The flow structure in the developing region of a turbulent jet has been examined using particle image velocimetry methods, considering the flow at steady state conditions. The velocity fields were integrated to determine the ratio of the entrained air speed to the jet speed, which was approximately 0.03 for a range of Mach numbers up to 0.89 and Reynolds numbers up to 217,000. This range of experimental Mach and Reynolds numbers is higher than previously considered for high-accuracy entrainment measures, particularly in the near-vent region. The entrainment values are below those commonly used for geophysical analyses of volcanic plumes, suggesting that existing 1-D models are likely to understate the tendency for column collapse.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Solovitz, S.A., and Mastin, L.G., 2009, Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298.","productDescription":"B10203; 9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010659","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de7e4b0c8380cd53248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solovitz, Stephen A.","contributorId":21434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solovitz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037073,"text":"70037073 - 2009 - Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037073","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","docAbstract":"Research on grazing effects usually compares the same sites through time or grazed and ungrazed sites over the same time period. Both approaches are complicated in arid environments where grazing can have a long undocumented history and landscapes can be spatially heterogenous. This work employs both approaches simultaneously by comparing grazed and ungrazed samples through both time and space using fossil plant macrofossils and pollen from packrat middens. A series of 27 middens, spanning from 995 yr BP to the present, were collected from Glen Canyon in southeastern Utah, USA. These middens detail vegetation change just prior to, and following, the historical introduction of domesticated grazers and also compares assemblages from nearby ungrazable mesas. Pre-grazing middens, and modern middens from ungrazed areas, record more native grasses, native herbs, and native shrubs such as Rhus trilobata, Amelanchier utahensis, and Shepherdia rotundifolia than modern middens from grazed areas. Ordinations demonstrate that site-to-site variability is more important than any temporal changes, making selection of comparable grazed versus ungrazed study treatments difficult. But within similar sites, the changes through time show that grazing lowered the number of taxa recorded, and lessened the pre-existing site differences, homogenizing the resultant plant associations in this desert grassland.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Fisher, J., Cole, K., and Anderson, R., 2009, Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 10, p. 937-948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006.","startPage":"937","endPage":"948","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006"},{"id":245337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc08de4b08c986b32a1b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, J.","contributorId":37160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194818,"text":"70194818 - 2009 - Population trends of native Hawaiian forest birds, 1976–2008: the data and statistical analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T14:17:03","indexId":"70194818","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-TR012","title":"Population trends of native Hawaiian forest birds, 1976–2008: the data and statistical analyses","docAbstract":"The Hawaii Forest Bird Interagency Database Project has produced a centralized database of forest bird survey data collected in Hawai`i since the mid-1970s. The database contains over 1.1 million bird observation records of 90 species from almost 600 surveys on the main Hawaiian Islands—a dataset including nearly all surveys from that period. The primary objective has been to determine the status and trends of native Hawaiian forest birds derived from this comprehensive dataset.
We generated species-specific density estimates from each survey and tested for changes in population densities over the longest possible temporal period. Although this cumulative data set seems enormous and represents the best available information on status of Hawaiian forest birds, detecting meaningful population distribution, density, and trends for forest birds in Hawai`i has been difficult. These population parameters are best derived from long-term, large-scale, standardized monitoring programs. The basis for long-term population monitoring in Hawai`i was established by the Hawaii Forest Bird Survey of 1976-1983 (Scott et al. 1986). Since then, however, only key areas have been resurveyed, primarily to monitor rare species. The majority of surveys since the early 1980s have been conducted by numerous, independent programs, resulting in some inconsistencies in methodology and sampling that in some cases has been intermittent and usually at limited scale (temporally or spatially). Thus, despite the consolidation of data into a centralized database, our understanding of population patterns is rather limited, especially at the regional and landscape scales. To rectify their deficiency, we present a framework to improve the understanding of forest bird trends in Hawai`i through an overarching monitoring design that allocates sampling at appropriate regional and temporal scales.
Despite the limitations of the current monitoring effort, important generalities stand out vividly from the multiplicity of species-specific trends. Overall, in marginal habitats the Hawaiian passerine fauna continues to decline, with populations of most species shrinking in size and distribution. Since the early 1980s, 10 species that were rare at the time may now be extinct, although one, the `Alalā (Corvus hawaiiensis), survives in captivity. Dedicated search effort for the remaining nine species has been inadequate. Of the 22 species remaining, eight have declined, five appear to be stable, two are increasing, and the trend for seven species is unclear. On the bright side, native passerines, including endangered species, appear to be stable or increasing in areas with large tracts of native forest above 1,500 m elevation, even while decreasing in more fragmented or disturbed habitats, particularly at lower elevation. For example, all eight native species resident at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge have shown stable trends or significant increases in density over the long-term. Thus, native birds are ever more restricted to high-elevation forest and woodland refugia. It is these upland habitats that require sustained and all-out restoration to prevent further extinctions of Hawaiian forest birds.
A numerical representation that explicitly represents the generalized three-dimensional anisotropy of folded fractured-sedimentary rocks in a groundwater model best reproduces the salient features of the flow system in the Shenandoah Valley, USA. This conclusion results from a comparison of four alternative representations of anisotropy in which the hydraulic-conductivity tensor represents the bedrock structure as (model A) anisotropic with variable strikes and dips, (model B) horizontally anisotropic with a uniform strike, (model C) horizontally anisotropic with variable strikes, and (model D) isotropic. Simulations using the US Geological Survey groundwater flow and transport model SUTRA are based on a representation of hydraulic conductivity that conforms to bedding planes in a three-dimensional structural model of the valley that duplicates the pattern of folded sedimentary rocks. In the most general representation, (model A), the directions of maximum and medium hydraulic conductivity conform to the strike and dip of bedding, respectively, while the minimum hydraulic-conductivity direction is perpendicular to bedding. Model A produced a physically realistic flow system that reflects the underlying bedrock structure, with a flow field that is significantly different from those produced by the other three models.
Recent changes in the landscape of scientific publishing prompted the Publications Overview Committee of the American Fisheries Society (AFS) to review the Society's portfolio of scientific journals. We evaluated journals based on metrics in two categories: (1) citation-based measures of the influence of a journal on the scientific literature, and (2) measures of the cost-effectiveness of a journal (citation rate adjusted for subscription cost). Over the long-term, we found that ecology journals had far stronger citation-based influence than fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, and that journals publishing primarily basic research had stronger influence than journals publishing applied research (including four AFS journals and Fisheries magazine). In evaluating the current status of fisheries and aquatic sciences journals, we found that metrics of influence and cost-effectiveness provided considerably different portrayals of journals relative to their peers. In terms of citation-based influence, we found that the AFS journal Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (TAFS) and Fisheries magazine were competitive with highly regarded peer fisheries journals, but that North American Journal of Aquaculture (NAJA) and Journal of Aquatic Animal Health (JAAH) were less influential than their peers. The citation-based influence of North American Journal of Fisheries Management (NAJFM) was intermediate between TAFS/Fisheries and NAJA/JAAH. For journals like NAJFM and NAJA, we expect that much of the scientific influence on policy and management is not captured by citations in the primary literature, and alternative methods of evaluation may be needed. All of the AFS journals ranked highly with regard to cost-effectiveness because their subscription costs are low, and these rankings are in accordance with membership needs and the strategic mission of AFS to provide broad and timely dissemination of scientific information. We conclude by suggesting ways to increase the influence of AFS journals without compromising their accessibility and affordability, and offer advice about methods and frequency for future journal evaluations.
","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446-34.12.598","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Hewitt, D.A., Link, J.S., Steinich, D.R., Wahl, D., and Mather, M.E., 2009, Maintaining the competitiveness of the American Fisheries Society journals: An assessment based on influence and cost-effectiveness: Fisheries, v. 34, no. 12, p. 598-606, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-34.12.598.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"598","endPage":"606","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4bfce4b0c8380cd6990d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hewitt, David A. 0000-0002-5387-0275 dhewitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5387-0275","contributorId":3767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"David","email":"dhewitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, Jason S.","contributorId":32379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinich, Dave R. drsteini@usgs.gov","contributorId":249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinich","given":"Dave","email":"drsteini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":459259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wahl, David H.","contributorId":85532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mather, Martha E. 0000-0003-3027-0215 mather@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-0215","contributorId":2580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"Martha","email":"mather@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037002,"text":"70037002 - 2009 - Multiscale habitat selection by Ruffed Grouse at low population densities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037002","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale habitat selection by Ruffed Grouse at low population densities","docAbstract":"Theory suggests habitats should be chosen according to their relative evolutionary benefits and costs. It has been hypothesized that aspen (Populus spp.) forests provide optimal habitat for Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). We used the low phase of a grouse population's cycle to assess the prediction that grouse should occupy aspen and avoid other forest types at low population density because of the presumptive fitness benefits of aspen. On the basis of our observations, we predict how the Ruffed Grouse population will increase in different forest types during the next cycle. In conifer (Pinus spp., Abies balsamea, Picea spp.)-dominated and mixed aspen-conifer landscapes, grouse densities were highest where forest types were evenly distributed. Within these landscapes, male Ruffed Grouse selected young aspen stands that were large and round or square. Although Ruffed Grouse selected young aspen stands strongly, contrary to prediction, they also used other forest types even when young aspen stands remained unoccupied. The relative densities of Ruffed Grouse in aspen and conifer forests indicated that the aspen forest's carrying capacities for grouse was higher than the conifer forest's at least during the low and declining phases of the grouse's cycle. On the basis of our observations, we predict that Ruffed Grouse populations in aspen-dominated landscapes will have higher population densities and fluctuate more than will populations in conifer-dominated landscapes. We suggest that studies of avian habitat selection would benefit from knowledge about the relative densities among habitats at differing population sizes because this information could provide insight into the role of habitat in regulating populations and clarify inferences from studies about habitat quality for birds. ?? 2009 by The Cooper Ornithological Society. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1525/cond.2009.080036","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, G., Gutierrez, R.J., Thogmartin, W., and Banerjee, S., 2009, Multiscale habitat selection by Ruffed Grouse at low population densities: Condor, v. 111, no. 2, p. 294-304, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080036.","startPage":"294","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476195,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217186,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080036"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6097e4b0c8380cd7156f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, G.S.","contributorId":16126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutierrez, R. J.","contributorId":7647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thogmartin, W.E. 0000-0002-2384-4279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":26392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"W.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banerjee, S.","contributorId":74606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banerjee","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037015,"text":"70037015 - 2009 - Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T14:50:00","indexId":"70037015","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey","docAbstract":"The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) below the Sea of Marmara forms a “seismic gap” where a major earthquake is expected to occur in the near future. This segment of the fault lies between the 1912 Ganos and 1999 İzmit ruptures and is the only NAFZ segment that has not ruptured since 1766. To monitor the microseismic activity at the main fault branch offshore of Istanbul below the Çınarcık Basin, a permanent seismic array (PIRES) was installed on the two outermost Prince Islands, Yassiada and Sivriada, at a few kilometers distance to the fault. In addition, a temporary network of ocean bottom seismometers was deployed throughout the Çınarcık Basin. Slowness vectors are determined combining waveform cross correlation and P wave polarization. We jointly invert azimuth and traveltime observations for hypocenter determination and apply a bootstrap resampling technique to quantify the location precision. We observe seismicity rates of 20 events per month for M < 2.5 along the basin. The spatial distribution of hypocenters suggests that the two major fault branches bounding the depocenter below the Çınarcık Basin merge to one single master fault below ∼17 km depth. On the basis of a cross-correlation technique we group closely spaced earthquakes and determine composite focal mechanisms implementing recordings of surrounding permanent land stations. Fault plane solutions have a predominant right-lateral strike-slip mechanism, indicating that normal faulting along this part of the NAFZ plays a minor role. Toward the west we observe increasing components of thrust faulting. This supports the model of NW trending, dextral strike-slip motion along the northern and main branch of the NAFZ below the eastern Sea of Marmara.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006244","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bulut, F., Bohnhoff, M., Ellsworth, W.L., Aktar, M., and Dresen, G., 2009, Microseismicity at the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara offshore Istanbul, NW Turkey: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006244.","productDescription":"B09302: 16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476287,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006244"},{"id":245334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Turkey","city":"Istanbul","otherGeospatial":"Sea Of Marmara","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 25.5,39.25 ], [ 25.5,41.5 ], [ 41.0,41.5 ], [ 41.0,39.25 ], [ 25.5,39.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"114","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a9e4b0c8380cd6d729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bulut, Fatih","contributorId":64921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bulut","given":"Fatih","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohnhoff, Marco","contributorId":102718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohnhoff","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aktar, Mustafa","contributorId":94529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aktar","given":"Mustafa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dresen, Georg","contributorId":103500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dresen","given":"Georg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036861,"text":"70036861 - 2009 - Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-25T10:41:32","indexId":"70036861","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements","docAbstract":"The Long Valley caldera (California) formed ~760,000 yr ago following the massive eruption of the Bishop Tuff. Postcaldera volcanism in the Long Valley volcanic field includes lava domes as young as 650 yr. The recent geological unrest is characterized by uplift of the resurgent dome in the central section of the caldera (75 cm in the past 33 yr) and earthquake activity followed by periods of relative quiescence. Since the spring of 1998, the caldera has been in a state of low activity. The cause of unrest is still debated, and hypotheses range from hybrid sources (e.g., magma with a high percentage of volatiles) to hydrothermal fluid intrusion. Here, we present observations of surface deformation in the Long Valley region based on differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), leveling, global positioning system (GPS), two-color electronic distance meter (EDM), and microgravity data. Thanks to the joint application of InSAR and microgravity data, we are able to unambiguously determine that magma is the cause of unrest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G25318A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Tizzani, P., Battaglia, M., Zeni, G., Atzori, S., Berardino, P., and Lanari, R., 2009, Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements: Geology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 63-66, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25318A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217686,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G25318A.1"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.12063598632811,\n 37.505368263398104\n ],\n [\n -119.12063598632811,\n 37.9447389942697\n ],\n [\n -118.60290527343749,\n 37.9447389942697\n ],\n [\n -118.60290527343749,\n 37.505368263398104\n ],\n [\n -119.12063598632811,\n 37.505368263398104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd25e4b08c986b328ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tizzani, Pietro","contributorId":106729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tizzani","given":"Pietro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglia, Maurizio","contributorId":32602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglia","given":"Maurizio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeni, Giovanni","contributorId":69824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zeni","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atzori, Simone","contributorId":36784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atzori","given":"Simone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berardino, Paolo","contributorId":71805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berardino","given":"Paolo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lanari, Riccardo","contributorId":40448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lanari","given":"Riccardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036892,"text":"70036892 - 2009 - Testing the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis: Evidence from Paleoproterozoic igneous rocks and deformed Mesozoic strata in Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036892","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis: Evidence from Paleoproterozoic igneous rocks and deformed Mesozoic strata in Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"U-Pb ages and Nd isotope values of Proterozoic rocks in Sonora, Mexico, indicate the presence of Caborca-type basement, predicted to lie only south of the Mojave-Sonora mega-shear, 40 km north of the postulated megashear. Granitoids have U-Pb zircon ages of 1763-1737 Ma and 1076 Ma, with ??Nd(t) values from +1.4 to -4.3, typical of the Caborca block. Lower Jurassic strata near the Proterozoic rocks contain large granitic clasts with U-Pb ages and ??Nd(t) values indistinguishable from those of Caborcan basement. Caborca-type basement was thus present at this location north of the megashear by 190 Ma, the depositional age of the Jurassic strata. The Proterozoic rocks are interpreted as parautochthonous, exhumed and juxtaposed against the Mesozoic section by a reverse fault that formed a footwall shortcut across a Jurassic normal fault. Geochronology, isotope geochemistry, and structural geology are therefore inconsistent with Late Jurassic megashear displacement and require either that no major transcurrent structure is present in Sonora or that strike-slip displacement occurred prior to Early Jurassic time. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G25240A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Amato, J., Lawton, T., Mauel, D., Leggett, W., Gonzalez-Leon, C.M., Farmer, G.L., and Wooden, J.L., 2009, Testing the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis: Evidence from Paleoproterozoic igneous rocks and deformed Mesozoic strata in Sonora, Mexico: Geology, v. 37, no. 1, p. 75-78, https://doi.org/10.1130/G25240A.1.","startPage":"75","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217720,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G25240A.1"},{"id":245681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5d0e4b08c986b320cd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amato, J.M.","contributorId":63214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amato","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawton, T.F.","contributorId":28841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawton","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mauel, D.J.","contributorId":37577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauel","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leggett, W.J.","contributorId":66099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggett","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez-Leon, C. M.","contributorId":20192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez-Leon","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036891,"text":"70036891 - 2009 - Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:24:22","indexId":"70036891","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards","docAbstract":"California's widespread and economically important vineyards offer substantial opportunities to understand the interface between hydrology and biogeochemistry in agricultural soils. The common use of native sulfur (S) as a fumigant or soil additive provides a novel way to isotopically differentiate among sulfate (SO42−) pools, allowing the estimation of water and SO42− budgets. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the near‐surface hydrological flow paths in a vineyard during irrigation and storm events and (2) to determine how those flow paths affect the fate and transport of SO42− across seasons. Integrating hydrological theory with measurements of SO42−concentration and sulfate‐S isotopic ratios (expressed as [SO42−] and δ34S, respectively) in inputs, soil water, and leachate provided a means of determining flow paths. Low [SO42−] and δ34S in leachate during 4‐h irrigation events reflect minimal engagement of the soil matrix, indicating that preferential flow was the dominant path for water in the near surface. In contrast, high [SO42−] and δ34S values during 8‐h irrigation and storm events reflect near‐complete engagement of the soil matrix, indicating that lateral flow was the dominant pathway. Because hydrologic response and SO42− mobility are tightly coupled in these soils, the magnitude of water fluxes through the near surface controls S cycling both on and off site. These results indicate that preferential flow is an important loss pathway to consider in managing both water resources and water quality (reactive elements) in vineyard land use systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006672","usgsCitation":"Hinckley, E.S., Kendall, C., and Loague, K., 2009, Not all water becomes wine: Sulfur inputs as an opportune tracer of hydrochemical losses from vineyards: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 7, W00401; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006672.","productDescription":"W00401; 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006672","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6853e4b0c8380cd73744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinckley, Eve-Lyn S.","contributorId":181894,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinckley","given":"Eve-Lyn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036956,"text":"70036956 - 2009 - Nitrogen dynamics across silvicultural canopy gaps in young forests of western Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T15:26:50","indexId":"70036956","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen dynamics across silvicultural canopy gaps in young forests of western Oregon","docAbstract":"Silvicultural canopy gaps are emerging as an alternative management tool to accelerate development of complex forest structure in young, even-aged forests of the Pacific Northwest. The effect of gap creation on available nitrogen (N) is of concern to managers because N is often a limiting nutrient in Pacific Northwest forests. We investigated patterns of N availability in the forest floor and upper mineral soil (0-10 cm) across 6-8-year-old silvicultural canopy gaps in three 50-70-year-old Douglas-fir forests spanning a wide range of soil N capital in the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. We used extractable ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH4+ and NO3- ion exchange resin (IER) concentrations to quantify N availability along north-south transects run through the centers of 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. In addition, we measured several factors known to influence N availability, including litterfall, moisture, temperature, and decomposition rates. In general, gap-forest differences in N availability were more pronounced in the mineral soil than in the forest floor. Mineral soil extractable NH4+ and NO3- pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and NH4+ and NO3- IER concentrations were all significantly elevated in gaps relative to adjacent forest, and in several cases exhibited significantly greater spatial variability in gaps than forest. Nitrogen availability along the edges of gaps more often resembled levels in the adjacent forest than in gap centers. For the majority of response variables, there were no significant differences between northern and southern transect positions, nor between 0.4 and 0.1 ha gaps. Forest floor and mineral soil gravimetric percent moisture and temperature showed few differences along transects, while litterfall carbon (C) inputs and litterfall C:N ratios in gaps were significantly lower than in the adjacent forest. Reciprocal transfer incubations of mineral soil samples between gap and forest positions revealed that soil originating from gaps had greater net nitrification rates than forest samples, regardless of incubation environment. Overall, our results suggest that increased N availability in 6-8-year-old silvicultural gaps in young western Oregon forests may be due more to the quality and quantity of litterfall inputs resulting from early-seral species colonizing gaps than by changes in temperature and moisture conditions caused by gap creation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.015","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Thiel, A., and Perakis, S., 2009, Nitrogen dynamics across silvicultural canopy gaps in young forests of western Oregon: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 3, p. 273-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.015.","startPage":"273","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.015"},{"id":245776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d0e4b0c8380cd72fdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiel, A.L.","contributorId":73038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiel","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perakis, S.S.","contributorId":82039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036862,"text":"70036862 - 2009 - THEMIS high-resolution digital terrain: Topographic and thermophysical mapping of Gusev Crater, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036862","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"THEMIS high-resolution digital terrain: Topographic and thermophysical mapping of Gusev Crater, Mars","docAbstract":"We discuss a new technique to generate high-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) and to quantitatively derive and map slope-corrected thermophysical properties such as albedo, thermal inertia, and surface temperatures. This investigation is a continuation of work started by Kirk et al. (2005), who empirically deconvolved Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) visible and thermal infrared data of this area, isolating topographic information that produced an accurate DTM. Surface temperatures change as a function of many variables such as slope, albedo, thermal inertia, time, season, and atmospheric opacity. We constrain each of these variables to construct a DTM and maps of slope-corrected albedo, slope- and albedo-corrected thermal inertia, and surface temperatures across the scene for any time of day or year and at any atmospheric opacity. DTMs greatly facilitate analyses of the Martian surface, and the MOLA global data set is not finely scaled enough (128 pixels per degree, ???0.5 km per pixel near the equator) to be combined with newer data sets (e.g., High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, Context Camera, and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars at ???0.25, ???6, and ???20 m per pixel, respectively), so new techniques to derive high-resolution DTMs are always being explored. This paper discusses our technique of combining a set of THEMIS visible and thermal infrared observations such that albedo and thermal inertia variations within the scene are eliminated and only topographic variations remain. This enables us to produce a high-resolution DTM via photoclinometry techniques that are largely free of albedo-induced errors. With this DTM, THEMIS observations, and a subsurface thermal diffusion model, we generate slope-corrected maps of albedo, thermal inertia, and surface temperatures. In addition to greater accuracy, these products allow thermophysical properties to be directly compared with topography.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003292","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cushing, G., Titus, T., Soderblom, L., and Kirk, R.L., 2009, THEMIS high-resolution digital terrain: Topographic and thermophysical mapping of Gusev Crater, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003292.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217687,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003292"},{"id":245647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba383e4b08c986b31fd2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cushing, G.E.","contributorId":56778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushing","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}