{"pageNumber":"205","pageRowStart":"5100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11364,"records":[{"id":70022779,"text":"70022779 - 2000 - Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:33:21","indexId":"70022779","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"The changes of the solid Earth in south central Alaska in response to two major glacial fluctuations on different temporal and spatial scales have been estimated and we evaluated their influence on the stress state and ongoing tectonic deformation of the region. During the recent (1993–1995) Bering Glacier surge, a large transfer of ice from the Bagley Ice Field to the Bering Glacier terminus region occurred. We estimated the elastic displacement of the solid Earth due to ice mass redistribution from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at sites near the surging glacier. We can account for these displacements by transfer of an ice volume of about 14 km<sup>3</sup> from the surge reservoir area to the terminus region. We examined the background seismicity (M<sub>L</sub> ≥ 2.5) before, during, and after the surge. We found that the occurrence of small earthquakes (M<sub>L</sub> ≤ 4.0) in the surge reservoir region increased during the surge time interval possibly in response to a decrease in ice mass. This suggests that a small decrease in the vertical stress, σ<sub>3</sub>, could be enough to modulate the occurrence of small, shallow earthquakes in this dominantly thrust fault setting. During this century the southern Alaska coastal glaciers have been undergoing an overall decrease in volume. Based on our compilation of changes in the extent and thickness of the coastal glaciers between the Malaspina and Bering, we calculated surface displacements due to the Earth's viscoelastic response to annual thinning and to the cumulative retreat over the last 100 years. The uplift of the region due to an average annual thinning rate of 1–6 m/yr in the ablation region is 1–12 mm/yr. For our reference model with a viscosity of 5×10<sup>19</sup> Pa s for depths between ≈ 40 and 200 km the total viscoelastic response due to the retreat over the last century may be as much as a couple of meters within the coastal ablation zone near Icy Bay. The maximum decrease in σv between 0 and 10 km was ≈ 1.0 MPa, which is significant in relation to the stress drops in recent earthquakes (≈ 2 to 10 MPa) but small in relation to the estimated tectonic stress magnitude. Therefore the occurrence of an earthquake such as the St. Elias (1979, M<sub>S</sub> = 7.2) may have been advanced in time; however, most of the ongoing stress accumulation would be primarily due to tectonic forces.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900433","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sauber, J., Plafker, G., Molnia, B.F., and Bryant, M., 2000, Crustal deformation associated with glacial fluctuations in the eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B4, p. 8055-8077, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900433.","startPage":"8055","endPage":"8077","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900433"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdbe4b0c8380cd4e484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sauber, Jeanne","contributorId":71734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauber","given":"Jeanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Molnia, Bruce F. bmolnia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Bruce","email":"bmolnia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryant, Mark A.","contributorId":30406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022879,"text":"70022879 - 2000 - Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T16:03:26.91306","indexId":"70022879","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"<p><span>We tracked the movements of Common Murres (</span><i>Uria aalge</i><span>), Thick-billed Murres (</span><i>U. lomvia</i><span>), and Tufted Puffins (</span><i>Fratercula cirrhata</i><span>) using surgically implanted satellite transmitters. From 1994–1996, we tagged 53 birds from two colonies in the Gulf of Alaska (Middleton Island and Barren Islands) and two colonies in the Chukchi Sea (Cape Thompson and Cape Lisburne). Murres and puffins ranged 100 km or farther from all colonies in summer, but most instrumented birds had abandoned breeding attempts and their movements likely differed from those of actively breeding birds. However, murres whose movements in the breeding period suggested they still had chicks to feed foraged repeatedly at distances of 50–80 km from the Chukchi colonies in 1995. We detected no differences in the foraging patterns of males and females during the breeding season, nor between Thick-billed and Common Murres from mixed colonies. Upon chick departure from the northern colonies, male murres—some believed to be tending their flightless young—drifted with prevailing currents toward Siberia, whereas most females flew directly south toward the Bering Sea. Murres from Cape Thompson and Cape Lisburne shared a common wintering area in the southeastern Bering Sea in 1995, and birds from Cape Lisburne returned to the same area in the winter of 1996. We conclude that differences in foraging conditions during summer rather than differential mortality rates in winter account for contrasting population trends previously documented in those two colonies.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/condor/102.1.145","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., Meyers, P., Mulcahy, D., and Douglas, D., 2000, Seasonal movements and pelagic habitat use of Murres and Puffins determined by satellite telemetry: Condor, v. 102, no. 1, p. 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.145.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.145","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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D.M.","contributorId":43302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023171,"text":"70023171 - 2000 - Correlates of Harlequin Duck densities during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:01:24","indexId":"70023171","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates of Harlequin Duck densities during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>We evaluated relationships of Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) densities to habitat attributes, history of habitat contamination by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, and prey biomass density and abundance during winters 1995-1997 in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Habitat features that explained variation in duck densities included distance to streams and reefs, degree of exposure to wind and wave action, and dominant substrate type. After accounting for these effects, densities were lower in oiled than unoiled areas, suggesting that population recovery from the oil spill was not complete, due either to lack of recovery from initial oil spill effects or continuing deleterious effects. Prey biomass density and abundance were not strongly related to duck densities after accounting for habitat and area effects. Traits of Harlequin Ducks that reflect their affiliation with naturally predictable winter habitats, such as strong site fidelity and intolerance of increased energy costs, may make their populations particularly vulnerable to chronic oil spill effects and slow to recover from population reductions, which may explain lower densities than expected on oiled areas nearly a decade following the oil spill.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0920:COHDDD]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., Dean, T., O’Clair, C.E., Jewett, S., and McDonald, L., 2000, Correlates of Harlequin Duck densities during winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Condor, v. 102, no. 4, p. 920-926, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0920:COHDDD]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"920","endPage":"926","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc22e4b0c8380cd4e135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, T.A.","contributorId":67036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jewett, S.C.","contributorId":73947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McDonald, L.L.","contributorId":19906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1013306,"text":"1013306 - 2000 - Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:39:03","indexId":"1013306","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity","docAbstract":"Fish were sampled with beach seines and small-meshed beam trawls in nearshore ( &lt; 1 km) and shallow ( &lt; 25 m) habitats on the southern coast of Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska, from June to August, 1996-1998. Fish distributions among habitats were analysed for species composition, catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and frequency of occurrence. Two oceanographically distinct areas of Kachemak Bay were sampled and compared: the Outer Bay and the Inner Bay. Outer Kachemak Bay is exposed and receives oceanic, upwelled water from the Gulf of Alaska, whereas the Inner Bay is more estuarine. Thermohaline properties of bottom water in the Outer and Inner Bay were essentially the same, whereas the Inner Bay water-column was stratified with warmer, less saline waters near the surface. Distribution and abundance of pelagic schooling fish corresponded with area differences in stratification, temperature and salinity. The Inner Bay supported more species and higher densities of schooling and demersal fish than the Outer Bay. Schooling fish communities sampled by beach seine differed between the Outer and Inner Bays. Juvenile and adult Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi), osmerids (Osmeridae) and sculpins (Cottidae) were all more abundant in the Inner Bay. Gadids (Gadidae) were the only schooling fish taxa more abundant in the Outer Bay. Thermohaline characteristics of bottom water were similar throughout Kachemak Bay. Correspondingly, bottom fish communities were similar in all areas. Relative abundances (CPUE) were not significantly different between areas for any of the five demersal fish groups: flatfishes (Pleuronectidae), ronquils (Bathymasteridae), sculpins (Cottidae), gadids (Gadidae) and pricklebacks (Stichaeidae).","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1999.0615","usgsCitation":"Abookire, A.A., Piatt, J.F., and Robards, M.D., 2000, Nearshore fish distributions in an Alaskan estuary in relation to stratification, temperature, and salinity: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 51, no. 1, p. 45-59, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1999.0615.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023102,"text":"70023102 - 2000 - Movements and distribution of polar bears in the Beaufort sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-09T19:28:01","indexId":"70023102","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements and distribution of polar bears in the Beaufort sea","docAbstract":"<p>We fitted 173 satellite radio collars (platform transmitter terminals) to 121 adult female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea and relocated the bears 44 736 times between 1985 and 1995. We regularly resighted many instrumented bears so that we could ascertain whether changes in movements or distribution were related to reproductive status. Mean short-term movement rates were less than 2 km/h for all classes of bears. Maximum movement rates occurred in winter and early summer. In the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS), net geographic movements from the beginning to the end of each month were smaller for females with cubs of the year than for solitary females, and larger in November than in April, May, or July. In May, June, July, and August, radio-collared bears in the SBS moved north. They moved south in October. In the northern Beaufort Sea (NBS), bears moved north in June and south in March and September. Total annual movements ranged from 1406 to 6203 km. Mean total distances moved each month ranged from 79 to 420 km. Total monthly movements by SBS bears were largest in early winter and smallest in early spring. In the NBS, movements were largest in summer and smallest in winter. In the SBS, females with cubs moved less each month than other females. Annual activity areas ranged from 7264 to 596 800 km<sup>2</sup>. Monthly activity areas ranged from 88 to 9760 km<sup>2</sup>. Seasonal fidelity to activity areas of bears captured in all parts of the Beaufort Sea was strongest in summer and weakest in spring.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z00-016","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Durner, G.M., Stirling, I., Lunn, N., and Messier, F., 2000, Movements and distribution of polar bears in the Beaufort sea: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 78, no. 6, p. 948-966, https://doi.org/10.1139/z00-016.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"948","endPage":"966","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -181.93359375,\n              61.56457388515458\n            ],\n            [\n              -181.93359375,\n              74.75274618925877\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              74.75274618925877\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              61.56457388515458\n            ],\n            [\n              -181.93359375,\n              61.56457388515458\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f54e4b0c8380cd70eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stirling, I.","contributorId":103615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lunn, N.J.","contributorId":42920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunn","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Messier, F.","contributorId":34871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messier","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022915,"text":"70022915 - 2000 - Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:28:40","indexId":"70022915","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates from Alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. RPA analyses, utilizing 4 probes, N5, N3 (N gene), GF (G gene), and NV (NV gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. Virus isolates belonging to the most common haplotype groups were distributed throughout Alaska, whereas isolates in small haplotype groups were obtained from only 1 site (hatchery, lake, etc.). The temporal pattern of the GF haplotypes suggested a 'genetic acclimation' of the G gene, possibly due to positive selection on the glycoprotein. A pairwise comparison of the sequence data determined that the maximum nucleotide diversity of the isolates was 2.75% (10 mismatches) for the NV gene, and 1.99% (6 mismatches) for a 301 base pair region of the G gene, indicating that the genetic diversity of IHNV within Alaska is notably lower than in the more southern portions of the IHNV North American range. Phylogenetic analysis of representative Alaskan sequences and sequences of 12 previously characterized IHNV strains from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) distinguished the isolates into clusters that correlated with geographic origin and indicated that the Alaskan and British Columbia isolates may have a common viral ancestral lineage. Comparisons of multiple isolates from the same site provided epidemiological insights into viral transmission patterns and indicated that viral evolution, viral introduction, and genetic stasis were the mechanisms involved with IHN virus population dynamics in Alaska. The examples of genetic stasis and the overall low sequence heterogeneity of the Alaskan isolates suggested that they are evolutionarily constrained. This study establishes a baseline of genetic fingerprint patterns and sequence groups representing the genetic diversity of Alaskan IHNV isolates. This information could be used to determine the source of an IHN outbreak and to facilitate decisions in fisheries management of Alaskan salmonid stocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Emmenegger, E., Meyers, T., Burton, T., and Kurath, G., 2000, Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 40, no. 3, p. 163-176.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265884,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/40/d040p163.pdf"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1573e4b0c8380cd54e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmenegger, E.G","contributorId":168722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"E.G","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, T.O.","contributorId":96874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022837,"text":"70022837 - 2000 - Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T17:08:20.817408","indexId":"70022837","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and global-scale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long-term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long-term, watershed-level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., Stottlemyer, R., Zak, J., Edmonds, R., and Van Miegroet, H., 2000, Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 337-346, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Michigan, North Carolina, Texas, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Asik watershed, Big Bend National Park, Great Smoky Mountains 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,{"id":70022709,"text":"70022709 - 2000 - Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:01:11","indexId":"70022709","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Unbiased estimates of survival based on individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters require meeting the assumptions that radios do not affect survival, and animals for which the radio signal is lost have the same survival probability as those for which fate is known. In most survival studies, researchers have made these assumptions without testing their validity. We tested these assumptions by comparing interannual recapture rates (and, by inference, survival) between radioed and unradioed adult female harlequin ducks (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>), and for radioed females, between right-censored birds (i.e., those for which the radio signal was lost during the telemetry monitoring period) and birds with known fates. We found that recapture rates of birds equipped with implanted radiotransmitters (21.6 ± 3.0%; x̄ ± SE) were similar to unradioed birds (21.7 ± 8.6%), suggesting that radios did not affect survival. Recapture rates also were similar between right-censored (20.6 ± 5.1%) and known-fate individuals (22.1 ± 3.8%), suggesting that missing birds were not subject to differential mortality. We also determined that capture and handling resulted in short-term loss of body mass for both radioed and unradioed females and that this effect was more pronounced for radioed birds (the difference between groups was 15.4 ± 7.1 g). However, no difference existed in body mass after recapture 1 year later. Our study suggests that implanted radios are an unbiased method for estimating survival of harlequin ducks and likely other species under similar circumstances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803257","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Mulcahy, D.M., and Jarvis, R.L., 2000, Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 591-598, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803257.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022672,"text":"70022672 - 2000 - Age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-09T16:34:15.274333","indexId":"70022672","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese","docAbstract":"<p id=\"ID0EF\" class=\"first\">I studied the frequency with which Emperor Geese (<i>Chen canagica</i>) of known age were observed breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. No one- or two-year old geese were observed on nests. Three-year old geese bred at a lower rate than four-year old geese. These data suggest that patterns of age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese are similar to other sympatrically nesting, large bodied geese [Greater White-fronted Geese (<i>Anser albifrons</i>)] but delayed relative to smaller bodied geese [Cackling Canada Geese (<i>Branta canadensis minima</i>) and Pacific Black Brant (<i>B. bernicla nigricans</i>)].</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0261:ASBIEG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 2000, Age-specific breeding in Emperor Geese: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 112, no. 2, p. 261-263, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0261:ASBIEG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0261:asbieg]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8ffe4b0c8380cd4801d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022642,"text":"70022642 - 2000 - Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:41:15.125549","indexId":"70022642","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese","docAbstract":"<p><span>Lesser snow geese&nbsp;</span><i>Anser caerulescens caeruteseens</i><span>&nbsp;from the western Canadian Arctic feed on underground parts of tall cotton–grass&nbsp;</span><i>Eriophorum angustifolium</i><span>&nbsp;during autumn staging on the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea in Canada and Alaska. We studied revegetation of sites where cotton–grass had been removed either by human–imprinted snow geese or by hand to simulate snow goose feeding. Aerial cover of cotton–grass at sites (n = 4) exploited by human–imprinted snow geese averaged 60 and 39 Mi lower than in undisturbed control plots during the first and second year after feeding, respectively. Underground biomass of cotton–grass stembases and rhizomes in hand–treated plots was 80 and 62% less than in control plots 2 and 4 yr after removal, respectively (n = 10 yr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>). Aerial cover and biomass of common non-forage species such as&nbsp;</span><i>Carex aquatilis</i><span>&nbsp;did not increase on treated areas. Removal of cotton-grass by geese likely reduces forage availability at exploited sites for at least 2–4 yr after feeding but probably does not affect long-term community composition. Temporal heterogeneity in forage abundance likely contributes to the large spatial requirement of snow geese during staging.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00293.x","issn":"09067590","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Robertson, D.G., and Schmutz, J.A., 2000, Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese: Ecography, v. 23, no. 3, p. 367-373, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00293.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"373","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.5771484375,\n              71.05979781529196\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.666015625,\n              70.46620742226558\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.4580078125,\n              70.28911664330674\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.84375,\n              69.80930869552193\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.525390625,\n              69.91521433690129\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.76953125,\n              68.17155518732503\n            ],\n            [\n              -127.265625,\n              69.97549253616164\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              73.60299628304274\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0576171875,\n              74.27165531800037\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.23730468749997,\n              75.59587329063447\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.5771484375,\n              71.05979781529196\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a340e4b0e8fec6cdb7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022557,"text":"70022557 - 2000 - Molecular analysis of population genetic structure and recolonization of rainbow trout following the Cantara spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:12:38","indexId":"70022557","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular analysis of population genetic structure and recolonization of rainbow trout following the Cantara spill","docAbstract":"<p data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\">Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and allelic frequency data for 12 microsatellite loci were used to analyze population genetic structure and recolonization by rainbow trout, <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>, following the 1991 Cantara spill on the upper Sacramento River, California. Genetic analyses were performed on 1,016 wild rainbow trout collected between 1993 and 1996 from the mainstem and in 8 tributaries. Wild trout genotypes were compared to genotypes for 79 Mount Shasta Hatchery rainbow trout. No genetic heterogeneity was found 2 years after the spill (1993) between tributary populations and geographically proximate mainstem fish, suggesting recolonization of the upper mainstem directly from adjacent tributaries. Trout collections made in 1996 showed significant year-class genetic variation for mtDNA and microsatellites when compared to fish from the same locations in 1993. Five years after the spill, mainstem populations appeared genetically mixed with no significant allelic frequency differences between mainstem populations and geographically proximate tributary trout. In our 1996 samples, we found no significant genetic differences due to season of capture (summer or fall) or sampling technique used to capture rainbow trout, with the exception of trout collected by electrofishing and hook and line near Prospect Avenue. Haplotype and allelic frequencies in wild rainbow trout populations captured in the upper Sacramento River and its tributaries were found to differ genetically from Mount Shasta Hatchery trout for both years, with the notable exception of trout collected in the lower mainstem river near Shasta Lake, where mtDNA and microsatellite data both suggested upstream colonization by hatchery fish from the reservoir. These data suggest that the chemical spill in the upper Sacramento River produced significant effects over time on the genetic population structure of rainbow trout throughout the entire upper river basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","issn":"00081078","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Heine, E.L., Gan, C.A., and Fountain, M.C., 2000, Molecular analysis of population genetic structure and recolonization of rainbow trout following the Cantara spill: California Fish and Game, v. 86, no. 1, p. 21-40.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335157,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Publications/Journal/Contents#2000","text":"Volume 86 on Publisher's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacremento River","volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cf1e4b0c8380cd70059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heine, Erika L.","contributorId":108367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heine","given":"Erika","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gan, Christina A.","contributorId":96539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gan","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fountain, Monique C.","contributorId":18528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"Monique","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022529,"text":"70022529 - 2000 - Tephrochronology of the Brooks River Archaeological District, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: What can and cannot be done with tephra deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T17:05:28.640886","indexId":"70022529","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":11125,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of London","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Tephrochronology of the Brooks River Archaeological District, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: What can and cannot be done with tephra deposits","docAbstract":"The Brooks River Archaeological District (BRAD) in Katmai National Park and Preserve is a classical site for the study of early humans in Alaska. Because of proximity to the active Aleutian volcanic arc, there are numerous tephra deposits in the BRAD, which are potentially useful for correlating among sites of archaeological investigations. Microprobe analyses of glass separates show, however, that most of these tephra deposits are heterogeneous mixtures of multiple glass populations. Some glasses are highly similar to pyroclasts of Aniakchak Crater (160 km to the south), others are similar to pyroclasts in the nearby Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, and some are similar to no other tephra samples from the Alaska Peninsula. Moreover, tephra deposits in any one archaeological study site are not always similar to those from nearby sites, indicating inconsistent preservation of these mainly thin, fine-grained deposits. At least 15, late Holocene tephra deposits are inferred at the BRAD. Their heterogeneity is the result of either eruptions of mixed or heterogeneous magmas, like the 1912 Katmai eruption, or secondary mixing of closely succeeding tephra deposits. Because most cannot be reliably distinguished from one another on the basis of megascopic properties, their utility for correlations is limited. At least one deposit can be reliably identified because of its thickness (10 cm) and colour stratification. Early humans seem not to have been significantly affected by these tephra falls, which is not surprising in view of the resilience exhibited by both plants and animals following the 1912 Katmai eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The archaeology of geological catastrophes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.171.01.19","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Dumond, D., Meyer, C., and Schaaf, J., 2000, Tephrochronology of the Brooks River Archaeological District, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: What can and cannot be done with tephra deposits, chap. <i>of</i> The archaeology of geological catastrophes: Special Papers of the Geological Society of London, no. 171, p. 245-266, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.171.01.19.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks River Archaeological District, Katmai National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -516.533203125,\n              58.297944045474146\n            ],\n            [\n              -514.5172119140625,\n              58.297944045474146\n            ],\n            [\n              -514.5172119140625,\n              58.85070025077414\n            ],\n            [\n              -516.533203125,\n              58.85070025077414\n            ],\n            [\n              -516.533203125,\n              58.297944045474146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"171","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba545e4b08c986b32092a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumond, D.E.","contributorId":72555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumond","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaaf, J.M.","contributorId":29155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaaf","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022507,"text":"70022507 - 2000 - Limited effects of a keystone species: Trends of sea otters and kelp forests at the Semichi Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T18:00:03.254799","indexId":"70022507","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limited effects of a keystone species: Trends of sea otters and kelp forests at the Semichi Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"Sea otters are well known as a keystone species because of their ability to transform sea urchin-dominated communities into kelp-dominated communities by preying on sea urchins and thus reducing the intensity of herbivory. After being locally extinct for more than a century, sea otters re-colonized the Semichi Islands in the Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska in the early 1990s. Here, otter populations increased to about 400 individuals by 1994, but rapidly declined to about 100 by 1997. Roughly 7 yr after initial otter re-colonization, there were only marginal changes in sea urchin biomass, mean maximum test size, and kelp density. These small changes may be the first steps in the cascading effects on community structure typically found with the invasion of a keystone species. However, no wholesale change in community structure occurred following re-colonization and growth of the sea otter population. Instead, this study describes a transition state and identifies factors such as keystone species density and residence time that can be important in dictating the degree to which otter effects are manifested.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","usgsCitation":"Konar, B., 2000, Limited effects of a keystone species: Trends of sea otters and kelp forests at the Semichi Islands, Alaska: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 199, p. 271-280.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v199/p271-280/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaid Island, Nizki Island, Semichi Islands, Shemya Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": 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Brenda","contributorId":131034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konar","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022444,"text":"70022444 - 2000 - Geographic patterns and dynamics of Alaskan climate interpolated from a sparse station record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T15:58:34","indexId":"70022444","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic patterns and dynamics of Alaskan climate interpolated from a sparse station record","docAbstract":"Data from a sparse network of climate stations in Alaska were interpolated to provide 1-km resolution maps of mean monthly temperature and precipitation-variables that are required at high spatial resolution for input into regional models of ecological processes and resource management. The interpolation model is based on thin-plate smoothing splines, which uses the spatial data along with a digital elevation model to incorporate local topography. The model provides maps that are consistent with regional climatology and with patterns recognized by experienced weather forecasters. The broad patterns of Alaskan climate are well represented and include latitudinal and altitudinal trends in temperature and precipitation and gradients in continentality. Variations within these broad patterns reflect both the weakening and reduction in frequency of low-pressure centres in their eastward movement across southern Alaska during the summer, and the shift of the storm tracks into central and northern Alaska in late summer. Not surprisingly, apparent artifacts of the interpolated climate occur primarily in regions with few or no stations. The interpolation model did not accurately represent low-level winter temperature inversions that occur within large valleys and basins. Along with well-recognized climate patterns, the model captures local topographic effects that would not be depicted using standard interpolation techniques. This suggests that similar procedures could be used to generate high-resolution maps for other high-latitude regions with a sparse density of data.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06008.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Fleming, M.D., Chapin, F.S., Cramer, W., Hufford, G.L., and Serreze, M.C., 2000, Geographic patterns and dynamics of Alaskan climate interpolated from a sparse station record: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. S1, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06008.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06008.x"}],"volume":"6","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a177de4b0c8380cd55506","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Michael D.","contributorId":98816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapin, F. Stuart III","contributorId":65632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Stuart","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cramer, W.","contributorId":102231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hufford, Gary L.","contributorId":78502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hufford","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Serreze, Mark C.","contributorId":98491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serreze","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022439,"text":"70022439 - 2000 - Mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity in a monogamous sandpiper, the black turnstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T17:39:44","indexId":"70022439","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity in a monogamous sandpiper, the black turnstone","docAbstract":"We examined the relationship between mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity during a 5-year study of the black turnstone, Arenaria melanocephala, a socially monogamous sandpiper breeding in subarctic Alaska. We tested the predictions of several hypotheses regarding the incidence of divorce and the benefits of fidelity to mate and breeding site. Interannual return rates to the breeding grounds (88% for males, 79% for females) were among the highest yet recorded for any scolopacid sandpiper, and 88% of returning birds nested on their previous year's territory. The annual divorce rate was only 11%, and mate fidelity was significantly linked to fidelity to territory but independent of sex and year. Males arrived in spring significantly earlier than their mates and interannual fidelity was influenced by the relative timing of arrival of pair members. Reunited pairs had significantly higher fledging success than new pairs formed after death or divorce. The incidence of divorce was unrelated to reproductive success the previous year, although birds nested significantly further away after failure than after a successful nesting attempt. Sightings of marked individuals suggested that members of pairs do not winter together, and breeding site tenacity provides a mechanism through which pair members can reunite. We reject the 'incompatibility' hypothesis for divorce in turnstones, and our data contradict predictions of the 'better option' hypothesis. Alternatively, we propose the 'bet-hedging' hypothesis to explain the occurrence of divorce, which transpires when an individual pairs with a new mate to avoid the cost of waiting for a previous mate to return. Such costs can include remaining unmated, if the former mate has died, or experiencing lower reproductive success because of delayed breeding.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/anbe.2000.1505","issn":"00033472","usgsCitation":"Handel, C.M., and Gill, R., 2000, Mate fidelity and breeding site tenacity in a monogamous sandpiper, the black turnstone: Animal Behaviour, v. 60, no. 4, p. 471-481, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1505.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206695,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1505"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a526fe4b0c8380cd6c3f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022414,"text":"70022414 - 2000 - Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T15:49:51","indexId":"70022414","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"<p>In March 1996 an intense swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (???3000 felt by local residents, Mmax = 5.1, cumulative moment of 2.7 ??1018 N m) beneath Akutan Island in the Aleutian volcanic arc, Alaska, produced extensive ground cracks but no eruption of Akutan volcano. Synthetic aperture radar interferograms that span the time of the swarm reveal complex island-wide deformation: the western part of the island including Akutan volcano moved upward, while the eastern part moved downward. The axis of the deformation approximately aligns with new ground cracks on the western part of the island and with Holocene normal faults that were reactivated during the swarm on the eastern part of the island. The axis is also roughly parallel to the direction of greatest compressional stress in the region. No ground movements greater than 2.83 cm were observed outside the volcano's summit caldera for periods of 4 years before or 2 years after the swarm. We modeled the deformation primarily as the emplacement of a shallow, east-west trending, north dipping dike plus inflation of a deep, Mogi-type magma body beneath the volcano. The pattern of subsidence on the eastern part of the island is poorly constrained. It might have been produced by extensional tectonic strain that both reactivated preexisting faults on the eastern part of the island and facilitated magma movement beneath the western part. Alternatively, magma intrusion beneath the volcano might have been the cause of extension and subsidence in the eastern part of the island. We attribute localized subsidence in an area of active fumaroles within the Akutan caldera, by as much as 10 cm during 1992-1993 and 1996-1998, to fluid withdrawal or depressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900200","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wicks, C., Power, J., and Dzurisin, D., 2000, Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B9, p. 21483-21495, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900200.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21483","endPage":"21495","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900200","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a90e4b0c8380cd5b29a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, C. Jr.","contributorId":87681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022286,"text":"70022286 - 2000 - Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:54:21","indexId":"70022286","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations","docAbstract":"ERS-1/ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar interferometry was used to study the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano in Alaska. First, we derived an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) using a tandem ERS-1/ERS-2 image pair and the preexisting DEM. Second, by studying changes in interferometric coherence we found that the newly erupted lava lost radar coherence for 5-17 months after the eruption. This suggests changes in the surface backscattering characteristics and was probably related to cooling and compaction processes. Third, the atmospheric delay anomalies in the deformation interferograms were quantitatively assessed. Atmospheric delay anomalies in some of the interferograms were significant and consistently smaller than one to two fringes in magnitude. For this reason, repeat observations are important to confidently interpret small geophysical signals related to volcanic activities. Finally, using two-pass differential interferometry, we analyzed the preemptive inflation, coeruptive deflation, and posteruptive inflation and confirmed the observations using independent image pairs. We observed more than 140 cm of subsidence associated with the 1997 eruption. This subsidence occurred between 16 months before the eruption and 5 months after the eruption, was preceded by ∼18 cm of uplift between 1992 and 1995 centered in the same location, and was followed by ∼10 cm of uplift between September 1997 and 1998. The best fitting model suggests the magma reservoir resided at 2.7 km depth beneath the center of the caldera, which was ∼5 km from the eruptive vent. We estimated the volume of the erupted material to be 0.055 km<sup>3</sup> and the average thickness of the erupted lava to be ∼7.4 m. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900034","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Mann, D., Freymueller, J.T., and Meyer, D., 2000, Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B5, p. 10791-10806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900034.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10791","endPage":"10806","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278534,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900034"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba35de4b08c986b31fc93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, Dorte","contributorId":76491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Dorte","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022282,"text":"70022282 - 2000 - Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022282","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP","docAbstract":"The objective biomization method developed by Prentice et al. (1996) for Europe was extended using modern pollen samples from Beringia and then applied to fossil pollen data to reconstruct palaeovegetation patterns at 6000 and 18,000 14C yr BP. The predicted modern distribution of tundra, taiga and cool conifer forests in Alaska and north-western Canada generally corresponds well to actual vegetation patterns, although sites in regions characterized today by a mosaic of forest and tundra vegetation tend to be preferentially assigned to tundra. Siberian larch forests are delimited less well, probably due to the extreme under-representation of Larix in pollen spectra. The biome distribution across Beringia at 6000 14C yr BP was broadly similar to today, with little change in the northern forest limit, except for a possible northward-advance in the Mackenzie delta region. The western forest limit in Alaska was probably east of its modern position. At 18,000 14C yr BP the whole of Beringia was covered by tundra. However, the importance of the various plant functional types varied from site to site, supporting the idea that the vegetation cover was a mosaic of different tundra types.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Edwards, M.E., Anderson, P.M., Brubaker, L., Ager, T.A., Andreev, A., Bigelow, N., Cwynar, L., Eisner, W.R., Harrison, S.P., Hu, F., Jolly, D., Lozhkin, A., MacDonald, G.M., Mock, C.J., Ritchie, J., Sher, A., Spear, R., Williams, J., and Yu, G., 2000, Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000 and 0 14C yr BP: Journal of Biogeography, v. 27, no. 3, p. 521-554, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x.","startPage":"521","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206645,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00426.x"},{"id":230452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7cd9e4b0c8380cd79bf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, M. E.","contributorId":29977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P. M.","contributorId":71722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brubaker, L.B.","contributorId":29153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brubaker","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andreev, A.A.","contributorId":102229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreev","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bigelow, N.H.","contributorId":85352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"N.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cwynar, L.C.","contributorId":107458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cwynar","given":"L.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eisner, Wendy R.","contributorId":35497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisner","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harrison, S. P.","contributorId":78488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hu, F.-S.","contributorId":33481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"F.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jolly, D.","contributorId":81655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lozhkin, A.V.","contributorId":62782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lozhkin","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"MacDonald, G. M.","contributorId":31546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mock, Cary J.","contributorId":87323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mock","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Ritchie, J.C.","contributorId":89299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Sher, A.V.","contributorId":84533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sher","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Spear, R.W.","contributorId":87324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spear","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Williams, J.W.","contributorId":53553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Yu, G.","contributorId":61198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70022204,"text":"70022204 - 2000 - Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T17:45:57.651595","indexId":"70022204","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3094,"text":"Polar Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area","docAbstract":"A geologist with extensive experience in the study of northern Alaska's petroleum resources provides an overview of the first comprehensive reassessment of the petroleum potential of section 1002 of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge since the original study of 1987. The paper surveys the region's geology, and provides a description of the methods employed and assessment results. The current resource is compared with that estimated in the original study, and is considerably larger, given the availability of new geologic and geophysical data, improved seismic processing and interpretation capabilities, and changes in the economics of North Slope oil development.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889370009377685","issn":"1088937X","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., 2000, Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area: Polar Geography, v. 24, no. 1, p. 13-34, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377685.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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,{"id":70022145,"text":"70022145 - 2000 - Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T17:00:17.093999","indexId":"70022145","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cook Inlet basin is a northeast-trending forearc basin above the Aleutian subduction zone in southern Alaska. Folds in Cook Inlet are complex, discontinuous structures with variable shape and vergence that probably developed by right-transpressional deformation on oblique-slip faults extending downward into Mesozoic basement beneath the Tertiary basin. The most recent episode of deformation may have began as early as late Miocene time, but most of the deformation occurred after deposition of much of the Pliocene Sterling Formation. Deformation continued into Quaternary time, and many structures are probably still active. One structure, the Castle Mountain fault, has Holocene fault scarps, an adjacent anticline with flower structure, and historical seismicity. If other structures in Cook Inlet are active, blind faults coring fault-propagation folds may generate M</span><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;6–7+ earthquakes. Dextral transpression of Cook Inlet appears to have been driven by coupling between the North American and Pacific plates along the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone, and by lateral escape of the forearc to the southwest, due to collision and indentation of the Yakutat terrane 300 km to the east of the basin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Bruhn, R.L., and Pratt, T.L., 2000, Potential seismic hazards and tectonics of the upper Cook Inlet basin, Alaska, based on analysis of Pliocene and younger deformation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 9, p. 1414-1429, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1414:PSHATO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1429","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.5,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -148,\n             60\n            ],\n            [\n              -148,\n             62\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.5,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.5,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f5de4b0c8380cd7aab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruhn, Ronald L.","contributorId":179363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruhn","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13028,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022531,"text":"70022531 - 2000 - Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T19:19:43","indexId":"70022531","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls","docAbstract":"<p>We measured antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in blood of nesting Common Eider (<i>Somateria mollissima</i>) females and immature Herring Gulls (<i>Larus argentatus</i>) in the Baltic Sea, and in blood of Spectacled Eider (<i>Somateria fischeri</i>) females nesting in a remote area of western Alaska. Positive (≥ 1:16) IBDV titers occurred in 75% of the eiders and 45% of the Herring Gull chicks. In eiders, the prevalence of positive titers differed among locations. We found no evidence that IBDV exposure impaired the immune function of Herring Gull chicks, based on their response to inoculation of sheep red blood cells. We suggest that eider ducks and Herring Gulls have been exposed to IBDV, even in locations where contact with poultry is unlikely. The presence of this virus in wild bird populations is of concern because it causes mortality of up to 30% in susceptible poultry.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:IBDVAI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Hollmen, T., Franson, J.C., Docherty, D., Kilpi, M., Hario, M., Creekmore, L., and Petersen, M.R., 2000, Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in eider ducks and Herring Gulls: Condor, v. 102, no. 3, p. 688-691, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:IBDVAI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"688","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479366,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0688:ibdvai]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Baltic Sea Nations","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -139.921875,\n              70.1403642720717\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.0390625,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.9921875,\n              62.91523303947614\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.265625,\n              50.064191736659104\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.5703125,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.921875,\n              70.1403642720717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              13.0078125,\n              53.9560855309879\n            ],\n            [\n              22.8515625,\n              54.16243396806779\n            ],\n            [\n              25.3125,\n              60.23981116999893\n            ],\n            [\n              18.28125,\n              61.270232790000634\n            ],\n            [\n              13.0078125,\n              53.9560855309879\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3acfe4b0c8380cd61fbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollmen, T.","contributorId":16787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollmen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":140358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Docherty, Douglas E.","contributorId":58245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"Douglas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kilpi, Mikaei","contributorId":102428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpi","given":"Mikaei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hario, Martti","contributorId":31340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hario","given":"Martti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":87251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1013419,"text":"1013419 - 2000 - Genetic contribution of three introduced life history forms of sockeye salmon to colonization of Frazer Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:22","indexId":"1013419","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic contribution of three introduced life history forms of sockeye salmon to colonization of Frazer Lake, Alaska","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Burger, C.V., Scribner, K., Spearmen, W., Swanton, C., and Campton, D., 2000, Genetic contribution of three introduced life history forms of sockeye salmon to colonization of Frazer Lake, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, p. 2096-2111.","productDescription":"pp. 2096-2111","startPage":"2096","endPage":"2111","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burger, C. V.","contributorId":58219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spearmen, W.J.","contributorId":85131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spearmen","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanton, C.O.","contributorId":29365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanton","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campton, D.E.","contributorId":104860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campton","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1013417,"text":"1013417 - 2000 - Foods of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during winter and spring in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T17:11:43.538314","indexId":"1013417","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Foods of arctic foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) during winter and spring in western Alaska","title":"Foods of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during winter and spring in western Alaska","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">During 1986–1991, carcasses of 619 arctic foxes (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) collected from local trappers and at biological field camps on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska from November through May were analyzed to determine gastrointestinal contents, age, sex, and body condition. Prey in declining order of importance were small mammals (95% tundra voles,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Microtus oeconomus</i>), birds, marine mammals, and fishes. Foxes with small mammal remains in their stomachs were captured farther from the Bering Sea coast (<i>X̄</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.2 km) than those without small-mammal remains (2.8 km); foxes consuming remains of marine mammals were closer to the coast (1.9 km) than others (4.9 km). Although eggshells had a poor likelihood of occurrence in stomachs, they were found in all months and years. In 1986 and 1987, foxes consumed fewer small mammals than in other years. Mean ages of foxes captured in 1986 (3.7 years) and 1987 (3.2) were greater than in all other years (1.5). Capture of adults was more common as winter progressed. Indexes of subcutaneous fat decreased annually in April–May and were highest in 1991, when occurrence of carrion of marine mammals was highest.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0820:FOAFAL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anthony, M., Barten, N., and Seiser, P., 2000, Foods of arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) during winter and spring in western Alaska: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 3, p. 820-828, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0820:FOAFAL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"820","endPage":"828","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0820:foafal>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -165.7342529296875,\n              62.08845808493408\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8331298828125,\n              61.96994329935749\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.6903076171875,\n              61.8665112570728\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1737060546875,\n              61.82763395319926\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.97595214843747,\n              61.66902436927201\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.22314453125,\n              61.65598732543086\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.2176513671875,\n              61.54625879879804\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.0968017578125,\n              61.462394960037244\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.97595214843747,\n              61.530551549680816\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.816650390625,\n              61.478136657279336\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.014404296875,\n              61.4361411140723\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.9320068359375,\n              61.29926430596724\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.6903076171875,\n              61.26495144723964\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.6298828125,\n              61.079544234557304\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.322265625,\n              61.04765058603108\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.30029296875,\n              61.119366155705585\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.146484375,\n              61.03169171684717\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.2288818359375,\n              60.973107109199404\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.1080322265625,\n              60.88770004207789\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.9652099609375,\n              60.919754532399686\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.89929199218747,\n              60.92776312080081\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8443603515625,\n              60.879681383571096\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.6246337890625,\n              60.92242428555193\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.5697021484375,\n              60.847586595361314\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.674072265625,\n              62.09617128406539\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.7342529296875,\n              62.08845808493408\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de4eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, M.","contributorId":41373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barten, N.K.","contributorId":99526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barten","given":"N.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seiser, P.E.","contributorId":96649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiser","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013283,"text":"1013283 - 2000 - Age- and sex-specific mortality and population structure in sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:47:45","indexId":"1013283","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age- and sex-specific mortality and population structure in sea otters","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used 742 beach-cast carcasses to characterize age- and sex-specific sea otter mortality during the winter of 1990-1991 at Bering Island, Russia. We also examined 363 carcasses recovered after the 1989 grounding of the T/V&nbsp;</span><i>Exxon Valdez</i><span>, to characterize age and sex composition in the living western Prince William Sound (WPWS) sea otter population. At Bering Island, mortality was male-biased (81%), and 75% were adults. The WPWS population was female-biased (59%) and most animals were subadult (79% of the males and 45% of the females). In the decade prior to 1990-1991 we found increasing sea otter densities (particularly among males), declining prey resources, and declining weights in adult male sea otters at Bering Island. Our findings suggest the increased mortality at Bering Island in 1990-1991 was a density-dependent population response. We propose male-maintained breeding territories and exclusion of juvenile females by adult females, providing a mechanism for maintaining densities in female areas below densities in male areas and for potentially moderating the effects of prey reductions on the female population. Increased adult male mortality at Bering Island in 1990-1991 likely modified the sex and age class structure there toward that observed in Prince William Sound.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00913.x","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Burdin, A., and Ryazanov, D., 2000, Age- and sex-specific mortality and population structure in sea otters: Marine Mammal Science, v. 16, no. 1, p. 201-219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00913.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"219","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burdin, A.M.","contributorId":45661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdin","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryazanov, D.A.","contributorId":15559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryazanov","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013233,"text":"1013233 - 2000 - Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-11T15:57:13","indexId":"1013233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1598,"text":"Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes","docAbstract":"<p>Mechanisms of population differentiation in highly vagile species such as seabirds are poorly understood. Previous studies of marbled murrelets (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus</i>; Charadriiformes: Alcidae) found significant population genetic structure, but could not determine whether this structure is due to historical vicariance (e.g., due to Pleistocene glaciers), isolation by distance, drift or selection in peripheral populations, or nesting habitat selection. To discriminate among these possibilities, we analyzed sequence variation in nine nuclear introns from 120 marbled murrelets sampled from British Columbia to the western Aleutian Islands. Mismatch distributions indicated that murrelets underwent at least one population expansion during the Pleistocene and probably are not in genetic equilibrium. Maximum-likelihood analysis of allele frequencies suggested that murrelets from 'mainland' sites (from the Alaskan Peninsula east) are genetically different from those in the Aleutians and that these two lineages diverged prior to the last glaciation. Analyses of molecular variance, as well as estimates of gene flow derived using coalescent theory, indicate that population genetic structure is best explained by peripheral isolation of murrelets in the Aleutian Islands, rather than by selection associated with different nesting habitats. No isolation-by-distance effects could be detected. Our results are consistent with a rapid expansion of murrelets from a single refugium during the early-mid Pleistocene, subsequent isolation and divergence in two or more refugia during the final Pleistocene glacial advance, and secondary contact following retreat of the ice sheets. Population genetic structure now appears to be maintained by distance effects combined with small populations and a highly fragmented habitat in the Aleutian Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for the Study of Evolution","doi":"10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0974:MOPDIM]2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Congdon, B., Piatt, J.F., Martin, K., and Friesen, V.L., 2000, Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes: Evolution, v. 54, no. 3, p. 974-986, https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0974:MOPDIM]2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"974","endPage":"986","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611f50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Congdon, B.C.","contributorId":55397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congdon","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Kathy","contributorId":13478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Kathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, Vicki L.","contributorId":59407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friesen","given":"Vicki","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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