No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834116D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Division of Mines and Geology","usgsCitation":"Hills, F.A., 1984, Map showing outcrops of granitic rocks and silicic, shallow-intrusive rocks, Basin and Range Province, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4116, Report: 38 p.; 1 Plate: 40.19 x 54.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834116D.","productDescription":"Report: 38 p.; 1 Plate: 40.19 x 54.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56537,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4116d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Basin and Range Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 32.879587173066305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a48a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hills, F. Allan","contributorId":90309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hills","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28025,"text":"wri844021 - 1984 - Geohydrologic reconnaissance of drainage wells in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri844021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4021","title":"Geohydrologic reconnaissance of drainage wells in Florida","docAbstract":"Drainage wells are used to inject surface waters directly into an aquifer, or shallow ground waters directly into a deeper aquifer, primarily by gravity. Such wells in Florida may be grouped into two broad types: (1) surface-water injection wells, and (2) interaquifer connector wells. Drainage wells of the first type are further categorized as either Floridan aquifer drainage wells or Biscayne aquifer drainage wells. Floridan aquifer drainage wells are commonly used to supplement drainage for urban areas in karst terranes of central and north Florida. Data are available for 25 wells in the Ocala, Live Oak, and Orlando areas that allow comparison of the quality of water samples from these Floridan aquifer drainage wells with allowable contaminant levels. Comparison indicates that maximum contaminant levels for turbidity, color, and iron, manganese, and lead concentrations are equaled or exceeded in some drainage-well samples, and relatively high counts for coliform bacteria are present in most wells. Biscayne aquifer drainage wells are used locally to dispose of stormwater runoff and other surplus water in southeast Florida, where large numbers of these wells have been permitted in Dade and Broward Counties. The majority of these wells are used to dispose of water from swimming pools or to dispose of heated water from air-conditioning units. The use of Biscayne aquifer drainage wells may have minimal effect on aquifer potability so long as injection of runoff and industrial wates is restricted to zones where chloride concentrations exceed 1,500 milligrams per liter. Interaquifer connector wells are used in the phosphate mining areas of Polk and Hillsborough Counties, to drain mines and recharge the Floridan aquifer. Water-quality data available from 13 connector wells indicate that samples from most of these wells exceed standards values for iron concentration and turbidity. One well yielded a highly mineralized water, and samples from 6 of the other 12 wells exceed standards values for gross alpha concentrations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844021","usgsCitation":"Kimrey, J.O., and Fayard, L., 1984, Geohydrologic reconnaissance of drainage wells in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4021, iv, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844021.","productDescription":"iv, 67 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56861,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5457fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimrey, J. O.","contributorId":67533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimrey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fayard, L.D.","contributorId":46571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayard","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28494,"text":"wri834185 - 1984 - Availability of ground water from the alluvial aquifer on the Nisqually Indian Reservation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri834185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4185","title":"Availability of ground water from the alluvial aquifer on the Nisqually Indian Reservation, Washington","docAbstract":"A digital model using finite-difference techniques was constructed to simulate ground-water flow in an alluvial aquifer on the Nisqually Indian Reservation. The maximum long-term rate of pumping from individual wells, based on available data, is about 0.75 cubic feet per second (340 gallons per minute). Data on the extent, hydraulic conductivity, saturated thickness of the alluvial aquifer, and quality of the ground water was obtained primarily from the more than 22 test holes drilled for this project. The test holes ranged in depth from about 10 to 100 feet. The saturated thickness of the alluvium was found to range generally from about 10 to 60 feet in the area investigated. The water table is usually less than 10 feet below land surface. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was determined to range from 8.5 to 170 feet per day. The leakage coefficient of the river bed material was determined to be about 0.06 foot per day. Rainfall recharge to the aquifer is about 10 inches per year. A U.S. Geological Survey two-dimensional digital computer model was calibrated to simulate ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer (area investigated is about 1.1 square miles). The calibrated model simulated measured water levels in the alluvial aquifer to within about 1 foot at 13 of 17 test well locations throughout the model area and within 2 feet at 16 of 17 test well locations. When pumping from the alluvial aquifer was simulated with the computer model it was found that 90 to 100 percent of the water pumped from wells was derived from induced recharge from the Nisqually River into the aquifer and (or) reduced discharge from the aquifer to the Nisqually River. Wells drilled for a large demand use such as a fish hatchery supply will achieve the highest yield if they are placed close to the Nisqually River and in the areas of greatest saturated thickness and highest permeability of the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834185","usgsCitation":"Lum, W.E., 1984, Availability of ground water from the alluvial aquifer on the Nisqually Indian Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4185, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834185.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57296,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6602df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lum, W. E. II","contributorId":81504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"W.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28491,"text":"wri834211 - 1984 - Floods of August 7-8, 1979, in Chautauqua County, New York, with hydraulic analysis of Canadaway Creek in the village of Fredonia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri834211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4211","title":"Floods of August 7-8, 1979, in Chautauqua County, New York, with hydraulic analysis of Canadaway Creek in the village of Fredonia","docAbstract":"Extensive flooding of streams in Chautauqua County, N.Y., on August 7-8, 1979, after severe thunderstorms, resulted in one death and millions of dollars worth of property damage. Severe flooding was reported on Canadaway Creek in Fredonia, where the peak discharge was computed to be 12,000 cubic feet per second. The recurrence interval of this discharge is estimated to be greater than 100 years (exceedance probability less than 0.01). A hydraulic analysis of the flood in Fredonia indicated that a debris jam at the Water Street bridge caused the water level (as determined from floodmarks) immediately upstream from the bridge to be 2.9 feet higher than level computed for unobstructed (without debris) flow conditions. The 100-year flood discharge at the Water Street bridge is computed to be 5,280 cubic feet per second, and the corresponding water level just upstream from the bridge (under unobstructed flow conditions) is 5.9 feet lower than the level observed during the August 7-8, 1979 flood. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834211","usgsCitation":"Lumia, R., and Johnston, W.H., 1984, Floods of August 7-8, 1979, in Chautauqua County, New York, with hydraulic analysis of Canadaway Creek in the village of Fredonia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4211, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834211.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57289,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b1015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, W. H.","contributorId":19960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27820,"text":"wri844002 - 1984 - Hydrogeology of well-field areas near Tampa, Florida, phase 2 — Development and documentation of a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model for simulation of steady-state ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:24:27.720127","indexId":"wri844002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4002","title":"Hydrogeology of well-field areas near Tampa, Florida, phase 2 — Development and documentation of a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model for simulation of steady-state ground-water flow","docAbstract":"This report describes a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model for simulation of steady-state ground-water flow in the Floridan aquifer over a 932-square-mile area that contains 10 municipal well fields. The over-lying surficial aquifer contains a water table and is coupled to the Floridan aquifer by leakage term that represents flow through a confining layer separating the two aquifers. Under the steady-state condition, all storage terms are set to zero. Use of the head-controlled flux condition allows simulated head and flow changes to occur in the Floridan aquifer at the model boundaries. Procedures used to calibrate the model, test its sensitivity to input-parameter errors, and validate its accuracy for predictive purposes are described. Also included are attachments that describe setting up and running the model. Example model-interrogation runs show anticipated drawdowns under high, average, and low recharge conditions with 10 well fields pumping simultaneously at the maximum annual permitted rates totaling 186.9 million gallons per day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844002","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1984, Hydrogeology of well-field areas near Tampa, Florida, phase 2 — Development and documentation of a quasi-three-dimensional finite-difference model for simulation of steady-state ground-water flow: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4002, vi, 174 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844002.","productDescription":"vi, 174 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394282,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35910.htm"},{"id":56656,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4002/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Tampa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.75,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -82.25,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -82.25,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.75,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.75,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6149e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, C. B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28488,"text":"wri844049 - 1984 - Flood-discharge profiles of selected streams in Rockland County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri844049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4049","title":"Flood-discharge profiles of selected streams in Rockland County, New York","docAbstract":"Flood-discharge profiles of 10 streams in Rockland County at six recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 100 years are presented. Synthetic flood-frequency estimates were derived for nine rainfall-runoff sites from calibrated models; observed flood-frequency estimates were derived for three sites having long-term discharge records. A variance-weighting technique was applied to compare the synthetic flood-frequency estimates with the observed (gaged) estimates and estimates computed at each site from regional regression equations. For ungaged locations on the 10 streams, flood-frequency relationships were derived from regional regression equations previously developed for New Jersey streams. Regional analysis indicated the most significant basin characteristics to be drainage area, streambed slope, storage, and amount of impervious cover. A method for refining (weighting) flood-frequency estimates at selected ungaged locations near rainfall-runoff and (or) long-term gaged sites is given. This report explains analytical methods and includes a list of basin characteristics at several locations along each stream and a table of peak discharges for the six recurrence intervals at 13 gaging stations. The profiles enable the determination of flood discharge at all locations having a drainage area greater than 1 square mile on the 10 streams. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844049","usgsCitation":"Lumia, R., 1984, Flood-discharge profiles of selected streams in Rockland County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4049, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844049.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57285,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57286,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27695,"text":"wri844179 - 1984 - Effects of surface coal-mine reclamation on stream quality in a small watershed near Nelsonville, southeastern Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri844179","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4179","title":"Effects of surface coal-mine reclamation on stream quality in a small watershed near Nelsonville, southeastern Ohio","docAbstract":"Abandoned surface coal mines in southeastern Ohio have caused degradation of the area's water resources. A study began in 1981 to determine the effects of abandoned-mine reclamation on water quality in the 'Yost tract' near Nelsonville, Ohio. Data on streamflow, water quality, and sedimentation were collected in Yost Run before, during, and after reclamation of the Yost tract.\r\n\r\nResults of the study indicate that there has been very little change in the chemical quality of Yost Run 10 months after reclamation; pH remains low, about 3.2-4.1, whereas specific conductance continues to be high, about 1,000 to 2,600 micromhos per centimeter (at 25?) Concentrations of sulfate and dissolved iron also show no appreciable change, remaining about 550 to 1,800 milligrams per liter and 1,300 to 17,000 micrograms per liter, respectively. The suspended-sediment yield for Yost Run is 2,830 tons per square mile per year.\r\n\r\nThe results of the study reflect water-quality conditions for a 10-month period after reclamation, but do not necessarily indicate that the reclamation will prove to be unsuccessful. A longer period of data collection is likely to be needed to measure trends in water quality that may occur as a result of the reclamation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844179","usgsCitation":"Hindall, S.M., 1984, Effects of surface coal-mine reclamation on stream quality in a small watershed near Nelsonville, southeastern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4179, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844179.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c8f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hindall, S. M.","contributorId":59414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hindall","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4195,"text":"cir913 - 1984 - Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T12:05:09","indexId":"cir913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"913","title":"Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983","docAbstract":"The surface level of Great Salt Lake, Utah, fluctuates continuously, primarily in response to climatic factors. During 1847-1982 the lake surface fluctuated between a low of about 4,191 feet and a high of about 4,212 feet above sea level but showed no net change. From September 18, 1982, to June 30, 1983, however, the lake rose 5.2 feet-from about 4,200 to about 4,205 feet above sea level-which is the greatest seasonal rise ever recorded. That rise resulted from considerably greater than average rainfall in 1982, greater than average snowfall during the autumn of 1982 through the spring of 1983, and unseasonably cool weather during that spring.
Man's activities have had a lesser, but still important effect on the lake level. The lake surface would have been about 5 feet higher in 1983 had there been no consumptive use of water owing to man's activities in the lake basin since 1847. The lake has been divided into two parts by a railroad causeway since 1959. The causeway restricts natural circulation, resulting in a difference of salinity and surface level of the lake across the causeway. The difference in surface level between the two parts of the lake varies both seasonally and annually and was as much as 3.25 feet in 1983.
The water budget for the Great Salt Lake can be expressed as:
Inflow = Outflow ± Storage change
The average annual inflow for 1931-76 was about 2.9 million acre-feet-about 1.9 million acre-feet from surface water, about 900,000 acre-feet from direct precipitation, and about 75,000 acre-feet from ground water. The average annual outflow for the same period, all by evaporation, also was about 2.9 million acre-feet. There was no net change in storage during the period.
The famed buoyancy of the brine in Great Salt Lake results from a dissolved-mineral content of almost 5 billion tons. More than 2 million additional tons have been added to the lake annually in recent years. The major dissolved ions in the brine are chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
Prior to completion of the railroad causeway, the salinity of the brine varied inversely with the lake level. Since the causeway divided the lake into two parts, the salinity of the brine in the north part has been relatively constant at or close to saturation. The salinity of the brine in the south part has 1 continued to change inversely with the lake level, but the salinity has been less than it would have been without the causeway.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir913","usgsCitation":"Arnow, T., 1984, Water-level and water-quality changes in Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847-1983: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 913, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir913.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0913/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0913/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -111.8023681640625,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -111.8023681640625,\n 41.82454867985508\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 41.82454867985508\n ],\n [\n -113.3349609375,\n 40.538851525354666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e782d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnow, Ted","contributorId":84733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26710,"text":"wri834288 - 1984 - Estimates of dissolved and suspended substance yield of stream basins in Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T20:15:47.117207","indexId":"wri834288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4288","title":"Estimates of dissolved and suspended substance yield of stream basins in Michigan","docAbstract":"Water-quality data collected at 20 stations in Michigan were used to develop regression equations relating loads of dissolved and suspended substances to discharge. These equations and mean daily discharge were used to estimate long-term loads, which then were converted to estimates of drainage basin yields. These yields were compared to measured yields and to previous estimates.
Equations were developed for each station that express the relation between load and discharge (L = aQb) for 19 substances and properties. Fifty percent of the equations had standard errors of 22 percent or less; 90 percent of the equations had standard errors of 80 percent or less. Regression exponents indicate that the load increases as discharge increases in all cases, but for about two-thirds of the substances or properties, the increase is less rapid than that of discharge. Seventy-eight percent of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment loads, taken as a group, increase more rapidly than discharge. Concentrations of about 63 percent of the substances or properties decrease as discharge increases, however.
Although comparative data for most drainage basins are scant, yields estimated by use of regression equations did not differ appreciably from measured values at locations where comparison was possible.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28204,"text":"wri844253 - 1984 - Geohydrology of volcanic tuff penetrated by test well UE-25b#1, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri844253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4253","title":"Geohydrology of volcanic tuff penetrated by test well UE-25b#1, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Test well UE-25bNo1, located on the east side of Yucca Mountain in the southwestern part of the Nevada Test Site, was drilled to a total depth of 1,220 meters and hydraulically tested as part of a program to evaluate the suitability of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear-waste repository. The well penetrated almost 46 meters of alluvium and 1,174 meters of Tertiary volcanic tuffs. The composite hydraulic head for aquifers penetrated by the well was 728.9 meters above sea level (471.4 meters below land surface) with a slight decrease in loss of hydraulic head with depth. Average hydraulic conductivities for stratigraphic units determined from pumping tests, borehole-flow surveys, and packer-injection tests ranged from less than 0.001 meter per day for the Tram Member of the Crater Flat Tuff to 1.1 meters per day for the Bullfrog Member of the Crater Flat Tuff. The small values represented matrix permeability of unfractured rock; the large values probably resulted from fracture permeability. Chemical analyses indicated that the water is a soft sodium bicarbonate type, slightly alkaline, with large concentrations of dissolved silica and sulfate. Uncorrected carbon-14 age dates of the water were 14,100 and 13,400 years. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844253","usgsCitation":"Lahoud, R., Lobmeyer, D., and Whitfield, M., 1984, Geohydrology of volcanic tuff penetrated by test well UE-25b#1, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4253, iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844253.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahoud, R.G.","contributorId":89154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahoud","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lobmeyer, D.H.","contributorId":106502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobmeyer","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitfield, M.S.","contributorId":69547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitfield","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28217,"text":"wri844096 - 1984 - Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:30:57.614168","indexId":"wri844096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4096","title":"Cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Alaska","docAbstract":"This report documents the results of a study of the cost-effectiveness of the stream-gaging program in Alaska. Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 110 continuous stream-gaging stations that were being operated in September 1983 with a budget of about $1,700,000 per year.
However, for the purposes of the report, only 98 stations were included in the analysis of cost-effectiveness. The current policy for operation of the 98-station program required $1,539,000 (1983 dollars) per year, which results in an average standard error of estimate of streamflow records for open-water periods of 18.4 percent. This overall level of accuracy at the 98 sites could be maintained with a budget of approximately $1,440,000 if the scheduling of visits and allocation of funds to the stations were changed.
A minimum budget of $1,381,000 is required to operate the 98 stations; a budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, the average standard error is 19.8 percent. Several other budgets were analyzed; the maximum budget analyzed was $2,500,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 11.9 percent.
A significant portion of the standard error is attributable to loss of gage-height record, which is used to compute open-water discharge records. If gage-height
record loss could be prevented, the average standard error could be reduced to 13.4 percent at the minimum operating budget of $1,381,000.
It was determined that the standard error of estimate of streamflow records could be reduced by changing some operational policies and by reducing the amount of
missing gage-height record. Since there is no method to determine standard errors of Alaska's winter records of streamflow, it was concluded that such a technique should be developed.
More than half of western Alaska was identified as having insufficient streamflow data. It is suggested that steps be undertaken to remedy this situation as funds become available.