Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Limecola petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica and M. petalum), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the period January 2019 to December 2019. These data append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2019 data within the context of the longer, multidecadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Significant reductions in silver and copper contamination occurred at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater treatment and source control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements in surface sediments have continued to decrease, although more slowly. Silver appears to have stabilized at concentrations about twice the regional background concentration. Presently, sediment copper concentrations appear to be near the regional background level. Over the same period (1994–2019), sedimentary iron and zinc also exhibited modest declines. Sedimentary aluminum, chromium, mercury, nickel, and selenium have not exhibited any trend. Since 1994, concentrations of silver and copper in L. petalum have varied seasonally, apparently in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and cyclic growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for silver and copper. The annual growth and reproductive cycle explained a small amount of the variance in annual silver and zinc tissue metal concentrations. However, interannual trends are not apparent for any element.
Biological effects of elevated silver and copper contamination at the Palo Alto site have been interpreted from data collected during and after the recession of these contaminants. Concentrations of both elements in the soft tissues of L. petalum declined with sedimentary copper and silver. This pattern was associated with changes in the reproductive activity of L. petalum, as well as the structure of the benthic invertebrate community. Reproductive activity of L. petalum increased as metal concentrations in L. petalum declined and presently is stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. Analyses of the benthic community structure indicate that the infaunal invertebrate community has shifted from one dominated by several opportunistic species when silver and copper exposures were highest to one in which the species abundance is more evenly distributed, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. Importantly, this long-term change is unrelated to other metals and other measured environmental factors, including salinity and sediment composition. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2019. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011–2012 and returned to pre-2011 numbers in 2019.
An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for deep-dwelling animals like L. petalum. However, within two months of this event, animals returned to the mudflat. The resilience of the community suggested that the disturbance was not caused by a persistent toxin or anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species that were present in 2019 was indicative of species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2019 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, those that have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. USGS scientists view the 2008 disturbance event as a response by the infaunal community to an episodic natural stressor (possibly sediment accretion or a pulse of freshwater), in contrast to the long-term recovery from metal contamination. We will compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed after the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M.-N., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Shrader, K.H., Zierdt Smith, E.L., and Luoma, S.N., 2021, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1079, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119549","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416178,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","description":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M.-N., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Zierdt Smith, E.L., Shrader, K.H., Kieu, L.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2023, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1017, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017.","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"},{"id":390272,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":390273,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118","text":"Open-File Report 2016-1118","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California; 2015"},{"id":390267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IBQ23S","linkHelpText":"Data for monitoring trace metal and benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California"},{"id":390268,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1079/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":390269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1079/ofr20211079.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390270,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":390271,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2017"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ],\n [\n -121.90361022949219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ],\n [\n -121.90361022949219,\n 37.496107562317064\n ],\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.496107562317064\n ],\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Water Resources, Earth System Processes Division
U.S. Geological Survey
411 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Understanding the key mechanisms that control northern treelines is important to accurately predict biome shifts and terrestrial feedbacks to climate. At a global scale, it has long been observed that elevational and latitudinal treelines occur at similar mean growing season air temperature (GSAT) isotherms, inspiring the growth limitation hypothesis (GLH) that cold GSAT limits aboveground growth of treeline trees, with mean treeline GSAT ~6–7°C. Treelines with mean GSAT warmer than 6–7°C may indicate other limiting factors. Many treelines globally are not advancing despite warming, and other climate variables are rarely considered at broad scales. Our goals were to test whether current boreal treelines in northern Alaska correspond with the GLH isotherm, determine which environmental factors are most predictive of treeline presence, and identify areas beyond the current treeline where advance is most likely. We digitized ~12 400 km of treelines (>26 K points) and computed seasonal climate variables across northern Alaska. We then built a generalized additive model predicting treeline presence to identify key factors determining treeline. Two metrics of mean GSAT at Alaska's northern treelines were consistently warmer than the 6–7°C isotherm (means of 8.5°C and 9.3°C), indicating that direct physiological limitation from low GSAT is unlikely to explain the position of treelines in northern Alaska. Our final model included cumulative growing degree-days, near-surface (≤1 m) permafrost probability and growing season total precipitation, which together may represent the importance of soil temperature. Our results indicate that mean GSAT may not be the primary driver of treeline in northern Alaska or that its effect is mediated by other more proximate, and possibly non-climatic, controls. Our model predicts treeline potential in several areas beyond current treelines, pointing to possible routes of treeline advance if unconstrained by non-climatic factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ecog.05597","usgsCitation":"Maher, C.T., Dial, R.J., Pastick, N.J., Hewitt, R.E., Jorgenson, M., and Sullivan, P., 2021, The climate envelope of Alaska’s northern treelines: Implications for controlling factors and future treeline advance: Ecography, v. 44, no. 11, p. 1710-1722, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05597.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1710","endPage":"1722","ipdsId":"IP-129005","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05597","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -148.88671874999997,\n 70.4367988185464\n ],\n [\n -156.4453125,\n 71.38514208411495\n ],\n [\n -163.037109375,\n 70.22974449563027\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 68.78414378041504\n ],\n [\n -165.9375,\n 67.64267630796034\n ],\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maher, Colin T.","contributorId":267273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maher","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":55458,"text":"University of Alaska, Anchorage","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dial, Roman J.","contributorId":267274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dial","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12915,"text":"Alaska Pacific University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pastick, Neal J. 0000-0002-4321-6739","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4321-6739","contributorId":267275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pastick","given":"Neal","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hewitt, Rebecca E.","contributorId":267276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewitt","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jorgenson, M. Torre","contributorId":267277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M. Torre","affiliations":[{"id":13506,"text":"Alaska Ecoscience","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sullivan, Patrick F.","contributorId":267278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Patrick F.","affiliations":[{"id":55458,"text":"University of Alaska, Anchorage","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230315,"text":"70230315 - 2021 - Landscape-scale drivers of endangered Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis) presence using an ensemble modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T13:58:22.728184","indexId":"70230315","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-08T07:28:31","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape-scale drivers of endangered Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis) presence using an ensemble modeling approach","docAbstract":"The Florida Everglades is a vast and iconic wetland ecosystem in the southern United States that has undergone dramatic changes from habitat degradation, development encroachment, and water impoundment. Starting in the past few decades, large restoration projects have been undertaken to restore the landscape, including improving conditions for threatened and imperiled taxa. One focus of restoration has been the marl prairie ecosystem, where the federally endangered Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima mirabilis; CSSS) resides. The CSSS is endemic to the Everglades where populations have been steadily declining, signaling the importance of decision support tools for natural resource managers for evaluating water management and restoration scenarios. Here we developed an ensemble logistic regression, combining a frequentist and Bayesian approach, to model CSSS presence and measure how environmental factors such as hydrometrics, fire occurrence, and vegetation structure impact CSSS habitat suitability. This is the first analysis to quantitatively assess the interdependent relationships between a broad range of environmental factors and CSSS presence across the landscape. Our results show that the probability of CSSS presence was highest in areas with dry conditions, hydroperiods between 80 and 120 days, percentages of canopy cover and woody vegetation less than 10%, and more than six years post-fire where 75% or more of the area was burned. Because the frequentist and Bayesian models had nearly identical spatial outputs with the Bayesian model having slightly higher validation metrics, we used the Bayesian approach as our final model (EverSparrow). The results from our analysis can provide a valuable decision support tool as natural resource managers work to restore the Everglades landscape.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w13192796","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., and Deleersnijder, E., 2021, Tracers and timescales: Tools for distilling and simplifying complex fluid mechanical problems: Water, v. 13, no. 19, 2796, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192796.","productDescription":"2796, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133180","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192796","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":401527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa 0000-0001-7797-5517 llucas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-5517","contributorId":260498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"llucas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deleersnijder, Eric 0000-0003-0346-9667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-9667","contributorId":260499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deleersnijder","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52602,"text":"Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (IMMC) & Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227362,"text":"70227362 - 2021 - Geodetic constraints on a 25-year magmatic inflation episode near Three Sisters, central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T12:44:33.101055","indexId":"70227362","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-08T06:41:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic constraints on a 25-year magmatic inflation episode near Three Sisters, central Oregon","docAbstract":"Crustal inflation near the Three Sisters volcanic center documented since the mid-1990s has persisted for more than two decades. We update past analyses of the event through 2020 by simultaneously inverting InSAR interferograms, GPS time series, and leveling data for time-dependent volcanic deformation source parameters. We explore several source models to estimate how the deformation rate varied through time and to identify parameters that can reproduce measured deformation. Our preferred model is a Mogi source 4.1 km below sea level (5.9 km below the surface) about 5 km west of the summit of South Sister. Inflation started in late 1995 or 1996; the rate increased rapidly during 1998–1999, and peaked in late 1999, resulting in maximum surface uplift of about 30 cm by mid-2020. Since 2000, the inflation rate generally declined exponentially with a time constant of about 6 years. Two source inflation scenarios fit the data equally well. In the first, the crust surrounding the source is elastic and the net source-volume increase, which we attribute to persistent magma input, has been about 49 × 106 m3. The second scenario adds a viscoelastic shell surrounding the Mogi source. In that case, an injection of about 21 × 106 m3 of magma prior to 2000, followed by continuing relaxation of the viscoelastic shell, can account for most of the observed surface deformation. In both scenarios, modeling reveals quasiperiodic increases in the inflation rate (pulses) with a recurrence interval of 3–4 years, both before and after 2000.
Over the last several decades, the study of Earth surface processes has progressed from a descriptive science to an increasingly quantitative one due to advances in theoretical, experimental, and computational geosciences. The importance of geomorphic forecasts has never been greater, as technological development and global climate change threaten to reshape the landscapes that support human societies and natural ecosystems. Here we explore best practices for developing socially relevant forecasts of Earth surface change, a goal we are calling “earthcasting”. We suggest that earthcasts have the following features: they focus on temporal (∼1–∼100 years) and spatial (∼1 m–∼10 km) scales relevant to planning; they are designed with direct involvement of stakeholders and public beneficiaries through the evaluation of the socioeconomic impacts of geomorphic processes; and they generate forecasts that are clearly stated, testable, and include quantitative uncertainties. Earthcasts bridge the gap between Earth surface researchers and decision-makers, stakeholders, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public. We investigate the defining features of earthcasts and evaluate some specific examples. This paper builds on previous studies of prediction in geomorphology by recommending a roadmap for (a) generating earthcasts, especially those based on modeling; (b) transforming a subset of geomorphic research into earthcasts; and (c) communicating earthcasts beyond the geomorphology research community. Earthcasting exemplifies the social benefit of geomorphology research, and it calls for renewed research efforts toward further understanding the limits of predictability of Earth surface systems and processes, and the uncertainties associated with modeling geomorphic processes and their impacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021EF002088","usgsCitation":"Ferdowsi, B., Gartner, J.D., Johnson, K.N., Kasprak, A., Miller, K.L., Nardin, W., Ortiz, A.C., and Tejedor, A., 2021, Earthcasting: Geomorphic forecasts for society: Earth's Future, v. 9, no. 11, e2021EF002088, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002088.","productDescription":"e2021EF002088, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-086529","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ef002088","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferdowsi, Behrooz","contributorId":365025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferdowsi","given":"Behrooz","affiliations":[{"id":16979,"text":"University of Pennsylvania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gartner, John D.","contributorId":365028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"John","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Kerri N.","contributorId":365029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kerri","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":36524,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kasprak, Alan 0000-0001-8184-6128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-6128","contributorId":204162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasprak","given":"Alan","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, Kimberly L.","contributorId":365031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Kimberly","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36628,"text":"University of Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nardin, William","contributorId":365034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nardin","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":35259,"text":"Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ortiz, Alejandra C.","contributorId":365036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Alejandra","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tejedor, Alejandro","contributorId":365040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tejedor","given":"Alejandro","affiliations":[{"id":6976,"text":"University of California, Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70225554,"text":"70225554 - 2021 - STEPS: Slip time earthquake path simulations applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to redefine geologic slip rate uncertainty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T12:30:52.770138","indexId":"70225554","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-06T07:26:41","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"STEPS: Slip time earthquake path simulations applied to the San Andreas and Toe Jam Hill Faults to redefine geologic slip rate uncertainty","docAbstract":"Geologic slip rates are a time-averaged measurement of fault displacement calculated over hundreds to million-year time scales and are a primary input for probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, which forecast expected ground shaking in future earthquakes. Despite their utility for seismic hazard calculations, longer-term geologic slip rates represent a time-averaged measure of the tempo of strain release and do not measure variability across earthquake cycles. We have developed a numerical approach called STEPS (Slip Time Earthquake Path Simulations), which is built upon field-based observations and explicitly incorporates realistic variations in displacement per event and variability in the recurrence interval between earthquakes. The STEPS approach, which simulates strain release through time, relies on representing earthquake cycles as stairsteps, rather than straight-line paths, connecting per earthquake time-displacement coordinates. We simulate earthquake histories based on these input constraints using two examples: the Carrizo section of the San Andreas fault and the Toe Jam Hill fault of the Seattle fault zone. We find that modeled slip rate distributions agree with slip rates reported for the sites of interest by the original investigators, while providing a slip rate distribution that reflects the variability of earthquake frequency and displacement. The STEPS approach provides an estimate of fault slip rate uncertainty based on a synthetic suite of plausible time-displacement paths resulting from individual earthquakes, rather than measurement uncertainties associated with offset features. When considering this simulated earthquake behavior between measurements, the uncertainty associated with earthquake paths is greater than that calculated by the long-term rate.
The Cimarron River is a free-flowing river and is a major source of water as it flows across Oklahoma. Increased demand for water resources within the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer in north-central Oklahoma (primarily in Payne County) has led to increases in groundwater withdrawals for agriculture, public, irrigation, industrial, and domestic supply purposes. The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma (Pawnee Nation) is particularly concerned about the sustainability of the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer and whether the aquifer will continue to be a viable water resource for future generations of Tribal members and residents. To better understand current (2021) water resources and possible future water availability in the Pawnee Nation Tribal jurisdictional area, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, compiled available hydrogeologic data and developed conceptual and numerical groundwater-flow models for the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer in Payne County, north-central Oklahoma, including a focus area in the Pawnee Nation Tribal jurisdictional area for the 2016–18 study period.
A conceptual water budget was created to establish estimates of groundwater fluxes into and out of the aquifer through hydrologic boundaries and groundwater withdrawals for use in the numerical groundwater-flow model. The conceptual water budget focuses on the alluvial aquifer, meaning that inflows include sources of water to the aquifer and that outflows include sources of water out of the aquifer, such as base-flow contributions to the Cimarron River. The conceptual water budget was constructed by using data from 2017 (the most complete year of record for each data type included in the model) for the Pawnee Nation subdomain of the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer model extent (Pawnee Nation subdomain).
Groundwater withdrawals were estimated from groundwater-withdrawal rate information for permanent and temporary permitted wells that was obtained from the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. One-half of each annual permitted groundwater-withdrawal rate allotted was used as the estimated annual groundwater-withdrawal amount. Halving the permitted groundwater-withdrawal rate was done because permitted withdrawal rates are the maximum permitted rate and actual groundwater withdrawals are generally appreciably lower than the maximum permitted rate. Total groundwater withdrawals were estimated as 1,300 acre-feet per year for the Pawnee Nation subdomain. Various hydrogeologic data were measured to assist with model development, including depth to bedrock and water-table altitude data. In support of the model development, analyses pertaining to groundwater flow, groundwater/surface-water interactions, base flows in the Cimarron River, and lithological interpretations in the Pawnee Nation Tribal jurisdictional area were used to compute a conceptual water budget applicable to the 2016–18 study period. A numerical groundwater-flow model was developed using the hydrogeologic framework of the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer and the conceptual water budget. The numerical model consists of a single layer representing alluvium and terrace deposits within the alluvial aquifer model area. Hydraulic conductivities were estimated and modeled for the alluvium and terrace deposits in the alluvial aquifer. Base-flow values were estimated using the base-flow index from streamflow data collected at U.S. Geological Survey streamgages. Stream seepage values were derived from the mean 2017 base-flow index between certain streamgages. Hydraulic conductivities were specified an initial (before calibration) value of 120 feet per day for the alluvium deposits and 16 feet per day for the terrace deposits.
The simulated inflows in the numerical groundwater-flow model of the Pawnee Nation subdomain were higher than the inflows of conceptual water budget, and the simulated outflows were lower than the outflows of the conceptual water budget. Overall, simulated base flows matched closely to observed base flows for the 2016 and 2017 stress periods. Simulated streamflow tended to match better with the observed streamflow for 2017, which was the period with the most data for the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer model.
Streamflow capture analysis was applied to the steady-state simulation to identify areas of the aquifer where base flows in the Cimarron River were most sensitive to groundwater withdrawals. The initial base-flow value was assigned the value obtained from streamflow-routing software used to simulate stream outflow for the calibrated steady-state base model. Subsequent simulations were run in each active cell in the Pawnee Nation subdomain for a specified groundwater-withdrawal rate of 180,000 cubic feet per day. The study area that includes the Pawnee Nation subdomain is in the upper Arkansas River Basin. A groundwater-withdrawal rate of 180,000 cubic feet per second per day represents a 34 percent increase compared to the highest permitted groundwater-withdrawal rate for the study area, which corresponds to the estimated 34 percent increase in groundwater withdrawals predicted by 2060 for the upper Arkansas River Basin. Simulated streamflow capture was highest in the alluvium deposits adjacent to the Cimarron River; that is, base flow in the Cimarron River decreased the most for simulated groundwater withdrawals in the alluvium deposits adjacent to the Cimarron River. Streamflow capture increased as the distance of a well from the Cimarron River decreased in the simulation. The northeastern part of the Pawnee Nation subdomain showed greater streamflow capture in a broader area; streamflow in that part of the Pawnee Nation subdomain is likely more sensitive to groundwater withdrawals compared to other parts of the Pawnee Nation subdomain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Paizis, N.C., and Trevisan, A.R., 2021, Cimarron River alluvial aquifer hydrogeologic framework, water budget, and implications for future water availability in the Pawnee Nation Tribal jurisdictional area, Payne County, Oklahoma, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5073, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215073.","productDescription":"Report: x, 49 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119627","costCenters":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5073/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":390182,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5073/sir20215073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5073"},{"id":390184,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":390183,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WZGYQF","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT model used for the simulation of the Cimarron River alluvial aquifer in the Pawnee Nation Tribal jurisdictional area in Payne County, Oklahoma, 2016–17"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Payne County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.9277,36.246],[-96.8216,36.245],[-96.8212,36.1593],[-96.6245,36.1605],[-96.6228,35.9427],[-97.1428,35.9442],[-97.1423,35.9641],[-97.1557,35.9485],[-97.1729,35.9428],[-97.1872,35.9426],[-97.2013,35.9469],[-97.2163,35.9576],[-97.2252,35.9677],[-97.236,35.9683],[-97.2461,35.9721],[-97.2523,35.9744],[-97.2734,35.9734],[-97.2841,35.9767],[-97.2863,35.9795],[-97.2862,35.9835],[-97.2883,35.9931],[-97.2927,36.0004],[-97.2982,36.0091],[-97.3055,36.011],[-97.3203,36.0108],[-97.3329,36.0078],[-97.3359,36.0024],[-97.34,35.9947],[-97.3475,35.9885],[-97.3556,35.9841],[-97.3569,36.1583],[-97.1426,36.1588],[-97.1417,36.245],[-96.9277,36.246]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Payne\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, TX 78754-4501
The 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i, provides an excellent natural laboratory with which to test models of lava flow propagation. During early stages of eruption crises, the most useful lava flow propagation equations utilize readily determined parameters and require fewer a priori assumptions about future behavior of the flow. Here, we leverage the numerous observations of lava flows collected over the duration of the eruption crisis at Kīlauea in 2018 to test simple lava flow propagation models. These models track the one-dimensional propagation of the flows according to three main rheological restraining forces: bulk viscosity, yield strength, and growth of a surface crust. We calculate the predicted changes in length through time of three flows that vary in bulk composition, crystal content, and total flow length. Cooler flows that are more crystal-rich tend to be more dominated by crust growth, though early stages of propagation can be controlled by bulk viscosity. We find that variations in effusion rate significantly impact flows that are short-lived; flows that are produced during steady-state effusion are readily approximated by average values for the entire flow. Thus, accurate knowledge of variations in effusion rate are critical to accurate lava flow propagation forecasting.
Land-use land-cover change (LULCC) has become an important topic of research for the central United States because of the extensive conversion of the natural prairie into agricultural land, especially in the northern Great Plains. As a result, shifts in the natural climate (minimum/maximum temperature, precipitation, etc.) across the north-central United States have been observed, as noted within the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report. Thus, it is necessary to understand how further LULCC will affect the near-surface atmosphere, the lower troposphere, and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) atmosphere over this region. The goal of this work was to investigate the utility of a new future land-use land-cover (LULC) dataset within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. The present study utilizes a modeled future land-use dataset developed by the Forecasting Scenarios of Land-Use Change (FORE-SCE) model to investigate the influence of future (2050) land use on a simulated PBL development within the WRF Model. Three primary areas of LULCC were identified within the FORE-SCE future LULC dataset across Nebraska and South Dakota. Variations in LULC between the 2005 LULC control simulation and four FORE-SCE simulations affected near-surface temperature (0.5°–1°C) and specific humidity (0.3–0.5 g kg−1). The differences noted in the temperature and moisture fields affected the development of the simulated PBL, leading to variations in PBL height and convective available potential energy. Overall, utilizing the FORE-SCE dataset within WRF produced notable differences relative to the control simulation over areas of LULCC represented in the FORE-SCE dataset.
Climate-influenced changes in hydrology affect water-food-energy security that may impact up to two billion people downstream of the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region. Changes in water supply affect energy, industry, transportation, and ecosystems (agriculture, fisheries) and as a result, also affect the region's social, environmental, and economic fabrics. Sustaining the highly interconnected food-energy-water nexus (FEWN) will be a fundamental and increasing challenge under a changing climate regime. High variability in topography and distribution of glaciated and snow-covered areas in the HMA region, and scarcity of high resolution (in-situ) data make it difficult to model and project climate change impacts on individual watersheds. We lack basic understanding of the spatial and temporal variations in climate, surface impurities in snow and ice such as black carbon and dust that alter surface albedo, and glacier mass balance and dynamics. These knowledge gaps create challenges in predicting where and when the impact of changes in river flow will be the most significant economically and ecologically. In response to these challenges, the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established the High Mountain Asia Team (HiMAT) in 2016 to conduct research to address knowledge gaps. This paper summarizes some of the advances HiMAT made over the past 5 years, highlights the scientific challenges in improving our understanding of the hydrology of the HMA region, and introduces an integrated assessment framework to assess the impacts of climate changes on the FEWN for the HMA region. The framework, developed under a NASA HMA project, links climate models, hydrology, hydropower, fish biology, and economic analysis. The framework could be applied to develop scientific understanding of spatio-temporal variability in water availability and the resultant downstream impacts on the FEWN to support water resource management under a changing climate regime.
Groundwater depletion is a major threat to agricultural and municipal water supply in California's Central Valley. Recent droughts during 2007–2009 and 2012–2016 exacerbated chronic groundwater depletion. However, it is unclear how much groundwater storage recovered from drought-related overdrafts during post-drought years, and how climatic conditions and water management affected recovery times. We estimated groundwater storage change in the Central Valley for April 2002 through September 2019 using four methods: GRACE satellite data, a water balance approach, a hydrologic simulation model, and monitoring wells. We also evaluated the sensitivity of drought recovery to different climate scenarios (recent climate ± droughts and future climate change scenarios: 20 GCMs and 2 RCPs) using water balance method and statistical sampling of historical climate data. Estimated Central Valley groundwater loss during the two droughts ranged from 19 km3 (2007–2009) to 28 km3 (2012–2016) (median of four methods). Median aquifer storage recovery was 34% and 19% of the overdraft during the 2010–2011 and 2017–2019 post-drought years, respectively. Numerical experiments show that recovery times are sensitive to climate forcing, with longer recovery times for a future climate scenario that replicate historical climatology relative to historical forcing with no droughts. Overdraft recovery times decrease by ∼2× with implementation of pumping restrictions (30th to 50th percentiles of historical groundwater depletion) to constrain groundwater depletion relative to no restrictions with a no-drought future climatology. This study highlights the importance of considering water management implications for future drought recoveries within the context of climate change scenarios.
The spatial distribution and depth of permafrost are changing in response to warming and landscape disturbance across northern Arctic and boreal regions. This alters the infiltration, flow, surface and subsurface distribution, and hydrologic connectivity of inland waters. Such changes in the water cycle consequently alter the source, transport, and biogeochemical cycling of aquatic carbon (C), its role in the production and emission of greenhouse gases, and C delivery to inland waters and the Arctic Ocean. Responses to permafrost thaw across heterogeneous boreal landscapes will be neither spatially uniform nor synchronous, thus giving rise to expressions of low to medium confidence in predicting hydrologic and aquatic C response despite very high confidence in projections of widespread near-surface permafrost disappearance as described in the 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Polar Regions. Here, we describe the state of the science regarding mechanisms and factors that influence aquatic C and hydrologic responses to permafrost thaw. Through synthesis of recent topical field and modeling studies and evaluation of influential landscape characteristics, we present a framework for assessing vulnerabilities of northern permafrost landscapes to specific modes of thaw affecting local to regional hydrology and aquatic C biogeochemistry and transport. Lastly, we discuss scaling challenges relevant to model prediction of these impacts in heterogeneous permafrost landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fclim.2021.730402","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., and Striegl, R.G., 2021, Complex vulnerabilities of the water and aquatic carbon cycles to permafrost thaw: Frontiers in Climate, v. 3, 730402, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.730402.","productDescription":"730402, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131645","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.730402","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle A. 0000-0003-4269-8366","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":211843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":824776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224912,"text":"sim3479 - 2021 - Vulnerability assessment in and near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-05T11:46:21.743463","indexId":"sim3479","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-04T14:44:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3479","displayTitle":"Vulnerability Assessment in and near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota","title":"Vulnerability assessment in and near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park is in western North Dakota and was established in 1978 under the National Wilderness Preservation system to preserve and protect the qualities of the North Dakota Badlands, including the wildlife, scenery, and wilderness. The park is made up of three units (North, Elkhorn Ranch, and South) that are connected by the Little Missouri River, which was identified by the National Park Service as a significant resource essential to fulfilling the park's purpose. The development of oil and gas (OG) resources has expanded in the past two decades in the region surrounding Theodore Roosevelt National Park. This expansion of OG development outside park boundaries increases the potential for adverse environmental and economic effects inside the park boundaries, especially for the hydrologic processes within Theodore Roosevelt National Park.
This report assesses the vulnerability of critical components that contribute to supporting plants and wildlife of the Northwestern Great Plains ecological region and Theodore Roosevelt National Park’s mission of preservation. Critical components include land cover, slope, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, distance to Ovis canadensis (Shaw, 1804) (bighorn sheep) critical habitat, distance to springs, distance to rivers and streams, and distance to surficial aquifers. The study area included all the 12-digit hydrologic units within the watershed boundary dataset that intersect Theodore Roosevelt National Park or are within the 12-digit hydrologic units for Little Missouri River tributaries that flow into the park. Critical components that had existing publicly available geographic data were assessed and assigned vulnerability index values. These values were then summed to develop a vulnerability score and mapped. OG development and associated transportation infrastructure, referred to as “stressors” in this report, with publicly available geographic data were mapped, and then flow paths were generated starting from the stressor locations to assess their likelihood to contaminate vulnerable areas within the study area.
The North Unit had the most area with moderate, high, and very high vulnerability. These areas occurred all across the southern and eastern parts of the North Unit where the Little Missouri River, surficial aquifer, wetland type land covers, and bighorn sheep critical habitat are present. Several stressor flow paths from pipelines and highways cross these areas and may pose the most risk to the vulnerable areas identified. In the Elkhorn Ranch Unit, areas with moderate, high, and very high vulnerability were in the southeastern part of the unit, where the Little Missouri River, surficial aquifer, wetland type land covers, and bighorn sheep critical habitat are present. The stressor flow paths in the Elkhorn Ranch Unit follow the length of the Little Missouri River and all its tributaries in the study area. The stressor flow paths originated from crude oil wells and pipelines. In the South Unit, one area had moderate, high, and very high vulnerability. This area is where the Little Missouri River and bighorn sheep critical range are present. The stressor flow paths in the South Unit follow the length of the Little Missouri River and nearly all its tributaries in the study area. Several stressor flow paths cross the one identified vulnerable area that originated from crude oil wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3479","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Inland Oil Spill Preparedness Project","usgsCitation":"Valseth, K.J., 2021, Vulnerability assessment in and near Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3479, pamphlet 9 p., 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3479.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 9 p.; 1 Sheet: 23.50 x 31.10 inches; Dataset","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122274","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3479/sim3479_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"9.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3479 Sheet 1"},{"id":390169,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3479/sim3479.xml","size":"53.7 kB","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIM 3479 Pamphlet xml"},{"id":390165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3479/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":390168,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":390166,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3479/sim3479_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3479 Pamphlet"},{"id":390170,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3479/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.72467041015625,\n 46.751153008636884\n ],\n [\n -103.14788818359375,\n 46.751153008636884\n ],\n [\n -103.14788818359375,\n 47.11873795272715\n ],\n [\n -103.72467041015625,\n 47.11873795272715\n ],\n [\n -103.72467041015625,\n 46.751153008636884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
In 1999, a jet-fuels release was discovered at the Bulk Fuels Facility on Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Contaminants had reached the water table and migrated north-northeast toward water-supply wells. Monitoring wells were installed downgradient from the facility to determine the primary zones of groundwater production for water-supply wells and assess contaminant presence. The monitoring wells are screened within the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, which includes clay units, at depths as great as 445 meters below land surface, and were categorized as water table, shallow, middle, deep, and aquifer-test pumping wells. Water-supply wells are screened across multiple water-bearing units within the aquifer system. All wells were sampled for major ions, trace elements, nutrients, stable isotopes, dissolved gases, tritium, carbon isotopes, and chlorofluorocarbons. The deeper and water-supply wells have evidence of longer groundwater residence times, as much as thousands of years, and water from the shallower wells shows evidence of anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Aquifer recharge is derived from either the mountain front or seepage from the Rio Grande. Dissolved-gas data indicate that the middle, deep, and aquifer-test pumping, and water-supply wells have cooler recharge temperatures than the shallower wells. Inferred groundwater age varies by method but indicates that the deeper, aquifer-test pumping, and water-supply wells have older water, as much as 15,000 years before present. Results indicate that the water-supply wells draw primarily from the middle and deeper portions of the aquifer system below the clay units and have not been affected by the contaminant plume, although some data indicate a potential for modern water entering some of the deeper and water-supply wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Air Force Civil Engineer Center","usgsCitation":"Travis, R.E., Bell, M.T., Linhoff, B.S., and Beisner, K.R., 2021, Utilizing multiple hydrogeologic and anthropogenic indicators to understand zones of groundwater contribution to water-supply wells near Kirtland Air Force Base Bulk Fuels Facility in southeast Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5076, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215076.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 28 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120223","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390163,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":389636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":389637,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5076/sir20215076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5076"},{"id":389638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7NV9HHG","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Description of groundwater monitoring wells installed at and near Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2013–2016 (ver. 1.2, May 2019)"},{"id":389639,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5076/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Kirtland Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.69097900390625,\n 34.89156324823376\n ],\n [\n -106.43692016601562,\n 34.90170042871546\n ],\n [\n -106.4410400390625,\n 35.081707990840705\n ],\n [\n -106.68823242187499,\n 35.068221159859256\n ],\n [\n -106.69097900390625,\n 34.89156324823376\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
The increasing incidence of wildfires across the southwestern United States (US) is altering the contemporary forest management template within historically frequent-fire conifer forests. An increasing fraction of southwestern conifer forests have recently burned, and many of these burned landscapes contain complex mosaics of surviving forest and severely burned patches without surviving conifer trees. These heterogeneous burned landscapes present unique social and ecological challenges. Severely burned patches can present numerous barriers to successful conifer regeneration, and often contain heavy downed fuels which have cascading effects on future fire behavior and conifer regeneration. Conversely, surviving forest patches are increasingly recognized for their value in postfire reforestation but often are overlooked from a management perspective.
Here we present a decision-making framework for landscape-scale management of complex postfire landscapes that allows for adaptation to a warming climate and future fire. We focus specifically on historically frequent-fire forests of the southwestern US but make connections to other forest types and other regions. Our framework depends on a spatially-explicit assessment of the mosaic of conifer forest and severely burned patches in the postfire landscape, evaluates likely vegetation trajectories, and identifies critical decision points to direct vegetation change via manipulations of fuels and live vegetation. This framework includes detailed considerations for postfire fuels management (e.g., edge hardening within live forest patches and repeat burning) and for reforestation (e.g., balancing tradeoffs between intensive and extensive planting strategies, establishing patches of seed trees, spatial planning to optimize reforestation success, and improving nursery capacity). In a future of increasing fire activity in forests where repeated low- to moderate-severity fire is essential to ecosystem resilience, the decision-making framework developed here can easily be integrated with existing postfire management strategies to optimize allocation of limited resources and more actively manage burned landscapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119678","usgsCitation":"Stevens, J., Haffey, C., Coop, J.D., Fornwalt, P.J., Yocom, L., Allen, C., Bradley, A., Burney, O.T., Carril, D., Chambers, M.E., Chapman, T.B., Haire, S.L., Hurteau, M., Iniguez, J.M., Margolis, E.Q., Marks, C., Marshall, L., Rodman, K., Stevens-Rumann, C.S., Thode, A., and Walker, J., 2021, Tamm review: Postfire landscape management in frequent-fire conifer forests of the southwestern United States: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 502, 119678, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119678.","productDescription":"119678, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-130297","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119678","text":"Publisher Index 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This survey was carried out to detect the distribution of faults near the gas hydrate research well (Stratigraphic Test Well: Hydrate-01) on the North Slope of Alaska within the Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU). The data were recorded with a single-mode DAS cable which is permanently installed and cemented behind the casing of the Hydrate-01 well. A total of 1701 shot records were successfully acquired in 12 days using a DAS interrogator with two vibroseis sources. The data were converted from strain rate to a geophone equivalent for further data processing. Traveltime tomography was carried out using the first break of each shot and was used to build a 3D tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) velocity model. The data were processed with a sequence designed to produce a precise and high resolution P wave image, that included editing, redatum, band pass filtering, denoise, upgoing / downgoing wavefield separation, deconvolution and migration. Faults around the Hydrate-01 were interpreted using the 3DVSP volume and its attributes. These faults were clearly observed in the 3DVSP volume but they cannot be recognized by an existing 3D surface seismic volume.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 14th SEGJ International Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceDate":"October 18-21, 2021","language":"English","publisher":"SEG","doi":"10.1190/segj2021-006.1","usgsCitation":"Fujimoto, A., Lim, T.K., Tamaki, M., Kawaguchi, K., Kobayashi, T., Haines, S.S., Collett, T., and Boswell, R., 2021, DAS 3DVSP survey at Stratigraphic Test Well (Hydrate-01), in Proceedings of the 14th SEGJ International Symposium, October 18-21, 2021, p. 19-22, https://doi.org/10.1190/segj2021-006.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-129862","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":421461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujimoto, Akira","contributorId":330380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujimoto","given":"Akira","affiliations":[{"id":39359,"text":"JOGMEC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lim, Teck Kean","contributorId":330382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lim","given":"Teck","email":"","middleInitial":"Kean","affiliations":[{"id":48092,"text":"TOYO Engineering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tamaki, Machiko","contributorId":330384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tamaki","given":"Machiko","affiliations":[{"id":78875,"text":"JOE Co.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kawaguchi, Kyojiro","contributorId":330385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kawaguchi","given":"Kyojiro","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48092,"text":"TOYO Engineering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kobayashi, Toshiaki","contributorId":330387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kobayashi","given":"Toshiaki","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39359,"text":"JOGMEC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haines, Seth S. 0000-0003-2611-8165 shaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-8165","contributorId":1344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Seth","email":"shaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":884816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Collett, Timothy 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":220812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":884817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Boswell, Ray","contributorId":330389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boswell","given":"Ray","affiliations":[{"id":78878,"text":"DOE NETL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":884818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70241791,"text":"70241791 - 2021 - Resilience of native amphibian communities following catastrophic drought: Evidence from a decade of regional-scale monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-27T12:05:50.759272","indexId":"70241791","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-02T07:03:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resilience of native amphibian communities following catastrophic drought: Evidence from a decade of regional-scale monitoring","docAbstract":"The increasing frequency and severity of drought may exacerbate ongoing global amphibian declines. However, interactions between drought and coincident stressors, coupled with high interannual variability in amphibian abundances, can mask the extent and underlying mechanisms of drought impacts. We synthesized a decade (2009–2019) of regional-scale amphibian monitoring data (2273 surveys, 233 ponds, and seven species) from across California's Bay Area and used dynamic occupancy modeling to estimate trends and drivers of species occupancy. An extreme drought during the study period resulted in substantial habitat loss, with 51% of ponds drying in the worst year of drought, compared to <20% in pre-drought years. Nearly every species exhibited reduced breeding activity during the drought, with the occupancy of some species (American bullfrogs and California newts) declining by >25%. Invasive fishes and bullfrogs were also associated with reduced amphibian occupancy, and these taxa were locally extirpated from numerous sites during drought, without subsequent recovery– suggesting that drought may present an opportunity to remove invaders. Despite a historic, multi-year drought, native amphibians rebounded quickly to pre-drought occupancy levels, demonstrating evidence of resilience. Permanent waterbodies supported higher persistence of native species during drought years than did temporary waterbodies, and we therefore highlight the value of hydroperiod diversity in promoting amphibian stability.
To assist resource managers and planners in developing informed strategies to address nitrogen loading to coastal water bodies of Long Island, New York, the U.S. Geological Survey and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation initiated a program to delineate areas contributing groundwater to coastal water bodies by assembling a comprehensive dataset of areas contributing groundwater, travel times, and groundwater discharges to streams, lakes, marine surface waters, and subsea discharge boundaries. Steady-state, 25-layer regional, three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater-flow models of average regional hydrologic conditions were used for particle-tracking analysis to delineate areas contributing groundwater to 843 water bodies. Two steady-state conditions were simulated: recent conditions from 2005 to 2015 and predevelopment conditions of about 1900. About 14 million particles were evenly distributed across the water table and tracked forward to discharge zones. Using a uniform porosity of 25 percent, simulated recent condition travel times ranged from less than 2 years to greater than 10,000 years and were visualized in 11 travel time intervals. About 85 percent of particle travel times from the water table to points of discharge are less than 100 years. Simulated particle-tracking ending zones represented 843 receiving water bodies, based on the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation water body inventory and priority water bodies list. Areal delineation of travel-time intervals and areas contributing groundwater to water bodies were generated and are summarized with total groundwater outflow for each water body.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Misut, P.E., Casamassina, N.A., and Walter, D.A., 2021, Delineation of areas contributing groundwater and travel times to receiving waters in Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk Counties, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5047, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215047.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 61 p.; 3 Tables; Data Release","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108532","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389890,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/sir20215047_table1.3.csv","text":"Table 1.3","size":"27.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Marine subsystems, estuaries, and number of receiving water bodies on Long Island, New York, associated with New York State priority water bodies"},{"id":389888,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/sir20215047_table1.1.csv","text":"Table 1.1","size":"12.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Association of receiving water body index to New York State priority water body list database for water bodies on Long Island, New York"},{"id":389874,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/sir20215047.XML"},{"id":389876,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DKILJY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–NWT and MODPATH6 used to delineate areas contributing groundwater and travel times to receiving waters of Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk Counties, New York"},{"id":389889,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/sir20215047_table1.2.csv","text":"Table 1.2","size":"9.48 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Sum of groundwater outflows to receiving water bodies simulated by a flow model of regional hydrologic conditions from 2005 to 2015 for Long Island, New York"},{"id":389875,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/images/"},{"id":389872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/sir20215047.pdf","text":"Report","size":"92.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5047"},{"id":389871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5047/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Queens County, Nassau County, Suffolk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.20166015624999,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -71.7572021484375,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -71.7572021484375,\n 41.21998578493921\n ],\n [\n -74.20166015624999,\n 41.21998578493921\n ],\n [\n -74.20166015624999,\n 40.51379915504413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Larval lampreys (Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp.) are vulnerable to anthropogenic water-level fluctuations that can dewater their habitat. Dewatering events occur regularly in the Columbia River Basin for operation and management of hydropower facilities, seasonal or maintenance closures of irrigation diversions, and in-water construction projects, including for habitat restoration. Salvage efforts which can be initiated before, during, and after dewatering events are resource-intensive and are conducted based on the assumption that salvage will reduce lamprey mortality. This pilot study was the first formal assessment of the efficacy of salvage efforts, evaluating the survival and performance of larval lamprey following various salvage techniques.
Lampreys were salvaged during dewatering events at three field sites under variable environmental conditions (summer and fall of 2020) and then held in the laboratory for 60 days to monitor survival, growth, and burrowing performance. Four salvage treatments were defined to represent combinations of typical salvage techniques and stressors, including multiple passes of standard electrofishing (SEF), lamprey-specific electrofishing (LEF), and modified lamprey-specific electrofishing (MLEF; probes in direct contact with dewatered, but moist substrate) as well as extended exposure on the surface and walking on sediment where lampreys were burrowed. Control groups did not experience dewatering and were collected using LEF in areas away from treatment groups. Treatments were designed to increase in intensity, from treatment 1 (walking and exposure) to treatment 4 (multiple passes of SEF, LEF and MLEF). Study sites included an earthen hatchery rearing pond (North Toutle Hatchery) dewatered in July, and two irrigation diversions (Wapato and Sunnyside diversions on Yakima River) dewatered at the end of the irrigation season in October. Treatments were executed inside circular 1 m2 enclosures that were randomly positioned in habitats expected to be dewatered. A solid, weighted ring at the bottom of the enclosure penetrated the sediment and netting extended through the water column to a floating upper ring. We deployed eight enclosures per treatment at each test site, executed the four salvage treatments, collected lamprey from within each enclosure and transported them to the laboratory, along with the control groups, for the 60-day holding period. Burrowing performance was tested in sand 1 day after the field effort and in field-collected sediment 30 days after the field effort. Mortality was documented and lamprey were measured at 1, 30, and 60 days in the laboratory and fish weights were used to calculate standard growth rate (SGR) for each site and treatment group.
We collected 328 larval lampreys at our three test sites, including 71 controls and 257 larvae exposed to dewatering and salvage treatments. Overall mortality for the 60-day laboratory holding period was 11.9%. Most mortality occurred within 1-day after treatment (51.3%) and there was limited mortality past 30 days (2.6%). At the North Toutle Hatchery, we observed substantial mortality during the field tests in July, both inside and outside of our test enclosures. Mortality within our test enclosures ranged from 96.7 to 98.8% for treatment 1, 45.9 to 52.2% for treatment 3 and 6.7 to 7.1% for treatment 4. The elevated mortality at this site and logistical challenges with the execution of treatments 1 and 2 resulted in few fish (5 total for treatment 1) or no fish (treatment 2) available for testing in the laboratory. Only one larval lamprey died during field tests at the Wapato and Sunnyside irrigation diversions during testing in October. The single mortality was in treatment 1 (11.1%) and no mortalities were observed outside of the test enclosures.
We used logistic regression to estimate survival of larval lampreys transported to the laboratory and held for 24 h. The Wapato and Sunnyside field sites were pooled for logistic regression and the North Toutle Hatchery site was analyzed separately due to dramatically different environmental conditions. We found that treatment 1 reduced larval survival more than any other treatment during both the summer and fall dewatering events. Trends among survival for treatments 2-4 were less clear. The unique stressor included in the first treatment, but not in other treatments, was a 2-hour exposure period during which larvae were left lying on the surface of the sediment. Treatment 1 also experienced a walking action (foot pressure on the surface of the exposed sediment). The walking action was also included in treatment 4, both before and after dewatering, along with multiple passes of various electrofishing techniques, as this treatment was designed to be a worst-case scenario for lamprey salvage. Despite what appeared to be significant stressors associated with treatment 4, the logistic regression for survival up to 24 hours in the laboratory showed that the odds of surviving treatment 4 were 16 times higher than the odds of surviving treatment 1 at Wapato and Sunnyside (combined). The same comparison at the North Toutle Hatchery showed the odds were 226 times higher for lamprey to survive treatment 4 compared to treatment 1.
Lamprey from all study sites initiated burrowing activity with median times less than 10.5 seconds in both sand (day 1) and field-collected sediment (day 30). The fastest burrowing start times were less than 1.0 second and the slowest was 3.2 minutes. Lamprey behavioral responses during burrowing ability tests were variable. Some lampreys immediately moved from the release location near the surface of the water toward the sediment and began burrowing while others swam around the aquarium near the surface of the water before exploring the sediment to select a burrowing location. The median time to complete burrowing for all treatment groups and sample periods ranged from 9.9 to 48.1 seconds.
No significant differences in SGR were detected between treatment and control groups at any test site. Laboratory water temperatures for the North Toutle Hatchery study groups were maintained at 15°C, giving lamprey a growth advantage compared to the Wapato and Sunnyside groups which were maintained at 10℃. SGR for lamprey collected at the North Toutle Hatchery ranged from 0.83% weight gain/day for controls to 2.04%/day for treatment 3. SGR at Wapato ranged from 0.27 to 0.67%/day and from 0.60 to 0.90 %/day at Sunnyside. Overall, SGR was consistently lower at every site for the controls compared to any of the treatment groups, although none of the differences were significant. The variability at some sites in initial lamprey size, combined with inherent variability in growth rates, limited our ability to make conclusions about how different salvage treatments influenced SGR.
Treatment 1 stood out among the salvage treatments at all study sites. In this treatment, lampreys exposed on the surface of the sediment, awaiting salvage, were vulnerable to reduced survival, even under mild environmental conditions. The risk of mortality was greatest for the summer dewatering event at the North Toutle Hatchery. The remaining treatments, even with multiple passes of various electrofishing techniques, did not generally have large negative impacts on lamprey during our tests. Lamprey survival rates for these treatments were relatively high, especially at the fall dewatering sites when environmental conditions were mild. Thus, salvage efforts, despite being resource intensive, likely have limited negative outcomes for larval lamprey and make substantial contributions to lamprey conservation efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Program","usgsCitation":"Liedtke, T.L., Harris, J.E., Skalicky, J.J., and Weiland, L.K., 2021, Evaluation of larval lamprey survival following salvage: A pilot study, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","ipdsId":"IP-135055","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":412218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":412172,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liedtke, Theresa L. 0000-0001-6063-9867 tliedtke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9867","contributorId":2999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"Theresa","email":"tliedtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Julianne E. 0000-0003-1343-5911","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-5911","contributorId":247527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Julianne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":49569,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, Washington 98683","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skalicky, Joseph J. 0000-0002-6467-5037","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6467-5037","contributorId":247528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skalicky","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":49569,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, Washington 98683","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weiland, Lisa K. 0000-0002-9729-4062 lweiland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9729-4062","contributorId":3565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"Lisa","email":"lweiland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227507,"text":"70227507 - 2021 - Lake Ontario April prey fish survey and Alewife assessment, 2021","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T14:58:50.251696","indexId":"70227507","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-01T08:56:20","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Lake Ontario April prey fish survey and Alewife assessment, 2021","docAbstract":"The Lake Ontario April bottom trawl survey and Alewife, Alosa psuedoharengus population assessment are conducted annually to track prey fish community status and aid management decisions related to predator-prey balance. No survey was conducted in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The 2021 survey included 248 bottom trawls in both U.S. and Canadian waters, from March 30 - May 7 in the main lake and embayment regions, at depths ranging from 5 – 221 m (16 - 729 ft). The survey captured 947,102 fish, from 30 species with a total weight of 9,191 kg (20,220 lbs). Alewife were 89.2% of the catch by number while Rainbow Smelt, Osmerus mordax, Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus, and Deepwater Sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii comprised 5.6, 2.3, and 1.7% of the catch, respectively. Rainbow Smelt biomass in 2021 was among the highest values observed since 1997, especially in U.S. waters. The biomass index for Cisco, Coregonus artedii also increased, primarily due to catches and greater survey effort in the Bay of Quinte. Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Emerald Shiner, Notropis atherinoides biomasses remain low. No Bloater, Coregonus hoyi were captured during the 2021 survey.
In 2021, the lake-wide Alewife biomass index increased substantially from 2019 due to the presence of an exceptionally high catch of age-1 Alewife (2020 year class). The biomass index of adult Alewife (age-2 and up) declined slightly since 2019, which was expected since Alewife reproduction was generally below average from 2016 to 2019. Expanding the survey spatial extent from U.S. waters to a lake-wide survey in 2016 has improved our ability to estimate Alewife survival and has provided more accurate estimates of Lake Ontario Alewife biomass and density. Simulation modeling based on recent estimates of survival, growth, and reproduction suggests the adult Alewife biomass will likely increase in 2022 and 2023.
As part of a continued effort to improve prey fish surveys, we employed hydroacoustic sampling during the 2021 April trawl survey to estimate fish densities in open-water, pelagic habitats not sampled by the bottom trawl. We found fish density, in waters above the trawl headline depth (3m off bottom to surface), were approximately ~100 times lower than pelagic prey fish densities from bottom trawls. These results support the idea that at this time of year, when the warmest water is on the lake bottom, Alewife and most other prey fish primarily inhabit deep, near bottom regions and can be effectively sampled with bottom trawls. We were not able to apportion acoustics targets to species, however the low mean target strength (-43 decibels, dB) suggested these were small fishes (e.g., 100 mm). The greatest hydroacoustics densities were found near the Niagara River confluence and future surveys may use midwater trawls to determine which species these were and continue to improve this multi-agency survey.
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Jeremy","contributorId":139654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holden","given":"Jeremy","affiliations":[{"id":12864,"text":"OMNRF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goretzke, Jessica","contributorId":268339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goretzke","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connerton, Michael","contributorId":251649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connerton","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70228736,"text":"70228736 - 2021 - Ecosystem modification and network position impact insect-mediated contaminant fluxes from a mountaintop mining-impacted river network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-17T14:52:53.795882","indexId":"70228736","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-01T08:41:53","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem modification and network position impact insect-mediated contaminant fluxes from a mountaintop mining-impacted river network","docAbstract":"Aquatic-terrestrial contaminant transport via emerging aquatic insects has been studied across contaminant classes and aquatic ecosystems, but few studies have quantified the magnitude of these insect-mediated contaminant fluxes, limiting our understanding of their drivers. Using a recent conceptual model, we identified watershed mining extent, settling ponds, and network position as potential drivers of selenium (Se) fluxes from a mountaintop coal mining-impacted river network. Mining extent drove insect Se concentration (p = 0.008, R2 = 0.406), but ponding and network position were the principal drivers of Se flux through their impact on insect production. Se fluxes were 18 times higher from ponded, mined tributaries than from unponded ones and were comparable to fluxes from larger, productive mainstem sites. Thus, contaminant fluxes were highest in the river mainstem or below ponds, indicating that without considering controls on insect production, contaminant fluxes and their associated risks for predators like birds and bats can be misestimated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118257","usgsCitation":"Naslund, L.C., Gerson, J.R., Brooks, A.C., Rosemond, A.D., Walters, D., and Bernhardt, E., 2021, Ecosystem modification and network position impact insect-mediated contaminant fluxes from a mountaintop mining-impacted river network: Environmental Pollution, v. 291, 118257, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118257.","productDescription":"118257, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127990","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118257","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Lincoln County","otherGeospatial":"Mud River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.19833374023438,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -81.90650939941406,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -81.90650939941406,\n 38.2\n ],\n [\n -82.19833374023438,\n 38.2\n ],\n [\n -82.19833374023438,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"291","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naslund, Laura C.","contributorId":223770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naslund","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12643,"text":"Duke University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerson, Jacqueline R.","contributorId":198378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerson","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27331,"text":"Duke University, Durham, NC","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":5082,"text":"Syracuse University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, Alexander C.","contributorId":223771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosemond, Amy D.","contributorId":279630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosemond","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":203410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bernhardt, Emily S.","contributorId":92143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"Emily S.","affiliations":[{"id":27331,"text":"Duke University, Durham, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70228948,"text":"70228948 - 2021 - Quantitative modeling of secondary migration: Understanding the origin of natural gas charge of the Haynesville Formation in the Sabine Uplift area of Louisiana and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-25T14:42:38.863117","indexId":"70228948","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-01T08:39:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1717,"text":"GCAGS Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative modeling of secondary migration: Understanding the origin of natural gas charge of the Haynesville Formation in the Sabine Uplift area of Louisiana and Texas","docAbstract":"The Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) mudstones of the Haynesville Formation in the Sabine Uplift, Louisiana and Texas, are widely considered to be a self-sourced natural gas reservoir; however, additional sources of gas may have charged the mudstones in the Louisiana portion of the uplift. Secondary migration of hydrocarbons into the Sabine Uplift from downdip, gas-generating Jurassic source rocks in the North Louisiana Salt Basin was quantitively modeled in this study. Jurassic source rocks include the Smackover, Haynesville, and Bossier Formations.
Thermodynamic equations of state were used to determine thermophysical properties of supercritical methane and water under reservoir conditions. A time-dependent derivation of Darcy’s Law for pressure-driven laminar fluid flow through porous media was used to model secondary migration at reservoir conditions. This study indicates secondary migration requires approximately 100,000 yr for pore fluids to migrate through 1.0 km of carrier beds having representative petrophysical, fluid, and reservoir properties of the Haynesville Formation. As an example migration pathway, the distance from the middle of the North Louisiana Salt Basin to the center of the Sabine Uplift is approximately 96 mi (155 km). Given migration velocities over this distance, 15.5 m.y. is required for hydrocarbons to migrate from the North Louisiana Salt Basin and charge the Haynesville Formation in the Sabine Uplift. This study also indicates supercritical water is 6 times more thermally conductive than methane under reservoir conditions; however, the relatively small volumes of migrated water likely did not transfer sufficient heat for the metagenesis of methane. Based on this study, a component of natural gas charging the Haynesville Formation of the Sabine Uplift area can reasonably be explained by lateral migration and hydrodynamic flow from thermally mature Jurassic source rocks located in adjacent basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"GCAGS","usgsCitation":"Burke, L.A., 2021, Quantitative modeling of secondary migration: Understanding the origin of natural gas charge of the Haynesville Formation in the Sabine Uplift area of Louisiana and Texas: GCAGS Journal, v. 10, p. 24-30.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-124868","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396464,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gcags.org/Journal/GCAGS.Journal.Vol.10.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sabine Uplift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -96.416015625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burke, Lauri A. 0000-0002-2035-8048 lburke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2035-8048","contributorId":3859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"Lauri","email":"lburke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236807,"text":"70236807 - 2021 - Geophysical constraints on the crustal architecture of the transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, western Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T13:29:33.570798","indexId":"70236807","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-01T08:24:05","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7501,"text":"JGR Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical constraints on the crustal architecture of the transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, western Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"The Walker Lane is a zone of distributed transtension where normal faults are overprinted by strike-slip motion. We use two newly-acquired high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and a reprocessed Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) deep crustal reflection profile to assess the subsurface geometry of the Holocene-active, transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone (WSVFZ) near Reno, Nevada, USA. Our multi-scale observations extend to 12 km depth and suggest that the WSVFZ is more complex in the subsurface than implied by late Pleistocene surface fault traces. Two ~4-km-long high-resolution profiles image to a depth of ~2 km and reveal moderately dipping reflections and truncations, some of which project to mapped scarps formed in late Pleistocene surfaces. The shallow lines are co-located with COCORP profile NV 08 along ~40° N latitude. Re-analysis of the COCORP data reveals previously unidentified coherent reflections to a depth of ~12 km and a previously mapped ~30 west-dipping fault at 8-12 km. From these seismic profiles, the WSVFZ is not a simple, sub-vertical fault zone extending through the entire seismogenic crust. Instead, the reflections are consistent with a zone of steep- and moderately-dipping faults that simplify and steepen with depth before intersecting a mid-crustal, low angle (~25-30°) fault. The complex fault geometry of the WSVFZ implies that crustal shear is accommodated by a mix of dipping and subvertical faults in the transtensional northern Walker Lane. If so, transtensional fault zones may present challenges to paleoseismic and geodetic studies and require careful treatment when included in seismic hazard analyses.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020JB020757","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R.W., Stephenson, W.J., McBride, J., Odum, J., Reitman, N.G., and Gold, R.D., 2021, Geophysical constraints on the crustal architecture of the transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone, northern Walker Lane, western Nevada, USA: JGR Solid Earth, v. 126, no. 10, e2020JB020757, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020757.","productDescription":"e2020JB020757, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133139","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Walker Lane, Warm Springs Valley fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 39.620499321968104\n ],\n [\n -119.25933837890624,\n 39.620499321968104\n ],\n [\n -119.25933837890624,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 40.245991504199026\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 39.620499321968104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briggs, Richard W. 0000-0001-8108-0046 rbriggs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-0046","contributorId":139002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Richard","email":"rbriggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McBride, J.H.","contributorId":296695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McBride","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[{"id":64143,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":852219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, Jackson K. 0000-0003-4697-2430 odum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-2430","contributorId":1365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jackson K.","email":"odum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reitman, Nadine G. 0000-0002-6730-2682 nreitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-2682","contributorId":5816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reitman","given":"Nadine","email":"nreitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70225608,"text":"70225608 - 2021 - Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in Columbia County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T16:48:33.308605","indexId":"70225608","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-01T08:15:46","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5959,"text":"Wisconsin Geological and NaturalHistory Survey Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in Columbia County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report describes the regional hydrogeology and groundwater resources of Columbia County, Wisconsin, and documents a regional groundwater flow model developed for the county. Regional hydrostratigraphic units include the unlithified aquifer, the upper bedrock aquifer, and the Elk Mound aquifer.\n\nThe unlithified aquifer consists of deposits that range in composition from sand and gravel outwash and stream deposits to silty, sandy till. This aquifer is less than 25 ft thick in much of eastern Columbia County, but consists of permeable sand and gravel extending to over 250 ft in depth in the Wisconsin River valley bottom. \n\nThe upper bedrock aquifer consists of Ordovician and upper Cambrian sedimentary formations, including sandstone, siltstone and dolomitic strata. The upper bedrock aquifer underlies the unlithified aquifer in eastern portions of the County, but is absent to the west, where these formations are largely eroded. The contact between the Tunnel City Group and Wonewoc Formation (Top of Elk Mound Group) forms the base of the upper bedrock aquifer. Bedding plane fractures are common to this aquifer, although only a portion of the observed fractures appear to be hydraulically active. The upper bedrock aquifer is a significant source of groundwater at a regional scale. Measurements of hydraulic head showed a difference of several feet across the bottom of this aquifer to the underlying Wonewoc sandstone, indicating that the basal facies of the Tunnel City Group functions as an aquitard separating the upper bedrock aquifer from the Elk Mound aquifer. Conditions vary considerably within this aquifer, depending on the local lithostratigraphy. For example, where present, the St. Lawrence Fm. and fine-grained intervals of the Tunnel City Group may be locally-extensive aquitards. \nThe Elk Mound aquifer consists of Cambrian sandstone of the Wonewoc, Eau Claire, and Mount Simon Formations. It is thin to absent in several locations but ranges up to 600 ft in thickness over much of southern Columbia County. The variation in thickness is due in large part to the irregular topography of the underlying Precambrian crystalline rock, which generally serves as the base of the groundwater system. In neighboring counties, a fine-grained facies within the Eau Claire Fm. acts as a regionally extensive aquitard, referred to as the Eau Claire aquitard. Much of the data collected and compiled for this study suggest that shale or dolomite within the Eau Claire Fm., which is the equivalent of the Eau Claire aquitard, occurs only within southwestern Columbia County. There is little to no evidence of the Eau Claire aquitard over most of the county. Where the dolomite and shale are absent, the Elk Mound aquifer is relatively homogenous and does not include a mappable aquitard. \nA three-dimensional steady-state flow model presented here represents long-term, average conditions in the regional groundwater system since about 1970. The model was constructed with the U.S. Geological Survey’s MODFLOW-NWT code; it has six layers with a uniform grid of 300 ft x 300 ft cells. Layers 1 and 2 simulate the unlithified aquifer and layer 3 represents the upper bedrock aquifer. The Elk Mound aquifer is simulated by layers 4, 5 and 6, representing the Wonewoc, Eau Claire, and Mount Simon Formations, respectively. The model extends beyond the boundaries of Columbia County to ensure that hydrologic conditions simulated within the County are consistent with regional conditions. \nRecharge to the groundwater flow model is based on results from a GIS-based soil-water-balance model. Recharge was simulated with the unsaturated zone flow (UZF) package in MODFLOW. This approach is particularly useful for quantifying groundwater discharge to riparian wetlands because UZF tracks recharge that would lead to the simulated water table exceeding the land surface (represented by the top of model layer 1) and reroutes it to nearby stream segments. The model includes pumping from 256 wells, and 178 of these are located within Columbia County. Pumping totaled about 28 million gallons per day (mgd) on average since 1970, with 7.2 mgd of the withdrawal from within the County. Model calibration was performed with the PEST parameter estimation code. Calibration targets included approximately 3,900 head measurements and 91 stream flow measurements. Four vertical-head differences across hydrogeologic units, calculated from data collected during packer testing in wells in Columbia County, were also used in model calibration. \n\nResults from the calibrated model provide a groundwater balance for the region. About 83 percent of groundwater originates as recharge to the water table, 12 percent comes from leakage from streams, and about 5 percent of the groundwater flows into the model domain from surrounding areas. About 95 percent of the simulated groundwater discharges to steams and other surface water features, about 3 percent flows across model boundaries to surrounding areas of the groundwater system, and pumping accounts for 2 percent of discharge. Simulated flow paths are relatively local, from recharge in upland areas to discharge in nearby streams and wetlands. \n\nThe model has many potential applications, including simulation of the effects of existing or proposed high-capacity wells, estimating the zone of contribution for these wells, and understanding relationships between surface water and groundwater. Future refinements to the model, such as incorporating new information about the extent and hydraulic characteristics of the Tunnel City Group, will improve its utility in understanding advective flow between the upper bedrock and Elk Mound aquifers. If seasonal or annual variations in the groundwater system are of interest, this steady-state model could be brought into a transient mode.","language":"English","publisher":"Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Gotkowitz, M., Leaf, A.T., and Sellwood, S.M., 2021, Hydrogeology and simulation of groundwater flow in Columbia County, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and NaturalHistory Survey Bulletin, 51 p.","productDescription":"51 p.","ipdsId":"IP-101440","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":391000,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wgnhs.wisc.edu/catalog/publication/000985"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Columbia County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.2453,43.643],[-89.127,43.6436],[-89.1271,43.6318],[-89.007,43.6332],[-89.0063,43.548],[-89.0044,43.4616],[-89.0038,43.3737],[-89.0088,43.3738],[-89.0094,43.286],[-89.1271,43.2827],[-89.246,43.2834],[-89.3624,43.2832],[-89.3617,43.2954],[-89.4819,43.2942],[-89.6008,43.2932],[-89.7209,43.2935],[-89.7235,43.2935],[-89.7292,43.3026],[-89.7279,43.3108],[-89.7254,43.3153],[-89.7229,43.3181],[-89.7185,43.3195],[-89.7129,43.3226],[-89.7078,43.3277],[-89.7028,43.3345],[-89.6909,43.3495],[-89.684,43.3573],[-89.6783,43.3586],[-89.6708,43.3582],[-89.6613,43.3577],[-89.6456,43.36],[-89.6311,43.3646],[-89.6166,43.371],[-89.6009,43.3806],[-89.6004,43.4688],[-89.5999,43.5544],[-89.6075,43.5603],[-89.6138,43.5626],[-89.6277,43.5617],[-89.6359,43.5603],[-89.6511,43.5621],[-89.658,43.5634],[-89.6643,43.5657],[-89.6707,43.5666],[-89.6783,43.5671],[-89.6877,43.5634],[-89.6934,43.5616],[-89.6991,43.562],[-89.706,43.5648],[-89.7187,43.5652],[-89.7288,43.5661],[-89.7351,43.5693],[-89.7364,43.5743],[-89.7326,43.5793],[-89.7288,43.5829],[-89.7244,43.587],[-89.7188,43.5929],[-89.7207,43.597],[-89.727,43.5979],[-89.7428,43.597],[-89.751,43.5997],[-89.7567,43.6029],[-89.7662,43.6029],[-89.7738,43.6092],[-89.7763,43.6161],[-89.7808,43.6215],[-89.7802,43.6274],[-89.7789,43.6343],[-89.784,43.6388],[-89.7866,43.6411],[-89.779,43.6411],[-89.7195,43.643],[-89.6,43.6427],[-89.4837,43.6423],[-89.3648,43.6427],[-89.2453,43.643]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Columbia\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gotkowitz, Madeline","contributorId":268135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gotkowitz","given":"Madeline","affiliations":[{"id":39043,"text":"Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leaf, Andrew T. 0000-0001-8784-4924 aleaf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-4924","contributorId":5156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leaf","given":"Andrew","email":"aleaf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sellwood, Steven M.","contributorId":268136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sellwood","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":55571,"text":"TRC Companies, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}