{"pageNumber":"2045","pageRowStart":"51100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184733,"records":[{"id":70035007,"text":"70035007 - 2009 - New fusulinids from Lower Permian turbidites at Conglomerate Mesa, southeastern inyo Mountains, east-central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:31:53.043978","indexId":"70035007","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New fusulinids from Lower Permian turbidites at Conglomerate Mesa, southeastern inyo Mountains, east-central California","docAbstract":"Seven previously unrecognized fusulinid species from Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian) turbidites near Conglomerate Mesa in east-central California, four of which are named as new species, are here described and figured. The four new species are Schwagerina merriami, S. wildei, Parafusulina mackevetti, and Skinnerella rossi. These fusulinid species have close affinities to similar taxa in Texas and northeastern Nevada, and they are distinct from some other faunas of slightly different age in the Conglomerate Mesa area that are dominated by endemic species and other species with Eastern Klamath Mountains affinities.","language":"English","publisher":"The Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1666/08-162.1","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., and Stone, P., 2009, New fusulinids from Lower Permian turbidites at Conglomerate Mesa, southeastern inyo Mountains, east-central California: Journal of Paleontology, v. 83, no. 3, p. 399-404, https://doi.org/10.1666/08-162.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"404","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Conglomerate Mesa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6583e4b0c8380cd72bf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, C.H.","contributorId":16102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, P.","contributorId":93632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035944,"text":"70035944 - 2009 - Geomagnetic observations on tristan da cunha, south atlantic ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:30:51","indexId":"70035944","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":793,"text":"Annals of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomagnetic observations on tristan da cunha, south atlantic ocean","docAbstract":"Few geomagnetic ground observations exist of the Earth's strongest core field anomaly, the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). The geomagnetic repeat station on the island Tristan da Cunha, located half-way between South Africa and South America at 37?? 05' S, 12?? 18' W, is therefore of crucial importance. We have conducted several sets of repeat station measurements during magnetically quiet conditions (Kp 2o or less) in 2004. The procedures are described and the results are compared to those from earlier campaigns and to the predictions of various global field models. Features of the local crustal bias field and the solar quiet daily variation are discussed. We also evaluate the benefit of continuous magnetic field recordings from Tristan da Cunha, and argue that such a data set is a very valuable addition to geomagnetic satellite data. Recently, funds were set up to establish and operate a magnetometer station on Tristan da Cunha during the Swarm magnetic satellite mission (2011-2014).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.4401/ag-4633","issn":"15935213","usgsCitation":"Matzka, J., Olsen, N., Maule, C., Pedersen, L., Berarducci, A., and Macmillan, S., 2009, Geomagnetic observations on tristan da cunha, south atlantic ocean: Annals of Geophysics, v. 52, no. 1, p. 97-105, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4633.","startPage":"97","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487806,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4633","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269202,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-4633"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a275ae4b0c8380cd597df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matzka, J.","contributorId":11849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matzka","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, N.","contributorId":26903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, C.F.","contributorId":31226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pedersen, L.W.","contributorId":33551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedersen","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berarducci, A.M.","contributorId":86993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berarducci","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Macmillan, S.","contributorId":18522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmillan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035946,"text":"70035946 - 2009 - A national look at carbon capture and storage-National carbon sequestration database and geographical information system (NatCarb)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035946","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A national look at carbon capture and storage-National carbon sequestration database and geographical information system (NatCarb)","docAbstract":"The US Department of Energy's Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) are responsible for generating geospatial data for the maps displayed in the Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada. Key geospatial data (carbon sources, potential storage sites, transportation, land use, etc.) are required for the Atlas, and for efficient implementation of carbon sequestration on a national and regional scale. The National Carbon Sequestration Database and Geographical Information System (NatCarb) is a relational database and geographic information system (GIS) that integrates carbon storage data generated and maintained by the RCSPs and various other sources. The purpose of NatCarb is to provide a national view of the carbon capture and storage potential in the U.S. and Canada. The digital spatial database allows users to estimate the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted by sources (such as power plants, refineries and other fossil-fuel-consuming industries) in relation to geologic formations that can provide safe, secure storage sites over long periods of time. The NatCarb project is working to provide all stakeholders with improved online tools for the display and analysis of CO<sub>2</sub> carbon capture and storage data. NatCarb is organizing and enhancing the critical information about CO<sub>2</sub> sources and developing the technology needed to access, query, model, analyze, display, and distribute natural resource data related to carbon management. Data are generated, maintained and enhanced locally at the RCSP level, or at specialized data warehouses, and assembled, accessed, and analyzed in real-time through a single geoportal. NatCarb is a functional demonstration of distributed data-management systems that cross the boundaries between institutions and geographic areas. It forms the first step toward a functioning National Carbon Cyberinfrastructure (NCCI). NatCarb provides access to first-order information to evaluate the costs, economic potential and societal issues of CO<sub>2</sub> capture and storage, including public perception and regulatory aspects. NatCarb online access has been modified to address the broad needs of a spectrum of users. NatCarb includes not only GIS and database query tools for high-end user, but simplified display for the general public using readily available web tools such as Google Earth???and Google Maps???. Not only is NatCarb connected to all the RCSPs, but data are also pulled from public servers including the U.S. Geological Survey-EROS Data Center and from the Geography Network. Data for major CO<sub>2</sub> sources have been obtained from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) databases, and data on major coal basins and coalbed methane wells were obtained from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Energy Procedia","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-9","conferenceDate":"16 November 2008 through 20 November 2008","conferenceLocation":"Washington DC","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.057","issn":"18766102","usgsCitation":"Carr, T., Iqbal, A., Callaghan, N., Dana-Adkins-Heljeson, Look, K., Saving, S., and Nelson, K., 2009, A national look at carbon capture and storage-National carbon sequestration database and geographical information system (NatCarb), <i>in</i> Energy Procedia, v. 1, no. 1, Washington DC, 16 November 2008 through 20 November 2008, p. 2841-2847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.057.","startPage":"2841","endPage":"2847","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476347,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.057","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.057"},{"id":244029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e492e4b0c8380cd4672e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iqbal, A.","contributorId":49172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iqbal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Callaghan, N.","contributorId":31228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callaghan","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dana-Adkins-Heljeson","contributorId":127988,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Dana-Adkins-Heljeson","id":535166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Look, K.","contributorId":74594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Look","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saving, S.","contributorId":7937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saving","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, K.","contributorId":33492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70035004,"text":"70035004 - 2009 - Acoustic estimates of abundance and distribution of spawning lake trout on Sheboygan Reef in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-19T14:15:36","indexId":"70035004","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic estimates of abundance and distribution of spawning lake trout on Sheboygan Reef in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Efforts to restore self-sustaining lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes have had widespread success in Lake Superior; but in other Great Lakes, populations of lake trout are maintained by stocking. Recruitment bottlenecks may be present at a number of stages of the reproduction process. To study eggs and fry, it is necessary to identify spawning locations, which is difficult in deep water. Acoustic sampling can be used to rapidly locate aggregations of fish (like spawning lake trout), describe their distribution, and estimate their abundance. To assess these capabilities for application to lake trout, we conducted an acoustic survey covering 22 km<sup>2</sup> at Sheboygan Reef, a deep reef (&lt;40 m summit) in southern Lake Michigan during fall 2005. Data collected with remotely operated vehicles (ROV) confirmed that fish were large lake trout, that lake trout were 1&ndash;2 m above bottom, and that spawning took place over specific habitat. Lake trout density exhibited a high degree of spatial structure (autocorrelation) up to a range of ~190 m, and highest lake trout and egg densities occurred over rough substrates (rubble and cobble) at the shallowest depths sampled (36&ndash;42 m). Mean lake trout density in the area surveyed (~2190 ha) was 5.8 fish/ha and the area surveyed contained an estimated 9500&ndash;16,000 large lake trout. Spatial aggregation in lake trout densities, similarity of depths and substrates at which high lake trout and egg densities occurred, and relatively low uncertainty in the lake trout density estimate indicate that acoustic sampling can be a useful complement to other sampling tools used in lake trout restoration research.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.005","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Warner, D., Claramunt, R., Janssen, J., Jude, D., and Wattrus, N., 2009, Acoustic estimates of abundance and distribution of spawning lake trout on Sheboygan Reef in Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 147-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.005.","startPage":"147","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":215203,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.005"},{"id":242988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69de4b0c8380cd47529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, D.M.","contributorId":40412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claramunt, R.M.","contributorId":38760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claramunt","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janssen, J.","contributorId":97303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jude, D.J.","contributorId":13016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jude","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wattrus, N.","contributorId":39567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wattrus","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035003,"text":"70035003 - 2009 - Prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis in Pacific herring and epizootics in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:09:50","indexId":"70035003","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis in Pacific herring and epizootics in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington.","docAbstract":"Epizootics of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) occurred among juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington, during 2005-2007 and were characterized by high prevalences and intensities of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within circulating erythrocytes. The prevalence of VEN peaked at 67% during the first epizootic in October 2005 and waned to 0% by August 2006. A second VEN epizootic occurred throughout the summer of 2007; this was characterized by disease initiation and perpetuation in the age-1, 2006 year-class, followed by involvement of the age-0, 2007 year-class shortly after the latter's metamorphosis to the juvenile stage. The disease was detected in other populations of juvenile Pacific herring throughout Puget Sound and Prince William Sound, Alaska, where the prevalences and intensities typically did not correspond to those observed in Skagit Bay. The persistence and recurrence of VEN epizootics indicate that the disease is probably common among juvenile Pacific herring throughout the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and although population-level impacts probably occur they are typically covert and not easily detected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1577/H08-035.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Hershberger, P., Elder, N., Grady, C., Gregg, J., Pacheco, C., Greene, C., Rice, C., and Meyers, T., 2009, Prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis in Pacific herring and epizootics in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington.: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 21, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1577/H08-035.1.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215202,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H08-035.1"},{"id":242987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b75e4b0c8380cd7e262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elder, N.E.","contributorId":57626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grady, C.A.","contributorId":7929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gregg, J.L.","contributorId":78521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pacheco, C.A.","contributorId":85785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pacheco","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greene, C.","contributorId":96498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rice, C.","contributorId":50262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035729,"text":"70035729 - 2009 - Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035729","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation","docAbstract":"The history of dome growth and geodetic deflation during the 2004-2008 Mount St. Helens eruption can be fit to theoretical curves with parameters such as reservoir volume, bubble content, initial overpressure, and magma rheology, here assumed to be Newtonian viscous, with or without a solid plug in the conduit center. Data from 2004-2008 are consistent with eruption from a 10-25 km<sup>3</sup> reservoir containing 0.5-2% bubbles, an initial overpressure of 10-20 MPa, and no significant, sustained recharge. During the eruption we used curve fits to project the eruption's final duration and volume. Early projections predicted a final volume only about half of the actual value; but projections increased with each measurement, implying a temporal increase in reservoir volume or compressibility. A simple interpretation is that early effusion was driven by a 5-10 km<sup>3</sup>, integrated core of fluid magma. This core expanded with time through creep of semi-solid magma and host rock. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039863","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., Lisowski, M., Roeloffs, E., and Beeler, N., 2009, Improved constraints on the estimated size and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from the 2004-2008 history of dome growth and deformation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476316,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039863"},{"id":244110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3953e4b0c8380cd618a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeloffs, E.","contributorId":21680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034748,"text":"70034748 - 2009 - Sedimentary basin effects in Seattle, Washington: Ground-motion observations and 3D simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-09T13:35:37","indexId":"70034748","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary basin effects in Seattle, Washington: Ground-motion observations and 3D simulations","docAbstract":"Seismograms of local earthquakes recorded in Seattle exhibit surface waves in the Seattle basin and basin-edge focusing of S waves. Spectral ratios of Swaves and later arrivals at 1 Hz for stiff-soil sites in the Seattle basin show a dependence on the direction to the earthquake, with earthquakes to the south and southwest producing higher average amplification. Earthquakes to the southwest typically produce larger basin surface waves relative to S waves than earthquakes to the north and northwest, probably because of the velocity contrast across the Seattle fault along the southern margin of the Seattle basin. S to P conversions are observed for some events and are likely converted at the bottom of the Seattle basin. We model five earthquakes, including the M 6.8 Nisqually earthquake, using 3D finite-difference simulations accurate up to 1 Hz. The simulations reproduce the observed dependence of amplification on the direction to the earthquake. The simulations generally match the timing and character of basin surface waves observed for many events. The 3D simulation for the Nisqually earth-quake produces focusing of S waves along the southern margin of the Seattle basin near the area in west Seattle that experienced increased chimney damage from the earthquake, similar to the results of the higher-frequency 2D simulation reported by Stephenson et al. (2006). Waveforms from the 3D simulations show reasonable agreement with the data at low frequencies (0.2-0.4 Hz) for the Nisqually earthquake and an M 4.8 deep earthquake west of Seattle.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120080203","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Stephenson, W., and Carver, D., 2009, Sedimentary basin effects in Seattle, Washington: Ground-motion observations and 3D simulations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 3, p. 1579-1611, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080203.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1611","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080203"},{"id":243825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a12e4b08c986b316fff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, William","contributorId":38804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carver, David","contributorId":55867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035962,"text":"70035962 - 2009 - Investigating aquatic ecosystems of small lakes in Khorezm, Uzbekistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035962","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigating aquatic ecosystems of small lakes in Khorezm, Uzbekistan","docAbstract":"The Khorezm province of Uzbekistan, located in the Aral Sea Basin, suffers from severe environmental and human health problems due to decades of unsustainable land and water management. Agriculture is the dominant land use in Khorezm, and agricultural runoff water has impacted many small lakes. In this water-scarce region, these lakes may provide a water source for irrigation or fish production. Samples have been collected from 13 of these lakes since 2006 to assess water quality, the aquatic food web, and possible limits to aquatic production. Lake salinity varied from 1 to >10 g/L both between and within lakes. Although hydrophobic contaminants concentrations were low (82-241 pg toxic equivalents/mL in June 2006, October 2006, and June 2007), aquatic species diversity and relative density were low in most lakes. Ongoing work is focused on 4 lakes with pelagic food webs to estimate fish production and assess anthropogenic impacts on the food web. Lake sediment cores are also being examined for organic contaminants, and hydrology is being assessed with stable isotopes. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)397","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Saito, L., Scott, J., Rosen, M., Nishonov, B., Chandra, S., Lamers, J.P., Fayzieva, D., and Shanafield, M., 2009, Investigating aquatic ecosystems of small lakes in Khorezm, Uzbekistan, <i>in</i> Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3937-3940, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)397.","startPage":"3937","endPage":"3940","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216475,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)397"},{"id":244346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e66e4b0c8380cd63d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saito, L.","contributorId":59402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saito","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J.","contributorId":57795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosen, M.","contributorId":51575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishonov, Bakhriddin","contributorId":15860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishonov","given":"Bakhriddin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chandra, S.","contributorId":68867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandra","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lamers, John P.A.","contributorId":10249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamers","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fayzieva, Dilorom","contributorId":47609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fayzieva","given":"Dilorom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12744,"text":"Institute of Water Problems","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":453330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shanafield, M.","contributorId":66938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanafield","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70034749,"text":"70034749 - 2009 - Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-22T09:01:56","indexId":"70034749","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Evaluation of the extent of volatile element recycling in convergent margin volcanism requires delineating likely source(s) of magmatic volatiles through stable isotopic characterization of sulfur, hydrogen and oxygen in erupted tephra with appropriate assessment of modification by degassing. The climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama ejected approximately 50&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of rhyodacitic magma into the atmosphere and resulted in formation of a 10-km diameter caldera now occupied by Crater Lake, Oregon (lat. 43°N, long. 122°W). Isotopic compositions of whole-rocks, matrix glasses and minerals from Mt. Mazama climactic, pre-climactic and postcaldera tephra were determined to identify the likely source(s) of H<sub>2</sub>O and S. Integration of stable isotopic data with petrologic data from melt inclusions has allowed for estimation of pre-eruptive dissolved volatile concentrations and placed constraints on the extent, conditions and style of degassing.</p><p>Sulfur isotope analyses of climactic rhyodacitic whole rocks yield δ<sup>34</sup>S values of 2.8–14.8‰ with corresponding matrix glass values of 2.4–13.2‰. δ<sup>34</sup>S tends to increase with stratigraphic height through climactic eruptive units, consistent with open-system degassing. Dissolved sulfur concentrations in melt inclusions (MIs) from pre-climactic and climactic rhyodacitic pumices varies from 80 to 330&nbsp;ppm, with highest concentrations in inclusions with 4.8–5.2&nbsp;wt% H<sub>2</sub>O (by FTIR). Up to 50% of the initial S may have been lost through pre-eruptive degassing at depths of 4–5&nbsp;km. Ion microprobe analyses of pyrrhotite in climactic rhyodacitic tephra and andesitic scoria indicate a range in δ<sup>34</sup>S from −0.4‰ to 5.8‰ and from −0.1‰ to 3.5‰, respectively. Initial δ<sup>34</sup>S values of rhyodacitic and andesitic magmas were likely near the mantle value of 0‰. Hydrogen isotope (δD) and total H<sub>2</sub>O analyses of rhyodacitic obsidian (and vitrophyre) from the climactic fall deposit yielded values οf −103 to −53‰ and 0.23–1.74&nbsp;wt%, respectively. Values of δD and wt% H<sub>2</sub>O of obsidian decrease towards the top of the fall deposit. Samples with depleted δD, and mantle δ<sup>18</sup>O values, have elevated δ<sup>34</sup>S values consistent with open-system degassing. These results imply that more mantle-derived sulfur is degassed to the Earth’s atmosphere/hydrosphere through convergent margin volcanism than previously attributed. Magmatic degassing can modify initial isotopic compositions of sulfur by &gt;14‰ (to δ<sup>34</sup>S values of 14‰ or more here) and hydrogen isotopic compositions by 90‰ (to δD values of −127‰ in this case).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Mandeville, C., Webster, J., Tappen, C., Taylor, B., Timbal, A., Sasaki, A., Hauri, E., and Bacon, C., 2009, Stable isotope and petrologic evidence for open-system degassing during the climactic and pre-climactic eruptions of Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 10, p. 2978-3012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.01.019.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2978","endPage":"3012","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake, Mt. Mazama","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00111389160155,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00111389160155,\n              42.987571901931226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.987571901931226\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21397399902344,\n              42.894076403348976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b966ce4b08c986b31b4cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandeville, C.W.","contributorId":44005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, J.D.","contributorId":16582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappen, C.","contributorId":105937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappen","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, B.E.","contributorId":23262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Timbal, A.","contributorId":69808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timbal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sasaki, A.","contributorId":96504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sasaki","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauri, E.","contributorId":11029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauri","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":447390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70035002,"text":"70035002 - 2009 - N-15 NMR spectra of naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic natural organic matter samples of the International Humic Substances Society","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:44:22","indexId":"70035002","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"N-15 NMR spectra of naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic natural organic matter samples of the International Humic Substances Society","docAbstract":"The naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic NOM samples from the International Humic Substances Society has been characterized by solid state CP/MAS <sup>15</sup>N NMR. Soil samples include humic and fulvic acids from the Elliot soil, Minnesota Waskish peat and Florida Pahokee peat, as well as the Summit Hill soil humic acid and the Leonardite humic acid. Aquatic samples include Suwannee River humic, fulvic and reverse osmosis isolates, Nordic humic and fulvic acids and Pony Lake fulvic acid. Additionally, Nordic and Suwannee River XAD-4 acids and Suwannee River hydrophobic neutral fractions were analyzed. Similar to literature reports, amide/aminoquinone nitrogens comprised the major peaks in the solid state spectra of the soil humic and fulvic acids, along with heterocyclic and amino sugar/terminal amino acid nitrogens. Spectra of aquatic samples, including the XAD-4 acids, contain resolved heterocyclic nitrogen peaks in addition to the amide nitrogens. The spectrum of the nitrogen enriched, microbially derived Pony Lake, Antarctica fulvic acid, appeared to contain resonances in the region of pyrazine, imine and/or pyridine nitrogens, which have not been observed previously in soil or aquatic humic substances by <sup>15</sup>N NMR. Liquid state <sup>15</sup>N NMR experiments were also recorded on the Elliot soil humic acid and Pony Lake fulvic acid, both to examine the feasibility of the techniques, and to determine whether improvements in resolution over the solid state could be realized. For both samples, polarization transfer (DEPT) and indirect detection (<sup>1</sup>H-<sup>15</sup>N gHSQC) spectra revealed greater resolution among nitrogens directly bonded to protons. The amide/aminoquinone nitrogens could also be observed by direct detection experiments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.01.007","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., and Cox, L., 2009, N-15 NMR spectra of naturally abundant nitrogen in soil and aquatic natural organic matter samples of the International Humic Substances Society: Organic Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 4, p. 484-499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.01.007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"499","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.01.007"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6123e4b0c8380cd717d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, L.G.","contributorId":35526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034452,"text":"70034452 - 2009 - Hydrologic characterization of desert soils with varying degrees of pedogenesis: 2. Inverse modeling for eff ective properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:47","indexId":"70034452","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic characterization of desert soils with varying degrees of pedogenesis: 2. Inverse modeling for eff ective properties","docAbstract":"To understand their relation to pedogenic development, soil hydraulic properties in the Mojave Desert were investi- gated for three deposit types: (i) recently deposited sediments in an active wash, (ii) a soil of early Holocene age, and (iii) a highly developed soil of late Pleistocene age. Eff ective parameter values were estimated for a simplifi ed model based on Richards' equation using a fl ow simulator (VS2D), an inverse algorithm (UCODE-2005), and matric pressure and water content data from three ponded infi ltration experiments. The inverse problem framework was designed to account for the eff ects of subsurface lateral spreading of infi ltrated water. Although none of the inverse problems converged on a unique, best-fi t parameter set, a minimum standard error of regression was reached for each deposit type. Parameter sets from the numerous inversions that reached the minimum error were used to develop probability distribu tions for each parameter and deposit type. Electrical resistance imaging obtained for two of the three infi ltration experiments was used to independently test fl ow model performance. Simulations for the active wash and Holocene soil successfully depicted the lateral and vertical fl uxes. Simulations of the more pedogenically developed Pleistocene soil did not adequately replicate the observed fl ow processes, which would require a more complex conceptual model to include smaller scale heterogeneities. The inverse-modeling results, however, indicate that with increasing age, the steep slope of the soil water retention curve shitis toward more negative matric pressures. Assigning eff ective soil hydraulic properties based on soil age provides a promising framework for future development of regional-scale models of soil moisture dynamics in arid environments for land-management applications. ?? Soil Science Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vadose Zone Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2136/vzj2008.0051","issn":"15391663","usgsCitation":"Mirus, B., Perkins, K., Nimmo, J., and Singha, K., 2009, Hydrologic characterization of desert soils with varying degrees of pedogenesis: 2. Inverse modeling for eff ective properties: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 8, no. 2, p. 496-509, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0051.","startPage":"496","endPage":"509","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0051"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3581e4b0c8380cd5ffa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mirus, B.B.","contributorId":68128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirus","given":"B.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, K. S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":77557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Singha, K.","contributorId":51431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70035000,"text":"70035000 - 2009 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T14:59:25","indexId":"70035000","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the arctic","docAbstract":"<p><span>Among the greatest uncertainties in future energy supply and a subject of considerable environmental concern is the amount of oil and gas yet to be found in the Arctic. By using a probabilistic geology-based methodology, the United States Geological Survey has assessed the area north of the Arctic Circle and concluded that about 30% of the world’s undiscovered gas and 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil may be found there, mostly offshore under less than 500 meters of water. Undiscovered natural gas is three times more abundant than oil in the Arctic and is largely concentrated in Russia. Oil resources, although important to the interests of Arctic countries, are probably not sufficient to substantially shift the current geographic pattern of world oil production.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.1169467","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Gautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sorensen, K., Tennyson, M., Valin, Z.C., and Wandrey, C.J., 2009, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the arctic: Science, v. 324, no. 5931, p. 1175-1179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169467.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1175","endPage":"1179","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-013055","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169467"}],"volume":"324","issue":"5931","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee75e4b0c8380cd49d76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gautier, Donald L. gautier@usgs.gov","contributorId":1310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"Donald","email":"gautier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald R. charpentier@usgs.gov","contributorId":934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald R.","email":"charpentier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":448785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science 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E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":448794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, John H.","contributorId":54227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sorensen, Kai","contributorId":108273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Kai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tennyson, Marilyn E. 0000-0002-5166-2421 tennyson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-2421","contributorId":23564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tennyson","given":"Marilyn E.","email":"tennyson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Valin, Zenon C. 0000-0001-6199-6700 zenon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-6700","contributorId":3742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valin","given":"Zenon","email":"zenon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wandrey, Craig J. cwandrey@usgs.gov","contributorId":1590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandrey","given":"Craig","email":"cwandrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science 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,{"id":70034750,"text":"70034750 - 2009 - GRS evidence and the possibility of paleooceans on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:32:34","indexId":"70034750","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GRS evidence and the possibility of paleooceans on Mars","docAbstract":"The Gamma Ray Spectrometer (Mars Odyssey spacecraft) has revealed elemental distributions of potassium (K), thorium (Th), and iron (Fe) on Mars that require fractionation of K (and possibly Th and Fe) consistent with aqueous activity. This includes weathering, evolution of soils, and transport, sorting, and deposition, as well as with the location of first-order geomorphological demarcations identified as possible paleoocean boundaries. The element abundances occur in patterns consistent with weathering in situ and possible presence of relict or exhumed paleosols, deposition of weathered materials (salts and clastic minerals), and weathering/transport under neutral to acidic brines. The abundances are explained by hydrogeology consistent with the possibly overlapping alternatives of paleooceans and/or heterogeneous rock compositions from diverse provenances (e.g., differing igneous compositions). ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.008","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., Baker, V., Boynton, W.V., Fairen, A., Ferris, J., Finch, M., Furfaro, R., Hare, T., Janes, D., Kargel, J., Karunatillake, S., Keller, J., Kerry, K., Kim, K., Komatsu, G., Mahaney, W., Schulze-Makuch, D., Marinangeli, L., Ori, G., Ruiz, J., and Wheelock, S., 2009, GRS evidence and the possibility of paleooceans on Mars: Planetary and Space Science, v. 57, no. 5-6, p. 664-684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.008.","startPage":"664","endPage":"684","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502631,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://eprints.ucm.es/10512/2/25-Marte_9_P%C3%A1gina_01.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216017,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.008"}],"volume":"57","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1485e4b0c8380cd54a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, V.R.","contributorId":47079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boynton, W. V.","contributorId":44274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boynton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ferris, J.C.","contributorId":13731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finch, M.","contributorId":11848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Furfaro, R.","contributorId":92887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furfaro","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hare, T.M. 0000-0001-8842-389X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":43828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Janes, D.M.","contributorId":34743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Karunatillake, S.","contributorId":95295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karunatillake","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Keller, J.","contributorId":83313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kerry, K.","contributorId":45905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerry","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kim, K.J.","contributorId":30418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Komatsu, G.","contributorId":35913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komatsu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Mahaney, W.C.","contributorId":41187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahaney","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schulze-Makuch, D.","contributorId":62829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulze-Makuch","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Marinangeli, L.","contributorId":77280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinangeli","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ori, G.G.","contributorId":50352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ori","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Ruiz, J.","contributorId":88886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Wheelock, S.J.","contributorId":94523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheelock","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21}]}}
,{"id":70034751,"text":"70034751 - 2009 - Processes that initiate turbidity currents and their influence on turbidites: A marine geology perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-23T14:14:03","indexId":"70034751","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes that initiate turbidity currents and their influence on turbidites: A marine geology perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>How the processes that initiate turbidity currents influence turbidite deposition is poorly understood, and many discussions in the literature rely on concepts that are overly simplistic. Marine geological studies provide information on the initiation and flow path of turbidity currents, including their response to gradient. In case studies of late Quaternary turbidites on the eastern Canadian and western U.S. margins, initiation processes are inferred either from real-time data for historical flows or indirectly from the age and contemporary paleogeography, erosional features, and depositional record. Three major types of initiation process are recognized: transformation of failed sediment, hyperpycnal flow from rivers or ice margins, and resuspension of sediment near the shelf edge by oceanographic processes. Many high-concentration flows result from hyperpycnal supply of hyperconcentrated bedload, or liquefaction failure of coarse-grained sediment, and most tend to deposit in slope conduits and on gradients &lt; 0.5° at the base of slope and on the mid fan. Highly turbulent flows, from transformation of retrogressive failures and from ignitive flows that are triggered by oceanographic processes, tend to cannibalize these more proximal sediments and redeposit them on lower gradients on the basin plain. Such conduit flushing provides most of the sediment in large turbidites. Initiation mechanism exerts a strong control on the duration of turbidity flows. In most basins, there is a complex feedback between different types of turbidity-current initiation, the transformation of the flows, and the associated slope morphology. As a result, there is no simple relationship between initiating process and type of deposit.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2009.046","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Normark, W.R., 2009, Processes that initiate turbidity currents and their influence on turbidites: A marine geology perspective: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 79, no. 6, p. 347-362, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2009.046.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-007571","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2009.046"}],"volume":"79","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dbce4b0c8380cd7edcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David J. W.","contributorId":28631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035322,"text":"70035322 - 2009 - Phosphorus and nitrogen legacy in a restoration wetland, upper Klamath lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035322","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphorus and nitrogen legacy in a restoration wetland, upper Klamath lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"The effects of sediment, ground-water, and surface-water processes on the timing, quantity, and mechanisms of N and P fluxes were investigated in the Wood River Wetland 57 years after agricultural practices ceased and seasonal and permanent wetland hydrologies were restored. Nutrient concentrations in standing water largely reflected ground water in winter, the largest annual water source in the closed-basin wetland. High concentrations of total P (22 mg L <sup>-1</sup>) and total N (30 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) accumulated in summer when water temperature, air temperature, and evapotranspiration were highest. High positive benthic fluxes of soluble reactive P and ammonium (NH<sup>4</sup>-N) were measured in two sections of the study area in June and August, averaging 46 and 24 mg m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Nonetheless, a wetland mass balance simultaneously indicated a net loss of P and N by assimilation, denitrification (1.110.1 mg N m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>), or solute repartitioning. High nutrient concentrations pose a risk for water quality management. Shifts in the timing and magnitude of water inflows and outflows may improve biogeochemical function and water quality by optimizing seed germination and aquatic plant distribution, which would be especially important if the Wood River Wetland was reconnected with hyper-eutrophic Agency Lake. ?? 2009, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/08-129.1","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Duff, J., Carpenter, K., Snyder, D., Lee, K., Avanzino, R., and Triska, F., 2009, Phosphorus and nitrogen legacy in a restoration wetland, upper Klamath lake, Oregon: Wetlands, v. 29, no. 2, p. 735-746, https://doi.org/10.1672/08-129.1.","startPage":"735","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215551,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/08-129.1"},{"id":243363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78b2e4b0c8380cd78766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, K.D.","contributorId":97274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, D.T.","contributorId":69185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034999,"text":"70034999 - 2009 - Regeneration potential of Taxodium distichum swamps and climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70034999","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regeneration potential of Taxodium distichum swamps and climate change","docAbstract":"Seed bank densities respond to factors across local to landscape scales, and therefore, knowledge of these responses may be necessary in forecasting the effects of climate change on the regeneration of species. This study relates the seed bank densities of species of Taxodium distichum swamps to local water regime and regional climate factors at five latitudes across the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley from southern Illinois to Louisiana. In an outdoor nursery setting, the seed banks of twenty-five swamps were exposed to non-flooded (freely drained) or flooded treatments, and the number and species of seeds germinating were recorded from each swamp during one growing season. Based on ANOVA analysis, the majority of dominant species had a higher rate of germination in non-flooded versus flooded treatments. Similarly, an NMS comparison, which considered the local water regime and regional climate of the swamps, found that the species of seeds germinating, almost completely shifted under non-flooded versus flooded treatments. For example, in wetter northern swamps, seeds of Taxodium distichum germinated in non-flooded conditions, but did not germinate from the same seed banks in flooded conditions. In wetter southern swamps, seeds of Eleocharis cellulosa germinated in flooded conditions, but did not germinate in non-flooded conditions. The strong relationship of seed germination and density relationships with local water regime and regional climate variables suggests that the forecasting of climate change effects on swamps and other wetlands needs to consider a variety of interrelated variables to make adequate projections of the regeneration responses of species to climate change. Because regeneration is an important aspect of species maintenance and restoration, climate drying could influence the species distribution of these swamps in the future. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11258-008-9480-4","issn":"13850237","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B., 2009, Regeneration potential of Taxodium distichum swamps and climate change: Plant Ecology, v. 202, no. 2, p. 257-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9480-4.","startPage":"257","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9480-4"},{"id":242917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a457e4b0e8fec6cdbb3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, B.A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":89108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"B.A.","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":448783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035608,"text":"70035608 - 2009 - Steric hindrance and the enhanced stability of light rare-earth elements in hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035608","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steric hindrance and the enhanced stability of light rare-earth elements in hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"A series of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments were made to determine the structure and stability of aqueous REE (La, Nd, Gd, and Yb) chloride complexes to 500 ??C and 520 MPa. The REE<sup>3+</sup> ions exhibit inner-sphere chloroaqua complexation with a steady increase of chloride coordination with increasing temperature in the 150 to 500 ??C range. Furthermore, the degree of chloride coordination of REE<sup>3+</sup> inner-sphere chloroaqua complexes decreases significantly from light to heavy REE. These results indicate that steric hindrance drives the reduction of chloride coordination of REE<sup>3+</sup> inner-sphere chloroaqua complexes from light to heavy REE. This results in greater stability and preferential transport of light REE<sup>3+</sup> over heavy REE<sup>3+</sup> ions in saline hydrothermal fluids. Accordingly, the preferential mobility of light REE directly influences the relative abundance of REE in rocks and minerals and thus needs to be considered in geochemical modeling of petrogenetic and ore-forming processes affected by chloride-bearing hydrothermal fluids.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2009.3250","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Mayanovic, R.A., Anderson, A.J., Bassett, W.A., and Chou, I., 2009, Steric hindrance and the enhanced stability of light rare-earth elements in hydrothermal fluids: American Mineralogist, v. 94, no. 10, p. 1487-1490, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3250.","startPage":"1487","endPage":"1490","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3250"},{"id":244202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9834e4b08c986b31bed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayanovic, Robert A.","contributorId":88528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayanovic","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Alan J.","contributorId":28770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassett, William A.","contributorId":47533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034998,"text":"70034998 - 2009 - Impact of a permanent El Niño (El Padre) and Indian Ocean Dipole in warm Pliocene climates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T10:30:37","indexId":"70034998","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of a permanent El Niño (El Padre) and Indian Ocean Dipole in warm Pliocene climates","docAbstract":"<p><span>&nbsp;Pliocene sea surface temperature data, as well as terrestrial precipitation and temperature proxies, indicate warmer than modern conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and imply permanent El Ni&ntilde;o&ndash;like conditions with impacts similar to those of the 1997/1998 El Ni&ntilde;o event. Here we use a general circulation model to examine the global-scale effects that result from imposing warm tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in both modern and Pliocene simulations. Observed SSTs from the 1997/1998 El Ni&ntilde;o event were used for the anomalies and incorporate Pacific warming as well as a prominent Indian Ocean Dipole event. Both the permanent El Ni&ntilde;o (also called El Padre) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are necessary to reproduce temperature and precipitation patterns consistent with the global distribution of Pliocene proxy data. These patterns may result from the poleward propagation of planetary waves from the strong convection centers associated with the El Ni&ntilde;o and IOD.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008PA001682","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Shukla, S.P., Chandler, M.A., Jonas, J., Sohl, L.E., Mankoff, K., and Dowsett, H.J., 2009, Impact of a permanent El Niño (El Padre) and Indian Ocean Dipole in warm Pliocene climates: Paleoceanography, v. 24, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001682.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476433,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001682","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001682"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b1e4b0c8380cd61665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shukla, Sonali P.","contributorId":51564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shukla","given":"Sonali","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, Mark A.","contributorId":101768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jonas, Jeff","contributorId":66502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jonas","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sohl, Linda E.","contributorId":48281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mankoff, Ken","contributorId":26396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankoff","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035609,"text":"70035609 - 2009 - Lipid reserves of Lesser Scaup (<i>Aythya affinis</i>) migrating across a large landscape are consistent with the \"Spring Condition\" hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T12:38:02","indexId":"70035609","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lipid reserves of Lesser Scaup (<i>Aythya affinis</i>) migrating across a large landscape are consistent with the \"Spring Condition\" hypothesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>The “spring condition” hypothesis (SCH) states that nutrition during spring migration affects survival, reproductive success, and, ultimately, population size of migratory birds. The North American population of Lesser Scaup (</span><i>Aythya affinis</i><span>) has experienced a marked decline, apparently because of poor recruitment. An important prediction of the SCH is that female Lesser Scaup have low lipid reserves during spring migration. We previously reported that lipid reserves and body mass of females collected on migratory stopover areas in northwestern Minnesota in springs 2000–2001 were lower than those on the same areas in the 1980s and markedly lower than those collected at Pool 19 of the Mississippi River in 2000–2001, an important preceding stopover area. However, it was unclear whether these findings represented a site-specific result or a landscape-scale phenomenon. Accordingly, we examined lipid and body mass of 641 female Lesser Scaup migrating across seven eco-physiographic regions of Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota during springs 2003–2005. We found that lipids and body mass of females throughout the Upper Midwest were similar to or less than the low values documented in northwestern Minnesota in springs 2000–2001 and markedly lower than those of females at Pool 19 in springs 2000–2001. Accordingly, our results are consistent with a prediction of the SCH, because lipid and body mass of females are low throughout this large landscape, lower than at an important preceding stopover area, and lower than all historical values. Finally, our results suggest the potential for cross-seasonal influences of nutrition on recruitment and that a stronger management focus on spring migration habitats may be necessary for conservation and recovery of declining migratory birds, especially Lesser Scaup.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2009.08193","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., and Afton, A., 2009, Lipid reserves of Lesser Scaup (<i>Aythya affinis</i>) migrating across a large landscape are consistent with the \"Spring Condition\" hypothesis: The Auk, v. 126, no. 4, p. 873-883, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.08193.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"883","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476345,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.08193","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47e5e4b0c8380cd67a77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034447,"text":"70034447 - 2009 - Water velocity and the nature of critical flow in large rapids on the Colorado River, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T17:05:56","indexId":"70034447","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water velocity and the nature of critical flow in large rapids on the Colorado River, Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rapids are an integral part of bedrock‐controlled rivers, influencing aquatic ecology, geomorphology, and recreational value. Flow measurements in rapids and high‐gradient rivers are uncommon because of technical difficulties associated with positioning and operating sufficiently robust instruments. In the current study, detailed velocity, water surface, and bathymetric data were collected within rapids on the Colorado River in eastern Utah. With the water surface survey, it was found that shoreline‐based water surface surveys may misrepresent the water surface slope along the centerline of a rapid. Flow velocities were measured with an ADCP and an electronic pitot‐static tube. Integrating multiple measurements, the ADCP returned velocity data from the entire water column, even in sections of high water velocity. The maximum mean velocity measured with the ADCP was 3.7 m/s. The pitot‐static tube, while capable of only point measurements, quantified velocity 0.39 m below the surface. The maximum mean velocity measured with the pitot tube was 5.2 m/s, with instantaneous velocities up to 6.5 m/s. Analysis of the data showed that flow was subcritical throughout all measured rapids with a maximum measured Froude number of 0.7 in the largest measured rapids. Froude numbers were highest at the entrance of a given rapid, then decreased below the first breaking waves. In the absence of detailed bathymetric and velocity data, the Froude number in the fastest‐flowing section of a rapid was estimated from near‐surface velocity and depth soundings alone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009WR007731","usgsCitation":"Magirl, C.S., Gartner, J.W., Smart, G.M., and Webb, R., 2009, Water velocity and the nature of critical flow in large rapids on the Colorado River, Utah: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 5, Article W05427; 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007731.","productDescription":"Article W05427; 17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr007731","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bccc5e4b08c986b32dcfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":445832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smart, Graeme M.","contributorId":854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smart","given":"Graeme","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":445830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034446,"text":"70034446 - 2009 - Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: importance of the secondary vegetation sink","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-07T10:58:59","indexId":"70034446","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: importance of the secondary vegetation sink","docAbstract":"We have developed a dynamic land model (LM3V) able to simulate ecosystem dynamics and exchanges of water, energy, and CO<sub>2</sub> between land and atmosphere. LM3V is specifically designed to address the consequences of land use and land management changes including cropland and pasture dynamics, shifting cultivation, logging, fire, and resulting patterns of secondary regrowth. Here we analyze the behavior of LM3V, forced with the output from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric model AM2, observed precipitation data, and four historic scenarios of land use change for 1700-2000. Our analysis suggests a net terrestrial carbon source due to land use activities from 1.1 to 1.3 GtC/a during the 1990s, where the range is due to the difference in the historic cropland distribution. This magnitude is substantially smaller than previous estimates from other models, largely due to our estimates of a secondary vegetation sink of 0.35 to 0.6 GtC/a in the 1990s and decelerating agricultural land clearing since the 1960s. For the 1990s, our estimates for the pastures' carbon flux vary from a source of 0.37 to a sink of 0.15 GtC/a, and for the croplands our model shows a carbon source of 0.6 to 0.9 GtC/a. Our process-based model suggests a smaller net deforestation source than earlier bookkeeping models because it accounts for decelerated net conversion of primary forest to agriculture and for stronger secondary vegetation regrowth in tropical regions. The overall uncertainty is likely to be higher than the range reported here because of uncertainty in the biomass recovery under changing ambient conditions, including atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, nutrients availability, and climate. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2007GB003176","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Shevliakova, E., Pacala, S.W., Malyshev, S., Hurtt, G.C., Milly, P., Caspersen, J.P., Sentman, L.T., Fisk, J.P., Wirth, C., and Crevoisier, C., 2009, Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: importance of the secondary vegetation sink: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 23, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003176.","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476206,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003176","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003176"},{"id":244696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35de4b0c8380cd4b757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shevliakova, Elena","contributorId":15436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"Elena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pacala, Stephen W.","contributorId":84596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pacala","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malyshev, Sergey","contributorId":22175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malyshev","given":"Sergey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurtt, George C.","contributorId":101916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurtt","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Caspersen, John P.","contributorId":104734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caspersen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sentman, Lori T.","contributorId":38812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sentman","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fisk, Justin P.","contributorId":56475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisk","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wirth, Christian","contributorId":97350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirth","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Crevoisier, Cyril","contributorId":85800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crevoisier","given":"Cyril","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70035610,"text":"70035610 - 2009 - Using U.S. Geological Survey data in material flow analysis: An introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:01:48","indexId":"70035610","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using U.S. Geological Survey data in material flow analysis: An introduction","docAbstract":"A few sources of basic data on worldwide raw materials production and consumption exist that are independently developed and freely available to the public. This column is an introduction to the types of information available from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and explains how the data are assembled. The kind of information prepared by the USGS is essential to U.S. materials flow studies because the data make it possible to conduct these studies within a global context. The data include primary and secondary (scrap) production, consumption and stocks (mostly limited to the United States unless calculated), trade (not readily available for all countries), and prices for more than 80 mineral commodities. Materials flow studies by USGS specialists using these data are continuing (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/mflow/). Figure 1 shows from where the data are collected and where they are used. Minerals information was downloaded by users 5.8 million times from USGS minerals information Web pages in 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00160.x","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Sibley, S., 2009, Using U.S. Geological Survey data in material flow analysis: An introduction: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 670-673, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00160.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"670","endPage":"673","costCenters":[{"id":390,"text":"Minerals Information Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476397,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00160.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00160.x"},{"id":244204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc01fe4b08c986b329f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sibley, S.F.","contributorId":72152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibley","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70035408,"text":"70035408 - 2009 - Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035408","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails","docAbstract":"King Rails (Rallus elegans) and Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris) are large, secretive waterbirds whose ranges overlap in brackish marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. King and Clapper Rails are difficult to separate by physical appearance and there is currently no reliable method to distinguish between the two species. Here, the relative effectiveness of using discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements to identify and sex King and Clapper Rails was examined. Mean measurements of wing, tarsus, and weight were different between male King and Clapper Rails and between female King and Clapper Rails. However, for all measurements except culmen, male Clapper Rails and female King Rails were not different. Discriminate analysis of morphometric measurements revealed that wing, tarsus, and culmen measurements differentiated between King and Clapper Rails, but cross-validation results for male Clapper Rails were only 73%. Male King Rails were larger than female King Rails for all morphometric measurements and male Clapper Rails were larger than female Clapper Rails for all morphometric measurements except for the tail. Wing and tarsus measurements differentiated between male and female King Rails and wing, tarsus, and culmen measurements differentiated between male and female Clapper Rails.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/063.032.0411","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Perkins, M., King, S., Travis, S., and Linscombe, J., 2009, Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails: Waterbirds, v. 32, no. 4, p. 579-584, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0411.","startPage":"579","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215316,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0411"},{"id":243111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf47e4b08c986b329a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Marie","contributorId":22957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Marie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linscombe, J.","contributorId":95712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linscombe","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70179547,"text":"70179547 - 2009 - Gopherus Agassizii (Desert Tortoise). Predation/Mountain Lions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:49:26","indexId":"70179547","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gopherus Agassizii (Desert Tortoise). Predation/Mountain Lions","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetological Review","usgsCitation":"Greger, P.D., and Medica, P.A., 2009, Gopherus Agassizii (Desert Tortoise). Predation/Mountain Lions: Herpetological Review, v. 40, no. 1.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1829e4b0f5ce109fcaf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greger, Paul D.","contributorId":177952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greger","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, Philip A.","contributorId":55780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70035718,"text":"70035718 - 2009 - On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035718","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers","docAbstract":"For this study, I compared sequentially molted feathers for a few captive raptors from year to year and symmetrically matched feathers (left/right pairs) for many raptors to see if color patterns of sequential feather pairs were identical or if symmetrical pairs were mirror-image identical. Feather pairs were found to be identical only when without color pattern (e.g., the all-white rectrices of Bald Eagles [Haliaeetus leucocephalus]). Complex patterns were not closely matched, but some simple patterns were sometimes closely matched, although not identical. Previous claims that complex color patterns in feather pairs are fingerprint-identical (and therefore that molted feathers from wild raptors can be used to identify breeding adults from year to year with certainty) were found to be untrue: each feather is unique. Although it is unwise to be certain of bird of origin using normal feathers, abnormal feathers can often be so used. ?? 2009 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3356/JRR-08-07.1","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 2009, On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 43, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-07.1.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476197,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-08-07.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-07.1"},{"id":243889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e04e4b0c8380cd75454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}