T08-132.1","usgsCitation":"Meador, M., and Carlisle, D.M., 2009, Predictive models for fish assemblages in eastern USA streams: implications for assessing biodiversity: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 138, no. 4, p. 725-740, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-132.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-003386","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272208,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T08-132.1"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.00,24.96 ], [ -100.00,48.97 ], [ -66.98,48.97 ], [ -66.98,24.96 ], [ -100.00,24.96 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6c75e4b0b290851048f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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