The Onion River in eastern Wisconsin was studied during the 1979 and 1980 water years to define the relationship between water quality and streamflow. Agricultural nonpoint-source discharges in the lower part of the Onion River are suspected of contributing significantly to degradation of water quality.
\nTwo streamflow water-quality monitoring stations were established on the Onion River, one at Hingham upstream of the affected area, and one near Sheboygan Falls downstream of the affected 272 pounds per square mile upstream of Hingham in the 1979 water year. Part of the high nutrient yields are due to point sources from Belgium Creek, which drains an area of 16.2 square miles. In the 1979 water year, point sources contributed an estimated 16,700 pounds of phosphorus or 45 percent of the total annual load downstream of Hingham, whereas, upstream of Hingham point sources contributed an estimated 2,200 pounds of phosphorus, or 18 percent of the total annual load. At Hingham during base flow, four of five phosphorus concentrations exceeded levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; most concentrations during storm runoff exceeded these levels. At Sheboygan Falls, all phosphorus concentrations at base flow and most storm runoff concentrations also exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency criteria. All samples at both Hingham and Sheboygan Falls contained concentrations of un-ionized ammonia that were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's criteria (0.02 milligrams per liter), except the March 1980 samples. No samples exceeded the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources criteria for un-ionized ammonia (0.04 milligrams per liter). area. Streamflow at Onion River at Hingham ranged from a minimum 7-day mean low flow (Q?) of 8.7 to a maximum discharge of 600 cubic feet per second; at Onion River near Sheboygan Falls streamflow ranged from a Q7 of 13 to a maximum discharge of 2,350 cubic feet per second. Based on discharges at the Sheboygan River at Sheboygan, these discharges ranged from about double the low flow that occurs on the average of once every 2 years, to discharges of between 5-and 10-year recurrence intervals. The average discharges at Hingham in the 1979 and 1980 water were 32.2 and 27.6 cubic feet per second, respectively. At Sheboygan Falls, the average discharges in the 1979 and 1980 water years were 94.2 and 55.2 cubic feet per second, respectively. Based on the average discharge at the Sheboygan River at Sheboygan, the 1979 discharge was 60 percent greater than average, and the 1980 discharge was about 5 percent less than average.
\nPrecipitation in the study area for the 1979 water year was 33.1 inches and for the 1980 water year it was 36.8 inches; these amounts are 3.3 inches and 7.0 inches, respectively, more than average.
\nSuspended-sediment yields and, probably, phosphorus yields were slightly above average for both years because of greater than normal precipitation, and stream discharges that were greater than normal in 1979 and near normal in 1980. Suspended-sediment yields were 79.1 tons per square mile for the 1979 water year and 63.9 tons per square mile for the 1980 water year at Hingham, while downstream of Hingham the yields were 93.5 tons per square mile for the 1979 water year and 84.2 tons per square mile for the 1980 water year. Phosphorus yields were 331 pounds per square mile for the 1979 water year and 317 pounds per square mile for the 1980 water year at Hingham. Downstream of Hingham, the phosphorus yields were 656 pounds per square mile for the 1979 water year and 647 pounds per square mile for the 198Q water year.
\nA population of bottom-dwelling carp resuspends the bottom sediments during its late spring and early summer active period, possibly causing high concentrations of suspended sediment and phosphorus.
\nNutrient yields and loading rates were highest downstream of Hingham. Nonpoint-source contribution of phosphorus amounted to 362 pounds per square mile downstream of Hingham compared to 272 pounds per square mile upstream of Hingham in the 1979 water year.
\nPart of the high nutrient yields are due to point sources from Belgium Creek, which drains an area of 16.2 square miles. In the 1979 water year, point sources contributed an estimated 16,700 pounds of phosphorus or 45 percent of the total annual load downstream of Hingham, whereas, upstream of Hingham point sources contributed an estimated 2,200 pounds of phosphorus, or 18 percent of the total annual load.
\nAt Hingham during base flow, four of five phosphorus concentrations exceeded levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; most concentrations during storm runoff exceeded these levels. At Sheboygan Falls, all phosphorus concentrations at base flow and most storm runoff concentrations also exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency criteria.
\nAll samples at both Hingham and Sheboygan Falls contained concentrations of un-ionized ammonia that were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's criteria (0.02 milligrams per liter), except the March 1980 samples. No samples exceeded the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources criteria for un-ionized ammonia (0.04 milligrams per liter).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., and Lidwin, R., 1984, An assessment of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in Onion River, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4066, vi, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844066.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4066/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Ozaukee County, Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Onion River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.06503295898438,\n 43.7859669617277\n ],\n [\n -88.15704345703124,\n 43.75125720420175\n ],\n [\n -88.08563232421875,\n 43.62762639320158\n ],\n [\n -87.88719177246094,\n 43.55352464927332\n ],\n [\n -87.84393310546875,\n 43.555515149559746\n ],\n [\n -87.8192138671875,\n 43.599289521300825\n ],\n [\n -87.80548095703125,\n 43.65197548731187\n ],\n [\n -87.77114868164062,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -87.76016235351562,\n 43.76018449420188\n ],\n [\n -87.81715393066406,\n 43.80083640601217\n ],\n [\n -87.85903930664062,\n 43.777043519302175\n ],\n [\n -87.98057556152344,\n 43.76365585841392\n ],\n [\n -88.03688049316406,\n 43.77307711737606\n ],\n [\n -88.06503295898438,\n 43.7859669617277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27340,"text":"wri834078 - 1984 - Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri834078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4078","title":"Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions","docAbstract":"A model has been developed for determining the probability of a reservoir being unable to provide a specified downstream water supply. By applying the model with a number of assumed storage capacities, the long-term water supply potential of a stream below a reservoir can be evaluated. Previous methods for determining available water supply from streamflow records using a reservoir storage analysis have met with limited success in semiarid regions. The shortcomings are due to the failure of the methods to account for zero-flow periods and the high day-to-day variability of discharge of many streams. The reservoir storage model presented in this report is designed to account for these streamflow characteristics. Reservoir inflow, outflow, and evaporation are modeled as varying daily, and values of storage probability are adjusted for zero-flow periods. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834078","usgsCitation":"Glover, K.C., 1984, Storage analyses for ephemeral streams in semiarid regions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4078, v, 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834078.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158905,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b42fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glover, K. C.","contributorId":14828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30812,"text":"ofr84500 - 1984 - USGS response plan for volcanic hazards in the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:14","indexId":"ofr84500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-500","title":"USGS response plan for volcanic hazards in the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters area, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr84500","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, USGS response plan for volcanic hazards in the Long Valley Caldera-Mono Craters area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-500, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84500.","productDescription":"14 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0500/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25458,"text":"wri844074_partA - 1984 - Drought-related impacts on municipal and major self-supplied industrial water withdrawals in Tennessee -- Part A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri844074_partA","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4074","title":"Drought-related impacts on municipal and major self-supplied industrial water withdrawals in Tennessee -- Part A","docAbstract":"A state-wide water use survey was conducted of all public water suppliers and large, self-supplied industries in Tennessee. This report contains a summation of the data received from 463 public-water suppliers and 129 self-supplied water users. Analysis of the study results and findings indicate that many communities in Tennessee do experience occasional water supply, quantity-related shortages. A total of 142 problems were reported by 107 of the public water suppliers. However, only 22 of the problems were a result of inadequate source supply. Although only three industries reported a water shortage problem , 20 were identified as having a potential water-supply source problem. West Tennessee was the only section of the state where all communities and industries surveyed reported an adequate water supply. The effects of a drought on the environment--specifically, wetlands, fish wildlife, and recreational-users--are briefly described, although there was no evidence that water withdrawn by communities or industry would directly affect the environment. This study appears to verify the conclusions that an extended drought, although directly affecting the supply to some communities and industries, may actually affect water quality and wastewater treatment more accurately by decreasing the ability of the source to assimilate wastes. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844074_partA","usgsCitation":"Alexander, F.M., Keck, L.A., Conn, L.G., and Wentz, S.J., 1984, Drought-related impacts on municipal and major self-supplied industrial water withdrawals in Tennessee -- Part A (Part A): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4074, 16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844074_partA.","productDescription":"16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri844074A","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_84_4074.jpg"}],"edition":"Part A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Frank M.","contributorId":32949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keck, Lee A.","contributorId":72027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keck","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conn, Lewis G.","contributorId":104530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conn","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wentz, Stanley J.","contributorId":77558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25469,"text":"wri834130 - 1984 - Effects of relocating State Route 151 on the flood profiles of Conotton Creek and its tributaries between Bowerston and Scio, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri834130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4130","title":"Effects of relocating State Route 151 on the flood profiles of Conotton Creek and its tributaries between Bowerston and Scio, Ohio","docAbstract":"The Ohio Department of Transportation proposes to relocate an 8-mile segment of State Route 151 between Bowerston and Scio, Harrison County, Ohio. About 3.1 miles of this relocated highway will be within the flood plain of Conotton Creek or its tributaries. \r\n\r\nWater-surface profiles of the 100-year flood along Conotton Creek before and after the highway relocation are virtually the same between Bowerston and the western corporation limit of Scio. Upstream from that point to the upper end of the study reach, the modified profile would be about 1 foot lower than for existing conditions. Design-flood profiles on the three studied tributaries showed that Dining Fork profiles will be unaffected, Irish Creek profiles will be 0.7 to 0.9 foot lower, and Scott Run profiles will be 0.1 to 0.5 foot lower.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834130","usgsCitation":"Bartlett, W., Krejmas, B., Mayo, R., and Wandle, S.W., 1984, Effects of relocating State Route 151 on the flood profiles of Conotton Creek and its tributaries between Bowerston and Scio, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4130, v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834130.","productDescription":"v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartlett, W.P.","contributorId":76780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlett","given":"W.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krejmas, B. E.","contributorId":88374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krejmas","given":"B. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayo, R.I.","contributorId":58277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wandle, S. W.","contributorId":86789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27205,"text":"wri844037 - 1984 - Evaluation of a hydrograph-shifting method for estimating suspended-sediment loads in Illinois streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri844037","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4037","title":"Evaluation of a hydrograph-shifting method for estimating suspended-sediment loads in Illinois streams","docAbstract":"A hydrograph-shifting method for estimating monthly and annual suspended-sediment loads was applied to suspended-sediment records for 12 streams in Illinois. Transport equations for each station were developed and synthetic sediment-discharge hydrographs were then generated by using these transport equations and records of daily streamflow. Hydrographs were shifted to measured values of daily sediment discharge selected to represent weekly, biweekly, and monthly sampling frequencies. Estimates of monthly suspended-sediment load ranged from 16 to 326 percent of measured values. Estimates of annual suspended-sediment loads ranged from 41 to 136 percent of measured values. (The method provides a reasonable means of estimating annual loads for most sites.) An experiment designed to measure the subjectivity of the method showed it to be more dependent on the particular days selected as control points than on the person applying the method. An evaluation of the effect of the length of record used to develop transport equations was not conclusive. Although standard errors of estimate showed no improvement, the comparison of estimated loads with measured loads showed slight improvement when 1 or 2 years of data were added to the data used to develop transport equations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844037","usgsCitation":"Frost, L., and Mansue, L., 1984, Evaluation of a hydrograph-shifting method for estimating suspended-sediment loads in Illinois streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4037, v, 37 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844037.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, L.R.","contributorId":96675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"L.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mansue, L.J.","contributorId":98328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mansue","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27198,"text":"wri834162 - 1984 - Quality of water, Quillayute River basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri834162","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4162","title":"Quality of water, Quillayute River basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Groundwater in Quillayute River basin is generally of the calcium bicarbonate type, although water from some wells is affected by seawater intrusion and is predominantly of the sodium chloride type. The water is generally of excellent quality for most uses. River-water quality was generally excellent, as evaluated against Washington State water-use and water-quality criteria. Fecal coliform concentrations in all major tributaries met State water-quality criteria; water temperatures occasionally exceeded criteria maximum during periods of warm weather and low streamflow. Nutrient concentrations were generally low to very low. The four largest lakes in the basin were temperature-stratified in summer and one had an algal bloom. The Quillayute estuary had salt-wedge mixing characteristics; pollutants entering the salt wedge tended to spread to the toe of the wedge. Upwelling ocean water was the major cause of the low dissolved-oxygen concentrations observed in the estuary; ammonia concentrations in the estuary, however, were increased by the upwelling ocean waters. As in the rivers, total-coliform bacteria concentrations in the estuary were greater than fecal-coliform concentrations, indicating that many of the bacteria were of nonfecal origin and probably originated from soils. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834162","usgsCitation":"Fretwell, M.O., 1984, Quality of water, Quillayute River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4162, viii, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834162.","productDescription":"viii, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a63e4b07f02db6370bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fretwell, M. O.","contributorId":50518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fretwell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25531,"text":"wri844054 - 1984 - Geohydrology, aqueous geochemistry, and thermal regime of the Soda Lakes and Upsal Hogback geothermal systems, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri844054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4054","title":"Geohydrology, aqueous geochemistry, and thermal regime of the Soda Lakes and Upsal Hogback geothermal systems, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A flow-routing model of the upper Schoharie Creek basin, New York, was developed and used to simulate high flows at the inlet of the Blenheim-Gilboa Reservoir. The flows from Schoharie Creek at Prattsville, the primary source of flow data in the basin, and tributary flows from the six minor basins downstream, are combined and routed along the 9.7 mile reach of the Schoharie Creek between Prattsville and the reservoir inlet. Data from five historic floods were used for model calibration and four for verification. The accuracy of the model as measured by the difference between simulated and observed total flow volumes, is within 14 percent. Results indicate that inflows to the Blenheim-Gilboa Reservoir can be predicted approximately 2 hours in advance. One of the historical floods was chosen for additional model testing to assess a hypothetical real-time model application. Total flow-volume errors ranged from 30.2 percent to -9.2 percent. Alternative methods of obtaining hydrologic data for model input are presented for use in the event that standard forms of hydrologic data are unavailable. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844054","usgsCitation":"Olmsted, F.H., Welch, A., Van Denburgh, A.S., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1984, Geohydrology, aqueous geochemistry, and thermal regime of the Soda Lakes and Upsal Hogback geothermal systems, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4054, xiv, 166 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844054.","productDescription":"xiv, 166 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110164,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35951.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"35951"},{"id":121804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54251,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4054/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54252,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4054/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54253,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Denburgh, A. S.","contributorId":23928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Denburgh","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25728,"text":"wri844011 - 1984 - Quality and quantity of runoff and atmospheric deposition in urban areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-81","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T17:33:27.68156","indexId":"wri844011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4011","title":"Quality and quantity of runoff and atmospheric deposition in urban areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-81","docAbstract":"Water of good quality from mountain streams is degraded as it moves through urban areas to the Jordan River in Salt Lake County, Utah. The impact of urban runoff and atmospheric deposition on the quality of water in those streams and in storm conduits and canals functioning as storm drains was evaluated using data collected during 1980-81. Atmospheric-wetfall loads for an average storm were as much as 10 pounds per acre for total solids, but the dissolved trace metals were generally present in insignificant quantities. Wetfall-deposition loads generally were greater than storm-runoff loads, indicating that a large quantity of the wetfall load remained as soil deposits. Acid rain fell in more than one-half of the storms sampled, most commonly in September and October. Dustfall concentrations reflected the composition of local soils, particularly with regard to iron, manganese, and chromium; but concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and chloride were considerably enriched. Monthly loads of dryfall solids reached a maximum of 62 pounds per acre in the Little Cottonwood Creek urban basin, but were of the same magnitude as total storm loads for a heavy rainfall. Urban runoff represented about 38 percent of the discharge in three canals. The water in the canals was poorer in quality than the water in the mountain streams. The impact of the canal discharges to the streams is slight, however, owing to their ' relatively small amounts. ' Concentrations of sediment, suspended solids, suspended trace metals, phosphorus, and oxygen-demanding substances were much greater during storm runoff than under base-flow conditions. This report contains data for basin and storm characteristics and water-quality information for atmospheric deposition and urban runoff. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844011","collaboration":"Prepared In cooperation with the Salt Lake County Division of Flood Control and Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Christensen, R., Stephens, D.W., Pyper, G., McCormack, H., and Weigel, J.F., 1984, Quality and quantity of runoff and atmospheric deposition in urban areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-81: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4011, Report: viii, 223 p.; 1 Plate: 25.97 x 20.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844011.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 223 p.; 1 Plate: 25.97 x 20.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492652,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"47\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Utah\",\"nation\":\"USA \"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.181196,36.999271],[-109.233848,36.999266],[-109.246917,36.999346],[-109.26339,36.999263],[-109.268213,36.999242],[-109.270097,36.999266],[-109.378039,36.999135],[-109.381226,36.999148],[-109.495338,36.999105],[-109.625668,36.998308],[-109.875673,36.998504],[-110.000677,36.997968],[-110.000876,36.998502],[-110.021778,36.998602],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.490908,37.003566],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-110.599512,37.003448],[-110.625605,37.003416],[-110.62569,37.003721],[-110.75069,37.003197],[-111.066496,37.002389],[-111.133718,37.000779],[-111.254853,37.001077],[-111.278286,37.000465],[-111.405517,37.001497],[-111.405869,37.001481],[-111.412784,37.001478],[-112.35769,37.001025],[-112.368946,37.001125],[-112.534545,37.000684],[-112.538593,37.000674],[-112.540368,37.000669],[-112.545094,37.000734],[-112.558974,37.000692],[-112.609787,37.000753],[-112.899366,37.000319],[-112.966471,37.000219],[-113.965907,36.999976],[-113.965907,37.000025],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.043505,40.726292],[-114.043831,40.758666],[-114.043803,40.759205],[-114.043176,40.771675],[-114.042145,40.999926],[-114.041447,41.207752],[-114.042553,41.210923],[-114.041396,41.219958],[-114.040231,41.49169],[-114.040942,41.499921],[-114.040437,41.615377],[-114.039968,41.62492],[-114.039901,41.753781],[-114.041152,41.850595],[-114.041107,41.850573],[-114.039648,41.884816],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-113.993903,41.992698],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-113.822163,41.988479],[-113.796082,41.989104],[-113.76453,41.989459],[-113.500837,41.992799],[-113.496548,41.993305],[-113.431563,41.993799],[-113.40223,41.994161],[-113.396497,41.99425],[-113.357611,41.993859],[-113.340072,41.994747],[-113.250829,41.99561],[-113.249159,41.996203],[-113.000821,41.998223],[-113.00082,41.998223],[-112.979218,41.998263],[-112.909587,41.998791],[-112.882367,41.998922],[-112.880619,41.998921],[-112.833125,41.999345],[-112.833084,41.999305],[-112.788542,41.999681],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-112.648019,42.000307],[-112.450814,42.000953],[-112.450567,42.001092],[-112.38617,42.001126],[-112.264936,42.000991],[-112.239107,42.001217],[-112.192976,42.001167],[-112.173352,41.996568],[-112.163956,41.996708],[-112.109532,41.997598],[-112.01218,41.99835],[-111.915837,41.998519],[-111.915622,41.998496],[-111.876491,41.998528],[-111.750778,41.99933],[-111.507264,41.999518],[-111.471381,41.999739],[-111.425535,42.00084],[-111.420898,42.000793],[-111.415873,42.000748],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046551,41.251716]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655310","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, R.C.","contributorId":56670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pyper, G. E.","contributorId":35337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyper","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCormack, H.F.","contributorId":93453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weigel, J. F.","contributorId":74394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":27159,"text":"wri844233 - 1984 - Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri844233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4233","title":"Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida","docAbstract":"Techniques are provided for estimating runoff magnitudes for urban-flow streams in Leon County, Florida, for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years. Synthetic runoff volumes were generated by using a calibrated lumped-parameter rainfall-runoff model, pan evaporation data from Milton, Florida, and long-term unit rainfall records from Thomasville-Coolidge, Georgia, and Pensacola, Florida. The synthetic runoff volumes were used to develop station runoff-frequency relations which were used in multiple linear regression analyses to derive regional equations relating runoff to basin characteristics. The significant basin characteristic was impervious area. The average standard error of regression was + or - 16 percent for all recurrence intervals except the 2-year, + or - 18 percent and the 500-year + or - 17 percent. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844233","usgsCitation":"Franklin, M., 1984, Magnitude and frequency of flood volumes for urban watersheds in Leon County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4233, iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844233.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, M.A.","contributorId":13631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43118,"text":"ofr84538 - 1984 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Crystal City, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:01","indexId":"ofr84538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-538","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Crystal City, Texas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84538","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Crystal City, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-538, maps :photocopy ;45 x 67 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84538.","productDescription":"maps :photocopy ;45 x 67 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b153f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42059,"text":"ofr84666 - 1984 - Aeromagnetic map of the Craig area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:02","indexId":"ofr84666","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-666","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Craig area, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84666","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Aeromagnetic map of the Craig area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-666, 3 maps :photocopy ;70 x 64 cm. and smaller, on sheets 92 x 90 cm. and 46 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84666.","productDescription":"3 maps :photocopy ;70 x 64 cm. and smaller, on sheets 92 x 90 cm. and 46 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79808,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0666/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79809,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0666/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79807,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0666/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696c24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43089,"text":"ofr84529 - 1984 - Land use series, Preston, Idaho; Wyoming; Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr84529","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-529","title":"Land use series, Preston, Idaho; Wyoming; Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr84529","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Land use series, Preston, Idaho; Wyoming; Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-529, Maps :photocopy ;45 x 73 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84529.","productDescription":"Maps :photocopy ;45 x 73 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,42 ], [ -112,43 ], [ -110,43 ], [ -110,42 ], [ -112,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27053,"text":"wri834193 - 1984 - Chemical quality of landfill leachate in treatment ponds and migration of leachate in the surficial aquifer, Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri834193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4193","title":"Chemical quality of landfill leachate in treatment ponds and migration of leachate in the surficial aquifer, Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"The Pinellas County leachate treatment and disposal site encompasses about 8 acres within the 220 acres of the county 's Bridgeway Acres landfill. The site has a high water table and is subject to inundation due to tidal flooding and major storms. Fresh leachate is pumped from V-shaped trenches an average of about 3.8 hours per day. The pumping rate ranges from 150 to 500 gallons per minute. The leachate is aerated for about 2 days in a lined basin, then transferred by gravity to a stabilization pond where it is permitted to infiltrate into the surficial aquifer. Two chemical constituents, ammonia nitrogen and potassium, were used as indicators of migration of the leachate in the aquifer. No apparent nitrification occurred within the treatment system. Leachate has migrated from about 75 to 80 feet along the upper 5 feet of the aquifer during the period of study. Vertical migration was about 4 feet beneath the bottom of the pond into the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/wri834193","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, M., and Barr, G., 1984, Chemical quality of landfill leachate in treatment ponds and migration of leachate in the surficial aquifer, Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4193, v, 57 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834193.","productDescription":"v, 57 p. :ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55929,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e37de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Mario Jr.","contributorId":77155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Mario","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barr, G. L.","contributorId":22312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27101,"text":"wri834164 - 1984 - Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T19:57:45.66881","indexId":"wri834164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4164","title":"Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981","docAbstract":"Water samples were analyzed for 42 chemical constituents to determine the water quality of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania from April 1, 1980, to March 31, 1981. The investigation was part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Chesapeake Bay Program's Fall Line Monitoring Project to provide information on the Susquehanna River's freshwater input to the Chesapeake Bay. \r\n\r\nStreamflow and sediment discharge at Harrisburg during the study were 77 and 72 percent, respectively, of the average annual discharges. Precipitation was 16 percent lower than normal. Streamflow for February 1981 was 140 percent higher than the average monthly flow and transported 61 percent of the total annual sediment discharge. \r\n\r\nApproximately 2,300,000 tons of suspended sediment and 2,990,000 tons of dissolved solids were transported during the study. About 76 percent of the 42,000-ton nitrogen load was dissolved. Nearly 84 percent of the 2,930-ton phosphorus load and 95 percent of the 111,000-ton iron, aluminum and manganese loads were associated with suspended sediment. \r\n\r\nThe herbicides atrazine and 2,4-Dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were the only pesticides measured in significant concentrations during the study period. Concentrations of 2,4-D varies throughout the year, and atrazine varied mostly during the spring and summer. Seasonal variations for other constituent concentrations and loads were directly related to streamflow. \r\n\r\nThe concentrations of many constituents varies with distance along the sampling cross-section. Maximum concentrations of suspended sediment differed between the east and west channels and fluctuated from one channel to the other. Specific conductance, dissolved nutrients, and dissolved major ions were consistently higher along the east and west banks. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in the vertical section closest to the west bank of the river. \r\n\r\nDiel variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance recorded for the period 1974 through 1978 were greatest during the months of June, July, August, and September. However, no trends in the amount of daily variation were determined for the five years of data. Regular diel variation patterns were observed for water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH for all streamflow conditions except peak flow and ice melt conditions. Specific conductance showed no regular diel variation, and was inversely related to streamflow. All four constituents were greatly influenced for short durations by melting ice.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834164","usgsCitation":"Fishel, D.K., 1984, Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4164, vii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834164.","productDescription":"vii, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":409604,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35816.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Harrisburg","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.37109573401304\n ],\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.13768753069422\n ],\n [\n -76.74337760794909,\n 40.13768753069422\n ],\n [\n -76.74337760794909,\n 40.37109573401304\n ],\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.37109573401304\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e8e4b07f02db5e8f5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, David K.","contributorId":34967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27054,"text":"wri834182 - 1984 - Evaluation of future base-flow water-quality conditions in the Hillsborough River, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri834182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4182","title":"Evaluation of future base-flow water-quality conditions in the Hillsborough River, Florida","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, steady-state, water-quality model was developed for a 30.0 mile reach of the Hillsborough River to evaluate water-quality conditions to be expected from future development. The model was calibrated and verified using data collected under critical base-flow conditions in April and December 1978. Dissolved organic nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total and fecal coliforms were modeled for most of the study reach. Model results were used to evaluate the impacts of two typical housing developments on water-quality conditions in Tampa Reservoir. One development is located in the Cypress Creek basin and the other near the upper end of the study reach. Model results show development in the Hillsborough River basin may cause increased total and fecal coliform conditions. Simulated total coliforms at the Tampa water treatment plant for 1-, 3-, and 5-square-mile developments located in the Cypress Creek basin were 3,000, 5,400, and 8,300 colonies per 100 milliliters. Similar developments, however, located near the upper end of the study reach were 2,000, 3,600, and 5,100 colonies per 100 milliliters. Simulated fecal coliforms were 360, 700, and 100 and 180, 350, and 510 colonies per 100 milliliters, respectively. Other constituents modeled showed only minor increases in concentrations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834182","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, M., Goetz, C.L., and Miller, J., 1984, Evaluation of future base-flow water-quality conditions in the Hillsborough River, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4182, iv, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834182.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55930,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fadd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Mario Jr.","contributorId":77155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Mario","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goetz, C. L.","contributorId":55845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J.E.","contributorId":63058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26150,"text":"wri844280 - 1984 - Impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on the 500-year flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T22:54:44.770483","indexId":"wri844280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4280","title":"Impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on the 500-year flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite-element surface water flow modeling system based on the shallow water equations was used to study the hydraulic impact of the proposed Interstate crossing on the 500-year flood. Infrared aerial photography was used to define regions of homogeneous roughness in the flood plain. Finite-element networks approximating flood plain topography were designed using elements of three roughness types. High water marks established during an 8-year flood that occurred in October 1976 were used to calibrate the model. The 500-year flood (630,000 cu ft/sec) was simulated using the dike on the left bank as the left boundary and the right edge of the flood plain as the right boundary. Simulations were performed without and with the proposed highway embankments in place. Detailed information was obtained about backwater effects upstream from the proposed highway embankments, changes in flow distribution resulting from embankments, and velocities in the vicinity of the bridge openings. The results of the study indicate that the four bridge openings in the right flood plain should be adequate to handle the 500-yr flood flow. Forty percent of the flow passes through the main channel bridge, while the remaining 60% of the flow passes through the three overflow bridges. Average velocities in the bridge openings ranged from 3.4 ft/sec to 6.9 ft/sec with a maximum vertically averaged velocity of 9.3 ft/sec occurring at the right edge of one of the overflow bridges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844280","usgsCitation":"Bennett, C., 1984, Impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on the 500-year flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4280, Report: iv, 23 p.; 3 Plates: 32.00 x 34.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844280.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; 3 Plates: 32.00 x 34.86 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411819,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36123.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54945,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4280/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54946,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4280/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54947,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54944,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4280/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4280/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Congaree River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.059,\n 33.974\n ],\n [\n -81.059,\n 33.891\n ],\n [\n -80.966,\n 33.891\n ],\n [\n -80.966,\n 33.974\n ],\n [\n -81.059,\n 33.974\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, C.S.","contributorId":13273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26141,"text":"wri834122A - 1984 - Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri834122A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4122","chapter":"A","title":"Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834122A","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Gates, J.S., and Stark, J., 1984, Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4122, 13 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834122A.","productDescription":"13 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4122a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54937,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4122a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gates, J. S.","contributorId":99553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26140,"text":"wri834116A - 1984 - Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri834116A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4116","chapter":"A","title":"Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834116A","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Langer, W.H., and Moyle, W., 1984, Maps showing ground-water units and withdrawal, Basin and Range Province, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4116, 6 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834116A.","productDescription":"6 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54935,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54936,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moyle, W. R.","contributorId":27421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"W. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}