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For example, we documented nests of Steppe Eagles Aquila nipalensis and Upland Buzzards Buteo hemilasius on the ground beside well-traveled roads, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug eyries in attics and a cistern, and Osprey Pandion haliaetus nests on the masts of boats and on a suspended automobile. Other records include a Golden Eagle A. chrysaetos nest 7.0 m in height, believed to be the tallest nest ever described, and, for the same species, we report nesting in rudimentary nests. Some nest sites are within a few meters of known predators or competitors. These unusual observations may be important in revealing the plasticity of a species' behavioral repertoire. ?? 2009 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3356/JRR-08-110.1","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Craig, T., Craig, E., Postupalsky, S., LaRue, C., Nelson, R., Anderson, D.W., Henny, C.J., Watson, J., Millsap, B., Dawson, J., Cole, K., Martin, E., Margalida, A., and Kung, P., 2009, Unusual raptor nests around the world: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 43, no. 3, p. 175-198, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-110.1.","startPage":"175","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487804,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-08-110.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-110.1"}],"volume":"43","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd06e4b08c986b328e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. 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Insights into the nature of food web change and its ecological ramifications can be obtained through the monitoring of high trophic level predators such as aquatic birds. Often, food web change involves alterations in the relative abundance of constituent species and/or the introduction of new species (exotic invaders). Diet composition of aquatic birds is influenced, in part, by relative prey availability and therefore is a sensitive measure of food web structure. Using bird diet data to make inferences regarding food web change requires consistent measures of diet composition through time. This can be accomplished by measuring stable chemical and/or biochemical “ecological tracers” in archived avian samples. Such tracers provide insights into pathways of energy and nutrient transfer.
In this study, we examine the utility of two groups of naturally-occurring intrinsic tracers (stable isotopes and fatty acids) to provide such information in a predatory seabird, the herring gull (Larus argentatus). Retrospective stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analysis of archived herring gull eggs identified declines in gull trophic position and shifts in food sources in Lake Huron over the last 25 years and changes in gull diet composition were inferred from egg fatty acid patterns. These independent groups of ecological tracers provided corroborating evidence of dietary change in this high trophic level predator. Gull dietary shifts were related to declines in prey fish abundance which suggests large-scale alterations to the Lake Huron ecosystem. Dietary shifts in herring gulls may be contributing to reductions in resources available for egg formation. Further research is required to evaluate how changes in resource availability may affect population sustainability in herring gulls and other waterbird species. Long-term biological monitoring programs are required to identify ecosystem change and evaluate its ecological significance.
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Peak horizontal ground accelerations of 0.68 g were measured in Kashiwazaki City, as well as at the reactor floor level of the world's largest nuclear reactor, located on the coast at Kariwa Village. Liquefaction of historic and modern river deposits, aeolian dune sand, and manmade fill was widespread in the coastal region nearest the epicenter and caused ground deformations that damaged bridges, embankments, roadways, buildings, ports, railways and utilities. Landslides along the coast of southern Niigata Prefecture and in mountainous regions inland of Kashiwazaki were also widespread affecting transportation infrastructure. Liquefaction and a landslide also damaged the nuclear power plant sites. This paper, along with a companion digital map database available at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gOv/infobank/n/nii07jp/html/n-ii-07-jp.sites.kmz, describes the seismological and geo-engineering aspects of the event. ?? 2009, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.3240397","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R., Brandenberg, S., CoIlins, B., Dickenson, S., Ashford, S., Kawamata, Y., Tanaka, Y., Koumoto, H., Abrahamson, N., Cluff, L., and Tokimatsu, K., 2009, Geoengineering and seismological aspects of the Niigata-Ken Chuetsu-Oki earthquake of 16 July 2007: Earthquake Spectra, v. 25, no. 4, p. 777-802, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3240397.","startPage":"777","endPage":"802","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215467,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3240397"},{"id":243275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1747e4b0c8380cd5546e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, R.","contributorId":22921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandenberg, S.J.","contributorId":27287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandenberg","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"CoIlins, B.D.","contributorId":96499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"CoIlins","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickenson, S.","contributorId":102706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickenson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ashford, S.","contributorId":23350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashford","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kawamata, Y.","contributorId":36378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kawamata","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tanaka, Y.","contributorId":14214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koumoto, H.","contributorId":34741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koumoto","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abrahamson, N.","contributorId":60358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cluff, L.","contributorId":73789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluff","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tokimatsu, K.","contributorId":85756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokimatsu","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70035078,"text":"70035078 - 2009 - Measured river leakages using conventional streamflow techniques: The case of Souhegan River, New Hampshire, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035078","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measured river leakages using conventional streamflow techniques: The case of Souhegan River, New Hampshire, USA","docAbstract":"Multiple streamflow measurements were made at coupled discharge measurement stations to quantify rates of aquifer recharge and discharge on two reaches of the Souhegan River, New Hampshire, USA, flowing within a glacial-drift river-valley aquifer. The reaches included a predominantly losing (aquifer recharge) reach and a variable (aquifer recharge and discharge) reach located downstream of the former reach. River leakage, the differential between coupled upstream and downstream streamflow measurements along a reach, varied by almost 30 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) (0.85 m3/s) along the two reaches. The upper reach averaged 3.94 ft3/s (0.11 m3/s) loss whereas the lower reach averaged 4.85 ft3/s (0.14 m3/s) gain. At the upper reach, 13 losses were measured out of 19 coupled measurements. At the lower reach, ten out of 13 coupled measurements indicated gains in flow and suggest that this reach is primarily a gaining river reach. An important factor in river leakage appears to be antecedent trends in river stage. At the upper reach, gains were measured only during periods of declining river stage. Conversely, at the lower reach, streamflow loss was measured primarily during periods of rising river stage. Although some tendencies exist, several factors complicate the analysis of river leakage, most notably the inaccuracies in computed stream discharge. ?? 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The changes were observed at 7°S, 138°W and occurred between October 27, 2005 and January 15, 2006. After that date the surface was unchanged until the most recent observation, March 18, 2006. We previously reported spectrophotometric variability at another location (26°S, 78°W). Cassini Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) images find that the surface morphology at both locations is consistent with surface flows possibly resulting from cryovolcanic activity (Wall et al., companion paper, this issue). The VIMS‐reported time variability and SAR morphology results suggest that Titan currently exhibits intermittent surface changes consistent with present ongoing surface processes. We suggest that these processes involve material from Titan's interior being extruded or effused and deposited on the surface, as might be expected from cryovolcanism.
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Vito","contributorId":211086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mennella","given":"Vito","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Nicholson, Philip D.","contributorId":193925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Sicardy, Bruno","contributorId":211083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sicardy","given":"Bruno","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Irwin, Patrick G.J.","contributorId":211084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Irwin","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Pearl, John C.","contributorId":211085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearl","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":452944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33}]}} ,{"id":70036569,"text":"70036569 - 2009 - Recognizing former flood-tide deltas in the Holocene stratigraphic record from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-13T18:21:06.709945","indexId":"70036569","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recognizing former flood-tide deltas in the Holocene stratigraphic record from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"Foraminiferal and sedimentologic data were collected by vibracoring a small, relict, short-lived, migrating inlet (New Inlet) and its flood-tide delta on the Outer Banks, North Carolina. These data, placed in the context of geospatial data derived from ground penetrating radar, were developed into a stratigraphic model for this sedimentary environment. The model was applied to vibracores collected from two additional barrier island segments within which historic inlets had not been recorded to investigate whether inlets had existed in these segments in the past. Five foraminiferal biofacies were recognized within the three barrier island segments. Biofacies 1 through 5 are all associated with interior and back-barrier depositional environments but Biofacies 4 and 5 contained foram-inifera indicating a sediment source on the shoreface or shallow inner shelf. Biofacies 4 and 5 thus represent overwash or flood-tide delta depositional settings. Utilizing the model as an interpretive tool, we recognized a previously undocumented inlet and flood-tide delta that existed prior to 962-662 cal. yrs BP, a few kilometers north of Rodanthe, NC. However, at a barrier island segment between Avon and Buxton, NC., the lack of information on stratal geometry and foraminiferal assemblages meant that it could not be determined whether this sedimentary succession was influenced more by overwash or inlet dynamics. Given the similarity of foraminiferal assemblages in overwash and flood-tide delta sediments, it is clear that additional lines of evidence (lithologic and geospatial) are required to recognize small-scale flood-tide delta deposits in the subsurface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.29041/strat.06.1.05","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.G., Culver, S., Mallinson, D.J., Riggs, S., and Corbett, D., 2009, Recognizing former flood-tide deltas in the Holocene stratigraphic record from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA: Stratigraphy, v. 6, no. 1, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.29041/strat.06.1.05.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245391,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9682e4b0c8380cd82030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Christopher G. 0000-0002-8075-4763 cgsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-4763","contributorId":3410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Christopher","email":"cgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":456778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culver, S.J.","contributorId":53970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culver","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mallinson, D. J.","contributorId":71745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riggs, S.R.","contributorId":29807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corbett, D.R.","contributorId":73791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbett","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033200,"text":"70033200 - 2009 - Exotic plant species associations with horse trails, old roads, and intact native communities in the Missouri Ozarks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T20:53:03","indexId":"70033200","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exotic plant species associations with horse trails, old roads, and intact native communities in the Missouri Ozarks","docAbstract":"We compared the extent to which exotic species are associated with horse trails, old roads, and intact communities within three native vegetation types in Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri. We used a general linear model procedure and a Bonferroni multiple comparison test to compare exotic species richness, exotic to native species ratios, and exotic species percent cover across three usage types (horse trails, old roads, and intact communities) and three community types (river bottoms, upland waterways, and glades). We found that both exotic species richness and the ratio of exotic species to native species were greater in plots located along horse trails than in plots located either in intact native communities or along old roads. Native community types did not differ in the number of exotic species present, but river bottoms had a significantly higher exotic to native species ratio than glades. Continued introduction of exotic plant propagules may explain why horse trails contain more exotic species than other areas in a highly disturbed landscape.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Areas Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","doi":"10.3375/043.029.0106","issn":"08858","usgsCitation":"Stroh, E., and Struckhoff, M., 2009, Exotic plant species associations with horse trails, old roads, and intact native communities in the Missouri Ozarks: Natural Areas Journal, v. 29, no. 1, p. 50-56, https://doi.org/10.3375/043.029.0106.","startPage":"50","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267923,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.029.0106"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0db2e4b0c8380cd5314c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stroh, E.D.","contributorId":106717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stroh","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Struckhoff, M.A.","contributorId":84985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struckhoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70033006,"text":"70033006 - 2009 - Potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity and DNA damage in swallows from the Rio Grande and Somerville, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033006","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity and DNA damage in swallows from the Rio Grande and Somerville, Texas","docAbstract":"Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and cave swallows (P. fulva) were sampled during the breeding season at several locations in the Rio Grande, Texas, to evaluate the potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity in brain and gonads and DNA damage in blood cells. The tritiated water-release aromatase assay was used to measure aromatase activity and flow cytometry was used to measure DNA damage in nucleated blood cells. There were no significant differences in brain and gonadal aromatase activities or in estimates of DNA damage (HPCV values) among cave swallow colonies from the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) and Somerville. However, both brain and gonadal aromatase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in male cliff swallows from Laredo than in those from Somerville. Also, DNA damage estimates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cliff swallows (males and females combined) from Laredo than in those from Somerville. Contaminants of current high use in the LRGV, such as atrazine, and some of the highly persistent organochlorines, such as toxaphene and DDE, could be potentially associated with modulation of aromatase activity in avian tissues. Previous studies have indicated possible DNA damage in cliff swallows. We did not observe any differences in aromatase activity or DNA damage in cave swallows that could be associated with contaminant exposure. Also, the differences in aromatase activity and DNA damage between male cliff swallows from Laredo and Somerville could not be explained by contaminants measured at each site in previous studies. Our study provides baseline information on brain and gonadal aromatase activity in swallows that could be useful in future studies. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10646-008-0251-8","issn":"09639","usgsCitation":"Sitzlar, M., Mora, M., Fleming, J., Bazer, F., Bickham, J., and Matson, C.W., 2009, Potential effects of environmental contaminants on P450 aromatase activity and DNA damage in swallows from the Rio Grande and Somerville, Texas: Ecotoxicology, v. 18, no. 1, p. 15-21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0251-8.","startPage":"15","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0251-8"},{"id":241112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ed3e4b0c8380cd7a790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sitzlar, M.A.","contributorId":76144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sitzlar","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mora, M.A.","contributorId":71923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, J.G.W.","contributorId":29223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"J.G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bazer, F.W.","contributorId":48394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bazer","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bickham, J. W.","contributorId":87483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Matson, C. W.","contributorId":24717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70032943,"text":"70032943 - 2009 - Evaluation of CAMEL - comprehensive areal model of earthquake-induced landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70032943","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of CAMEL - comprehensive areal model of earthquake-induced landslides","docAbstract":"A new comprehensive areal model of earthquake-induced landslides (CAMEL) has been developed to assist in planning decisions related to disaster risk reduction. CAMEL provides an integrated framework for modeling all types of earthquake-induced landslides using fuzzy logic systems and geographic information systems. CAMEL is designed to facilitate quantitative and qualitative representation of terrain conditions and knowledge about these conditions on the likely areal concentration of each landslide type. CAMEL has been empirically evaluated with respect to disrupted landslides (Category I) using a case study of the 1989 M = 6.9 Loma Prieta, CA earthquake. In this case, CAMEL performs best in comparison to disrupted slides and falls in soil. For disrupted rock fall and slides, CAMEL's performance was slightly poorer. The model predicted a low occurrence of rock avalanches, when none in fact occurred. A similar comparison with the Loma Prieta case study was also conducted using a simplified Newmark displacement model. The area under the curve method of evaluation was used in order to draw comparisons between both models, revealing improved performance with CAMEL. CAMEL should not however be viewed as a strict alternative to Newmark displacement models. CAMEL can be used to integrate Newmark displacements with other, previously incompatible, types of knowledge. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.08.004","issn":"00137","usgsCitation":"Miles, S., and Keefer, D.K., 2009, Evaluation of CAMEL - comprehensive areal model of earthquake-induced landslides: Engineering Geology, v. 104, no. 1-2, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.08.004.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213516,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.08.004"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c10e4b0c8380cd52a0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, S.B.","contributorId":68908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032941,"text":"70032941 - 2009 - Introduction. Pliocene climate, processes and problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70032941","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction. Pliocene climate, processes and problems","docAbstract":"Climate predictions produced by numerical climate models, often referred to as general circulation models (GCMs), suggest that by the end of the twenty-first century global mean annual surface air temperatures will increase by 1.1-6.4??C. Trace gas records from ice cores indicate that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are already higher than at any time during the last 650000 years. In the next 50 years, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to reach a level not encountered since an epoch of time known as the Pliocene. Uniformitarianism is a key principle of geological science, but can the past also be a guide to the future? To what extent does an examination of the Pliocene geological record enable us to successfully understand and interpret this guide? How reliable are the 'retrodictions' of Pliocene climates produced by GCMs and what does this tell us about the accuracy of model predictions for the future? These questions provide the scientific rationale for this Theme Issue. ?? 2008 The Royal Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2008.0205","issn":"13645","usgsCitation":"Haywood, A., Dowsett, H., Valdes, P., Lunt, D., Francis, J., and Sellwood, B., 2009, Introduction. Pliocene climate, processes and problems: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 367, no. 1886, p. 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0205.","startPage":"3","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0205"}],"volume":"367","issue":"1886","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e08e4b0c8380cd63a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haywood, A.M.","contributorId":101050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haywood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valdes, P.J.","contributorId":77331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lunt, D.J.","contributorId":105127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunt","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Francis, J.E.","contributorId":61249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sellwood, B.W.","contributorId":78509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellwood","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033007,"text":"70033007 - 2009 - Effects of chemical immobilization on survival of African buffalo in the Kruger National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033007","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of chemical immobilization on survival of African buffalo in the Kruger National Park","docAbstract":"Capturing, immobilizing, and fitting radiocollars are common practices in studies of large mammals, but success is based on the assumptions that captured animals are representative of the rest of the population and that the capture procedure has negligible effects. We estimated effects of chemical immobilization on mortality rates of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We used a Cox proportional hazards approach to test for differences in mortality among age, sex, and capture classes of repeatedly captured radiocollared buffalo. Capture variables did not improve model fit and the Cox regression did not indicate increased risk of death for captured individuals up to 90 days postcapture [exp (??) = 1.07]. Estimated confidence intervals, however, span from a halving to a doubling of the mortality rate (95% CI = 0.56-2.02). Therefore, capture did not influence survival of captured individuals using data on 875 captures over a 5-year period. Consequently, long-term research projects on African buffalo involving immobilization, such as associated with research on bovine tuberculosis, should result in minimal capture mortality, but monitoring of possible effects should continue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2008-071","issn":"00225","usgsCitation":"Oosthuizen, W., Cross, P., Bowers, J., Hay, C., Ebinger, M., Buss, P., Hofmeyr, M., and Cameron, E., 2009, Effects of chemical immobilization on survival of African buffalo in the Kruger National Park: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 1, p. 149-153, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-071.","startPage":"149","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502638,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Effects_of_chemical_immobilization_on_survival_of_African_Buffalo_in_the_Kruger_National_Park/22879940","text":"External Repository"},{"id":213486,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-071"},{"id":241113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06a8e4b0c8380cd51363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oosthuizen, W.C.","contributorId":80494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oosthuizen","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, P.C.","contributorId":48141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowers, J.A.","contributorId":30456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, C.","contributorId":25369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ebinger, M.R.","contributorId":51100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebinger","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buss, P.","contributorId":97705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buss","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hofmeyr, M.","contributorId":6662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmeyr","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cameron, E.Z.","contributorId":13045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"E.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70033009,"text":"70033009 - 2009 - Soot and palynologic analysis of Manson impact-related strata (Upper Cretaceous) of Iowa and South Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:36","indexId":"70033009","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soot and palynologic analysis of Manson impact-related strata (Upper Cretaceous) of Iowa and South Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"The Campanian Manson impact structure of Iowa represents the best-preserved, large-diameter complex crater within the continental U.S. To assess the timing and potential mode of crater infilling and the possible presence of an impact event horizon, we analyzed samples from both within and distal to the impact structure for their elemental carbon, soot and palynomorphs. Within the impact structure, identifiable soot occurred in fragmented impact breccia and suevite but not in lower impact-melt breccia. Although most of this soot likely represents reworking of material from older Cretaceous marine shales, one high soot concentration occurs with melt material in a Keweenawan Shale-Phanerozoic clast breccia mix. This represents the first association of soot and impact-generated materials within an impact structure and the best sample candidate for Manson impact-generated soot. No palynomorphs occurred in the impact melt breccia. Overlying suevite (Keweenawan Shale clast breccia) of the central peak yielded sparse and thermally altered palynomorphs, indicating deposition prior to full cooling of the crater debris. Presence of easily degraded soot also argues for rapid backfilling of the crater. Distal samples from South Dakota represent the Sharon Springs and Crow Creek members of the Pierre Shale 230 km northwest of the Manson impact structure. Although containing shocked grains, the Crow Creek preserves no soot. In contrast, the Sharon Springs, generally considered as predating the Manson impact, has significant soot quantities. Palynomorphs differ markedly across the unconformity separating the two members with the Crow Creek containing more terrestrial forms, normapolles, and older reworked palynomorphs, consistent with a terrestrial impact to the east. Origin of the Sharon Springs soot remains unclear. Given soot occurrence within four of the five Cretaceous marine units sampled, the relatively shallow, anoxic bottom conditions of the Western Interior Cretaceous Seaway may have simply favored soot preservation. Until a better understanding of the broader occurrence and preservation of soot is achieved, some soot-impact associations will remain ambiguous. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cretaceous Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.005","issn":"01956","usgsCitation":"Varricchio, D., Raven, R., Wolbach, W., Elsik, W., and Witzke, B., 2009, Soot and palynologic analysis of Manson impact-related strata (Upper Cretaceous) of Iowa and South Dakota, USA: Cretaceous Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 127-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.005.","startPage":"127","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213520,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.005"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9308e4b08c986b31a242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varricchio, D.J.","contributorId":37543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varricchio","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raven, R.F.","contributorId":57272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raven","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolbach, W.S.","contributorId":47175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolbach","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elsik, W.C.","contributorId":92061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elsik","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032821,"text":"70032821 - 2009 - Comparing wastewater chemicals, indicator bacteria concentrations, and bacterial pathogen genes as fecal pollution indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T18:54:10.734056","indexId":"70032821","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing wastewater chemicals, indicator bacteria concentrations, and bacterial pathogen genes as fecal pollution indicators","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to compare fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli [EC], and enterococci [ENT]) concentrations with a wide array of typical organic wastewater chemicals and selected bacterial genes as indicators of fecal pollution in water samples collected at or near 18 surface water drinking water intakes. Genes tested included esp (indicating human-pathogenic ENT) and nine genes associated with various animal sources of shiga-toxin–producing EC (STEC). Fecal pollution was indicated by genes and/or chemicals for 14 of the 18 tested samples, with little relation to FIB standards. Of 13 samples with <50 EC 100 mL−1, human pharmaceuticals or chemical indicators of wastewater treatment plant effluent occurred in six, veterinary antibiotics were detected in three, and stx1 or stx2 genes (indicating varying animal sources of STEC) were detected in eight. Only the EC eaeA gene was positively correlated with FIB concentrations. Human-source fecal pollution was indicated by the esp gene and the human pharmaceutical carbamazepine in one of the nine samples that met all FIB recreational water quality standards. Escherichia coli rfbO157 and stx2c genes, which are typically associated with cattle sources and are of potential human health significance, were detected in one sample in the absence of tested chemicals. Chemical and gene-based indicators of fecal contamination may be present even when FIB standards are met, and some may, unlike FIB, indicate potential sources. Application of multiple water quality indicators with variable environmental persistence and fate may yield greater confidence in fecal pollution assessment and may inform remediation decisions
","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies","doi":"10.2134/jeq2008.0173","issn":"00472","usgsCitation":"Haack, S., Duris, J., Fogarty, L., Kolpin, D., Focazio, M., Furlong, E., and Meyer, M.T., 2009, Comparing wastewater chemicals, indicator bacteria concentrations, and bacterial pathogen genes as fecal pollution indicators: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, no. 1, p. 248-258, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0173.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213652,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0173"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f83be4b0c8380cd4cf6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haack, S.K.","contributorId":26457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duris, J.W.","contributorId":62835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duris","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fogarty, L.R.","contributorId":27236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogarty","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032820,"text":"70032820 - 2009 - Introduction to Special Issue on: Interpreting the tectonic evolution of Pacific Rim margins using plate kinematics and slab-window volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032820","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to Special Issue on: Interpreting the tectonic evolution of Pacific Rim margins using plate kinematics and slab-window volcanism","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.03.015","issn":"00401","usgsCitation":"McCrory, P., and Wilson, D., 2009, Introduction to Special Issue on: Interpreting the tectonic evolution of Pacific Rim margins using plate kinematics and slab-window volcanism: Tectonophysics, v. 464, no. 1-4, p. 3-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.03.015.","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.03.015"},{"id":241299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"464","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3de9e4b0c8380cd6393c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrory, P.A.","contributorId":96287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, D.S.","contributorId":55216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034857,"text":"70034857 - 2009 - Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:53:57","indexId":"70034857","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface","docAbstract":"Uncertainty about the origin of anomalous fluid pressures in certain geologic settings has caused researchers to take a second look at osmosis, or flow driven by chemical potential differences, as a pressure‐generating process in the subsurface. Interest in geological osmosis has also increased because of an in situ experiment by Neuzil (2000) suggesting that Pierre Shale could generate large osmotic pressures when highly compacted. In the last few years, additional laboratory and in situ experiments have greatly increased the number of data on osmotic properties of argillaceous formations, but they have not been systematically examined. In this paper we compile these data and explore their implications for osmotic pressure generation in subsurface systems. Rather than base our analysis on osmotic efficiencies, which depend strongly on concentration, we calculated values of a quantity we term osmotic specific surface area (Aso) that, in principle, is a property of the porous medium only. The Aso values are consistent with a surprisingly broad spectrum of osmotic behavior in argillaceous formations, and all the formations tested exhibited at least a modest ability to generate osmotic pressure. It appears possible that under appropriate conditions some formations can be highly effective osmotic membranes able to generate osmotic pressures exceeding 30 MPa (3 km of head) at porosities as high as ∼0.1 and pressures exceeding 10 MPa at porosities as high as ∼0.2. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the lack of compelling field evidence for osmotic pressures, and we propose three explanations for the disparity: (1) Our analysis is flawed and argillaceous formations are less effective osmotic membranes than it suggests; (2) the necessary subsurface conditions, significant salinity differences within intact argillaceous formations, are rare; or (3) osmotic pressures are unlikely to be detected and are not recognized when encountered. The last possibility, that osmotic pressures routinely escape detection or are attributed to other mechanisms, has important implications for understanding subsurface flow regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006450","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., and Provost, A., 2009, Recent experimental data may point to a greater role for osmotic pressures in the subsurface: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 3, Article W03410; 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006450.","productDescription":"Article W03410; 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9616e4b0c8380cd81dbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Provost, A.M.","contributorId":16098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034859,"text":"70034859 - 2009 - Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by 15N addition experiments: Denitrification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T14:41:26","indexId":"70034859","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by 15N addition experiments: Denitrification","docAbstract":"We measured denitrification rates using a field 15N-NO- 3 tracer-addition approach in a large, cross-site study of nitrate uptake in reference, agricultural, and suburban-urban streams. We measured denitrification rates in 49 of 72 streams studied. Uptake length due to denitrification (SWden) ranged from 89 m to 184 km (median of 9050 m) and there were no significant differences among regions or land-use categories, likely because of the wide range of conditions within each region and land use. N2 production rates far exceeded N2O production rates in all streams. The fraction of total NO-3 removal from water due to denitrification ranged from 0.5% to 100% among streams (median of 16%), and was related to NHz 4 concentration and ecosystem respiration rate (ER). Multivariate approaches showed that the most important factors controlling SWden were specific discharge (discharge / width) and NO-3 concentration (positive effects), and ER and transient storage zones (negative effects). The relationship between areal denitrification rate (Uden) and NO- 3 concentration indicated a partial saturation effect. A power function with an exponent of 0.5 described this relationship better than a Michaelis-Menten equation. Although Uden increased with increasing NO- 3 concentration, the efficiency of NO-3 removal from water via denitrification declined, resulting in a smaller proportion of streamwater NO-3 load removed over a given length of stream. Regional differences in stream denitrification rates were small relative to the proximate factors of NO-3 concentration and ecosystem respiration rate, and land use was an important but indirect control on denitrification in streams, primarily via its effect on NO-3 concentration. ?? 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Mulholland, P.J., Hall, R.O., Sobota, D.J., Dodds, W.K., Findlay, S., Grimm, N.B., Hamilton, S.K., McDowell, W.H., O’Brien, J.M., Tank, J.L., Ashkenas, L., Cooper, L.W., Dahm, C., Gregory, S., Johnson, S.L., Meyer, J., Peterson, B.J., Poole, G.C., Valett, H.M., Webster, J., Arango, C.P., Beaulieu, J.J., Bernot, M.J., Burgin, A.J., Crenshaw, C.L., Helton, A.M., Johnson, L., Niederlehner, B., Potter, J.D., Sheibley, R., and Thomasn, S., 2009, Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems measured by 15N addition experiments: Denitrification: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 3, p. 666-680.","startPage":"666","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267952,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub10078.pdf"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66ade4b0c8380cd72f02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulholland, P. 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However, natural radiocarbon (14C) measurements of gas hydrate methane have been extremely limited, and their use as a source and process indicator has not yet been systematically established. In this study, gas hydrate-bound and dissolved methane recovered from six geologically and geographically distinct high-gas-flux cold seeps was found to be 98 to 100% fossil based on its 14C content. Given this prevalence of fossil methane and the small contribution of gas hydrate (??? 1%) to the present-day atmospheric methane flux, non-fossil contributions of gas hydrate methane to the atmosphere are not likely to be quantitatively significant. This conclusion is consistent with contemporary atmospheric methane budget calculations. In combination with ??13C- and ??D-methane measurements, we also determine the extent to which the low, but detectable, amounts of 14C (~ 1-2% modern carbon, pMC) in methane from two cold seeps might reflect in situ production from near-seafloor sediment organic carbon (SOC). A 14C mass balance approach using fossil methane and 14C-enriched SOC suggests that as much as 8 to 29% of hydrate-associated methane carbon may originate from SOC contained within the upper 6??m of sediment. These findings validate the assumption of a predominantly fossil carbon source for marine gas hydrate, but also indicate that structural gas hydrate from at least certain cold seeps contains a component of methane produced during decomposition of non-fossil organic matter in near-surface sediment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Pohlman, J., Bauer, J., Canuel, E.A., Grabowski, K., Knies, D., Mitchell, C., Whiticar, M.J., and Coffin, R., 2009, Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold seeps: Evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes: Marine Chemistry, v. 115, no. 1-2, p. 102-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001.","startPage":"102","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476118,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2903","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5532e4b0c8380cd6d16f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohlman, J. 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Effective management of these ecosystems has been hindered by inadequate understanding of 1) the variability in ecosystem structure and ecological processes that exists among the diverse combinations of piñons, junipers, and associated shrubs, herbs, and soil organisms; 2) the prehistoric and historic disturbance regimes; and 3) the mechanisms driving changes in vegetation structure and composition during the past 150 yr. This article summarizes what we know (and don't know) about three fundamentally different kinds of piñon–juniper vegetation. Persistent woodlands are found where local soils, climate, and disturbance regimes are favorable for piñon, juniper, or a mix of both; fires have always been infrequent in these woodlands. Piñon–juniper savannas are found where local soils and climate are suitable for both trees and grasses; it is logical that low-severity fires may have maintained low tree densities before disruption of fire regimes following Euro-American settlement, but information is insufficient to support any confident statements about historical disturbance regimes in these savannas. Wooded shrublands are found where local soils and climate support a shrub community, but trees can increase during moist climatic conditions and periods without disturbance and decrease during droughts and following disturbance. Dramatic increases in tree density have occurred in portions of all three types of piñon–juniper vegetation, although equally dramatic mortality events have also occurred in some areas. The potential mechanisms driving increases in tree density—such as recovery from past disturbance, natural range expansion, livestock grazing, fire exclusion, climatic variability, and CO2 fertilization—generally have not received enough empirical or experimental investigation to predict which is most important in any given location. The intent of this synthesis is 1) to provide a source of information for managers and policy makers; and 2) to stimulate researchers to address the most important unanswered questions.
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This distal seismicity formed a dense cluster less than 5 km across, in map view, and located in depth between 11 km and 16 km. This seismicity was contemporaneous with sharply increased shallow earthquake activity directly below the volcano's vent. Focal mechanisms for five events within the distal cluster show strike-slip fault movement. Cluster seismicity best defines a plane when it is projected onto a northeast–southwest cross section, suggesting that the seismogenic fault strikes northwest. However, two major structural trends intersect near Augustine Volcano, making it difficult to put the seismogenic fault into a regional-geologic context. Specifically, interpretation of marine multichannel seismic-reflection (MCS) data shows reverse faults, directly above the seismicity cluster, that trend northeast, parallel to the regional geologic strike but perpendicular to the fault suggested by the clustered seismicity. The seismogenic fault could be a reactivated basement structure.
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L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032817,"text":"70032817 - 2009 - Research on the middle-of-receiver-spread assumption of the MASW method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:24","indexId":"70032817","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research on the middle-of-receiver-spread assumption of the MASW method","docAbstract":"The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method has been effectively used to determine near-surface shear- (S-) wave velocity. Estimating the S-wave velocity profile from Rayleigh-wave measurements is straightforward. A three-step process is required to obtain S-wave velocity profiles: acquisition of a multiple number of multichannel records along a linear survey line by use of the roll-along mode, extraction of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves, and inversion of dispersion curves for an S-wave velocity profile for each shot gather. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section can be generated by aligning 1D S-wave velocity models. In this process, it is very important to understand where the inverted 1D S-wave velocity profile should be located: the midpoint of each spread (a middle-of-receiver-spread assumption) or somewhere between the source and the last receiver. In other words, the extracted dispersion curve is determined by the geophysical structure within the geophone spread or strongly affected by the source geophysical structure. In this paper, dispersion curves of synthetic datasets and a real-world example are calculated by fixing the receiver spread and changing the source location. Results demonstrate that the dispersion curves are mainly determined by structures within a receiver spread. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.01.009","issn":"02677","usgsCitation":"Luo, Y., Xia, J., Liu, J., Xu, Y., and Liu, Q., 2009, Research on the middle-of-receiver-spread assumption of the MASW method: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 29, no. 1, p. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.01.009.","startPage":"71","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213622,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.01.009"},{"id":241268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa935e4b0c8380cd85c98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, Q.","contributorId":17827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032807,"text":"70032807 - 2009 - Discriminating assimilants and decoupling deep- vs. shallow-level crystal records at Mount Adams using 238U-230Th disequilibria and Os isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T13:55:21.779809","indexId":"70032807","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Discriminating assimilants and decoupling deep- vs. shallow-level crystal records at Mount Adams using 238U-230Th disequilibria and Os isotopes","title":"Discriminating assimilants and decoupling deep- vs. shallow-level crystal records at Mount Adams using 238U-230Th disequilibria and Os isotopes","docAbstract":"A suite of 23 basaltic to dacitic lavas erupted over the last 350 kyr from the Mount Adams volcanic field has been analyzed for U–Th isotope compositions to evaluate the roles of mantle versus crustal components during magma genesis. All of the lavas have (230Th/238U) > 1 and span a large range in (230Th/232Th) ratios, and most basalts have higher (230Th/232Th) ratios than andesites and dacites. Several of the lavas contain antecrysts (crystals of pre-existing material), yet internal U–Th mineral isochrons from six of seven lavas are indistinguishable from their eruption ages. This indicates a relatively brief period of time between crystal growth and eruption for most of the phenocrysts (olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite) prior to eruption. One isochron gave a crystallization age that is ~ 20–25 ka older than its corresponding eruptive age, and is interpreted to reflect mixing of older and juvenile crystals or a protracted period of magma storage in the crust. Much of the eruptive volume since 350 ka consists of lavas that have small to moderate 230Th excesses (2–16%), which are likely inherited from melting of a garnet-bearing intraplate (“OIB-like”) mantle source. Following melt generation and subsequent migration through the upper mantle, most Mt. Adams magmas interacted with young, mafic lower crust, as indicated by 187Os/188Os ratios that are substantially more radiogenic than the mantle or those expected via mixing of subducted material and the mantle wedge. Moreover, Os–Th isotope variations suggest that unusually large 230Th excesses (25–48%) and high 187Os/188Os ratios in some peripheral lavas reflect assimilation of small degree partial melts of pre-Quaternary basement that had residual garnet or Al-rich clinopyroxene. Despite the isotopic evidence for lower crustal assimilation, these processes are not generally recorded in the erupted phenocrysts, indicating that the crystal record of the deep-level ‘cryptic’ processes has been decoupled from shallow-level crystallization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.035","usgsCitation":"Jicha, B.R., Johnson, C.M., Hildreth, W., Beard, B.L., Hart, G.L., Shirey, S.B., and Singer, B.S., 2009, Discriminating assimilants and decoupling deep- vs. shallow-level crystal records at Mount Adams using 238U-230Th disequilibria and Os isotopes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, no. 1-2, p. 38-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.035.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-007730","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Adams","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -121.26983642578124,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -121.26983642578124,\n 46.27673288302042\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.27673288302042\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 46.08847179577592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"277","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01f6e4b0c8380cd4fe02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jicha, Brian R. 0000-0002-1228-515X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1228-515X","contributorId":229557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jicha","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":438000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Clark M.","contributorId":195431,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hildreth, Wes 0000-0002-7925-4251 hildreth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":2221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"hildreth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":438005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beard, Brian L.","contributorId":195430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beard","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hart, Garret L.","contributorId":198281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"Garret","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shirey, Steven B.","contributorId":198282,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirey","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Singer, Brad S. 0000-0003-3595-5168","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3595-5168","contributorId":229592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"Brad","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":41688,"text":"Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53716, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":438001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70032788,"text":"70032788 - 2009 - In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:23","indexId":"70032788","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":928,"text":"Atmospheric Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil","docAbstract":"The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280??kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30-35??km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ?? 1.25??A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical - CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.026","issn":"01698","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., Holzworth, R., and McCarthy, M., 2009, In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil: Atmospheric Research, v. 91, no. 2-4, p. 153-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.026.","startPage":"153","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213677,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.026"},{"id":241328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a5e4b0c8380cd619bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J.N.","contributorId":20988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzworth, R.H.","contributorId":84571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzworth","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCarthy, M.P.","contributorId":33932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032787,"text":"70032787 - 2009 - Interactive effects of fire, soil climate, and moss on CO2 fluxes in black spruce ecosystems of interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:11:02","indexId":"70032787","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of fire, soil climate, and moss on CO2 fluxes in black spruce ecosystems of interior Alaska","docAbstract":"Fire is an important control on the carbon (C) balance of the boreal forest region. Here, we present findings from two complementary studies that examine how fire modifies soil organic matter properties, and how these modifications influence rates of decomposition and C exchange in black spruce (Picea mariana) ecosystems of interior Alaska. First, we used laboratory incubations to explore soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation effects on CO2 and DOC production rates in burned and unburned soils from three study regions in interior Alaska. Second, at one of the study regions used in the incubation experiments, we conducted intensive field measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (ER) across an unreplicated factorial design of burning (2 year post-fire versus unburned sites) and drainage class (upland forest versus peatland sites). Our laboratory study showed that burning reduced the sensitivity of decomposition to increased temperature, most likely by inducing moisture or substrate quality limitations on decomposition rates. Burning also reduced the decomposability of Sphagnum-derived organic matter, increased the hydrophobicity of feather moss-derived organic matter, and increased the ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in both the upland and peatland sites. At the ecosystem scale, our field measurements indicate that the surface organic soil was generally wetter in burned than in unburned sites, whereas soil temperature was not different between the burned and unburned sites. Analysis of variance results showed that ER varied with soil drainage class but not by burn status, averaging 0.9 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.1 g C m−2 d−1 in the upland and peatland sites, respectively. However, a more complex general linear model showed that ER was controlled by an interaction between soil temperature, moisture, and burn status, and in general was less variable over time in the burned than in the unburned sites. Together, findings from these studies across different spatial scales suggest that although fire can create some soil climate conditions more conducive to rapid decomposition, rates of C release from soils may be constrained following fire by changes in moisture and/or substrate quality that impede rates of decomposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-008-9206-4","issn":"14329","usgsCitation":"O’Donnell, J.A., Turetsky, M.R., Harden, J.W., Manies, K.L., Pruett, L., Shetler, G., and Neff, J.C., 2009, Interactive effects of fire, soil climate, and moss on CO2 fluxes in black spruce ecosystems of interior Alaska: Ecosystems, v. 12, no. 1, p. 57-72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9206-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-007487","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213649,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9206-4"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd9e4b0c8380cd630c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Donnell, Jonathan A. 0000-0001-7031-9808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7031-9808","contributorId":191423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":169398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":437912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manies, Kristen L. 0000-0003-4941-9657 kmanies@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-9657","contributorId":2136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"Kristen","email":"kmanies@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pruett, L.E.","contributorId":86982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruett","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shetler, Gordon","contributorId":198333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shetler","given":"Gordon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Neff, Jason C.","contributorId":169417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":25504,"text":"Univ. of Colorado, Coulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":437908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}