The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record is an iconic symbol of the human capacity to alter the planet. Yet this record would not have been possible without the remarkable work of one man, Charles David Keeling. We describe three emergent themes that characterized his work: (1) his desire to study and understand the processes that control atmospheric CO2 and the global carbon cycle, (2) his campaign to identify and minimize systematic measurement error, and (3) his tenacious efforts to maintain continuous funding despite changing government priorities and institutions. In many ways, the story of the Mauna Loa record demonstrates that distinctions between research and “routine” measurements are not very useful in long-term monitoring of Earth properties and processes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2009GM000913","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E.T., and Keeling, R.F., 2009, The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide record: lessons for long-term Earth observations, chap. of Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle, v. 183, p. 27-35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GM000913.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-016690","costCenters":[{"id":437,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272794,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GM000913/summary"}],"volume":"183","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a08be3e4b0e42455806593","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, Eric T. 0000-0002-1449-8802 esundqui@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1449-8802","contributorId":1922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"Eric","email":"esundqui@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeling, Ralph F. 0000-0002-9749-2253","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-2253","contributorId":92150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keeling","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036849,"text":"70036849 - 2009 - Predicting lesser scaup wetland use during spring migration in eastern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036849","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1859,"text":"Great Plains Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting lesser scaup wetland use during spring migration in eastern South Dakota","docAbstract":"The relative influence of physical, chemical, and biotic wetland characteristics on wetland use by spring migrating lesser scaup (Aythya affinis [Eyton]; hereafter \"scaup\") is not well understood. We compared characteristics of used and unused wetlands in eastern South Dakota. Used wetlands were larger (>2 ha; P = 0.05), with higher amphipod densities (>500 individuals m-2; P = 0.01) and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations (>0.2; P < 0.05). These wetlands had lower ionic conductivity (1.8 mS; P = 0.02), lower nitrates (1.0 ppm; P = 0.01), lower submerged aquatic vegetation density (P < 0.01), and lower fine sediment proportions (???150 ??m grain size; P < 0.01). Wetland use was best described by amphipod and submerged aquatic vegetation densities. The predictive model explained 50.4% of the variation in scaup use in a reserve dataset. Thresholds of tolerance by amphipods in relation to wetland habitats in the upper Midwest should be investigated further as indicators of a broader range of water and habitat quality characteristics for scaup. ?? 2009 Copyright by the Center for Great Ploins Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Plains Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525165","usgsCitation":"Kahara, S., and Chipps, S., 2009, Predicting lesser scaup wetland use during spring migration in eastern South Dakota: Great Plains Research, v. 19, no. 2, p. 157-167.","startPage":"157","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81b9e4b0c8380cd7b6c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahara, S.N.","contributorId":104298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahara","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chipps, S. R. 0000-0001-6511-7582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-7582","contributorId":40369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipps","given":"S. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036720,"text":"70036720 - 2009 - Mineralogy of mine waste at the Vermont Asbestos Group mine, Belvidere Mountain, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:49:04","indexId":"70036720","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy of mine waste at the Vermont Asbestos Group mine, Belvidere Mountain, Vermont","docAbstract":"Samples from the surfaces of waste piles at the Vermont Asbestos Group mine in northern Vermont were studied to determine their mineralogy, particularly the presence and morphology of amphiboles. Analyses included powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. Minerals identified by XRD were serpentine-group minerals, magnetite, chlorite, quartz, olivine, pyroxene, and brucite; locally, mica and carbonates were also present. Raman spectroscopy distinguished antigorite and chrysotile, which could not be differentiated using XRD. Long-count, short-range XRD scans of the (110) amphibole peak showed trace amounts of amphibole in most samples. Examination of amphiboles in tailings by optical microscopy, SEM, and EPMA revealed non-fibrous amphiboles compositionally classified as edenite, magnesiohornblende, magnesiokatophorite, and pargasite. No fibrous amphibole was found in the tailings, although fibrous tremolite was identified in a sample of host rock. Knowledge of the mineralogy at the site may lead to better understanding of potential implications for human health and aid in designing a remediation plan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2138/am.2009.3258","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Levitan, D., Hammarstrom, J.M., Gunter, M.E., Seal, R., Chou, I., and Piatak, N., 2009, Mineralogy of mine waste at the Vermont Asbestos Group mine, Belvidere Mountain, Vermont: American Mineralogist, v. 94, no. 7, p. 1063-1066, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3258.","startPage":"1063","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217820,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3258"}],"volume":"94","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ad3e4b0c8380cd6f168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levitan, D.M.","contributorId":83365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levitan","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunter, M. E.","contributorId":104937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunter","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Piatak, N.M. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036964,"text":"70036964 - 2009 - Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T18:18:29.596387","indexId":"70036964","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus","docAbstract":"A comprehensive dataset of NDV genome sequences was evaluated using bioinformatics to characterize the evolutionary forces affecting NDV genomes. Despite evidence of recombination in most genes, only one event in the fusion gene of genotype V viruses produced evolutionarily viable progenies. The codon-associated rate of change for the six NDV proteins revealed that the highest rate of change occurred at the fusion protein. All proteins were under strong purifying (negative) selection; the fusion protein displayed the highest number of amino acids under positive selection. Regardless of the phylogenetic grouping or the level of virulence, the cleavage site motif was highly conserved implying that mutations at this site that result in changes of virulence may not be favored. The coding sequence of the fusion gene and the genomes of viruses from wild birds displayed higher yearly rates of change in virulent viruses than in viruses of low virulence, suggesting that an increase in virulence may accelerate the rate of NDV evolution. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.033","issn":"00426822","usgsCitation":"Miller, P., Kim, L., Ip, H., and Afonso, C., 2009, Evolutionary dynamics of Newcastle disease virus: Virology, v. 391, no. 1, p. 64-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-013621","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476295,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.033","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217520,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.033"}],"volume":"391","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d90e4b0c8380cd530b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, P.J.","contributorId":81345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, L.M.","contributorId":74990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ip, Hon S. 0000-0003-4844-7533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":15829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"Hon S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Afonso, C.L.","contributorId":42066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afonso","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036719,"text":"70036719 - 2009 - Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036719","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa","docAbstract":"Stable isotopes (??18O, ??2H), tritium (3H), and helium isotopes (3He, 4He) were used for evaluating groundwater recharge sources, flow paths, and residence times of three watersheds in the Cape Verde Islands (West Africa). Stable isotopes indicate the predominance of high-elevation precipitation that undergoes little evaporation prior to groundwater recharge. In contrast to other active oceanic hotspots, environmental tracers show that deep geothermal circulation does not strongly affect groundwater. Low tritium concentrations at seven groundwater sites indicate groundwater residence times of more than 50 years. Higher tritium values at other sites suggest some recent recharge. High 4He and 3He/4He ratios precluded 3H/3He dating at six sites. These high 3He/4He ratios (R/Ra values of up to 8.3) are consistent with reported mantle derived helium of oceanic island basalts in Cape Verde and provided end-member constraints for improved dating at seven other locations. Tritium and 3H/3He dating shows that S??o Nicolau Island's Ribeira Faj?? Basin has groundwater residence times of more than 50 years, whereas Fogo Island's Mosteiros Basin and Santo Ant??o Island's Ribeira Paul Basin contain a mixture of young and old groundwater. Young ages at selected sites within these two basins indicate local recharge and potential groundwater susceptibility to surface contamination and/or salt-water intrusion. ?? Springer-Verlag 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-009-0434-2","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Heilweil, V., Solomon, K., Gingerich, S.B., and Verstraeten, I., 2009, Oxygen, hydrogen, and helium isotopes for investigating groundwater systems of the Cape Verde Islands, West Africa: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 17, no. 5, p. 1157-1174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0434-2.","startPage":"1157","endPage":"1174","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217819,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0434-2"},{"id":245791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72bbe4b0c8380cd76c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, K.D.","contributorId":95311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gingerich, S. B.","contributorId":83958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032243,"text":"70032243 - 2009 - A test and re-estimation of Taylor's empirical capacity-reserve relationship","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70032243","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test and re-estimation of Taylor's empirical capacity-reserve relationship","docAbstract":"In 1977, Taylor proposed a constant elasticity model relating capacity choice in mines to reserves. A test of this model using a very large (n = 1,195) dataset confirms its validity but obtains significantly different estimated values for the model coefficients. Capacity is somewhat inelastic with respect to reserves, with an elasticity of 0.65 estimated for open-pit plus block-cave underground mines and 0.56 for all other underground mines. These new estimates should be useful for capacity determinations as scoping studies and as a starting point for feasibility studies. The results are robust over a wide range of deposit types, deposit sizes, and time, consistent with physical constraints on mine capacity that are largely independent of technology. ?? 2009 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11053-009-9088-y","issn":"15207","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., 2009, A test and re-estimation of Taylor's empirical capacity-reserve relationship: Natural Resources Research, v. 18, no. 1, p. 57-63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9088-y.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215069,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-009-9088-y"},{"id":242839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f6e4b0c8380cd4706c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, K. R.","contributorId":94658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036847,"text":"70036847 - 2009 - A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70036847","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology","docAbstract":"Impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology are subtle compared to cycles of drought and surplus precipitation (PPT), and difficult to separate from effects of land-use change. In the US Midwest, increasing baseflow has been more attributed to increased annual cropping than climate change. The agricultural changes have led to increased fertilizer use and nutrient losses, contributing to Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. In a 25-yr, small-watershed experiment in Iowa, when annual hydrologic budgets were accrued between droughts, a coupled water-energy budget (ecohydrologic) analysis showed effects of tillage and climate on hydrology could be distinguished. The fraction of PPT discharged increased with conservation tillage and time. However, unsatisfied evaporative demand (PET - Hargreaves method) increased under conservation tillage, but decreased with time. A conceptual model was developed and a similar analysis conducted on long-term (>1920s) records from four large, agricultural Midwest watersheds underlain by fine-grained tills. At least three of four watersheds showed decreases in PET, and increases in PPT, discharge, baseflow and PPT:PET ratios (p < 0.10). An analysis of covariance showed the fraction of precipitation discharged increased, while unsatisfied evaporative demand decreased with time among the four watersheds (p < 0.001). Within watersheds, agricultural changes were associated with ecohydrologic shifts that affected timing and significance, but not direction, of these trends. Thus, an ecohydrologic concept derived from small-watershed research, when regionally applied, suggests climate change has increased discharge from Midwest watersheds, especially since the 1970s. By inference, climate change has increased susceptibility of nutrients to water transport, exacerbating Gulf of Mexico hypoxia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tomer, M., and Schilling, K.E., 2009, A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology: Journal of Hydrology, v. 376, no. 1-2, p. 24-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029.","startPage":"24","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029"},{"id":245438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"376","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e58be4b0c8380cd46df8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomer, M.D.","contributorId":77359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomer","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032239,"text":"70032239 - 2009 - Assessing the extent and diversity of riparian ecosystems in Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the extent and diversity of riparian ecosystems in Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"Conservation of forested riparian ecosystems is of international concern. Relatively little is known of the structure, composition, diversity, and extent of riparian ecosystems in Mexico. We used high- and low-resolution satellite imagery from 2000 to 2006, and ground-based sampling in 2006, to assess the spatial pattern, extent, and woody plant composition of riparian forests across a range of spatial scales for the state of Sonora, Mexico. For all 3rd and higher order streams, river bottomlands with riparian forests occupied a total area of 2,301 km2. Where forested bottomlands remained, on average, 34% of the area had been converted to agriculture while 39% remained forested. We estimated that the total area of riparian forest along the principal streams was 897 km2. Including fencerow trees, the total forested riparian area was 944 km2, or 0.5% of the total land area of Sonora. Ground-based sampling of woody riparian vegetation consisted of 92, 50 m radius circular plots. About 79 woody plant species were noted. The most important tree species, based on cover and frequency, were willow species Salix spp. (primarily S. goodingii and S. bonplandiana), mesquite species Prosopis spp. (primarily P. velutina), and Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii. Woody riparian taxa at the reach scale showed a trend of increasing diversity from north to south within Sonora. Species richness was greatest in the willow-bald cypress Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum-Mexican cottonwood P. mexicana subsp. dimorphia ecosystem. The non-native tamarisk Tamarix spp. was rare, occurring at just three study reaches. Relatively natural stream flow patterns and fluvial disturbance regimes likely limit its establishment and spread. ?? 2008 Springer Science + Business Media BV.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biodiversity and Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10531-008-9473-6","issn":"09603","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Nagler, P., Glenn, E.P., Valdes-Casillas, C., Erker, J., Reynolds, E., Shafroth, P., Gomez-Limon, E., and Jones, C., 2009, Assessing the extent and diversity of riparian ecosystems in Sonora, Mexico: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 18, no. 2, p. 247-269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9473-6.","startPage":"247","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215012,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9473-6"},{"id":242776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede9e4b0c8380cd49acf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":75090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glenn, E. P.","contributorId":24463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"E.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valdes-Casillas, C.","contributorId":98963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes-Casillas","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erker, J.A.","contributorId":69378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erker","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reynolds, E.W.","contributorId":97724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gomez-Limon, E.","contributorId":19794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez-Limon","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, C.L.","contributorId":60218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70036517,"text":"70036517 - 2009 - Area sensitivity in North American grassland birds: Patterns and processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T12:37:13","indexId":"70036517","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Area sensitivity in North American grassland birds: Patterns and processes","docAbstract":"Grassland birds have declined more than other bird groups in North America in the past 35-40 years (Vickery and Herkert 2001, Sauer et al. 2008), prompting a wide variety of research aimed at understanding these declines, as well as conservation programs trying to reverse the declines (Askins et al. 2007). Area sensitivity, whereby the pattern of a species’ occurrence and density increases with patch area (Robbins et al. 1989), has been invoked as an important issue in grassland-bird conservation, and understanding the processes that drive area sensitivity in grassland birds is a major conservation need (Vickery and Herkert 2001). Here, we review the literature on North American grassland bird species that is relevant to the following questions: (1) What is the evidence for area sensitivity in grassland birds? (2) What are the historical explanations for area sensitivity? (3) What ecological processes could produce area sensitivity? And (5) what are the conservation implications of knowing the processes behind area sensitivity? Because of space limitations, we could not cite every paper we reviewed; the cited papers are given as examples of the literature in this field
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/auk.2009.1409","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Ribic, C., Koford, R.R., Herkert, J., Johnson, D.H., Niemuth, N., Naugle, D., Bakker, K.K., Sample, D.W., and Renfrew, R., 2009, Area sensitivity in North American grassland birds: Patterns and processes: The Auk, v. 126, no. 2, p. 233-244, https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.1409.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.1409","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed66e4b0c8380cd497be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribic, C. A. 0000-0003-2583-1778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":6026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koford, Rolf R.","contributorId":16347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koford","given":"Rolf","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herkert, J.R.","contributorId":75876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkert","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Niemuth, N.D.","contributorId":58497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemuth","given":"N.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Naugle, D.E.","contributorId":85289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bakker, Kristel K.","contributorId":16201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakker","given":"Kristel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sample, D. W.","contributorId":57239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sample","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Renfrew, R.B.","contributorId":104671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renfrew","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70036647,"text":"70036647 - 2009 - Gene-expression signatures of Atlantic salmon's plastic life cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036647","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gene-expression signatures of Atlantic salmon's plastic life cycle","docAbstract":"How genomic expression differs as a function of life history variation is largely unknown. Atlantic salmon exhibits extreme alternative life histories. We defined the gene-expression signatures of wild-caught salmon at two different life stages by comparing the brain expression profiles of mature sneaker males and immature males, and early migrants and late migrants. In addition to life-stage-specific signatures, we discovered a surprisingly large gene set that was differentially regulated-at similar magnitudes, yet in opposite direction-in both life history transitions. We suggest that this co-variation is not a consequence of many independent cellular and molecular switches in the same direction but rather represents the molecular equivalent of a physiological shift orchestrated by one or very few master regulators. ?? 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.021","issn":"00166480","usgsCitation":"Aubin-Horth, N., Letcher, B., and Hofmann, H., 2009, Gene-expression signatures of Atlantic salmon's plastic life cycle: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 163, no. 3, p. 278-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.021.","startPage":"278","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476430,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.021","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217673,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.021"}],"volume":"163","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14fce4b0c8380cd54c61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aubin-Horth, N.","contributorId":9850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubin-Horth","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofmann, H.A.","contributorId":30432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036911,"text":"70036911 - 2009 - Females increase reproductive investment in response to helper-mediated improvements in allo-feeding, nest survival, nestling provisioning and post-fledging survival in the Karoo scrub-robin Cercotrichas coryphaeus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036911","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2190,"text":"Journal of Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Females increase reproductive investment in response to helper-mediated improvements in allo-feeding, nest survival, nestling provisioning and post-fledging survival in the Karoo scrub-robin Cercotrichas coryphaeus","docAbstract":"In many cooperatively-breeding species, the presence of one or more helpers improves the reproductive performance of the breeding pair receiving help. Helper contributions can take many different forms, including allo-feeding, offspring provisioning, and offspring guarding or defence. Yet, most studies have focussed on single forms of helper contribution, particularly offspring provisioning, and few have evaluated the relative importance of a broader range of helper contributions to group reproductive performance. We examined helper contributions to multiple components of breeding performance in the Karoo scrub-robin Cercotrichas coryphaeus, a facultative cooperative breeder. We also tested a prediction of increased female investment in reproduction when helpers improve conditions for rearing young. Helpers assisted the breeding male in allo-feeding the incubating female, increasing allo-feeding rates. Greater allo-feeding correlated with greater female nest attentiveness during incubation. Nest predation was substantially lower among pairs breeding with a helper, resulting in a 74% increase in the probability of nest survival. Helper contributions to offspring provisioning increased nestling feeding rates, resulting in a reduced incidence of nestling starvation and increased nestling mass. Nestling mass had a strong, positive effect on post-fledging survival. Controlling for female age and habitat effects, annual production of fledged young was 130% greater among pairs breeding with a helper, and was influenced most strongly by helper correlates with nest survival, despite important helper effects on offspring provisioning. Females breeding with a helper increased clutch size, supporting the prediction of increased female investment in reproduction in response to helper benefits. ?? 2009 J. Avian Biol.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04642.x","issn":"09088857","usgsCitation":"Lloyd, P., Andrew, T.W., du Plessis, M.A., and Martin, T.E., 2009, Females increase reproductive investment in response to helper-mediated improvements in allo-feeding, nest survival, nestling provisioning and post-fledging survival in the Karoo scrub-robin Cercotrichas coryphaeus: Journal of Avian Biology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 400-411, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04642.x.","startPage":"400","endPage":"411","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217547,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2008.04642.x"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f7ee4b0c8380cd5390e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lloyd, P.","contributorId":62405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrew, Taylor W.","contributorId":45146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrew","given":"Taylor","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"du Plessis, Morne A.","contributorId":27723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Plessis","given":"Morne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036908,"text":"70036908 - 2009 - Structural controls on fractured coal reservoirs in the southern Appalachian Black Warrior foreland basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036908","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural controls on fractured coal reservoirs in the southern Appalachian Black Warrior foreland basin","docAbstract":"Coal is a nearly impermeable rock type for which the production of fluids requires the presence of open fractures. Basin-wide controls on the fractured coal reservoirs of the Black Warrior foreland basin are demonstrated by the variability of maximum production rates from coalbed methane wells. Reservoir behavior depends on distance from the thrust front. Far from the thrust front, normal faults are barriers to fluid migration and compartmentalize the reservoirs. Close to the thrust front, rates are enhanced along some normal faults, and a new trend is developed. The two trends have the geometry of conjugate strike-slip faults with the same ??1 direction as the Appalachian fold-thrust belt and are inferred to be the result of late pure-shear deformation of the foreland. Face cleat causes significant permeability anisotropy in some shallow coal seams but does not produce a map-scale production trend. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.017","issn":"01918141","usgsCitation":"Groshong, R., Pashin, J., and McIntyre, M., 2009, Structural controls on fractured coal reservoirs in the southern Appalachian Black Warrior foreland basin: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 31, no. 9, p. 874-886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.017.","startPage":"874","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217518,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.017"},{"id":245470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdce4b08c986b31d127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groshong, R.H. Jr.","contributorId":56398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groshong","given":"R.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pashin, J.C.","contributorId":41897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pashin","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntyre, M.R.","contributorId":96882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036854,"text":"70036854 - 2009 - Advancing techniques to constrain the geometry of the seismic rupture plane on subduction interfaces a priori: Higher-order functional fits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036854","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advancing techniques to constrain the geometry of the seismic rupture plane on subduction interfaces a priori: Higher-order functional fits","docAbstract":"Ongoing developments in earthquake source inversions incorporate nonplanar fault geometries as inputs to the inversion process, improving previous approaches that relied solely on planar fault surfaces. This evolution motivates advancing the existing framework for constraining fault geometry, particularly in subduction zones where plate boundary surfaces that host highly hazardous earthquakes are clearly nonplanar. Here, we improve upon the existing framework for the constraint of the seismic rupture plane of subduction interfaces by incorporating active seismic and seafloor sediment thickness data with existing independent data sets and inverting for the most probable nonplanar subduction geometry. Constraining the rupture interface a priori with independent geological and seismological information reduces the uncertainty in the derived earthquake source inversion parameters over models that rely on simpler assumptions, such as the moment tensor inferred fault plane. Examples are shown for a number of wellconstrained global locations. We expand the coverage of previous analyses to a more uniform global data set and show that even in areas of sparse data this approach is able to accurately constrain the approximate subduction geometry, particularly when aided with the addition of data from local active seismic surveys. In addition, we show an example of the integration of many two-dimensional profiles into a threedimensional surface for the Sunda subduction zone and introduce the development of a new global threedimensional subduction interface model: Slab1.0. ?? 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009GC002633","issn":"15252027","usgsCitation":"Hayes, G., Wald, D., and Keranen, K., 2009, Advancing techniques to constrain the geometry of the seismic rupture plane on subduction interfaces a priori: Higher-order functional fits: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 10, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002633.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217574,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002633"}],"volume":"10","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e709e4b0c8380cd477e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, G.P.","contributorId":75764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keranen, K.","contributorId":30484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keranen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036649,"text":"70036649 - 2009 - Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036649","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors","docAbstract":"Adaptation to divergent environments creates and maintains biological diversity, but we know little about the importance of different agents of ecological divergence. Coevolution in obligate mutualisms has been hypothesized to drive divergence, but this contention has rarely been tested against alternative ecological explanations. Here, we use a well-established example of coevolution in an obligate pollination mutualism, Yucca brevifolia and its two pollinating yucca moths, to test the hypothesis that divergence in this system is the result of mutualists adapting to different abiotic environments as opposed to coevolution between mutualists. ??? We used a combination of principal component analyses and ecological niche modeling to determine whether varieties of Y. brevifolia associated with different pollinators specialize on different environments. ??? Yucca brevifolia occupies a diverse range of climates. When the two varieties can disperse to similar environments, they occupy similar habitats. ??? This suggests that the two varieties have not specialized on distinct habitats. In turn, this suggests that nonclimatic factors, such as the biotic interaction between Y. brevifolia and its pollinators, are responsible for evolutionary divergence in this system. ?? New Phytologist (2009).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x","issn":"0028646X","usgsCitation":"Godsoe, W., Strand, E., Smith, C., Yoder, J., Esque, T., and Pellmyr, O., 2009, Divergence in an obligate mutualism is not explained by divergent climatic factors: New Phytologist, v. 183, no. 3, p. 589-599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x.","startPage":"589","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217706,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02942.x"}],"volume":"183","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0348e4b0c8380cd503e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godsoe, W.","contributorId":7106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsoe","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strand, Espen","contributorId":91280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strand","given":"Espen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C.I.","contributorId":41670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yoder, J.B.","contributorId":58874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pellmyr, O.","contributorId":98970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellmyr","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036723,"text":"70036723 - 2009 - Feature pruning by upstream drainage area to support automated generalization of the United States National Hydrography Dataset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036723","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1317,"text":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feature pruning by upstream drainage area to support automated generalization of the United States National Hydrography Dataset","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey has been researching generalization approaches to enable multiple-scale display and delivery of geographic data. This paper presents automated methods to prune network and polygon features of the United States high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to lower resolutions. Feature-pruning rules, data enrichment, and partitioning are derived from knowledge of surface water, the NHD model, and associated feature specification standards. Relative prominence of network features is estimated from upstream drainage area (UDA). Network and polygon features are pruned by UDA and NHD reach code to achieve a drainage density appropriate for any less detailed map scale. Data partitioning maintains local drainage density variations that characterize the terrain. For demonstration, a 48 subbasin area of 1:24 000-scale NHD was pruned to 1:100 000-scale (100 K) and compared to a benchmark, the 100 K NHD. The coefficient of line correspondence (CLC) is used to evaluate how well pruned network features match the benchmark network. CLC values of 0.82 and 0.77 result from pruning with and without partitioning, respectively. The number of polygons that remain after pruning is about seven times that of the benchmark, but the area covered by the polygons that remain after pruning is only about 10% greater than the area covered by benchmark polygons. ?? 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.004","issn":"01989715","usgsCitation":"Stanislawski, L., 2009, Feature pruning by upstream drainage area to support automated generalization of the United States National Hydrography Dataset: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 33, no. 5, p. 325-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.004.","startPage":"325","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.004"},{"id":245852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f45e4b0c8380cd53841","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanislawski, L.V.","contributorId":73442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanislawski","given":"L.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036818,"text":"70036818 - 2009 - Past permafrost on the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain, eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70036818","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3032,"text":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Past permafrost on the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Sand-wedge casts, soil wedges and other non-diastrophic, post-depositional sedimentary structures suggest that Late-Pleistocene permafrost and deep seasonal frost on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain extended at least as far south as southern Delaware, the Eastern Shore and southern Maryland. Heterogeneous cold-climate slope deposits mantle lower valley-side slopes in central Maryland. A widespread pre-existing fragipan is congruent with the inferred palaeo-permafrost table. The high bulk density of the fragipan was probably enhanced by either thaw consolidation when icy permafrost degraded at the active layer-permafrost interface or by liquefaction and compaction when deep seasonal frost thawed. ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Permafrost and Periglacial Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/ppp.659","issn":"10456740","usgsCitation":"French, H., Demitroff, M., and Newell, W.L., 2009, Past permafrost on the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain, eastern United States: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 20, no. 3, p. 285-294, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.659.","startPage":"285","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.659"},{"id":245436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7587e4b0c8380cd77bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"French, H.","contributorId":15441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Demitroff, M.","contributorId":101891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demitroff","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newell, Wayne L. wnewell@usgs.gov","contributorId":99114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne","email":"wnewell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036715,"text":"70036715 - 2009 - Perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:34:34","indexId":"70036715","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana","docAbstract":"In 2007 archived great blue heron (Ardea herodias) eggs collected from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, IN, (Indiana Dunes) in 1993 were analyzed for 11 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate, the major contributor to total PFC concentrations, were below the toxicity thresholds estimated for bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), but within the toxicity threshold estimated for white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus). The ranking of PBDE congener concentrations by percent concentration (PBDE-47 > -99 > -100 > -153 > -154 > -28 > -183) was consistent with the Penta-PBDE formulation. Total PBDE concentrations in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes were elevated and probably reflect local contamination from highly urbanized and industrialized inputs into Lake Michigan. Polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations were within levels associated with altered reproductive behavior in other avian species and based on trends in other Great Lakes birds are probably higher today.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2009.02.003","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Kannan, K., Tao, L., Saxena, A., and Route, B., 2009, Perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in great blue heron eggs from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 401-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.02.003.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217765,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.02.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a767ee4b0c8380cd78140","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kannan, K.","contributorId":71130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kannan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tao, L.","contributorId":71033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tao","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saxena, A.R.","contributorId":25801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saxena","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Route, B.","contributorId":44769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Route","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036654,"text":"70036654 - 2009 - An Integrated Social, Economic, and Ecologic Conceptual (ISEEC) framework for considering rangeland sustainability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70036654","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3405,"text":"Society and Natural Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An Integrated Social, Economic, and Ecologic Conceptual (ISEEC) framework for considering rangeland sustainability","docAbstract":"Currently, there is no standard method to assess the complex systems in rangeland ecosystems. Decision makers need baselines to create a common language of current rangeland conditions and standards for continued rangeland assessment. The Sustainable Rangeland Roundtable (SRR), a group of private and public organizations and agencies, has created a forum to discuss rangeland sustainability and assessment. The SRR has worked to integrate social, economic, and ecological disciplines related to rangelands and has identified a standard set of indicators that can be used to assess rangeland sustainability. As part of this process, SRR has developed a two-tiered conceptual framework from a systems perspective to study the validity of indicators and the relationships among them. The first tier categorizes rangeland characteristics into four states. The second tier defines processes affecting these states through time and space. The framework clearly shows that the processes affect and are affected by each other. ?? 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Society and Natural Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/08941920802247894","issn":"08941920","usgsCitation":"Fox, W., McCollum, D., Mitchell, J., Swanson, L., Kreuter, U., Tanaka, J., Evans, G., Theodore, H.H., Breckenridge, R., and Geissler, P., 2009, An Integrated Social, Economic, and Ecologic Conceptual (ISEEC) framework for considering rangeland sustainability: Society and Natural Resources, v. 22, no. 7, p. 593-606, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802247894.","startPage":"593","endPage":"606","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920802247894"},{"id":245726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9d8e4b0c8380cd484bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, W.E.","contributorId":9094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCollum, D.W.","contributorId":45937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCollum","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitchell, J.E.","contributorId":96523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, L.E.","contributorId":28105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kreuter, U.P.","contributorId":27296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreuter","given":"U.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tanaka, J.A.","contributorId":58876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanaka","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Evans, G.R.","contributorId":104741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Theodore, Heintz H.","contributorId":49639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Heintz","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Breckenridge, R.P.","contributorId":35991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breckenridge","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70036713,"text":"70036713 - 2009 - Developing collaborative classifiers using an expert-based model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-11T12:48:47.131424","indexId":"70036713","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing collaborative classifiers using an expert-based model","docAbstract":"This paper presents a hierarchical, multi-stage adaptive strategy for image classification. We iteratively apply various classification methods (e.g., decision trees, neural networks), identify regions of parametric and geographic space where accuracy is low, and in these regions, test and apply alternate methods repeating the process until the entire image is classified. Currently, classifiers are evaluated through human input using an expert-based system; therefore, this paper acts as the proof of concept for collaborative classifiers. Because we decompose the problem into smaller, more manageable sub-tasks, our classification exhibits increased flexibility compared to existing methods since classification methods are tailored to the idiosyncrasies of specific regions. A major benefit of our approach is its scalability and collaborative support since selected low-accuracy classifiers can be easily replaced with others without affecting classification accuracy in high accuracy areas. At each stage, we develop spatially explicit accuracy metrics that provide straightforward assessment of results by non-experts and point to areas that need algorithmic improvement or ancillary data. Our approach is demonstrated in the task of detecting impervious surface areas, an important indicator for human-induced alterations to the environment, using a 2001 Landsat scene from Las Vegas, Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","doi":"10.14358/PERS.75.7.831","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Mountrakis, G., Watts, R., Luo, L., and Wang, J., 2009, Developing collaborative classifiers using an expert-based model: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 75, no. 7, p. 831-843, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.75.7.831.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"843","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.75.7.831","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":384246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Las Vegas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 35.746512259918504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a000ee4b0c8380cd4f56f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mountrakis, G.","contributorId":53204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountrakis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, R.","contributorId":15442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luo, L.","contributorId":51515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036978,"text":"70036978 - 2009 - Gas hydrate saturations estimated from fractured reservoir at Site NGHP-01-10, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036978","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrate saturations estimated from fractured reservoir at Site NGHP-01-10, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India","docAbstract":"During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01 (NGHP-Ol), one of the richest marine gas hydrate accumulations was discovered at Site NGHP-01-10 in the Krishna-Godavari Basin. The occurrence of concentrated gas hydrate at this site is primarily controlled by the presence of fractures. Assuming the resistivity of gas hydratebearing sediments is isotropic, th?? conventional Archie analysis using the logging while drilling resistivity log yields gas hydrate saturations greater than 50% (as high as ???80%) of the pore space for the depth interval between ???25 and ???160 m below seafloor. On the other hand, gas hydrate saturations estimated from pressure cores from nearby wells were less than ???26% of the pore space. Although intrasite variability may contribute to the difference, the primary cause of the saturation difference is attributed to the anisotropic nature of the reservoir due to gas hydrate in high-angle fractures. Archie's law can be used to estimate gas hydrate saturations in anisotropic reservoir, with additional information such as elastic velocities to constrain Archie cementation parameters m and the saturation exponent n. Theory indicates that m and n depend on the direction of the measurement relative to fracture orientation, as well as depending on gas hydrate saturation. By using higher values of m and n in the resistivity analysis for fractured reservoirs, the difference between saturation estimates is significantly reduced, although a sizable difference remains. To better understand the nature of fractured reservoirs, wireline P and S wave velocities were also incorporated into the analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006237","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., and Collett, T.S., 2009, Gas hydrate saturations estimated from fractured reservoir at Site NGHP-01-10, Krishna-Godavari Basin, India: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006237.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217752,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006237"}],"volume":"114","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d0e4b0c8380cd54b9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036655,"text":"70036655 - 2009 - Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-30T08:35:09","indexId":"70036655","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA","docAbstract":"Historic Hg mining in the Cache Creek watershed in the Central California Coast Range has contributed to the downstream transport of Hg to the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Different aspects of Hg mobilization in soils, including pedogenesis, fluvial redistribution of sediment, volatilization and eolian transport were considered. The greatest soil concentrations (>30 mg Hg kg-1) in Cache Creek are associated with mineralized serpentinite, the host rock for Hg deposits. Upland soils with non-mineralized serpentine and sedimentary parent material also had elevated concentrations (0.9-3.7 mg Hg kg-1) relative to the average concentration in the region and throughout the conterminous United States (0.06 mg kg-1). Erosion of soil and destabilized rock and mobilization of tailings and calcines into surrounding streams have contributed to Hg-rich alluvial soil forming in wetlands and floodplains. The concentration of Hg in floodplain sediment shows sediment dispersion from low-order catchments (5.6-9.6 mg Hg kg-1 in Sulphur Creek; 0.5-61 mg Hg kg-1 in Davis Creek) to Cache Creek (0.1-0.4 mg Hg kg-1). These sediments, deposited onto the floodplain during high-flow storm events, yield elevated Hg concentrations (0.2-55 mg Hg kg-1) in alluvial soils in upland watersheds. Alluvial soils within the Cache Creek watershed accumulate Hg from upstream mining areas, with concentrations between 0.06 and 0.22 mg Hg kg-1 measured in soils ~90 km downstream from Hg mining areas. Alluvial soils have accumulated Hg released through historic mining activities, remobilizing this Hg to streams as the soils erode.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Holloway, J., Goldhaber, M., and Morrison, J., 2009, Geomorphic controls on mercury accumulation in soils from a historically mined watershed, Central California Coast Range, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1538-1548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1538","endPage":"1548","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217788,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.020"},{"id":245757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2786e4b0c8380cd5997e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, J.M. 0000-0003-3603-7668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":103041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, J.M.","contributorId":9063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036709,"text":"70036709 - 2009 - A method to establish seismic noise baselines for automated station assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70036709","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method to establish seismic noise baselines for automated station assessment","docAbstract":"We present a method for quantifying station noise baselines and characterizing the spectral shape of out-of-nominal noise sources. Our intent is to automate this method in order to ensure that only the highest-quality data are used in rapid earthquake products at NEIC. In addition, the station noise baselines provide a valuable tool to support the quality control of GSN and ANSS backbone data and metadata. The procedures addressed here are currently in development at the NEIC, and work is underway to understand how quickly changes from nominal can be observed and used within the NEIC processing framework. The spectral methods and software used to compute station baselines and described herein (PQLX) can be useful to both permanent and portable seismic stations operators. Applications include: general seismic station and data quality control (QC), evaluation of instrument responses, assessment of near real-time communication system performance, characterization of site cultural noise conditions, and evaluation of sensor vault design, as well as assessment of gross network capabilities (McNamara et al. 2005). Future PQLX development plans include incorporating station baselines for automated QC methods and automating station status report generation and notification based on user-defined QC parameters. The PQLX software is available through the USGS (http://earthquake. usgs.gov/research/software/pqlx.php) and IRIS (http://www.iris.edu/software/ pqlx/).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.80.4.628","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D., Hutt, C., Gee, L., Benz, H., and Buland, R., 2009, A method to establish seismic noise baselines for automated station assessment: Seismological Research Letters, v. 80, no. 4, p. 628-637, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.4.628.","startPage":"628","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.4.628"},{"id":245636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e45fe4b0c8380cd465fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamara, D.E. 0000-0001-6860-0350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-0350","contributorId":52286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, C. R. 0000-0001-9033-9195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":61910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gee, L.S.","contributorId":37980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buland, R.P.","contributorId":85233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buland","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036975,"text":"70036975 - 2009 - Prominence of ichnologically influenced macroporosity in the karst Biscayne aquifer: Stratiform \"super-K\" zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036975","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prominence of ichnologically influenced macroporosity in the karst Biscayne aquifer: Stratiform \"super-K\" zones","docAbstract":"A combination of cyclostratigraphic, ichnologic, and borehole geophysical analyses of continuous core holes; tracer-test analyses; and lattice Boltzmann flow simulations was used to quantify biogenic macroporosity and permeability of the Biscayne aquifer, southeastern Florida. Biogenic macroporosity largely manifests as: (1) ichnogenic macroporosity primarily related to postdepositional burrowing activity by callianassid shrimp and fossilization of components of their complex burrow systems (Ophiomorpha); and (2) biomoldic macroporosity originating from dissolution of fossil hard parts, principally mollusk shells. Ophiomorpha-dominated ichno-fabric provides the greatest contribution to hydrologic characteristics in the Biscayne aquifer in a 345 km2 study area. Stratiform tabular-shaped units of thalassinidean-associated macroporosity are commonly confined to the lower part of upward-shallowing high-frequency cycles, throughout aggradational cycles, and, in one case, they stack vertically within the lower part of a high-frequency cycle set. Broad continuity of many of the macroporous units concentrates groundwater flow in extremely permeable passage-ways, thus making the aquifer vulnerable to long-distance transport of contaminants. Ichnogenic macroporosity represents an alternative pathway for concentrated groundwater flow that differs considerably from standard karst flow-system paradigms, which describe groundwater movement through fractures and cavernous dissolution features. Permeabilities were calculated using lattice Boltzmann methods (LBMs) applied to computer renderings assembled from X-ray computed tomography scans of various biogenic macroporous limestone samples. The highest simulated LBM permeabilities were about five orders of magnitude greater than standard laboratory measurements using air-permeability methods, which are limited in their application to extremely permeable macroporous rock samples. Based on their close conformance to analytical solutions for pipe flow, LBMs offer a new means of obtaining accurate permeability values for such materials. We suggest that the stratiform ichnogenic groundwater flow zones have permeabilities even more extreme (???2-5 orders of magnitude higher) than the Jurassic \"super-K\" zones of the giant Ghawar oil field. The flow zones of the Pleistocene Biscayne aquifer provide examples of ichnogenic macroporosity for comparative analysis of origin and evolution in other carbonate aquifers, as well as petroleum reservoirs. ?? 2008 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B26392.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., Sukop, M., Huang, H., Alvarez, P., Curran, H., Renken, R., and Dixon, J., 2009, Prominence of ichnologically influenced macroporosity in the karst Biscayne aquifer: Stratiform \"super-K\" zones: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, no. 1-2, p. 164-180, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26392.1.","startPage":"164","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217695,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B26392.1"},{"id":245655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f04e4b0c8380cd7f524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.J.","contributorId":39852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sukop, M.C.","contributorId":88468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sukop","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huang, H.","contributorId":18571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alvarez, P.F.","contributorId":105566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Curran, H.A.","contributorId":30820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Renken, R.A.","contributorId":99161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dixon, J.F.","contributorId":52435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036718,"text":"70036718 - 2009 - Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: Habitat Management based on natural variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T15:20:58","indexId":"70036718","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1468,"text":"Ecology and Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: Habitat Management based on natural variability","docAbstract":"In spite of numerous habitat restoration programs in fresh waters with an aggregate annual funding of millions of dollars, many populations of Pacific salmon remain significantly imperiled. Habitat restoration strategies that address limited environmental attributes and partial salmon life-history requirements or approaches that attempt to force aquatic habitat to conform to idealized but ecologically unsustainable conditions may partly explain this lack of response. Natural watershed processes generate highly variable environmental conditions and population responses, i.e., multiple life histories, that are often not considered in restoration. Examples from several locations underscore the importance of natural variability to the resilience of Pacific salmon. The implication is that habitat restoration efforts will be more likely to foster salmon resilience if they consider processes that generate and maintain natural variability in fresh water. We identify three specific criteria for management based on natural variability: the capacity of aquatic habitat to recover from disturbance, a range of habitats distributed across stream networks through time sufficient to fulfill the requirements of diverse salmon life histories, and ecological connectivity. In light of these considerations, we discuss current threats to habitat resilience and describe how regulatory and restoration approaches can be modified to better incorporate natural variability. ?? 2009 by the author(s).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"17083087","usgsCitation":"Bisson, P., Dunham, J., and Reeves, G., 2009, Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: Habitat Management based on natural variability: Ecology and Society, v. 14, no. 1.","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13dde4b0c8380cd547f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisson, P.A.","contributorId":17944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisson","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, J. B. 0000-0002-6268-0633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":96637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, G.H.","contributorId":37287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032335,"text":"70032335 - 2009 - Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T11:25:35","indexId":"70032335","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana","docAbstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha−1 year−1 and by 11% with 60 kg N ha−1 year−1. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2009.01.004","issn":"01678","usgsCitation":"Tan, Z., Liu, S., Tieszen, L., and Tachie-Obeng, E., 2009, Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 130, no. 3-4, p. 171-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.01.004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.01.004"}],"volume":"130","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f8ce4b08c986b318fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tan, Z.","contributorId":60831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tachie-Obeng, E.","contributorId":82550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tachie-Obeng","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}