{"pageNumber":"2066","pageRowStart":"51625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68919,"records":[{"id":36538,"text":"fwsobs82_10_75 - 1984 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Spotted seatrout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:20:37.161233","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_75","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.75","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Spotted seatrout","docAbstract":"

The estuarine spotted seatrout, a primarily estuarine species, is one of the most important sport and commercial fishes in coastal Gulf of Mexico waters (Arnold et a1. 1976). Spotted seatrout rank second by weight in catches by U.S. saltwater sport fishermen (National Marine Fisheries Services 1981) .

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Kostecki, P.T., 1984, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Spotted seatrout: FWS/OBS 82/10.75, vi, 22 p.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":166203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kostecki, Paul T.","contributorId":55060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostecki","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36578,"text":"fwsobs82_10_56 - 1984 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Walleye","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T15:19:36.985384","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_56","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.56","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Walleye","docAbstract":"

The wall eye is native to freshwater ri vers and 1akes of Canada and the United States, with rare occurrences in brackish water (Scott and Crossman 1973). In the United States, its native range occurs primarily in drainages east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachians; however, it has been widely introduced into reservoirs outside its native range (Colby et al. 1979). Walleye hybridize with sauger (S. canadense) and blue pike (S. v. glaucum) (Scott and Crossman 1973).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"McMahon, T., Terrell, J.W., and Nelson, P.C., 1984, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Walleye: FWS/OBS 82/10.56, viii, 43 p.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Thomas E.","contributorId":93548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":216575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Patrick C.","contributorId":68799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70164484,"text":"70164484 - 1984 - Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:57:18","indexId":"70164484","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"

Radon 222 concentrations in the water and sedimentary columns and radon exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces have been measured in a section of south San Francisco Bay. Two independent methods have been used to determine sediment-water exchange rates, and the annual averages of these methods agree within the uncertainty of the determinations, about 20%. The annual average of benthic fluxes from shoal areas is nearly a factor of 2 greater than fluxes from the channel areas. Fluxes from the shoal and channel areas exceed those expected from simple molecular diffusion by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, apparently due to macrofaunal irrigation. Values of the gas transfer coefficient for radon exchange across the air-water interface were determined by constructing a radon mass balance for the water column and by direct measurement using floating chambers. The chamber method appears to yield results which are too high. Transfer coefficients computed using the mass balance method range from 0.4 m/day to 1.8 m/day, with a 6-year average of 1.0 m/day. Gas exchange is linearly dependent upon wind speed over a wind speed range of 3.2–6.4 m/s, but shows no dependence upon current velocity. Gas transfer coefficients predicted from an empirical relationship between gas exchange rates and wind speed observed in lakes and the oceans are within 30% of the coefficients determined from the radon mass balance and are considerably more accurate than coefficients predicted from theoretical gas exchange models.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JC089iC03p03593","usgsCitation":"Hartman, B., and Hammond, D.E., 1984, Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 89, no. C3, p. 3593-3603, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC03p03593.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3593","endPage":"3603","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.89436302930203\n ],\n [\n -121.90704345703124,\n 37.400710068740565\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 37.400710068740565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca56e4b08d617f63a812","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Blayne","contributorId":77664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Blayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273823,"text":"70273823 - 1984 - Index for reports released through the Department of Energy, DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program, and Atomic Energy Commission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T19:52:30.608395","indexId":"70273823","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T12:12:13","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Index for reports released through the Department of Energy, DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program, and Atomic Energy Commission","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Government's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) Program commenced in 1974 and was last comprehensively reported on in An Assessment Report on Uranium in the United States of America, GJO-111(80), dated October 1980. During the seven years of the NURE Program, an unprecedented quantity of geoscience information was gathered throughout the conterminous United States and Alaska. The resulting data bases in geology, geophysics, and geochemistry are substantial and can be applied to the search for many mineral resource commodities other than uranium. This paper describes briefly what data are available, where the data are located, and how they can be obtained by the public. These data fall into seven major categories: Geologic Quadrangle Maps, Radiometric Data from Aerial Surveys, Magnetic Data from Aerial Surveys, Geochemical Data from Waters and Sediments, Radiometric Data from Borehole Logging, Mineralogic Data from Rock Sample Analysis, Evaluation Data for Resource Estimates.

Nearly all the NURE data were acquired, are organized, and can be accessed by National Topographic Map Series (NTMS) 1:250,000-scale quadrangle. Figures 1 and 2 show the distribution of these quadrangles throughout the lower 48 states and Alaska, respectively. Listed below are the 20 repositories scattered across the country where the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has placed most of the information on open-file. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70273823","collaboration":"Produced by the DOE for use by USGS and other originally designated repositories.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Department of Energy, 1984, Index for reports released through the Department of Energy, DOE National Uranium Resource Evaluation Program, and Atomic Energy Commission, Report: 504 p.; 2 Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/70273823.","productDescription":"Report: 504 p.; 2 Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499814,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70273823/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":499815,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70273823/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":499812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70273823/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":499813,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70273823/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Department of Energy","contributorId":128055,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Department of Energy","id":955709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70098432,"text":"70098432 - 1984 - Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado: fiscal year 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:20:58","indexId":"70098432","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T14:13:27","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado: fiscal year 1984","docAbstract":"Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado consist of collecting water-resources data and conducting interpretive hydrologic investigations. The water-resources data and the results of the investigations are published or released by either the U.S. Geological Survey or by cooperating agencies. This report describes the water- resources investigations in Colorado for the 1984 fiscal year (October 1, 1983, to September 30, 1984).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.3133/70098432","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado: fiscal year 1984, Report: iv, 82 p.; Plate: 26.78 x 21.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70098432.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 82 p.; Plate: 26.78 x 21.51 inches","numberOfPages":"87","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284177,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70098432.jpg"},{"id":286062,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70098432/report.pdf"},{"id":286063,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70098432/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0603,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,41.0034 ], [ -102.0409,36.9924 ], [ -109.0603,36.9924 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559598e4b0120853e8c23a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174598,"text":"70174598 - 1984 - Finite element solution methods for circulation in estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:42:53","indexId":"70174598","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Finite element solution methods for circulation in estuaries","docAbstract":"

In this paper, the shallow water equations are used to approximate the depth-mean circulation in estuaries.  The time scales of the motions can be conveniently divided into three ranges: 1) low-frequency (residual) variations with periods of two days or longer, 2) tidal-frequency variations, and 3) high-frequency variations with periods of an hour or shorter.  The emphasis here will be on the tidal-period variations that are characterized by line spectra and thus allow a harmonic decomposition of the governing equations.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Finite elements in water resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","isbn":"978-3-662-11744-6","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1984, Finite element solution methods for circulation in estuaries, chap. of Finite elements in water resources, p. 587-596.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"596","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783662117460"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ee4b0d27deb36e182","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Laible, J. P.","contributorId":172882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laible","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642403,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brebbia, C.A.","contributorId":112425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brebbia","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642404,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, W.","contributorId":172883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gray","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642405,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pinder, G.","contributorId":172884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pinder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642406,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174312,"text":"70174312 - 1984 - Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:26:28","indexId":"70174312","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus","docAbstract":"

Estuarine processes can be effective in modifying (filtering) distributions of dissolved inorganic forms of carbon (DIC), silicon (DIS), nitrogen (DIN), and phosphorus (DIP) in northern San Francisco Bay. During winter, high inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin river system supplied these nutrients to the estuary at rates that exceeded potential rates of estuarine supply and removal processes. During spring and summer, when inflow rates were lower, the estuary was an effective “filter” of the river inflow “signal” because rates of estuarine processes were high relative to river and other supply rates. At lower inflow rates, the river apparently influenced estuarine hydrodynamic features that controlled rates of phytoplankton nutrient removal. Largest biological removal effects were localized in San Pablo Bay during spring and Suisun Bay during summer, and they were generally more pronounced in shallow water areas of the bays. In San Pablo Bay, effects of biological removal appeared soon after river inflow decreased from high winter rates, but persisted for only a short time. During the following summer months, DIN and DIP distributions in San Pablo Bay indicated that estuarine sources contributed to higher concentrations of these nutrients.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The estuary as a filter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-405070-9.50016-5","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., Harmon, D.D., Eager, S.W., and Peterson, D., 1984, Response of northern San Francisco Bay to riverine inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus, chap. of The estuary as a filter, p. 221-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405070-9.50016-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.78916666399649\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 38.161556068786886\n ],\n [\n -122.23937988281251,\n 38.161556068786886\n ],\n [\n -122.23937988281251,\n 37.78916666399649\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.78916666399649\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d32e4b0ef4d2f45fac0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kennedy, Victor S.","contributorId":172744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Victor S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641804,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":641800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, Dana D.","contributorId":34929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eager, Stephen W.","contributorId":172743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, David H.","contributorId":82776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"David H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170919,"text":"70170919 - 1984 - Status of projects in Minnesota fiscal year 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:14:31","indexId":"70170919","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Status of projects in Minnesota fiscal year 1984","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170919","usgsCitation":"Jannis, J.A., 1984, Status of projects in Minnesota fiscal year 1984: Open-File Report, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170919.","productDescription":"84 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.204691,46.704041],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.201592,46.656641],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.291292,46.668142],[-92.292192,46.663308],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.461138,45.980216],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.548459,45.969056],[-92.551186,45.95224],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.638824,45.934166],[-92.638474,45.925971],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.676167,45.912072],[-92.675737,45.907478],[-92.707702,45.894901],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.739278,45.84758],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.870025,45.697272],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.653549,45.455346],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.664102,45.393309],[-92.676961,45.380137],[-92.678223,45.373604],[-92.70272,45.358472],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.752404,45.173916],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.739584,45.115598],[-92.744938,45.108309],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.769102,44.862167],[-92.765278,44.837186],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.807988,44.75147],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.586216,44.600088],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.549957,44.568988],[-92.540551,44.567258],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.433256,44.5655],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-91.970266,44.365842],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.896388,44.27469],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.872369,44.199167],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.708207,44.105186],[-91.69531,44.09857],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.48087,44.008145],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.432522,43.996827],[-91.407395,43.965148],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.357426,43.917231],[-91.347741,43.911964],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.244135,43.774667],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.271749,43.654929],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.232707,43.583533],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.243214,43.550722],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.218292,43.514434],[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.731396,45.45702],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.57035,45.963595],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.56692,46.11475],[-96.563043,46.119512],[-96.571439,46.12572],[-96.56926,46.133686],[-96.579453,46.147601],[-96.577952,46.165843],[-96.587408,46.178164],[-96.584372,46.204155],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.598645,46.241626],[-96.590942,46.250183],[-96.59887,46.26069],[-96.595014,46.275135],[-96.60136,46.30413],[-96.599761,46.330386],[-96.619991,46.340135],[-96.618147,46.344295],[-96.629211,46.352654],[-96.644335,46.351908],[-96.646341,46.360982],[-96.655206,46.365964],[-96.658436,46.373391],[-96.666028,46.374566],[-96.669132,46.390037],[-96.680687,46.407383],[-96.688082,46.40788],[-96.701358,46.420584],[-96.703078,46.429467],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.715557,46.463232],[-96.73627,46.48138],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.733612,46.497224],[-96.737702,46.50077],[-96.738475,46.525793],[-96.744341,46.533006],[-96.743003,46.54294],[-96.74883,46.558127],[-96.744436,46.56596],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.772446,46.600129],[-96.774094,46.613288],[-96.78995,46.631531],[-96.790663,46.649112],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.792958,46.677427],[-96.784339,46.685054],[-96.790906,46.70297],[-96.779252,46.727429],[-96.784279,46.732993],[-96.781216,46.740944],[-96.787466,46.756753],[-96.784314,46.766973],[-96.796195,46.789881],[-96.795756,46.807795],[-96.801446,46.810401],[-96.80016,46.819664],[-96.787657,46.827817],[-96.789663,46.832306],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.768458,46.879563],[-96.767358,46.883663],[-96.773558,46.884763],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.761757,46.934663],[-96.78312,46.925482],[-96.79038,46.929398],[-96.791558,46.944464],[-96.797734,46.9464],[-96.798737,46.962399],[-96.821852,46.969372],[-96.82318,46.999965],[-96.834221,47.006671],[-96.829499,47.021537],[-96.818557,47.02778],[-96.821422,47.032842],[-96.819321,47.0529],[-96.824479,47.059682],[-96.818175,47.104193],[-96.827344,47.120144],[-96.824807,47.124968],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.822377,47.162744],[-96.829637,47.17497],[-96.826962,47.182802],[-96.838806,47.197894],[-96.832789,47.203911],[-96.838806,47.22502],[-96.832946,47.237588],[-96.83766,47.240876],[-96.835368,47.250428],[-96.841672,47.258164],[-96.838997,47.267716],[-96.842531,47.269531],[-96.844088,47.289981],[-96.832884,47.30449],[-96.841958,47.316907],[-96.835845,47.321014],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.848907,47.370565],[-96.852676,47.374973],[-96.846925,47.376891],[-96.840621,47.389881],[-96.845492,47.394179],[-96.844919,47.399815],[-96.863593,47.418775],[-96.85748,47.440457],[-96.859868,47.470926],[-96.85471,47.478281],[-96.85853,47.489934],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.851367,47.509037],[-96.866363,47.524893],[-96.85471,47.535973],[-96.859153,47.566355],[-96.853689,47.570381],[-96.856373,47.575749],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-96.856903,47.602329],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.873671,47.613654],[-96.871005,47.616832],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.882393,47.633489],[-96.888573,47.63845],[-96.882376,47.649025],[-96.88697,47.653049],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.895271,47.67357],[-96.899352,47.689473],[-96.908928,47.688722],[-96.907266,47.693976],[-96.920119,47.710383],[-96.923544,47.718201],[-96.919471,47.722515],[-96.932809,47.737139],[-96.928505,47.748037],[-96.934173,47.752412],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.9644,47.782995],[-96.957283,47.790147],[-96.966068,47.797297],[-96.975131,47.798326],[-96.980579,47.805614],[-96.979327,47.824533],[-96.986685,47.837639],[-96.998295,47.841724],[-96.998144,47.858882],[-97.005557,47.863977],[-97.002456,47.868677],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.019355,47.880278],[-97.024955,47.886878],[-97.019155,47.889778],[-97.024955,47.894978],[-97.020155,47.900478],[-97.024955,47.908178],[-97.017254,47.905678],[-97.015354,47.910278],[-97.023754,47.915878],[-97.018054,47.918078],[-97.035754,47.930179],[-97.036054,47.939379],[-97.054554,47.946279],[-97.052454,47.957179],[-97.061454,47.96358],[-97.053553,47.991612],[-97.064289,47.998508],[-97.066762,48.009558],[-97.063012,48.013179],[-97.072239,48.019107],[-97.068987,48.026267],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.097772,48.07108],[-97.103052,48.071669],[-97.099431,48.082106],[-97.105226,48.09044],[-97.104872,48.097851],[-97.109535,48.104723],[-97.123205,48.106648],[-97.120702,48.114987],[-97.131956,48.139563],[-97.141401,48.14359],[-97.138911,48.157793],[-97.146745,48.168556],[-97.141474,48.179099],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.136304,48.228984],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.135763,48.237596],[-97.138765,48.244991],[-97.127276,48.253323],[-97.131846,48.267589],[-97.11657,48.279661],[-97.12216,48.290056],[-97.128862,48.292882],[-97.122072,48.300865],[-97.132443,48.315489],[-97.127601,48.323319],[-97.134854,48.331314],[-97.131145,48.339722],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.140106,48.380479],[-97.145592,48.394195],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.142849,48.419471],[-97.1356,48.424369],[-97.139173,48.430528],[-97.134229,48.439797],[-97.137689,48.447583],[-97.132746,48.459942],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.141397,48.476256],[-97.144981,48.481571],[-97.140291,48.484722],[-97.138864,48.494362],[-97.148133,48.503384],[-97.153076,48.524148],[-97.150481,48.536877],[-97.163105,48.543855],[-97.160863,48.549236],[-97.152459,48.552326],[-97.158638,48.564067],[-97.149616,48.569876],[-97.14974,48.579516],[-97.142915,48.583733],[-97.143684,48.597066],[-97.137504,48.612268],[-97.132931,48.61338],[-97.130089,48.621166],[-97.125639,48.620919],[-97.125269,48.629694],[-97.108466,48.632658],[-97.111921,48.642918],[-97.100551,48.658614],[-97.102652,48.664793],[-97.097708,48.68395],[-97.118286,48.700573],[-97.116185,48.709348],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.139488,48.746611],[-97.151289,48.757428],[-97.147478,48.763698],[-97.154854,48.774515],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.163535,48.79507],[-97.165624,48.809627],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.177747,48.824815],[-97.181116,48.832741],[-97.173811,48.838309],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.187362,48.867598],[-97.185738,48.87222],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.197982,48.898332],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.211161,48.916649],[-97.217992,48.919735],[-97.218666,48.931781],[-97.224505,48.9341],[-97.232147,48.948955],[-97.230859,48.960891],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.237297,48.985696],[-97.230833,48.991303],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-95.126467,49.369439],[-95.058404,49.35317],[-95.014415,49.356405],[-94.988908,49.368897],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.854245,49.324154],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.824291,49.308834],[-94.82516,49.294283],[-94.797244,49.214284],[-94.797527,49.197791],[-94.773223,49.120733],[-94.750221,49.099763],[-94.750218,48.999992],[-94.718932,48.999991],[-94.683069,48.883929],[-94.684217,48.872399],[-94.692527,48.86895],[-94.693044,48.853392],[-94.685681,48.840119],[-94.701968,48.831778],[-94.704284,48.824284],[-94.694974,48.809206],[-94.694312,48.789352],[-94.690889,48.778066],[-94.651765,48.755913],[-94.645164,48.749975],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-94.61901,48.737374],[-94.58715,48.717599],[-94.549069,48.714653],[-94.533057,48.701262],[-94.452332,48.692444],[-94.438701,48.694889],[-94.416191,48.710948],[-94.384221,48.711806],[-94.342758,48.703382],[-94.308446,48.710239],[-94.290737,48.707747],[-94.260541,48.696381],[-94.251169,48.683514],[-94.254643,48.663888],[-94.250497,48.656654],[-94.224276,48.649527],[-94.091244,48.643669],[-94.065775,48.646104],[-94.035616,48.641018],[-94.006933,48.643193],[-93.944221,48.632294],[-93.91153,48.634673],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.824144,48.610724],[-93.806763,48.577616],[-93.811201,48.542385],[-93.818253,48.530046],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-93.656652,48.515731],[-93.643091,48.518294],[-93.628865,48.53121],[-93.612844,48.521876],[-93.60587,48.522472],[-93.594379,48.528793],[-93.547191,48.528684],[-93.467504,48.545664],[-93.460798,48.550552],[-93.456675,48.561834],[-93.465199,48.590659],[-93.438494,48.59338],[-93.405269,48.609344],[-93.395022,48.603303],[-93.371156,48.605085],[-93.362132,48.613832],[-93.35324,48.613378],[-93.349095,48.624935],[-93.254854,48.642784],[-93.207398,48.642474],[-93.178095,48.623339],[-93.088438,48.627597],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.95012,48.630419],[-92.949839,48.608269],[-92.929614,48.606874],[-92.909947,48.596313],[-92.894687,48.594915],[-92.728046,48.53929],[-92.657881,48.546263],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.625739,48.518189],[-92.631117,48.508252],[-92.627237,48.503383],[-92.636696,48.499428],[-92.654039,48.501635],[-92.661418,48.496557],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.687998,48.443889],[-92.656027,48.436709],[-92.507285,48.447875],[-92.475585,48.418793],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.456389,48.401134],[-92.47675,48.37176],[-92.469948,48.351836],[-92.437825,48.309839],[-92.416285,48.295463],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.336831,48.235383],[-92.269742,48.248241],[-92.273706,48.256747],[-92.294541,48.27156],[-92.292999,48.276404],[-92.301451,48.288608],[-92.294527,48.306454],[-92.306309,48.316442],[-92.304561,48.322977],[-92.295412,48.323957],[-92.288994,48.342991],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.222813,48.349203],[-92.216983,48.345114],[-92.206803,48.345596],[-92.203684,48.352063],[-92.178418,48.351881],[-92.177354,48.357228],[-92.145049,48.365651],[-92.143583,48.356121],[-92.083513,48.353865],[-92.077961,48.358253],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-92.045734,48.347901],[-92.046562,48.33474],[-92.037721,48.333183],[-92.030872,48.325824],[-92.000133,48.321355],[-92.01298,48.297391],[-92.006577,48.265421],[-91.989545,48.260214],[-91.976903,48.244626],[-91.971056,48.247667],[-91.971779,48.252977],[-91.954432,48.251678],[-91.952209,48.244394],[-91.957683,48.242683],[-91.957798,48.232989],[-91.941838,48.230602],[-91.915772,48.238871],[-91.89347,48.237699],[-91.884691,48.227321],[-91.867882,48.219095],[-91.864382,48.207031],[-91.815772,48.211748],[-91.809038,48.206013],[-91.79181,48.202492],[-91.789011,48.196549],[-91.756637,48.205022],[-91.749075,48.198844],[-91.741932,48.199122],[-91.742313,48.204491],[-91.714931,48.19913],[-91.711611,48.1891],[-91.721413,48.180255],[-91.724584,48.170657],[-91.705318,48.170775],[-91.70726,48.153661],[-91.698174,48.141643],[-91.699981,48.13184],[-91.712226,48.116883],[-91.703524,48.113548],[-91.682845,48.122118],[-91.687623,48.111698],[-91.676876,48.107264],[-91.665208,48.107011],[-91.653261,48.114137],[-91.653571,48.109567],[-91.640175,48.096926],[-91.559272,48.108268],[-91.552962,48.103012],[-91.569746,48.093348],[-91.575471,48.066294],[-91.575672,48.048791],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-91.488646,48.068065],[-91.45033,48.068806],[-91.437582,48.049248],[-91.429642,48.048608],[-91.391128,48.057075],[-91.370872,48.06941],[-91.365143,48.066968],[-91.340159,48.073236],[-91.332589,48.069331],[-91.26638,48.078713],[-91.214428,48.10294],[-91.190461,48.124891],[-91.183207,48.122235],[-91.176181,48.125811],[-91.137733,48.14915],[-91.139402,48.154738],[-91.092258,48.173101],[-91.082731,48.180756],[-91.024208,48.190072],[-90.976955,48.219452],[-90.914971,48.230603],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.875107,48.237784],[-90.847352,48.244443],[-90.839176,48.239511],[-90.836313,48.176963],[-90.832589,48.173765],[-90.821115,48.184709],[-90.817698,48.179569],[-90.804207,48.177833],[-90.796596,48.159373],[-90.777917,48.163801],[-90.778031,48.148723],[-90.79797,48.136894],[-90.787305,48.134196],[-90.789919,48.129902],[-90.76911,48.116585],[-90.761555,48.100133],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-90.641596,48.103515],[-90.626886,48.111846],[-90.59146,48.117546],[-90.582217,48.123784],[-90.55929,48.121683],[-90.555845,48.117069],[-90.569763,48.106951],[-90.567482,48.101178],[-90.556838,48.096008],[-90.487077,48.099082],[-90.467712,48.108818],[-90.438449,48.098747],[-90.403219,48.105114],[-90.374542,48.090942],[-90.367658,48.094577],[-90.344234,48.094447],[-90.330052,48.102399],[-90.312386,48.1053],[-90.289337,48.098993],[-90.224692,48.108148],[-90.188679,48.107947],[-90.176605,48.112445],[-90.136191,48.112136],[-90.116259,48.104303],[-90.073873,48.101138],[-90.023595,48.084708],[-90.015057,48.067188],[-90.008446,48.068396],[-89.997852,48.057567],[-89.99305,48.028404],[-89.97718,48.023501],[-89.968255,48.014482],[-89.954605,48.011516],[-89.95059,48.015901],[-89.934489,48.015628],[-89.915341,47.994866],[-89.897414,47.987599],[-89.873286,47.985419],[-89.868153,47.989898],[-89.847571,47.992442],[-89.842568,48.001368],[-89.830385,48.000284],[-89.820483,48.014665],[-89.797744,48.014505],[-89.763967,48.022969],[-89.724048,48.018996],[-89.721038,48.017965],[-89.724044,48.013675],[-89.716114,48.016441],[-89.716417,48.010251],[-89.702528,48.006325],[-89.673798,48.01151],[-89.667128,48.007421],[-89.657051,48.009954],[-89.649057,48.003853],[-89.617867,48.010947],[-89.611678,48.017529],[-89.607821,48.006566],[-89.594749,48.004332],[-89.582117,47.996314],[-89.564288,48.00293],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-89.495344,48.002356],[-89.541521,47.992841],[-89.551555,47.987305],[-89.555015,47.974849],[-89.572315,47.967238],[-89.58823,47.9662],[-89.611412,47.980731],[-89.624559,47.983153],[-89.631825,47.980039],[-89.640129,47.96793],[-89.638285,47.954275],[-89.697619,47.941288],[-89.793539,47.891358],[-89.85396,47.873997],[-89.87158,47.874194],[-89.923649,47.862062],[-89.930844,47.857723],[-89.92752,47.850825],[-89.933899,47.84676],[-89.974296,47.830514],[-90.072025,47.811105],[-90.075559,47.803303],[-90.1168,47.79538],[-90.16079,47.792807],[-90.178755,47.786414],[-90.187636,47.77813],[-90.248794,47.772763],[-90.323446,47.753771],[-90.332686,47.746387],[-90.437712,47.731612],[-90.441912,47.726404],[-90.458365,47.7214],[-90.537105,47.703055],[-90.551291,47.690266],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-90.907494,47.532873],[-90.914247,47.522639],[-90.939072,47.514532],[-91.032945,47.458236],[-91.045646,47.456525],[-91.097569,47.413888],[-91.128131,47.399619],[-91.146958,47.381464],[-91.156513,47.378816],[-91.188772,47.340082],[-91.238658,47.304976],[-91.262512,47.27929],[-91.288478,47.26596],[-91.326019,47.238993],[-91.357803,47.206743],[-91.418805,47.172152],[-91.477351,47.125667],[-91.497902,47.122579],[-91.518793,47.108121],[-91.573817,47.089917],[-91.591508,47.068684],[-91.626824,47.049953],[-91.644564,47.026491],[-91.666477,47.014297],[-91.704649,47.005246],[-91.780675,46.945881],[-91.806851,46.933727],[-91.841349,46.925215],[-91.883238,46.905728],[-91.914984,46.883836],[-91.952985,46.867037],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-92.088289,46.773639],[-92.06449,46.745439],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-92.01529,46.706469],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.10819,46.74914],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.204691,46.704041]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57330636e4b0dae0d5dcd21f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jannis, J. A.","contributorId":30091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jannis","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207498,"text":"70207498 - 1984 - Interstitial water methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-20T11:26:24","indexId":"70207498","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T11:16:29","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Interstitial water methods","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentology, physical properties, and geochemistry in the Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project; volumes 1-44; an overview","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Ocean Service","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., and Gieskes, J.M., 1984, Interstitial water methods, chap. of Sedimentology, physical properties, and geochemistry in the Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project; volumes 1-44; an overview, p. 163-176.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gieskes, J. M.","contributorId":24507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gieskes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198205,"text":"70198205 - 1984 - Canyon-filling lavas and lava dams on the Boise River, Idaho, and their significance for evaluating downcutting during the last 2 million years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:54:13","indexId":"70198205","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"26","title":"Canyon-filling lavas and lava dams on the Boise River, Idaho, and their significance for evaluating downcutting during the last 2 million years","docAbstract":"

Basalts that periodically dammed the Boise River and its South Fork over the last 2 million years reveal the canyon history and illustrate how lava interacted with impounded river water. Intracanyon basalt flows record a granite canyon successively filled by lava and then recut at least five times in the last 2 million years. The most voluminous flow, Steamboat Rock Basalt, reached 60 kilometers downstream and spread out on the Snake River Plain just east of Boise. Lavas that reached the river were erupted from vents bordering the main canyon and adjacent tributaries. The river canyon was periodically flooded by basalt from these eruptions, reentrenched to a new lower level, then flooded again. This succession resulted in terraces of older flows high above the river and of younger flows lower on the canyon walls. The canyon-filling flows dammed the river and created deltas of pillow basalt and hyaloclastite overlain by massive subaerial basalt. Foreset beds in the hyaloclastite deposits and inclined pillows indicate flow into reservoirs behind the lava dams. A well-documented example of a lava dam is the one formed by the Smith Prairie Basalt, which is about 0.2 million years old. Potassium-argon ages calibrate a canyon history in which the river was lowered at a rate between 0.005 and 0.01 centimeter a year over the last 2 million years. The lava dams interrupted this lowering but were each rapidly incised in about a quarter of a million years at rates averaging 0.03 to 0.07 centimeter a year.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cenozoic geology of Idaho","language":"English","publisher":"Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology","publisherLocation":"Moscow, ID","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Shervais, J.W., and McKee, E., 1984, Canyon-filling lavas and lava dams on the Boise River, Idaho, and their significance for evaluating downcutting during the last 2 million years, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"641","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.idahogeology.org/product/b-26"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -114.202880859375,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -114.202880859375,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 44.28453670601888\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 42.94033923363181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bonnichsen, Bill","contributorId":94358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonnichsen","given":"Bill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breckenridge, R.M.","contributorId":206461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breckenridge","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740567,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shervais, John W.","contributorId":57753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shervais","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013881,"text":"70013881 - 1984 - Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T16:38:41.954235","indexId":"70013881","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level","docAbstract":"Observed long-term changes in glacier volume and hydrometeorological mass balance models yield data on the transfer of water from glaciers, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica, to the oceans, The average observed volume change for the period 1900 to 1961 is scaled to a global average by use of the seasonal amplitude of the mass balance. These data are used to calibrate the models to estimate the changing contribution of glaciers to sea level for the period 1884 to 1975. Although the error band is large, these glaciers appear to accountfor a third to half of observed rise in sea level, approximately that fraction not explained by thermal expansion of the ocean.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4681.1418","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meier, M.F., 1984, Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level: Science, v. 226, no. 4681, p. 1418-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4681.1418.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"226","issue":"4681","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa85e4b0c8380cd4db4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, M. F.","contributorId":98713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199566,"text":"70199566 - 1984 - Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T17:13:40","indexId":"70199566","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-05T17:13:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model","docAbstract":"

Stream sediments adsorb certain solutes from streams, thereby significantly changing the solute composition; but little is known about the details and rates of these adsorptive processes. To investigate such processes, a 24-hr. injection of a solution containing chloride, strontium, potassium, sodium and lead was made at the head of a 640-m reach of Uvas Creek in west-central Santa Clara County, California. Uvas Creek is a cobble-bed pool-and-riffle stream draining the eastern slopes of the Santa Cruz Mountains. By September 12, 1973, after a long dry season, Uvas Creek had a low (0.0215 m3s−1 average) flow which varied diurnally, from 0.018 to 0.025 m3s−1. Because stream discharge varied while the injection rate was constant, the concentration of tracers (injected solutes), after mixing in the stream, varied inversely with discharge.

Chloride, a nonreactive solute, served as a tracer of water movement. Analysis of extensive chloride concentration data at five sites below the injection point during and after the injection demonstrated that there was considerable underflow of water through the stream gravels; however, the extent of underflow varied greatly within the study reach. Pre-injection water, displaced by tracer-laden water percolating through the gravels, diluted tracers in the stream channel, giving the mistaken impression of groundwater inflow at some points. Accurate measurement of total discharge in such streams requires prolonged tracer injection unless a reach can be found where underflow is negligible.

Strontium and potassium were adsorbed by the bed sediments to a moderate extent and lead was strongly adsorbed. A high proportion of these metals could be removed by adsorption from percolating underflow because of extensive and intimate contact with bed sediments. After channel clearing following injection cutoff, 51% of the added strontium and 96% of the lead remained in the study reach, whereas only 19% of the chloride remained. Packets of sized sediment, placed in the stream before the experiment and withdrawn during and after the injection, indicated that the strontium absorbed on the 0.42–0.50-mm size sediment appeared to achieve near equilibrium with dissolved strontium within less than 2 hr. whereas 3.4–4.0-mm grains had not reached that stage after 24 hr.

The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the sediments shows a “bimodal” distribution with grain size. Largest values are in the finest sizes, lower values in the fine-to-medium sand-size range, intermediate values in the coarse- to very coarse-grained sand, and decreasing values with size above very coarse-grained sand. This considerable exchange capacity in coarse-sand to granule-size particles means that a streambed, that has not been infilled with fines to reduce permeability, can be highly reactive and accessible throughout a rather thick sediment layer and hence have a large and available reactive capacity.

As stream discharge increases from low flow, the ratio of underflow to channel flow should decrease rapidly with resultant diminution in percent of solutes sorbed within a particular stream reach.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., Jackman, A.P., Zand, S., Zellweger, G.W., and Avanzino, R., 1984, Transport and concentration controls for chloride, strontium, potassium and lead in Uvas Creek, a small cobble-bed stream in Santa Clara County, California, U.S.A.: 1. Conceptual model: Journal of Hydrology, v. 75, no. 1-4, p. 67-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90046-5.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357589,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Uvas Creek","volume":"75","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, A. P.","contributorId":46957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zand, S.M.","contributorId":25699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zand","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199728,"text":"70199728 - 1984 - Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:48:10","indexId":"70199728","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T12:47:37","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"

As part of a plant survivability and ground water study in Owens Valley, California, semipermanent installations are used to measure continuous range‐land evapotranspiration in the valley's phreatophyte community. A proposed mobile installation also has been designed. The semipermanent micrometeoro‐logical station collects continuous data for solution of the Bowen ratio/energy budget equation and the Penman combination equation. Three sites were chosen for this type of installation to provide a representative sampling of Owens Valley. The proposed mobile aerodynamic installation should be capable of calculating evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method. This instrumentation will be used throughout the valley for short periods of time (up to five days). Many problems with equipment operation, calibration and design have been identified and resolved by means of improved calibration techniques, systematic error‐removal techniques, reduced cycle times, modified equipment design and proper observer training. The collected evapotranspiration data will be instrumental in developing a one‐dimensional evapotranspiration flux algorithm for a model of valleywide ground water flow.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., and Duell, L.F., 1984, Design and implementation of evapotranspiration measuring equipment for Owens Valley, California: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 4, no. 4, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1984.tb00907.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 35.7\n ],\n [\n -117.4,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -118.8,\n 35.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duell, Lowell F. W. Jr.","contributorId":81124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"Lowell","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120857,"text":"70120857 - 1984 - A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T10:13:10","indexId":"70120857","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T09:47:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"WELUT-85/W02","title":"A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities","docAbstract":"

Oil and gas exploration and production at marine sites has generated concern over potential environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of spent drilling muds and cuttings. This concern has led to a broad array of publicly and privately sponsored research. This report described a cooperative modeling effort designed to focus information resulting from this research through construction of explicit equations that simulate the potential impacts of discharge drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings on marine communities. The model is the result of collaboration among more than 30 scientists. The principal cooperating organizations were the E.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Offshore Operators Committee, and the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.

\n
\n

The overall simulation model can be conceptualized as three connected submodels: Discharge and Plume Fate, Sediment Redistribution, and Benthic Community Effects. On each day of simulation, these submodels are executed in sequence, with flows of information between submodels. The Benthic Community Effects submodel can be further divided into sections that calculate mortality due to burial, mortality due to toxicity, mortality due to resuspension disturbance, and growth of the community.

\n
\n

The model represents a series of seven discrete 1-m2 plots at specified distances along a transect in one direction away from a discharge point. It consists of coupled difference equations for which parameter values can easily be set to evaluate different conditions or to examine the sensitivity of output to various assumptions. Sets of parameter values were developed to represent four general cases or scenarios: (1) a shallow (5 m), cold environment with ice cover during a substantial fraction of the year, such as might be encountered in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska; (2) a shallow (20 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a deeper (80 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; and (4) a very deep (1,000 m) environment, such as might be encountered on the Atlantic slope.

\n
\n

The focus of the modeling effort was on the connection of a reasonable representation of physical fate to the biological responses of populations, rather than on highly detailed representations of individual processes. For example, the calculations of physical fate are not as detailed as those in the recently published model of Brandsma et al. (1983). The value of the model described herein is in the broad scope of processes that are explicitly represented and linked together. The model cannot be considered to produce reliable predictions of the quantitative impacts of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings on biological populations at a particular site. Limitations of the model in predicting integrated fate and effects can be traced to three general areas: level of refinement of the algorithms used in the model; lack of understanding of the processes determining fate and effects; and parameter and data values.

\n
\n

Despite the limitations, several qualitative conclusions concerning both potential impacts and the importance of various remaining data gaps can be drawn from the modeling effort. These include:

\n
\n

(1) Simple, unequivocal conclusions about fate and effects across geographical regions and drilling operations are difficult, if not misleading, due to the large amount of variability in characteristics of discharged materials (e.g., oil content and toxicity), discharge conditions (e.g., duration of drilling operations), physical environments (e.g., water depth, current direction, and sediment disturbance regimes), and biological communities (e.g., intrinsic growth rates). Different combinations of these characteristics can result in substantial differences in simulated environmental fate and biological effects. For examples, simulated recovery in some high-energy environments occurs within months after the cessation of discharge operations, even at heavily impacted sites, whereas simulated recover in some low-energy environments takes years at heavily impacted sites.

\n
\n

<2) Considerable difficulties remain in the reliable extrapolation of results from laboratory toxicity experiments to predictions of population effects in the field.

\n
\n

(3) The volume of material discharged and duration of operations in the production drilling operations simulated by the model are sufficient to produce substantial simulated biological impacts at some plots, both in terms of differences from a control plot during the period of discharge operations, and in terms of the recovery period following the perturbations.

\n
\n

Evaluation of the significance of potential effects involves the following factors:

\n
\n

• Definition of a specific spatial and temporal reference frame (e.g., What is the natural variation? Is 1 year to be considered a \"long\" or \"short\" time? Is 50 m to be considered a \"large\" or \"trivial\" distance?

\n
\n

• Consideration of rare or unique resources and particularly sensitive biotic assemblages.

\n
\n

• Consideration of the potential for long term, cumulative effects.

\n
\n

Some of these aspects are clearly beyond the scope of this modeling efforts (e.g., the model does not simulate the long term fate of resuspended material). The model does, however, contain an internal \"reference frame\" by comparison to simulated behavior at a control plot. The model, in general, simulates substantial \"natural\" variation at the reference or control plots, both over time, due to sediment disturbance events in medium to high energy environments, and over space, due to geographically varying conditions, such as water depth and current regime.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Andrews, A.K., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Shoemaker, T.G., 1984, A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities, 189 p.","productDescription":"189 p.","numberOfPages":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc2e4b03334187188f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shoemaker, Thomas G.","contributorId":19491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013388,"text":"70013388 - 1984 - An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T17:09:50.980176","indexId":"70013388","displayToPublicDate":"1984-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge","docAbstract":"

This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04802.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Reichard, E.G., and Bredehoeft, J.D., 1984, An engineering economic analysis of a program for artificial groundwater recharge: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 20, no. 6, p. 929-939, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04802.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"939","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219915,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.599673196238015\n ],\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.23160777152658\n ],\n [\n -121.58462504609989,\n 37.23160777152658\n ],\n [\n -121.58462504609989,\n 37.599673196238015\n ],\n [\n -122.45341998199527,\n 37.599673196238015\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0460e4b0c8380cd5094c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206859,"text":"70206859 - 1984 - Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:44:08.464546","indexId":"70206859","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-25T12:58:08","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation","docAbstract":"

Recognition of differences in the habitats, apparatuses, and ranges of Late Devonian Icriodus and Pelekysgnathus permits refinement of their biofacies interpretations and construction of an alternate icriodontid zonation. Icriodus is a euphotic genus that predominated in most environments during the early Late Devonian (Frasnian) but died out during the early Famennian. Its apparatus consists of platform (I) elements; four larger, acodiniform cones; and two smaller, oneotodiform, scolopodiform, or drepanodiform cones. Pelekysgnathus is a shallow-water genus, which shortly after Icriodus died out, produced somewhat deeper water taxa with triple-rowed I elements that are homeomorphs of Icriodus I elements. Apparatuses for both single-rowed taxa (Pelekysgnathus) and triple-rowed taxa (“Icriodus”) contain oistodiform cones, apparently in place of one or more of the acodiniform cones. Biofacies models for southern Belgium and Utah show that Icriodus lived not only in nearshore environments but ranged into the pelagic palmatolepid-bispathodid (I) and palmatolepid-polygnathid (II) biofacies. Younger “Icriodus”, however, inhabited mainly the deeper subtidal polygnathid-“icriodid” (III) and polygnathid-pelekysgnathid (IV) biofacies. Pelekysgnathus inhabited mainly the polygnathid-pelekysgnathid biofacies and ranged shoreward into the shallow-subtidal clydagnathid (V), scaphignathid (VI), patrognathid (VII), and pandorinellinid (VIII) biofacies, but has not yet been found in the hypersaline antognathid (IX) biofacies (new).

The Late Devonian, subdivided by 28 mainly Palmatolepis-based zones from the Lower (Polygnathus) asymmetricus to Upper (Siphonodella) praesulcata Zones in the standard conodont zonation for pelagic biofacies, can be subdivided into nine icriodontid-based zones in nearshore biofacies. In ascending order, these are the Icriodus symmetricus; Lower and Upper Pelekysgnathus planus; Lower, Middle, and Upper “I.” cornutus; and Lower, Middle, and Upper “I.” costatus Zones. Taxonomic revisions involve mainly relegating several previously described species to subspecies and morphotypes and raising some subspecies to species. Two new biostratigraphically significant subspecies, I. iowaensis ancylus n. subsp. and I. alternatus helmsi n. subsp., are recognized to occur both in the western United States and in Europe. Pelekysgnathus brevis n. sp. is described as new on the basis of a Middle Devonian occurrence in Utah.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE196-p143","usgsCitation":"Sandberg, C., and Dreesen, R., 1984, Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation: GSA Special Papers, v. 196, p. 143-178, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE196-p143.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -115.94970703125,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -115.400390625,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -113.115234375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -113.00537109375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -110.72021484375,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 35.40696093270201\n ],\n [\n -105.57861328125,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -111.884765625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -113.04931640625,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -112.43408203124999,\n 38.976492485539396\n ],\n [\n -113.4228515625,\n 37.70120736474139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"196","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreesen, Roland","contributorId":62927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreesen","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013515,"text":"70013515 - 1984 - Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T17:27:49.949424","indexId":"70013515","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa","docAbstract":"Dense biological communities of large epifaunal taxa similar to those found along ridge crest vents at the East Pacific Rise were discovered in the abyssal Gulf of Mexico. These assemblages occur on a passive continental margin at the base of the Florida Escarpment, the interface between the relatively impermeable hemipelagic clays of the distal Mississippi Fan and the jointed Cretaceous limestone of the Florida Platform. The fauna apparently is nourished by sulfide rich hypersaline waters seeping out at near ambient temperatures onto the sea floor.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.226.4677.965","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Hecker, B., Commeau, R., Freeman-Lynde, R.P., Neumann, C., Corso, W., Golubic, S., Hook, J., Sikes, E., and Curray, J., 1984, Biological communities at the Florida Escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa: Science, v. 226, no. 4677, p. 965-967, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4677.965.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"967","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Escarpment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.34024487052253,\n 30.07605910739204\n ],\n [\n -86.34024487052253,\n 25.0903140051866\n ],\n [\n -80.90280590664406,\n 25.0903140051866\n ],\n [\n -80.90280590664406,\n 30.07605910739204\n ],\n [\n -86.34024487052253,\n 30.07605910739204\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"226","issue":"4677","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f165e4b0c8380cd4ac39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hecker, Barbara","contributorId":33843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hecker","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Commeau, R.","contributorId":29954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman-Lynde, R. P.","contributorId":102203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman-Lynde","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neumann, C.","contributorId":26438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neumann","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Corso, W.P.","contributorId":78875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corso","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Golubic, S.","contributorId":20466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golubic","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hook, J.E.","contributorId":9769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sikes, E.","contributorId":91239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sikes","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Curray, J.","contributorId":29955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curray","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70206778,"text":"70206778 - 1984 - Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T13:54:52","indexId":"70206778","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-21T13:43:18","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA","docAbstract":"

Large volumes of water have been pumped from the Central Valley aquifer system since the early 1900's. Water levels in the most heavily pumped areas had declined as much as 120 m by 1970. These large water-level declines resulted in approximately 21,000 hm3 of water released by inelastic compaction of numerous compressible fine-grained deposits. The principal technique used to evaluate the aquifer system was a three-dimensional computer program that solves the basic ground-water flow equation. The program was modified to incorporate water released by inelastic compaction of the fine-grained deposits by making storage a function of hydraulic head. The computer-simulated volume of water released from inelastic compaction for the period from 1961 through 1977 was 6 percent of the estimated volume. The technique could be used in other areas where water is released as a result of inelastic compaction of fine-grained deposits.

","conferenceTitle":" Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"March 19-25, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Venice, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Press","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, Oxfordshire","isbn":"9780947571405","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Williamson, A.K., 1984, Evaluation of a technique for simulating a compacting aquifer system in the Central Valley of California, USA, Land Subsidence: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Venice, Italy, March 19-25, 1984, p. 53-63.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley of California ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 40.73893324113601\n ],\n [\n -123.277587890625,\n 40.39676430557203\n ],\n [\n -119.454345703125,\n 35.074964853989556\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 40.73893324113601\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Alex K.","contributorId":36543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199558,"text":"70199558 - 1984 - Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:19:52","indexId":"70199558","displayToPublicDate":"1984-11-01T16:19:09","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2022,"text":"International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions","docAbstract":"

By a proper treatment of the known boundary conditions of a boundary value problem, a complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) can be used to exactly satisfy the known nodal point boundary values. In this fashion, a numerical model can be developed which generates relative error information along the problem boundary that can be used to reduce the modelling error by either an integrated measure or a maximum relative error measure.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/nme.1620201113","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Guymon, G.L., 1984, Reducing relative error from the CVBEM by proper treatment of the known boundary conditions: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 20, no. 11, p. 2113-2120, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620201113.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2113","endPage":"2120","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"20","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T. V. II","contributorId":76464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T. V.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guymon, Gary L.","contributorId":52059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guymon","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003307,"text":"1003307 - 1984 - Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-01T15:40:45.407075","indexId":"1003307","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"

The association of young-of-the-year northern pike (Esox lucius) with different aquatic plant types (e.g., submerged, emergent, floating) was studied to evaluate the impacts of a potential loss of backwaters on available fish nursery habitats in the upper Mississippi River. Eight biweekly collections were made at each of six representative lentic habitats in Navigation Pool 7. In the spring, average catches of northern pike from areas with submerged vegetation were nearly three times greater than from areas with emergent vegetation, and more than 10 times greater than from an area with no vegetation. This pattern was consistent until late summer, when the young became more common in the more highly oxygenated, less heavily vegetated waters. Food and growth were examined as possible indicators for the selection of areas with submerged vegetation over other habitats. Food varied among fish in the different vegetation types; however, no significant patterns of improved growth or condition were apparent. Young northern pike apparently were successful, opportunistic feeders. Although preference for habitats with submerged vegetation was seemingly not related to food, the overall production of young was clearly best in these habitats.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<514:ROYNPT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holland, L.E., and Huston, M., 1984, Relationship of young-of-the-year northern pike to aquatic vegetation types in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 4, no. 4B, p. 514-522, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1984)4<514:ROYNPT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"522","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi river","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.55990007660549,\n 44.906660690740296\n ],\n [\n -91.43260857118594,\n 42.13319443722958\n ],\n [\n -91.88829429543449,\n 40.8246331112638\n ],\n [\n -90.4055501655566,\n 37.15280968887886\n ],\n [\n -88.8037050864248,\n 37.179001003161034\n ],\n [\n -90.231167774702,\n 40.7368565162695\n ],\n [\n -89.70108624979954,\n 44.00756026263559\n ],\n [\n -92.55990007660549,\n 44.906660690740296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, L. E.","contributorId":104853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huston, M.L.","contributorId":16794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huston","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007700,"text":"1007700 - 1984 - Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:26:39.612472","indexId":"1007700","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3088,"text":"Plant Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii","docAbstract":"

The relationship between malic acid production and carbon assimilation was examined in the submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, Isoetes howellii Engelmann. Under natural conditions free-CO2 level in the water was highest at 0600 hours and 14CO2 assimilation rates in I. howellii were also highest at this time. After 0900 hours there was a similar pattern in (a) rate of free-CO2 depletion from the water, (b) reduction of carbon assimilation rates, and (c) rate of deacidification in leaves. Rates of daytime deacidification increased under CO2-free conditions and as irradiance intensity increased. Nighttime CO2 uptake was estimated to contribute one-third to one-half of the total daily gross carbon assimilation. CO2 uptake, however, accounted for only one-third to one-half of the overnight malic acid accumulation. Internal respiratory CO2 may be a substrate for a large portion of overnight acid accumulation as leaves incubated overnight without CO2 accumulated substantial levels of malic acid. Loss of CAM occurred in emergent leaf tips even though submerged bases continued CAM. Associated with loss of CAM in aerial leaves was an increase in total chlorophyll, a/b ratio, and carotenoids, and a decrease in leaf succulence. δ13C values of I. howellii were not clearly distinguishable from those for associated non-CAM submerged macrophytes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1104/pp.76.2.525","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Busch, G., 1984, Carbon assimilation characteristics of the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii: Plant Physiology, v. 76, no. 2, p. 525-530, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.2.525.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"530","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.2.525","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busch, G.","contributorId":18717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013767,"text":"70013767 - 1984 - Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T17:16:16.624115","indexId":"70013767","displayToPublicDate":"1984-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"

A groundwater hydraulic management model is used to identify the optimal strategy for allocating limited fresh-water supplies and containing wastes in a hypothetical aquifer affected by brine contamination from surface disposal ponds. The present cost of pumping from a network of potential supply and interception wells is minimized over a five-year planning period, subject to a set of hydraulic, institutional, and legal constraints. Hydraulic constraints are formulated using linear systems theory to describe drawdown and velocity variables as linear functions of supply and interception well discharge decision variables. Successful validation of the optimal management strategy suggests that the model formulation can feasibly be applied to define management options for locally contaminated aquifer systems which are used to fulfill fresh-water demands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04758.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Colarullo, S., Heidari, M., and Maddock, T., 1984, Identification of an optimal groundwater management strategy in a contaminated aquifer: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 20, no. 5, p. 747-760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04758.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"760","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503473,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192000","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3822e4b0c8380cd6145d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colarullo, S.J. 0000-0003-4504-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-0068","contributorId":96104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colarullo","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heidari, M.","contributorId":26430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidari","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maddock, T. III","contributorId":56107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199548,"text":"70199548 - 1984 - Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T14:50:04.105169","indexId":"70199548","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T15:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5748,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"

This paper considers industry structure and the exploration performance (by size class of operator) of firms searching for oil and gas in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. It also tracks the changes in industry structure that have occurred in response to a decline in the quality of remaining prospects in the area. Data presented indicate that because vertically integrated majors dominated in exploration in the early years of the Gulf of Mexico exploration history, they were able to discover 86% of the total hydrocarbons discovered through 1975. However, the data also show a dynamic relationship between the structure of the industry operating in an area and the quality of remaining prospects. The relative share of both credited discoveries and wildcat wells of nonmajor operators has increased as exploration in the gulf proceeded. For example, in state-owned waters from 1951 to 1955, major inns accounted for 85% of all wildcat wells drilled, whereas from 1971 to 1975 these firms accounted for only 30% of the wildcat wells. During these same two periods in the federal Gulf of Mexico, the majors' share of wildcats fell from 98% to 70%.

","doi":"10.2118/11152-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Drew, L.J., 1984, Offshore exploration and industry change: The case of the Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 437-442, https://doi.org/10.2118/11152-PA.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"442","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L. J.","contributorId":118947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120681,"text":"70120681 - 1984 - The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T13:39:35","indexId":"70120681","displayToPublicDate":"1984-09-01T13:35:20","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2225,"text":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity","docAbstract":"

Displaced juvenile alligators, Alligator mississipiensis, were released on land in a 9 m diameter dodecagonal arena to test their ability to orient in the absence of terrestrial landmarks. Navigational ability seemed to improve with age. When displaced along a fairly direct route yearlings (age 7–14 months) compensated for their displacement, moving in the direction from the arena to their home sites. When displaced by a circuitous route, yearlings failed to compensate for their displacement, exhibiting instead simple compass orientation in a direction that would have returned them to water had they been released on land near the site where they were captured. The older juveniles were oriented in a homeward direction under all displacement and test conditions.

\n
\n

The latter animals may have been using geomagnetic map information to select their homeward directions as the errors in their homeward bearings correlated with small deviations in the geomagnetic field's dip angle at the time of the test (1980r s=−0.6047,P=0.0131, all testsr s= −0.4652,P=0.0084). This effect appeared to depend on a very short-term assessment of geomagnetic conditions, as values measured 20 min before or 30 min after the tests began did not correlate with the directions the animals moved. The older juveniles appeared to use magnetically quiet hours on the night of their capture as the baseline from which to measure the geomagnetic deviations that occurred at the time of the arena test. The magnitude of the magnetic effect in the older animals suggests that the geomagnetic information may have been used to perform a ‘map’ step, as small fluctuations in dip angle correlated with much larger deviations in homeward bearings. In addition, the compass-oriented yearlings and the seemingly route-based behavior of the homeward-oriented yearlings did not appear to be influenced by geomagnetic conditions. These findings have many parallels in results obtained from bird orientation studies, providing evidence that navigation may share a common basis in different vertebrate groups.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF01350218","usgsCitation":"Rodda, G.H., 1984, The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity: Journal of Comparative Physiology A, v. 154, no. 5, p. 649-658, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01350218.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292309,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01350218"}],"volume":"154","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ef1ed8e4b0bfa1f993f01c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodda, Gordon H. roddag@usgs.gov","contributorId":3196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"Gordon","email":"roddag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007753,"text":"1007753 - 1984 - Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:19:41.772327","indexId":"1007753","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots","docAbstract":"

Photosynthetic organs of most higher plants normally have access to atmospheric CO2 through stomatal pores which also serve as variable valves to control the loss of H2O vapour which accompanies CO2 uptake1. The acquisition of stomata is commonly thought to have been a crucial development permitting ‘conquest’ of land and direct access of plants to atmospheric CO2. Only in desert stem succulents during drought do stomata remain so tightly closed in the light that the photosynthetic tissues are dependent on internal CO2 generated through the photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism2. Functional stomata are absent in submerged aquatic plants and in non-vascular land plants (for example, mosses) which are normally covered by a water film. Although it is now clearly established that some aquatic plants assimilate large amounts of CO2 from the sediment via roots3–5, terrestrial plants are thought to assimilate only insignificant amounts of CO2 via this path6. Here we report on a terrestrial plant, Stylites andicola, which lacks stomata and is unable to exchange gas with the aerial atmosphere. Rather, it derives nearly all of its photosynthetic carbon through its roots. In addition, this species possesses characteristics of crassulacean acid metabolism.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/310694a0","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., Osmond, C., and Raven, J., 1984, Stylites, a vascular land plant without stomata absorbs CO2 via its roots: Nature, v. 310, p. 694-695, https://doi.org/10.1038/310694a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"695","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osmond, C.B.","contributorId":108061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmond","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raven, J.A.","contributorId":83477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raven","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}