Concerns about infectious diseases in fish used for research have risen along with the dramatic increase in the use of fish as models in biomedical research. In addition to acute diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality, underlying chronic conditions that cause low-grade or subclinical infections may confound research results. Here we present recommendations and strategies to avoid or minimize the impacts of infectious agents in fishes maintained in the research setting. There are distinct differences in strategies for control of pathogens in fish used for research compared to fishes reared as pets or in aquaculture. Also, much can be learned from strategies and protocols for control of diseases in rodents used in research, but there are differences. This is due, in part, the unique aquatic environment that is modified by the source and quality of the water provided and the design of facilities. The process of control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities is relatively new, and will be an evolving process over time. Nevertheless, the goal of documenting, detecting, and excluding pathogens in fish is just as important as in mammalian research models.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics during storm events has received considerable attention in forested watersheds, but the extent to which storms impart rapid changes in DOM concentration and composition in highly disturbed agricultural watersheds remains poorly understood. In this study, we used identical in situ optical sensors for DOM fluorescence (FDOM) with and without filtration to continuously evaluate surface water DOM dynamics in a 415 km2agricultural watershed over a 4 week period containing a short-duration rainfall event. Peak turbidity preceded peak discharge by 4 h and increased by over 2 orders of magnitude, while the peak filtered FDOM lagged behind peak turbidity by 15 h. FDOM values reported using the filtered in situ fluorometer increased nearly fourfold and were highly correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (r2 = 0.97), providing a highly resolved proxy for DOC throughout the study period. Discrete optical properties including specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), spectral slope (S290–350), and fluorescence index (FI) were also strongly correlated with in situ FDOM and indicate a shift toward aromatic, high molecular weight DOM from terrestrially derived sources during the storm. The lag of the peak in FDOM behind peak discharge presumably reflects the draining of watershed soils from natural and agricultural landscapes. Field and experimental evidence showed that unfiltered FDOM measurements underestimated filtered FDOM concentrations by up to ∼60% at particle concentrations typical of many riverine systems during hydrologic events. Together, laboratory and in situ data provide insights into the timing and magnitude of changes in DOM quantity and quality during storm events in an agricultural watershed, and indicate the need for sample filtration in systems with moderate to high suspended sediment loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2009JG000989","usgsCitation":"Saraceno, J.F., Pellerin, B.A., Downing, B.D., Boss, E., Bachand, P., and Bergamaschi, B., 2009, High-frequency in situ optical measurements during a storm event: Assessing relationships between dissolved organic matter, sediment concentrations, and hydrologic processes: Journal of Geological Research, v. 114, no. G4, Article G00F09; 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG000989.","productDescription":"Article G00F09; 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-012904","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jg000989","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":333240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"G4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"587f3db9e4b0d96de256455d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saraceno, John Franco 0000-0003-0064-1820 saraceno@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-1820","contributorId":2328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saraceno","given":"John","email":"saraceno@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franco","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pellerin, Brian A. bpeller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellerin","given":"Brian","email":"bpeller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downing, Bryan D. 0000-0002-2007-5304 bdowning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2007-5304","contributorId":1449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"Bryan","email":"bdowning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boss, Emmanuel","contributorId":10143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boss","given":"Emmanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bachand, Philip A. M.","contributorId":139733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bachand","given":"Philip A. M.","affiliations":[{"id":12895,"text":"Bachand & Associates, Davis, CA, 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":658527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581 bbergama@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":1448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","email":"bbergama@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035863,"text":"70035863 - 2009 - Surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T20:33:56","indexId":"70035863","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2481,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin","docAbstract":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a class of neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) occurring in cervids, is found in a number of states and provinces across North America. Misfolded prions, the infectious agents of CWD, are deposited in the environment via carcass remains and excreta, and pose a threat of cross-species transmission. In this study tissues were tested from 812 representative mammalian scavengers, collected in the CWD-affected area of Wisconsin, for TSE infection using the IDEXX HerdChek enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only four of the collected mammals tested positive using the ELISA, but these were negative when tested by Western blot. While our sample sizes permitted high probabilities of detecting TSE assuming 1% population prevalence in several common scavengers (93%, 87%, and 87% for raccoons, opossums, and coyotes, respectively), insufficient sample sizes for other species precluded similar conclusions. One cannot rule out successful cross-species TSE transmission to scavengers, but the results suggest that such transmission is not frequent in the CWD-affected area of Wisconsin. The need for further surveillance of scavenger species, especially those known to be susceptible to TSE (e.g., cat, American mink, raccoon), is highlighted in both a field and laboratory setting.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15287390903084249","issn":"15287394","usgsCitation":"Jennelle, C., Samuel, M., Nolden, C., Keane, D., Barr, D., Johnson, C., Vanderloo, J., Aiken, J.M., Hamir, A., and Hoover, E., 2009, Surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, v. 72, no. 17-18, p. 1018-1024, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390903084249.","startPage":"1018","endPage":"1024","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390903084249"}],"volume":"72","issue":"17-18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba27de4b08c986b31f752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennelle, C.S.","contributorId":16953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennelle","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nolden, C.A.","contributorId":9226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolden","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keane, D.P.","contributorId":14626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barr, D.J.","contributorId":48773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Chad","contributorId":88678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vanderloo, J.P.","contributorId":48790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanderloo","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aiken, Judd M.","contributorId":64780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aiken","given":"Judd","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hamir, A.N.","contributorId":106078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamir","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hoover, E.A.","contributorId":42456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70035862,"text":"70035862 - 2009 - Geochemical characterisation of seepage and drainage water quality from two sulphide mine tailings impoundments: Acid mine drainage versus neutral mine drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035862","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characterisation of seepage and drainage water quality from two sulphide mine tailings impoundments: Acid mine drainage versus neutral mine drainage","docAbstract":"Seepage water and drainage water geochemistry (pH, EC, O2, redox, alkalinity, dissolved cations and trace metals, major anions, total element concentrations) were studied at two active sulphide mine tailings impoundments in Finland (the Hitura Ni mine and Luikonlahti Cu mine/talc processing plant). The data were used to assess the factors influencing tailings seepage quality and to identify constraints for water treatment. Changes in seepage water quality after equilibration with atmospheric conditions were evaluated based on geochemical modelling. At Luikonlahti, annual and seasonal changes were also studied. Seepage quality was largely influenced by the tailings mineralogy, and the serpentine-rich, low sulphide Hitura tailings produced neutral mine drainage with high Ni. In contrast, drainage from the high sulphide, multi-metal tailings of Luikonlahti represented typical acid mine drainage with elevated contents of Zn, Ni, Cu, and Co. Other factors affecting the seepage quality included weathering of the tailings along the seepage flow path, process water input, local hydrological settings, and structural changes in the tailings impoundment. Geochemical modelling showed that pH increased and some heavy metals were adsorbed to Fe precipitates after net alkaline waters equilibrated with the atmosphere. In the net acidic waters, pH decreased and no adsorption occurred. A combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatments is proposed for Hitura seepages to decrease the sulphate and metal loading. For Luikonlahti, prolonged monitoring of the seepage quality is suggested instead of treatment, since the water quality is still adjusting to recent modifications to the tailings impoundment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mine Water and the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10230-008-0056-2","issn":"10259112","usgsCitation":"Heikkinen, P., Raisanen, M., and Johnson, R., 2009, Geochemical characterisation of seepage and drainage water quality from two sulphide mine tailings impoundments: Acid mine drainage versus neutral mine drainage: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 28, no. 1, p. 30-49, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0056-2.","startPage":"30","endPage":"49","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216288,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10230-008-0056-2"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15ece4b0c8380cd54fb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heikkinen, P.M.","contributorId":73435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heikkinen","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raisanen, M.L.","contributorId":96508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raisanen","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.H.","contributorId":7041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035859,"text":"70035859 - 2009 - PAHs underfoot: Contaminated dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement is widespread in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035859","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PAHs underfoot: Contaminated dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement is widespread in the United States","docAbstract":"We reported in 2005 that runoff from parking lots treated with coal-tar-based sealcoat was a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to streams in Austin, Texas. Here we present new data from nine U. S. cities that show nationwide patterns in concentrations of PAHs associated with sealcoat Dust was swept from parking lots in six cities in the central and eastern U. S., where coal-tar-based sealcoat dominates use, and three cities in the western U. S., where asphalt-based sealcoat dominates use. For six central and eastern cities, median ?? PAH concentrations in dust from sealcoated and unsealcoated pavement are 2200 and 27 mg/kg, respectively. For three western cities, median ?? PAH concentrations in dust from sealcoated and unsealcoated pavement are similar and very low (2. 1 and 0. 8 mg/kg, respectively). Lakes in the central and eastern cities where pavement was sampled have bottom sediments with higher PAH concentrations than do those in the western cities relative to degree of urbanization. Bottom-sediment PAH assemblages are similar to those of sealcoated pavement dust regionally, implicating coal-tar-based sealcoat as a PAH source to the central and eastern lakes. Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement and adjacent soils greatly exceed generic soil screening levels, suggesting that research on human-health risk is warranted.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es802119h","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., Mahler, B., and Wilson, J., 2009, PAHs underfoot: Contaminated dust from coal-tar sealcoated pavement is widespread in the United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 20-25, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802119h.","startPage":"20","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476171,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es802119h","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216229,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802119h"},{"id":244087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7327e4b0c8380cd76ebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035858,"text":"70035858 - 2009 - Further declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-1978 versus 1990 versus 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:13:58","indexId":"70035858","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Further declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-1978 versus 1990 versus 2002","docAbstract":"From 1977–1978 to 1990, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and most organochlorine pesticides declined in eggs of red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) nesting on islands in northwestern Lake Michigan. Further declines took place between 1990 and 2002. Between 1977–1978 and 1990 total PCBs decreased 60% (from 21 to 8.5 μg/g, wet weight). An additional decline of 46% took place between 1990 and 2002 (8.5 to 4.6 μg/g). Between 1977–1978 and 1990 p,p ′-DDE decreased 66% (from 6.5 to 2.2 μg/g), and from 1990 to 2002 an additional decline of 36% took place (from 2.2 to 1.4 μg/g). Between 1977–1978 and 1990 dieldrin decreased only 16% (from 0.82 to 0.69 μg/g), but from 1990 to 2002 a 96% decrease occurred (from 0.69 to 0.03 μg/g).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0619-5","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., and Stromborg, K., 2009, Further declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-1978 versus 1990 versus 2002: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 159, no. 1-4, p. 163-168, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0619-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0619-5"},{"id":244086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1422e4b0c8380cd54913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stromborg, K. L.","contributorId":34466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromborg","given":"K. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035441,"text":"70035441 - 2009 - Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035441","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Optical and electron-beam petrography of melt-rich suevite and melt-rock clasts from selected samples from the Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, reveal a variety of silicate glasses and coexisting sulfur-rich melts, now quenched to various sulfi de minerals (??iron). The glasses show a wide variety of textures, fl ow banding, compositions, devitrifi cation, and hydration states. Electron-microprobe analyses yield a compositional range of glasses from high SiO2 (>90 wt%) through a range of lower SiO2 (55-75 wt%) with no relationship to depth of sample. Some samples show spherical globules of different composition with sharp menisci, suggesting immiscibility at the time of quenching. Isotropic globules of higher interfacial tension glass (64 wt% SiO2) are in sharp contact with lower-surface-tension, high-silica glass (95 wt% SiO2). Immiscible glass-pair composition relationships show that the immiscibility is not stable and probably represents incomplete mixing. Devitrifi cation varies and some low-silica, high-iron glasses appear to have formed Fe-rich smectite; other glass compositions have formed rapid quench textures of corundum, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnetite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, chrome-spinel, and hercynite. Hydration (H2O by difference) varies from ~10 wt% to essentially anhydrous; high-SiO2 glasses tend to contain less H2O. Petrographic relationships show decomposition of pyrite and melting of pyrrhotite through the transformation series; pyrite? pyrrhotite? troilite??? iron. Spheres (~1 to ~50 ??m) of quenched immiscible sulfi de melt in silicate glass show a range of compositions and include phases such as pentlandite, chalcopyrite, Ni-As, monosulfi de solid solution, troilite, and rare Ni-Fe. Other sulfi de spheres contain small blebs of pure iron and exhibit a continuum with increasing iron content to spheres that consist of pure iron with small, remnant blebs of Fe-sulfi de. The Ni-rich sulfi de phases can be explained by melting and/or concentrating targetderived Ni without requiring an asteroid impactor source component. The presence of locally unaltered glasses in these rocks suggests that in some rock volumes, isolation from postimpact hydrothermal systems was suffi cient for glass preservation. Pressure and temperature indicators suggest that, on a thin-section scale, the suevites record rapid mixing and accumulation of particles that sustained widely different peak temperatures, from clasts that never exceeded 300 ?? 50 ??C, to the bulk of the glasses where melted sulfi de and unmelted monazite suggest temperatures of 1500 ?? 200 ??C. The presence of coesite in some glass-bearing samples suggests that pressures exceeded ~3 GPa. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(20)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., and Horton, J.W., 2009, Silicate glasses and sulfide melts in the ICDP-USGS Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 458, p. 447-468, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(20).","startPage":"447","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(20)"},{"id":243276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f35e4b08c986b318dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035856,"text":"70035856 - 2009 - Trace elements in Zn Pb Ag deposits and related stream sediments, Brooks Range Alaska, with implications for Tl as a pathfinder element","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035856","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in Zn Pb Ag deposits and related stream sediments, Brooks Range Alaska, with implications for Tl as a pathfinder element","docAbstract":"The Zn-Pb-Ag metallogenic province of the western and central Brooks Range, Alaska, contains two distinct but mineralogically similar deposit types: shale-hosted massive sulphide (SHMS) and smaller vein-breccia occurrences. Recent investigations of the Red Dog and Anarraaq SHMS deposits demonstrated that these deposits are characterized by high trace-element concentrations of As, Ge, Sb and Tl. This paper examines geochemistry of additional SHMS deposits (Drenchwater and Su-Lik) to determine which trace elements are ubiquitously elevated in all SHMS deposits. Data from several vein-breccia occurrences are also presented to see if trace-element concentrations can distinguish SHMS deposits from vein-breccia occurrences. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that Tl is the most consistently and highly concentrated characteristic trace element in SHMS deposits relative to regional unmineralized rock samples. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of pyrite and sphalerite indicate that Tl is concentrated in pyrite in SHMS. Stream sediment data from the Drenchwater and Su-Lik SHMS show that high Tl concentrations are more broadly distributed proximal to known or suspected mineralization than As, Sb, Zn and Pb anomalies. This broader distribution of Tl in whole-rock and particularly stream sediment samples increases the footprint of exposed and shallowly buried SHMS mineralization. High Tl concentrations also distinguish SHMS mineralization from the vein-breccia deposits, as the latter lack high concentrations of Tl but can otherwise have similar trace-element signatures to SHMS deposits. ?? 2009 AAG/Geological Society of London.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-7873/08-177","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Graham, G., Kelley, K., Slack, J.F., and Koenig, A., 2009, Trace elements in Zn Pb Ag deposits and related stream sediments, Brooks Range Alaska, with implications for Tl as a pathfinder element: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 9, no. 1, p. 19-37, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/08-177.","startPage":"19","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/08-177"},{"id":244054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb64be4b08c986b326ba3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graham, G.E.","contributorId":6680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koenig, A.E. 0000-0002-5230-0924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":23679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035444,"text":"70035444 - 2009 - Bird population density estimated from acoustic signals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035444","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird population density estimated from acoustic signals","docAbstract":"Many animal species are detected primarily by sound. Although songs, calls and other sounds are often used for population assessment, as in bird point counts and hydrophone surveys of cetaceans, there are few rigorous methods for estimating population density from acoustic data. 2. The problem has several parts - distinguishing individuals, adjusting for individuals that are missed, and adjusting for the area sampled. Spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) is a statistical methodology that addresses jointly the second and third parts of the problem. We have extended SECR to use uncalibrated information from acoustic signals on the distance to each source. 3. We applied this extension of SECR to data from an acoustic survey of ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla density in an eastern US deciduous forest with multiple four-microphone arrays. We modelled average power from spectrograms of ovenbird songs measured within a window of 0??7 s duration and frequencies between 4200 and 5200 Hz. 4. The resulting estimates of the density of singing males (0??19 ha -1 SE 0??03 ha-1) were consistent with estimates of the adult male population density from mist-netting (0??36 ha-1 SE 0??12 ha-1). The fitted model predicts sound attenuation of 0??11 dB m-1 (SE 0??01 dB m-1) in excess of losses from spherical spreading. 5.Synthesis and applications. Our method for estimating animal population density from acoustic signals fills a gap in the census methods available for visually cryptic but vocal taxa, including many species of bird and cetacean. The necessary equipment is simple and readily available; as few as two microphones may provide adequate estimates, given spatial replication. The method requires that individuals detected at the same place are acoustically distinguishable and all individuals vocalize during the recording interval, or that the per capita rate of vocalization is known. We believe these requirements can be met, with suitable field methods, for a significant number of songbird species. ?? 2009 British Ecological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01731.x","issn":"00218901","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., and Efford, M., 2009, Bird population density estimated from acoustic signals: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 46, no. 6, p. 1201-1209, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01731.x.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1209","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487254,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01731.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215499,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01731.x"},{"id":243309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1b0e4b0c8380cd4ada8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Efford, M.G.","contributorId":13352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Efford","given":"M.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035853,"text":"70035853 - 2009 - Distribution of melt beneath Mount St Helens and Mount Adams inferred from magnetotelluric data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035853","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of melt beneath Mount St Helens and Mount Adams inferred from magnetotelluric data","docAbstract":"Three prominent volcanoes that form part of the Cascade mountain range in Washington State (USA)Mounts StHelens, Adams and Rainierare located on the margins of a mid-crustal zone of high electrical conductivity1,5. Interconnected melt can increase the bulk conductivity of the region containing the melt6,7, which leads us to propose that the anomalous conductivity in this region is due to partial melt associated with the volcanism. Here we test this hypothesis by using magnetotelluric data recorded at a network of 85 locations in the area of the high-conductivity anomaly. Our data reveal that a localized zone of high conductivity beneath thisvolcano extends downwards to join the mid-crustal conductor. As our measurements were made during the recent period of lava extrusion at Mount St Helens, we infer that the conductivity anomaly associated with the localized zone, and by extension with the mid-crustal conductor, is caused by the presence of partial melt. Our interpretation is consistent with the crustal origin of silicic magmas erupting from Mount St Helens8, and explains the distribution of seismicity observed at the time of the catastrophic eruption in 1980 (refs9, 10). ?? 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/ngeo661","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Hill, G., Caldwell, T., Heise, W., Chertkoff, D., Bibby, H., Burgess, M., Cull, J., and Cas, R.A., 2009, Distribution of melt beneath Mount St Helens and Mount Adams inferred from magnetotelluric data: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, no. 11, p. 785-789, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo661.","startPage":"785","endPage":"789","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo661"},{"id":244024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e0e4b0c8380cd50236","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, G.J.","contributorId":45140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, T.G.","contributorId":22988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heise, W.","contributorId":77766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heise","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chertkoff, D.G.","contributorId":51124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chertkoff","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bibby, H.M.","contributorId":21738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibby","given":"H.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burgess, M.K.","contributorId":18601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cull, J.P.","contributorId":90131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cull","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cas, Ray A.F.","contributorId":44361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cas","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70035852,"text":"70035852 - 2009 - Migratory behaviour and survival rates of wild northern Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts: Effects of environmental factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035852","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migratory behaviour and survival rates of wild northern Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts: Effects of environmental factors","docAbstract":"To study smolt behaviour and survival of a northern Atlantic salmon Salmo salar population during river descent, sea entry and fjord migration, 120 wild S. salar were tagged with acoustic tags and registered at four automatic listening station arrays in the mouth of the north Norwegian River Alta and throughout the Alta Fjord. An estimated 75% of the post-smolts survived from the river mouth, through the estuary and the first 17 km of the fjord. Survival rates in the fjord varied with fork length (LF), and ranged from 97??0 to 99??5% km-1. On average, the post-smolts spent 1??5 days (36 h, range 11-365 h) travelling from the river mouth to the last fjord array, 31 km from the river mouth. The migratory speed was slower (1??8 LF s-1) in the first 4 km after sea entry compared with the next 27 km (3??0 LF s-1). Post-smolts entered the fjord more often during the high or ebbing tide (70%). There was no clear diurnal migration pattern within the river and fjord, but most of the post-smolts entered the fjord at night (66%, 2000-0800 hours), despite the 24 h daylight at this latitude. The tidal cycle, wind-induced currents and the smolts' own movements seemed to influence migratory speeds and routes in different parts of the fjord. A large variation in migration patterns, both in the river and fjord, might indicate that individuals in stochastic estuarine and marine environments are exposed to highly variable selection regimes, resulting in different responses to environmental factors on both temporal and spatial scales. Post-smolts in the northern Alta Fjord had similar early marine survival rates to those observed previously in southern fjords; however, fjord residency in the north was shorter. ?? 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02423.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Davidsen, J., Rikardsen, A., Halttunen, E., Thorstad, E., Okland, F., Letcher, B., Skarhamar, J., and Naesje, T.F., 2009, Migratory behaviour and survival rates of wild northern Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts: Effects of environmental factors: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 75, no. 7, p. 1700-1718, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02423.x.","startPage":"1700","endPage":"1718","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476175,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/2431","text":"External Repository"},{"id":216173,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02423.x"},{"id":244023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5721e4b0c8380cd6da8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davidsen, J. G.","contributorId":38385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davidsen","given":"J. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rikardsen, A.H.","contributorId":23355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rikardsen","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halttunen, E.","contributorId":95718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halttunen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorstad, E.B.","contributorId":68987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstad","given":"E.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okland, F.","contributorId":86994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okland","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Skarhamar, J.","contributorId":69810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skarhamar","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Naesje, T. F.","contributorId":7526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naesje","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70035450,"text":"70035450 - 2009 - Petrographic and geochemical comparisons between the lower crystalline basement-derived section and the granite megablock and amphibolite megablock of the Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035450","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic and geochemical comparisons between the lower crystalline basement-derived section and the granite megablock and amphibolite megablock of the Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA","docAbstract":"The Eyreville B core from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA, contains a lower basement-derived section (1551.19 m to 1766.32 m deep) and two megablocks of dominantly (1) amphibolite (1376.38 m to 1389.35 m deep) and (2) granite (1095.74 m to 1371.11 m deep), which are separated by an impactite succession. Metasedimentary rocks (muscovite-quartz-plagioclase-biotite-graphite ?? fibrolite ?? garnet ?? tourmaline ?? pyrite ?? rutile ?? pyrrhotite mica schist, hornblende-plagioclase-epidote-biotite- K-feldspar-quartz-titanite-calcite amphibolite, and vesuvianite-plagioclase- quartz-epidote calc-silicate rock) are dominant in the upper part of the lower basement-derived section, and they are intruded by pegmatitic to coarse-grained granite (K-feldspar-plagioclase-quartz-muscovite ?? biotite ?? garnet) that increases in volume proportion downward. The granite megablock contains both gneissic and weakly or nonfoliated biotite granite varieties (K-feldspar-quartz-plagioclase-biotite ?? muscovite ?? pyrite), with small schist xenoliths consisting of biotite-plagioclase-quartz ?? epidote ?? amphibole. The lower basement-derived section and both megablocks exhibit similar middleto upper-amphibolite-facies metamorphic grades that suggest they might represent parts of a single terrane. However, the mica schists in the lower basement-derived sequence and in the megablock xenoliths show differences in both mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry that suggest a more mafi c source for the xenoliths. Similarly, the mineralogy of the amphibolite in the lower basement-derived section and its association with calc-silicate rock suggest a sedimentary protolith, whereas the bulk-rock and mineral chemistry of the megablock amphibolite indicate an igneous protolith. The lower basement-derived granite also shows bulk chemical and mineralogical differences from the megablock gneissic and biotite granites. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(13)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Townsend, G., Gibson, R., Horton, J.W., Reimold, W., Schmitt, R., and Bartosova, K., 2009, Petrographic and geochemical comparisons between the lower crystalline basement-derived section and the granite megablock and amphibolite megablock of the Eyreville B core, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 458, p. 255-275, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(13).","startPage":"255","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215527,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(13)"}],"issue":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a778ee4b0c8380cd78512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townsend, G.N.","contributorId":98558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibson, R.L.","contributorId":105143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reimold, W.U.","contributorId":103401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimold","given":"W.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmitt, R.T.","contributorId":80105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bartosova, K.","contributorId":69799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartosova","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035451,"text":"70035451 - 2009 - The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035451","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events","docAbstract":"Catastrophic and unusual events on Earth such as bolide impacts, megafloods, supereruptions, flood volcanism, and subice volcanism may have devastating effects when they occur. Although these processes have unique characteristics and form distinctive features and deposits, we have diffi culties identifying them and measuring the magnitude of their effects. Our diffi culties with interpreting these processes and identifying their consequences are understandable considering their infrequency on Earth, combined with the low preservation potential of their deposits in the terrestrial rock record. Although we know these events do happen, they are infrequent enough that the deposits are poorly preserved on the geologically active face of the Earth, where erosion, volcanism, and tectonism constantly change the surface. Unlike the Earth, on Mars catastrophic and unusual features are well preserved because of the slow modifi cation of the surface. Signifi cant precipitation has not occurred on Mars for billions of years and there appears to be no discrete crustal plates to have undergone subduction and destruction. Therefore the ancient surface of Mars preserves geologic features and deposits that result from these extraordinary events. Also, unlike the other planets, Mars is the most similar to our own, having an atmosphere, surface ice, volcanism, and evidence of onceflowing water. So although our understanding of precursors, processes, and possible biological effects of catastrophic and unusual processes is limited on Earth, some of these mysteries may be better understood through investigating the surface of Mars. ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.453(01)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., 2009, The surface of Mars: An unusual laboratory that preserves a record of catastrophic and unusual events: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 453, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(01).","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.453(01)"}],"issue":"453","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0aae4b08c986b324fdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035343,"text":"70035343 - 2009 - Criticisms biologically unwarranted and analytically irrelevant: Reply to Rominger et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035343","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Criticisms biologically unwarranted and analytically irrelevant: Reply to Rominger et al.","docAbstract":"The criticisms of Rominger et al. (2008) of our retrospective analysis of desert bighorn sheep (DBS; Ovis canadensis mexicana) dynamics in the San Andres Mountains of south-central New Mexico, USA, contained many biological errors and analytical oversights. Herein, we show that Rominger et al. (2008) 1) overstated both magnitude and potential effect of predator removal; 2) incorrectly claimed that our total precipitation (TP) model did not fit the data when TP correctly classed ???66 of subsequent population increases and declines (P ??? 0.063); 3) presented a necessary prerequisite of the exponential model (serial correlation between Nt and Nt1) as the key relationship in the DBS data, when it merely reflected that DBS are strongly K-selected and was irrelevant to our hypothesis tests specific to factors affecting the instantaneous rate of population increase (r); 4) greatly oversimplified relationships among precipitation, arid environments, and DBS; and 5) advocated a time for collection of lamb/female (L/F) ratio data that was unrelated to any meaningful period in the biological year of DBS and consequently presented L/F ratio data unrelated to observed dynamics of DBS. In contrast, the L/F ratios used in Bender and Weisenberger (2005) correctly predicted annual changes and were correlated with long-term population rates of change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2008-219","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Bender, L.C., and Weisenberger, M., 2009, Criticisms biologically unwarranted and analytically irrelevant: Reply to Rominger et al.: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, no. 5, p. 806-810, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-219.","startPage":"806","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215343,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-219"}],"volume":"73","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb5e4b0c8380cd4e3ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, Louis C.","contributorId":72509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weisenberger, M.E.","contributorId":94084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weisenberger","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035851,"text":"70035851 - 2009 - Joint inversion for Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs at SAFOD, Parkfield, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035851","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Joint inversion for Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs at SAFOD, Parkfield, California","docAbstract":"We refined the three-dimensional (3-D) Vp, Vs and Vp/Vs models around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) site using a new double-difference (DD) seismic tomography code (tomoDDPS) that simultaneously solves for earthquake locations and all three velocity models using both absolute and differential P, S, and S-P times. This new method is able to provide a more robust Vp/Vs model than that from the original DD tomography code (tomoDD), obtained simply by dividing Vp by Vs. For the new inversion, waveform cross-correlation times for earthquakes from 2001 to 2002 were also used, in addition to arrival times from earthquakes and explosions in the region. The Vp values extracted from the model along the SAFOD trajectory match well with the borehole log data, providing in situ confirmation of our results. Similar to previous tomographic studies, the 3-D structure around Parkfield is dominated by the velocity contrast across the San Andreas Fault (SAF). In both the Vp and Vs models, there is a clear low-velocity zone as deep as 7 km along the SAF trace, compatible with the findings from fault zone guided waves. There is a high Vp/Vs anomaly zone on the southwest side of the SAF trace that is about 1-2 km wide and extends as deep as 4 km, which is interpreted to be due to fluids and fractures in the package of sedimentary rocks abutting the Salinian basement rock to the southwest. The relocated earthquakes align beneath the northeast edge of this high Vp/Vs zone. We carried out a 2-D correlation analysis for an existing resistivity model and the corresponding profiles through our model, yielding a classification that distinguishes several major lithologies. ?? 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GC002709","issn":"15252027","usgsCitation":"Zhang, H., Thurber, C., and Bedrosian, P., 2009, Joint inversion for Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs at SAFOD, Parkfield, California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 10, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002709.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216143,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002709"},{"id":243991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4000e4b0c8380cd649b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, H.","contributorId":50311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bedrosian, P.","contributorId":53158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036116,"text":"70036116 - 2009 - Nest movement by piping plovers in response to changing habitat conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T13:34:34","indexId":"70036116","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest movement by piping plovers in response to changing habitat conditions","docAbstract":"Birds that nest along reservoir or river shorelines may face fluctuating water levels that threaten nest survival. On Lake Sakakawea of the upper Missouri River, 37 and 70% of Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) nests found in 2007 and 2008, respectively, were initiated at elevations inundated prior to projected hatch date. We describe eight events at seven nests in which adult Piping Plovers appeared to have moved active nests threatened by rising water or gathered eggs apparently displaced by rising water on Lake Sakakawea and the Garrison reach of the upper Missouri River. Additionally, we describe one nest that was moved after the habitat at the nest site had been disturbed by domestic cattle. Our observations and evidence indicate that adult Piping Plovers are capable of moving eggs and establishing nests at new sites during incubation. Furthermore, our results suggest that Piping Plovers evaluate their reproductive investment under potential threat of nest loss and may be capable of acting prospectively (moving nests prior to inundation) and reactively (regathering eggs after inundation) to avoid nest failure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/cond.2009.080106","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Wiltermuth, M.T., Anteau, M.J., Sherfy, M.H., and Shaffer, T.L., 2009, Nest movement by piping plovers in response to changing habitat conditions: Condor, v. 111, no. 3, p. 550-555, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080106.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"555","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476147,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080106","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218480,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080106"}],"volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a647de4b0c8380cd729d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiltermuth, Mark T. 0000-0002-8871-2816 mwiltermuth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-2816","contributorId":708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiltermuth","given":"Mark","email":"mwiltermuth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anteau, Michael J. 0000-0002-5173-5870 manteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-5870","contributorId":3427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"Michael","email":"manteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherfy, Mark H. 0000-0003-3016-4105 msherfy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"Mark","email":"msherfy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaffer, Terry L. 0000-0001-6950-8951 tshaffer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-8951","contributorId":3192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Terry","email":"tshaffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035850,"text":"70035850 - 2009 - The impact of climate change on transportation in the gulf coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035850","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The impact of climate change on transportation in the gulf coast","docAbstract":"Climate affects the design, construction, safety, operations, and maintenance of transportation infrastructure and systems. The prospect of a changing climate raises critical questions regarding how alterations in temperature, precipitation, storm events, and other aspects of the climate could affect the nation's transportation system. This regional assessment of climate change and its potential impacts on transportation systems addresses these questions for the central Gulf Coast between Houston and Mobile. Warming temperatures are likely to increase the costs of transportation construction, maintenance, and operations. More frequent extreme precipitation events will likely disrupt transportation networks with flooding and visibility problems. Relative sea level rise will make much of the existing infrastructure more prone to frequent or permanent inundation. Increased storm intensity may lead to increased service disruption and damage. Consideration of these factors in today's transportation decisions should lead to a more robust, resilient, and cost-effective transportation network in the coming decades. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment","conferenceTitle":"2009 ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Conference, TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment","conferenceDate":"28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009","conferenceLocation":"Oakland, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41050(357)64","isbn":"9780784410509","usgsCitation":"Savonis, M., Burkett, V., Potter, J., Kafalenos, R., Hyman, R., and Leonard, K., 2009, The impact of climate change on transportation in the gulf coast, in TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, v. 357, Oakland, CA, 28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009, https://doi.org/10.1061/41050(357)64.","startPage":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216142,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41050(357)64"},{"id":243990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"357","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bace2e4b08c986b3237f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savonis, M.J.","contributorId":7575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savonis","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkett, V.R. 0000-0003-4746-2862","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":71129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"V.R.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, J.R.","contributorId":39255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kafalenos, R.","contributorId":85467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kafalenos","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hyman, R.","contributorId":75394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leonard, K.","contributorId":45972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036115,"text":"70036115 - 2009 - Geotechnical properties of cemented sands in steep slopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:02","indexId":"70036115","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geotechnical properties of cemented sands in steep slopes","docAbstract":"An investigation into the geotechnical properties specific to assessing the stability of weakly and moderately cemented sand cliffs is presented. A case study from eroding coastal cliffs located in central California provides both the data and impetus for this study. Herein, weakly cemented sand is defined as having an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of less than 100 kPa, and moderately cemented sand is defined as having UCS between 100 and 400 kPa. Testing shows that both materials fail in a brittle fashion and can be modeled effectively using linear Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters, although for weakly cemented sands, curvature of the failure envelope is more evident with decreasing friction and increasing cohesion at higher confinement. Triaxial tests performed to simulate the evolving stress state of an eroding cliff, using a reduction in confinement-type stress path, result in an order of magnitude decrease in strain at failure and a more brittle response. Tests aimed at examining the influence of wetting on steep slopes show that a 60% decrease in UCS, a 50% drop in cohesion, and 80% decrease in the tensile strength occurs in moderately cemented sand upon introduction to water. In weakly cemented sands, all compressive, cohesive, and tensile strength is lost upon wetting and saturation. The results indicate that particular attention must be given to the relative level of cementation, the effects of groundwater or surficial seepage, and the small-scale strain response when performing geotechnical slope stability analyses on these materials. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000094","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., and Sitar, N., 2009, Geotechnical properties of cemented sands in steep slopes: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 135, no. 10, p. 1359-1366, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000094.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1366","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218479,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000094"}],"volume":"135","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28c3e4b0c8380cd5a3b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, B.D.","contributorId":57632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sitar, N.","contributorId":105092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sitar","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}