{"pageNumber":"2067","pageRowStart":"51650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68919,"records":[{"id":70175439,"text":"70175439 - 1984 - Reply [to “Comment on ‘The Interaction of Lakes With Variably Saturated Porous Media’ by Thomas C. Winter”]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:29:28","indexId":"70175439","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-16T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply [to “Comment on ‘The Interaction of Lakes With Variably Saturated Porous Media’ by Thomas C. Winter”]","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i008p01166","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1984, Reply [to “Comment on ‘The Interaction of Lakes With Variably Saturated Porous Media’ by Thomas C. Winter”]: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 8, p. 1166-1166, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i008p01166.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1166","endPage":"1166","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ada1ebe4b0f412a62dfaca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70013809,"text":"70013809 - 1984 - Sinking of volcanic ash in uncompacted sediment in Williams Lake, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-17T16:53:03.564208","indexId":"70013809","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sinking of volcanic ash in uncompacted sediment in Williams Lake, Washington","docAbstract":"Volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 fell into Williams Lake in eastern Washington and was temporarily suspended at the sediment-water interface. After several months of compaction, the ash layer broke up and sank into lower density uncompacted lake sediment. Stratigraphic time displacements of several hundred years and a failure to recognize discontinuous ash layers in sediment cores are possible consequences of this process.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.225.4661.505","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Nuhfer, E., and Dean, W., 1984, Sinking of volcanic ash in uncompacted sediment in Williams Lake, Washington: Science, v. 225, no. 4661, p. 505-508, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4661.505.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"508","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.71303740955221,\n              47.336647953925194\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71303740955221,\n              47.31700552527329\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.66661224970237,\n              47.31700552527329\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.66661224970237,\n              47.336647953925194\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.71303740955221,\n              47.336647953925194\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"225","issue":"4661","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e9e4b08c986b3196d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuhfer, E.B.","contributorId":89281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuhfer","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013885,"text":"70013885 - 1984 - Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:20:39.205594","indexId":"70013885","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction","docAbstract":"<p>Wave-formed sedimentary structures can be powerful interpretive tools because they reflect not only the velocity and direction of the oscillatory currents, but also the length of the horizontal component of orbital motion and the presence of velocity asymmetry within the flow. Several of these aspects can be related through standard wave theories to combinations of wave dimensions and water depth that have definable natural limits. For a particular grain size, threshold of particle movement and that of conversion from a rippled to flat bed indicate flow-velocity limits. The ratio of ripple spacing to grain size provides an estimate of the length of the near-bottom orbital motion. The degree of velocity asymmetry is related to the asymmetry of the bedforms, though it presently cannot be estimated with confidence. A plot of water depth versus wave height (h-H diagram) provides a convenient approach for showing the combination of wave parameters and water depths capable of generating any particular structure in sand of a given grain size. Natural limits on wave height and inferences or assumptions regarding either water depth or wave period based on geologic evidence allow refinement of the paleoenvironmental reconstruction. The assumptions and the degree of approximation involved in the different techniques impose significant constraints. Inferences based on wave-formed structures are most reliable when they are drawn in the context of other evidence such as the association of sedimentary features or progradational sequences.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90149-X","usgsCitation":"Clifton, H.E., and Dingler, J.R., 1984, Wave-formed structures and paleoenvironmental reconstruction: Marine Geology, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 165-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90149-X.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9ae4b08c986b32e9cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, H. Edward","contributorId":46503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dingler, John R.","contributorId":55795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013884,"text":"70013884 - 1984 - Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:31:49.541187","indexId":"70013884","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume","docAbstract":"<p><span>Oxygen isotope analyses of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers from low and middle latitude sites in the Atlantic Basin show that different species from the same samples can yield significantly different isotopic values. The range of isotopic values observed between species is greatest at low-latitudes and declines poleward. Many planktonic foraminifers exhibit a systematic isotopic ranking with respect to each other and can therefore be grouped on the basis of their isotopic ranking. The isotopic ranking of some taxa, however, appears to vary geographically and/or through time.</span></p><p><span>Isotopic and paleontologic data from DSDP Site 522 indicate that commonly used isotopic temperature scales underestimate Oligocene sea surface temperatures. We suggest these temperature scales require revision to reflect the presence of Oligocene glaciation. Comparison of isotopic and paleontologic data from Sites 522, 511 and 277 suggests cold, low-salinity surface waters were present in high southern latitudes during the early Oligocene. Low-salinity, high latitude surface waters could be caused by Eocene/Oligocene paleogeography or by the production of warm saline bottom water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(84)90007-0","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., and Matthews, R., 1984, Oxygen isotope ranking of late Eocene and Oligocene planktonic foraminifers: Implications for Oligocene sea-surface temperatures and global ice-volume: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 111-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(84)90007-0.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a729be4b0c8380cd76bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthews, R.K.","contributorId":87295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013972,"text":"70013972 - 1984 - Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:27:40.442325","indexId":"70013972","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany","docAbstract":"<p><span>A study of the East Frisian Islands has shown that the plan form of these islands can be explained by processes of inlet sediment bypassing. This island chain is located on a high wave energy, high tide range shoreline where the average deep-water significant wave height exceeds 1.0 m and the spring tidal range varies from 2.7 m at Juist to 2.9 m at Wangerooge. An abundant sediment supply and a strong eastward component of wave power (4.4 × 10</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;W m</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) have caused a persistent eastward growth of the barrier islands. The eastward extension of the barriers has been accommodated more by inlet narrowing, than by inlet migration.</span></p><p><span>It is estimated from morphological evidence that a minimum of 2.7 × 10<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;of sand is delivered to the inlets each year via the easterly longshore transport system. Much of this sand ultimately bypasses the inlets in the form of large, migrating swash bars. The location where the swash bars attach to the beach is controlled by the amount of overlap of the ebb-tidal delta along the downdrift inlet shoreline. The configuration of the ebb-tidal delta, in turn, is a function of inlet size and position of the main ebb channel. The swash bar welding process has caused preferential beach nourishment and historical shoreline progradation. Along the East Frisian Islands this process has produced barrier islands with humpbacked, bulbous updrift and bulbous downdrift shapes. The model of barrier island development presented in this paper not only explains well the configuration of the German barriers but also the morphology of barriers along many other mixed energy coasts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90157-9","usgsCitation":"FitzGerald, D.M., Penland, S., and Nummedal, D., 1984, Control of barrier island shape by inlet sediment bypassing: East Frisian Islands, West Germany: Marine Geology, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 355-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90157-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226194,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Germany","otherGeospatial":"East Frisian Islands","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[9.92191,54.9831],[9.93958,54.59664],[10.95011,54.36361],[10.93947,54.00869],[11.95625,54.19649],[12.51844,54.47037],[13.64747,54.07551],[14.11969,53.75703],[14.35332,53.24817],[14.07452,52.98126],[14.4376,52.62485],[14.68503,52.08995],[14.6071,51.74519],[15.017,51.10667],[14.57072,51.00234],[14.30701,51.11727],[14.05623,50.92692],[13.33813,50.73323],[12.96684,50.48408],[12.24011,50.26634],[12.41519,49.96912],[12.52102,49.54742],[13.03133,49.30707],[13.59595,48.87717],[13.24336,48.41611],[12.8841,48.28915],[13.02585,47.63758],[12.93263,47.46765],[12.62076,47.67239],[12.14136,47.70308],[11.42641,47.52377],[10.5445,47.5664],[10.40208,47.30249],[9.89607,47.5802],[9.59423,47.52506],[8.52261,47.83083],[8.3173,47.61358],[7.46676,47.62058],[7.59368,48.33302],[8.09928,49.01778],[6.65823,49.20196],[6.18632,49.4638],[6.24275,49.90223],[6.04307,50.12805],[6.15666,50.80372],[5.98866,51.85162],[6.5894,51.85203],[6.84287,52.22844],[7.09205,53.14404],[6.90514,53.48216],[7.10042,53.69393],[7.93624,53.7483],[8.12171,53.52779],[8.80073,54.02079],[8.57212,54.39565],[8.52623,54.96274],[9.28205,54.83087],[9.92191,54.9831]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Germany\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fb3fe4b0c8380cd4dd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"FitzGerald, Duncan M.","contributorId":48077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"Duncan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, S.","contributorId":58778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nummedal, D.","contributorId":56374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nummedal","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70014059,"text":"70014059 - 1984 - Tidal-cycle changes in oscillation ripples on the inner part of an estuarine sand flat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T17:41:57.76612","indexId":"70014059","displayToPublicDate":"1984-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal-cycle changes in oscillation ripples on the inner part of an estuarine sand flat","docAbstract":"<p>Oscillation ripples form on subaqueous sand beds when wave-generated, near-bottom water motions are strong enough to move sand grains. The threshold of grain motion is the lower bound of the regime of oscillation ripples and the onset of sheet flow is the upper bound. Based on the relation between ripple spacing and orbital diameter, three types of symmetrical ripples occur within the ripple regime. In the lower part of the ripple regime (orbital ripples), spacing is proportional to orbital diameter; in the upper part (anorbital ripples) spacing is independent of orbital diameter. Between these regions occurs a transitional region (suborbital ripples). </p><p>Oscillation ripples develop on a sandy tidal flat in Willapa Bay, Washington, as a result of waves traversing the area when it is submerged. Because wave energy is usually low within the bay, the ripples are primarily orbital in type. This means that their spacing should respond in a systematic way to changes in wave conditions. During the high-water parts of some tidal cycles, ripples near the beach decrease in spacing during the latter stage of the ebb tide while ripples farther offshore do not change. Observations made over several tidal cycles show that the zone of active ripples shifts on- or offshore in response to different wave conditions. </p><p>Detailed bed profiles and current measurements taken during the high-water part of spring tides show the manner in which the oscillation ripples change with changes in orbital diameter. Changes in ripple spacing at the study site could be correlated with changes in orbital diameter in the manner suggested by the criterion for orbital ripples. However, there appeared to be a lag time between a decrease in orbital diameter and the corresponding decrease in ripple spacing. Absence of change during a tidal cycle could be attributed to orbital velocities below the threshold for grain motion that negated the effects of changes in orbital diameter. </p><p>Because changes in sand-flat ripples depend both upon changes in orbital diameter and upon the magnitude of the orbital velocity, exposed ripples were not necessarily produced during the preceding high tide. In fact, some ripples may have been just produced, while others, farther offshore, may have been produced an unknown number of tides earlier. Therefore, when interpreting past wave conditions over tidal flats from low-tide ripples, one must remember that wave periods have to be short enough to produce velocities greater than the threshold velocity for the orbital diameters calculated from the observed ripple spacings.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(84)90151-8","usgsCitation":"Dingler, J., and Clifton, H., 1984, Tidal-cycle changes in oscillation ripples on the inner part of an estuarine sand flat: Marine Geology, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 219-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(84)90151-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"233","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.01811915856544,\n              46.6848919713197\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01811915856544,\n              46.59574247061727\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.9197708611531,\n              46.59574247061727\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.9197708611531,\n              46.6848919713197\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01811915856544,\n              46.6848919713197\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb37fe4b08c986b325e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingler, J.R.","contributorId":64247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clifton, H.E.","contributorId":44151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175961,"text":"wri844188A - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175961,"text":"wri844188A - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","indexId":"wri844188A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:11:01","indexId":"wri844188A","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey has begun a research project to improve understanding of the mobilization, transport, and fate of petroleum contaminants in the shallow subsurface and to use this understanding to develop predictive models of contaminant behavior. </p><p>The project site is near Bemidji in northern Minnesota where an accidental spill of 10,500 barrels of crude oil occurred when a pipeline broke on August 20, 1979. Regulatory and remedial actions have been completed. The site is in a remote area with neither man-made hydraulic stresses nor other anthropogenic sources of the compounds of interest. The spill is in the recharge area of a local flow system that discharges to a small closed lake approximately 1,000 feet down the hydraulic gradient. The aquifer is pitted outwash dissected by younger glacial channels and is underlain by poorly permeable till at a depth of about 80 feet. Ground water dissolves oil floating on the water table under the spill site and moves toward the lake. At the water table, ground water enters the lake through lacustrine sediments; at depth, flow may be underneath the lake through the outwash. Contaminant transport has been as rapid as 4 feet per day based on the rate of movement of contaminants monitored through wells installed within a few days of the spill, but average rates are undoubtedly much less.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188A","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site- An introduction: Chapter A in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188A.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.094444,\n              47.576389\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.094444,\n              47.569444\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.083333,\n              47.569444\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.083333,\n              47.576389\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.094444,\n              47.576389\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73dde4b03fd6b7df2cfb"}
,{"id":70039255,"text":"70039255 - 1984 - National Cartographic Information Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039255","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T13:53:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"National Cartographic Information Center","docAbstract":"The National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC) exists to help you find maps of all kinds and much of the data and materials used to compile and to print them. NCIC collects, sorts and describes all types of cartographic information from Federal, State and local government agencies and, where possible, from private companies in the mapping business. It is the public's primary source for cartographic information. (See partial list of Federal agencies and their map and other cartographic products.)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039255","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, National Cartographic Information Center: General Information Product, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039255.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261487,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039255/report.pdf"},{"id":261488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039255/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6198e4b0c8380cd71a5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70120846,"text":"70120846 - 1984 - Responses of wintering bald eagles to boating activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-18T09:04:55","indexId":"70120846","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T08:59:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Responses of wintering bald eagles to boating activity","docAbstract":"Wintering populations of bald eagles show a close association with open water (Spencer 1976, Steenhof 1978).  With the dramatic increase in the use of waterways for recreational activity in recent decades (Brockman and Merriam 1973, Jensen 1973), concern has arisen regarding the effects of boating activity on wintering eagles (Stalmaster 1980).  Boating activity can be detrimental because it disrupts feeding activity and affects large areas in short periods of time (Skagen 1980, Stalmaster 1980).  Disturbance may result in increased energy expenditures due to avoidance flights and decreased energy intake due to interference with feeding activity (Stalmaster 1980).  In this paper we examine flushing responses and flight distances of wintering bald eagles to a canoe of two adjacent rivers with widely disparate levels of boating activity.  We examine individual and interactive effects of eagle age, behavior, and social grouping.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3801456","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Knight, S.K., 1984, Responses of wintering bald eagles to boating activity: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 3, p. 999-1004, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801456.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"1004","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292357,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801456"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fece4b033341871894f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Richard L.","contributorId":46014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Susan K.","contributorId":22699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1007788,"text":"1007788 - 1984 - Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T16:18:19.009515","indexId":"1007788","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2893,"text":"Northeast Gulf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>A review of historical and recent records of manatee (</span><i>Trichechus manatus</i><span>) sightings along the coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico indicates that their numbers have declined in Texas, but increased in Louisiana and Mississippi. This is due to their extirpation in Mexico and dramatic increase along the southern Big Bend coast of northwestern peninsular Florida. The distribution of manatees along the southern Big Bend coast is related to their need for warm water and the distribution of fresh water and submerged aquatic and marine food plants. The spring-fed headwaters of Crystal and Homosassa rivers are important warm water winter refuges; nearly 90% of the same individuals return each winter. The estuaries and grass beds associated with these two rivers and the Suwannee, Withlacoochee, and Chasshowitzka rivers are the principal summer habitats. The Suwannee and Crystal rivers are \"high-use\" rivers, whereas the other three are \"low-use\" rivers. Low human-caused mortality, high fecundity, some immigration, and high site fidelity are responsible for the increasing numbers of manatees using the southern Big Bend coast. Since this region of Florida has experienced relatively little development compared with the rest of the state, the best long-term future for this endangered marine mammal in the United States lies along the southern Big Bend coast.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Southern Mississippi","doi":"10.18785/negs.0701.01","usgsCitation":"Powell, J.A., and Rathbun, G.B., 1984, Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico: Northeast Gulf Science, v. 7, no. 1, p. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.18785/negs.0701.01.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487353,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.18785/negs.0701.01","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.98592346769641,\n              28.498746302439358\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.67854610938294,\n              27.602908161538153\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.89786006663823,\n              26.38394540204125\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.04055547073492,\n              27.385682864811955\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4540744838318,\n              28.866038193219893\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.89337025486425,\n              30.54395034408816\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4536766587143,\n              30.576535077618825\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.27482153856029,\n              30.264837452685704\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.09596641840628,\n              29.95313982775258\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.30150346948159,\n              29.9019160676556\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.98592346769641,\n              28.498746302439358\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1984-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a073","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, J. A.","contributorId":69916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001342,"text":"1001342 - 1984 - Organochlorine contaminants in California waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T15:55:54.408383","indexId":"1001342","displayToPublicDate":"1984-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine contaminants in California waterfowl","docAbstract":"<p>Concern has been expressed that the extensive use of organochlorine pesticides in California may be exposing waterfowl to hazardous contaminant levels. The objectives of our study were to: (1) determine concentrations of organochlorines in northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) from five important waterfowl wintering areas in California; (2) compare concentrations of organochlorines in selected species with emphasis on relationships to their diets; and (3) determine the relationship between concentrations of organochlorines in wings and carcasses of pintails. In the 1980-81 hunting season, we obtained wings of pintails, canvasbacks (<i>Aythya valisineria</i>), and lesser scaups (<i>A. affinis</i>) from the Pacific Flyway survey of waterfowl productivity, and we collected additional pintails and northern shovelers (<i>Anas clypeata</i>) in the Sacramento Valley. Concentrations of all compounds in pintail wings were below 1 ppm (wet weight), but residues were higher in wings from pintails shot late in the hunting season than early in the season, suggesting that accumulation of chemicals occurs while ducks are wintering in California. Highest concentrations were found in pintails from the southern regions and lowest in those from the northern regions of the state. DDE was significantly higher in males than in females. Wings of diving ducks were too few to enable statistical comparisons. Carcasses of shovelers contained residues of a wide array of organochlorines and significantly (P &lt; 0.001) higher mean concentrations of DDE (0.68 ppm) than did pintails (0.12 ppm) collected at the same time and place. On a wet-weight basis, concentrations of DDE and DDT in the wings of pintails were about half those in the carcasses. Overall, concentrations of organochlorines were relatively low in all species and probably would have no effect on population survival or reproduction. However, some individuals contained elevated and possibly harmful levels of certain chemicals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801433","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., and Miller, M.R., 1984, Organochlorine contaminants in California waterfowl: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 3, p. 867-877, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801433.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"867","endPage":"877","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a980","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, Harry M.","contributorId":60291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221969,"text":"5221969 - 1984 - Contaminants in wood stork eggs and their effects on reproduction, Florida, 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:45:54.026531","indexId":"5221969","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in wood stork eggs and their effects on reproduction, Florida, 1982","docAbstract":"One egg was removed from five Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) nests at each of eight colonies in central and northern Florida in 1982. DDE and mercury were present in all eggs with concentrations ranging up to 9.4 and 0.73 ppm wet weight, respectively. PCBs were detected in 25 eggs (63%) with a high value of 3.5 ppm. Other organochlorine compounds occurred in less than 30% of the eggs. Contaminant concentrations were remarkably similar among colonies. Overall, DDE and PCB concentrations were significantly less (P < 0.05) in Wood Stork eggs collected in Florida in 1982 vs. those collected in 1973.\t      DDE was negatively correlated with eggshell thickness (r = -0.48  P <.0.01). Eggshell thickness was greater in 1982 than it was during the period 1967-73 (P.< 0.09) but was still 4.3% less than in eggs collected before 1947 (P < 0.05).      Eggs from nests with less than 100% hatching success were linked with higher DDE concentrations (2.92 ppm vs 1.01; P = 0.09), but contaminants showed no significant link to fledging success. Although it is possible that a few individuals may have been affected by DDE, we found no evidence that organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, or mercury were significantly depressing Wood Stork populations.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521086","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., Rodgers, J., and Stafford, C.J., 1984, Contaminants in wood stork eggs and their effects on reproduction, Florida, 1982: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 7, no. 1, p. 88-93, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521086.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70175808,"text":"70175808 - 1984 - Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:16:32","indexId":"70175808","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-12T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods","docAbstract":"<p>Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age in the Hollandale embayment in southeastern Minnesota are as much as 2,000 feet thick and, with the underlying Hinckley sandstone of Proterozoic age, comprise the following five layered aquifers (beginning with the oldest): the Mount Simon-Hinckley, Ironton-Galesville, Prairie du Chien-Jordan, St. Peter and Upper Carbonate. Many of the Paleozoic formations show transitional facies changes from a deep marine depositional environment in the middle of the embayment to a near shore environment along the periphery. Borehole natural-gamma logs were collected to investigate the effects of regional lithologic changes on the hydrology of the Ironton-Galesville, Prairie du Chien-Jordan and St. Peter aquifers.</p>\n<p>Interpretation of natural-gamma logs shows that a fine-grained sandstone at the base of the Galesville sandstone (basal part of the Ironton-Galesville aquifer) thickens toward the central part of the embayment, which may account for the decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the Ironton-Galesville aquifer in that direction.</p>\n<p>The Jordan sandstone, which underlies the Prairie du Chien Group, consists of three members in southeastern Minnesota: the basal Norwalk member, a silty, fine-grained sandstone; the middle Van Oser member, a coarse- to medium-grained quartzose sandstone; and the upper Sunset Point member, a clayey dolomitic sandstone. The Norwalk and Van Oser members were identified by interpretation of natural-gamma logs. Hydraulic conductivity of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer generally is highest in the Twin City basin (50 feet per day) where the Van Oser is the predominant member; it is lowest to the east and southeast (25 feet per day) where the Norwalk member thickens.</p>\n<p>Interpretation of natural-gamma logs indicates that the shaley and silty sandstones that comprise the basal St. Peter confining bed, which separates the St. Peter and Prairie du Chien aquifers, are as much as 80 feet thick in the Twin City basin, but are absent in the southern part of the embayment. Differences in potentiometric head across the basal St. Peter are about 30 feet in the Twin City basin where the confining bed is present but only 5 to 10 feet to the south where the confining bed is absent and where the St. Peter aquifer directly overlies the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Investigations","conferenceDate":"February 7-9, 1984","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, Texas","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association/Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., 1984, Areal lithologic changes in bedrock aquifers in southeastern Minnesota as determined from natural-gamma borehole logs methods, Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Investigations, San Antonio, Texas, February 7-9, 1984, p. 788-800.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"788","endPage":"800","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water 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,{"id":70175429,"text":"70175429 - 1984 - The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:17:11","indexId":"70175429","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-12T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods","docAbstract":"<p>Buried-drift aquifers are stratified sand and (or) gravel aquifers in glacial deposits that cannot be seen or inferred at the land surface. During the Pleistocene Epoch, four continental glaciations advanced and retreated across Minnesota, blanketing the bedrock surface with drift as much as 700 feet thick (fig. 1). Most of the drift consists of till, an unsorted, un-stratified mixture of clay silt, sand, and gravel that usually is not considered to be an aquifer. Permeable, stratified sand and gravel, deposited as outwash, alluvium, and (or) ice-contact deposits usually during an earlier glacial episode and subsequently covered (buried) with till, form the buried-drift aquifers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/70175429","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., 1984, The study of buried drift aquifers in Minnesota by seismic geophysical methods: Open-File Report, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70175429.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, L. C.","contributorId":21162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185602,"text":"70185602 - 1984 - Reply [to “Comment on ‘Identifying sources of groundwater pollution: An optimization approach’ by Steven M. Gorelick, Barbara Evans, and Irwin Remson”]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T19:45:12","indexId":"70185602","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply [to “Comment on ‘Identifying sources of groundwater pollution: An optimization approach’ by Steven M. Gorelick, Barbara Evans, and Irwin Remson”]","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i006p00745","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., Evans, B., and Remson, I., 1984, Reply [to “Comment on ‘Identifying sources of groundwater pollution: An optimization approach’ by Steven M. Gorelick, Barbara Evans, and Irwin Remson”]: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 6, p. 745-745, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i006p00745.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"745","endPage":"745","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d6303de4b05ec79913110b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Barbara","contributorId":189808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Remson, Irwin","contributorId":89115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013349,"text":"70013349 - 1984 - Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:32:26.219875","indexId":"70013349","displayToPublicDate":"1984-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe","docAbstract":"Two parallel metallic rods were used as a wave guide to measure the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of soils having different electrical conductivities but the same water content. Measurements showed that the two parameters were sufficiently independent to permit simultaneous determinations of water content and bulk electrical conductivity.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4652.989","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dalton, F., Herkelrath, W., Rawlins, D., and Rhoades, J., 1984, Time-domain reflectometry: Simultaneous measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity with a single probe: Science, v. 224, no. 4652, p. 989-990, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4652.989.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"990","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","issue":"4652","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3c2e4b08c986b325fac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalton, F.N.","contributorId":58283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"F.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rawlins, D.S.","contributorId":10152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawlins","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhoades, J.D.","contributorId":91623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhoades","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70210052,"text":"70210052 - 1984 - Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:04:49.259917","indexId":"70210052","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-12T12:10:01","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\">Comparison of several aspects of surface and underground methods of mining for large-scale oil shale extraction in the Piceance Creek Basin suggests that surface mining techniques may have several advantages over underground methods. For a production level of one million barrels of shale oil per day, potential advantages include those related to economics, environmental effects, and the overall national interest. One million barrels of shale oil per day could be produced from 2-3 large surface mines compared to perhaps 10-20 large underground mines. Fewer surface mines would result in: (1) fewer roads and utility corridors, (2) less acres disturbed per barrel of oil pro duced, (3) reduced detrimental effects on ground water and surface water, (4) less wildlife distur bance, (5) a safer overall operation, (6) a greater opportunity to achieve stable long-term land and water reclamation, (7) potential economic advantages related to scale and materials handling, and (8) a three- to five-fold increase in resource recovery. Advantages to underground (including modified in situ [MIS]) mines include: (1) more flexibility of mine siting, (2) mining and handling a minimum of waste rock, and (3) simplified ore grade control for processing.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"17th oil shale symposium proceedings","conferenceDate":"April 16-18, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado ","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Miller, G., Dyni, J.R., and Dietz, D., 1984, Brief comparison of some technological and environmental aspects of large-scale surface and underground mining of oil shale, Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, <i>in</i> 17th oil shale symposium proceedings, v. 17, Golden, Colorado , April 16-18, 1984, p. 269-278.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.60009765625,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.643135583312805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.8690185546875,\n              40.03182061333687\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, G.A.","contributorId":107671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyni, John R. jdyni@usgs.gov","contributorId":756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"John","email":"jdyni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":788930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietz, D.R.","contributorId":105830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietz","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70170350,"text":"70170350 - 1984 - Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:32:52","indexId":"70170350","displayToPublicDate":"1984-05-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">An urban wetland in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area was found to retain sediment and nutrient loads in runoff routed through the wetland. Sediment and nutrient loads in runoff were measured during 1982 at the inlet and outlet of the 6.4-bectare urban wetland. Comparison of annual loads entering and leaving the wetland showed that retention of incoming loads in the wetland was 97 percent of nonvolatile suspended solids, 76 percent of volatile suspended solids, 48 percent of total phosphorus, 4 percent of dissolved phosphorus, 3 percent of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 1 percent of total ammonia nitrogen, and 47 percent of total organic nitrogen. Flow volume was increased on an annual average basis by 5 percent between the wetland inlet and oulet. Most retention of sediment and nutrient loads occurred between late April and mid-July.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">Retention of sediment and nutrient loads in the wetland was associated with sedimentation processes. Dissolved nutrients generally were not retained in the wetland because the residence time of water passing through was not long enough for removal by biological processes. Effectiveness of the wetland in retaining sediment and nutrient loads in runoff varies annually. Long-term and short-term impacts of the retention of sediment and nutrients in the wetland on wetland flora and fauna are unknown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/BF03160493","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1984, Effects of an urban wetland on sediment and nutrient loads in runoff: Wetlands, v. 4, no. 1, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160493.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Twin Cities Metropolitan Area","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.5093,45.4163],[-93.1289,45.4153],[-93.0186,45.4131],[-93.0188,45.2984],[-92.7894,45.297],[-92.7439,45.2963],[-92.7516,45.2935],[-92.7551,45.2927],[-92.7583,45.2904],[-92.7597,45.2872],[-92.7604,45.2845],[-92.7591,45.2794],[-92.7559,45.2739],[-92.7527,45.2694],[-92.7515,45.2657],[-92.7526,45.2626],[-92.7535,45.2584],[-92.7561,45.2541],[-92.7575,45.2502],[-92.7569,45.2443],[-92.7557,45.2397],[-92.7553,45.2356],[-92.7538,45.2305],[-92.7536,45.2276],[-92.7521,45.2236],[-92.752,45.2196],[-92.7527,45.2168],[-92.7546,45.2136],[-92.7573,45.2107],[-92.7603,45.2065],[-92.7619,45.2041],[-92.7632,45.2009],[-92.7637,45.1972],[-92.764,45.1895],[-92.7629,45.1853],[-92.7557,45.178],[-92.7522,45.1759],[-92.7493,45.173],[-92.748,45.1698],[-92.7472,45.1634],[-92.7483,45.1597],[-92.7475,45.1551],[-92.7473,45.1515],[-92.7484,45.1483],[-92.749,45.1419],[-92.7484,45.1373],[-92.7441,45.1264],[-92.7415,45.1172],[-92.7422,45.1135],[-92.7446,45.11],[-92.7467,45.1076],[-92.7513,45.1045],[-92.7591,45.0999],[-92.7624,45.0972],[-92.7803,45.0849],[-92.7847,45.083],[-92.7885,45.0806],[-92.7917,45.0791],[-92.795,45.0772],[-92.7982,45.0746],[-92.8001,45.0723],[-92.8019,45.0647],[-92.8016,45.0597],[-92.8005,45.0567],[-92.7984,45.0531],[-92.7952,45.0499],[-92.7926,45.0481],[-92.7881,45.0453],[-92.7837,45.0421],[-92.7745,45.0373],[-92.7707,45.0344],[-92.7683,45.0325],[-92.7645,45.0265],[-92.7639,45.0237],[-92.7639,45.0196],[-92.7682,45.0005],[-92.7694,44.9909],[-92.7686,44.9796],[-92.7646,44.9711],[-92.7547,44.9571],[-92.7527,44.9527],[-92.7523,44.9481],[-92.753,44.9369],[-92.7534,44.9237],[-92.7547,44.9159],[-92.7569,44.9105],[-92.7606,44.9068],[-92.7645,44.9046],[-92.767,44.9039],[-92.7707,44.9023],[-92.7729,44.901],[-92.775,44.8982],[-92.7738,44.8933],[-92.7689,44.8848],[-92.7632,44.8759],[-92.7628,44.8716],[-92.763,44.8671],[-92.7644,44.8622],[-92.7682,44.8554],[-92.7683,44.853],[-92.7671,44.8494],[-92.7652,44.8462],[-92.7646,44.8423],[-92.7644,44.8382],[-92.766,44.8308],[-92.7679,44.8265],[-92.7719,44.8211],[-92.7751,44.8161],[-92.7784,44.8125],[-92.7801,44.8095],[-92.781,44.8056],[-92.7823,44.8029],[-92.783,44.7966],[-92.7858,44.7893],[-92.7909,44.7842],[-92.7993,44.7765],[-92.802,44.7729],[-92.8046,44.7683],[-92.8059,44.7624],[-92.8073,44.7524],[-92.8061,44.7483],[-92.8054,44.7473],[-92.8022,44.7446],[-92.7901,44.7381],[-92.7805,44.7344],[-92.7722,44.7317],[-92.7658,44.7289],[-92.7569,44.7234],[-92.7536,44.7226],[-92.7471,44.7204],[-92.7415,44.7192],[-92.7339,44.7157],[-92.737,44.658],[-92.7386,44.6329],[-92.7957,44.6305],[-92.7915,44.5452],[-92.9165,44.5449],[-92.9179,44.5221],[-92.9218,44.518],[-92.9282,44.5158],[-92.9321,44.513],[-92.941,44.5149],[-92.9449,44.5131],[-92.9494,44.5104],[-92.9584,44.514],[-92.9634,44.5177],[-92.975,44.5159],[-92.9827,44.5173],[-92.991,44.5215],[-93.0057,44.5197],[-93.0121,44.5175],[-93.0166,44.5166],[-93.0275,44.5198],[-93.0301,44.5148],[-93.0346,44.5148],[-93.039,44.5171],[-93.0406,44.4729],[-93.2826,44.473],[-93.2798,44.546],[-93.5259,44.5466],[-93.9091,44.5446],[-93.9117,44.5492],[-93.9078,44.5528],[-93.9027,44.5524],[-93.9008,44.5492],[-93.8956,44.5483],[-93.8937,44.5515],[-93.8963,44.5561],[-93.9008,44.5606],[-93.8996,44.5647],[-93.8957,44.5675],[-93.8958,44.5711],[-93.8996,44.5743],[-93.8958,44.5775],[-93.8939,44.5807],[-93.8959,44.5871],[-93.8991,44.5903],[-93.8908,44.5962],[-93.8857,44.5967],[-93.8838,44.6012],[-93.878,44.6013],[-93.878,44.6077],[-93.8716,44.6063],[-93.8658,44.6063],[-93.8569,44.6168],[-93.8563,44.6218],[-93.8505,44.6219],[-93.8447,44.6201],[-93.8422,44.6233],[-93.8358,44.6242],[-93.8319,44.6251],[-93.8217,44.6297],[-93.8031,44.6366],[-93.7999,44.6361],[-93.7967,44.6343],[-93.7935,44.6311],[-93.7883,44.632],[-93.78,44.6362],[-93.7768,44.6385],[-93.7729,44.6366],[-93.7723,44.6325],[-93.7691,44.6312],[-93.7665,44.6362],[-93.7685,44.6417],[-93.7686,44.675],[-93.8887,44.6756],[-93.8902,44.7185],[-94.0104,44.719],[-94.0085,44.8947],[-94.0136,44.8951],[-94.0117,44.9796],[-93.7692,44.9789],[-93.7702,45.0734],[-93.7663,45.077],[-93.7631,45.0839],[-93.7534,45.0853],[-93.7399,45.0894],[-93.7341,45.0922],[-93.7322,45.0963],[-93.7257,45.1022],[-93.7225,45.11],[-93.72,45.1205],[-93.7155,45.1269],[-93.7019,45.1374],[-93.6852,45.1489],[-93.6793,45.1525],[-93.6716,45.1562],[-93.6574,45.1585],[-93.6554,45.1599],[-93.6529,45.1631],[-93.6503,45.169],[-93.6516,45.1841],[-93.6549,45.1905],[-93.6555,45.1969],[-93.6562,45.201],[-93.6471,45.2079],[-93.6387,45.2074],[-93.6361,45.206],[-93.6329,45.2056],[-93.6258,45.2092],[-93.6167,45.2115],[-93.6096,45.2111],[-93.6031,45.2111],[-93.5967,45.2134],[-93.5857,45.2189],[-93.5792,45.2189],[-93.5734,45.2202],[-93.5676,45.2225],[-93.5617,45.2289],[-93.554,45.2298],[-93.5462,45.2289],[-93.5371,45.2294],[-93.5332,45.2317],[-93.5197,45.2417],[-93.5158,45.2458],[-93.5138,45.2454],[-93.5093,45.4163]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Anoka\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160534e4b0ef3b7ca91fe9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. G.","contributorId":106118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199498,"text":"70199498 - 1984 - Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T13:43:42","indexId":"70199498","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-26T13:43:05","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Primary productivity was measured monthly at 6 sites within San Francisco Bay, USA, throughout 1980. The 6 sites were chosen to represent a range of estuarine environments with respect to salinity, phytoplankton community composition, turbidity, and water depth. Annual net production over the photic zone ranged from 95 to 150 g C m-2, and was highest in regions of lowest turbidity. Daily photic zone net productivity PN,, ranged from 0.05 to 2.2 g C m-2 d-', and was significantly correlated with the composite parameter B I,/&amp; (where B = phytoplankton biomass; I, = daily surface insolation; E = attenuation coefficient). Lnear regression of PN,, against B Io/€ indicated that most (82 %) of the spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity within this estuary is explained by variations in light availability and phytoplankton biomass. We also calculated annual water-column net productivity PN, as a fraction of annual gross productivity PGx The ratio PN,, : PG, was inversely related to the ratio of water depth H to annual mean photic depth Z,. This linear relation indicates that the watercolumn of San Francisco Bay is a net photosynthetic source of organic carbon only when the ratio H : Z, &lt; 6. In deep turbid habitats, where H : Tp &gt; 6, respiratory loss exceeds productivity. Thus, 2 empirical formulations allow us to estimate productivity over the photic zone and water column from<br>simple properties that are easily measured. </p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 1984, Significance of biomass and light availability to phytoplankton productivity in San Francisco Bay: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 17, p. 15-24.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":357496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://online.sfsu.edu/modelds/Files/References/ColeCloern1984.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco County","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012757,"text":"70012757 - 1984 - Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-18T16:58:30.382534","indexId":"70012757","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes","docAbstract":"Massive blocks of freshwater ice and frozen sediments protrude from shallow, saline lakes in the Andes of southwestern Bolivia and northeastern Chile. These ice islands range up to 1.5 kilometers long, stand up to 7 meters above the water surface, and may extend out tens of meters and more beneath the unfrozen lake sediments. The upper surfaces of the islands are covered with dry white sediments, mostly aragonite or calcite. The ice blocks may have formed by freezing of the fresh pore water of lake sediments during the \"little ice age.\" The largest blocks are melting rapidly because of possibly recent increases in geothermal heat flux through the lake bottom and undercutting by warm saline lake water during the summer.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.224.4646.299","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hurlbert, S.H., and Chang, C.C., 1984, Ancient ice islands in salt lakes of the Central Andes: Science, v. 224, no. 4646, p. 299-302, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4646.299.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Central Andes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -24.18231978819638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.07551248845371,\n              -24.18231978819638\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.07551248845371,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8317987720904,\n              -20.02972052302998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4646","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf6e4b0c8380cd48fd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurlbert, S. H.","contributorId":56192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hurlbert","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","indexId":"wri844188D","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:13:22","indexId":"wri844188D","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Recent investigations suggest that dispersion in aquifers is scale dependent and a function of the heterogeneity of aquifer materials. Theoretical stochastic studies indicate that determining hydraulic-conductivity variability in three dimensions is important in analyzing the dispersion process. Even though field methods are available to approximate hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions, the methods are not generally used because of high cost of field equipment and because measurement and analysis techniques are cumbersome and time consuming. </p><p>The hypothesis of this study is that field-determined values of dispersivity are scale dependent and that they may be described as a function of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The objectives of the study at the Bemidji research site are to (1) determine hydraulic conductivity of the porous media in three dimensions, (2) determine field values of dispersivity and its scale dependence on hydraulic conductivity, and (3) develop and apply a computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system for field use in comprehensive determination of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity. </p><p>Plans for this investigation involve a variety of methods of analysis. Hydraulic conductivity will be determined separately in the horizontal and vertical planes of the hydraulic-conductivity ellipsoid. Field values of dispersivity will be determined by single-well and doublet-well injection or withdrawal tests with tracers. A computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system to measure pressure, flow rate, tracer concentrations, and temperature will be designed for field testing. Real-time computer programs will be used to analyze field data. The initial methods of analysis will be utilized to meet the objectives of the study. </p><p>Preliminary field data indicate the aquifer underlying the Bemidji site is vertically heterogeneous, cross-bedded outwash. Preliminary analysis of the flow field around a hypothetical doublet-well tracer test indicates that the location of the wells can affect the field value of dispersivity. Preliminary analysis also indicates that different values of dispersivity may result from anisotropic conditions in tests in which observation wells are located at equal radial distances from either the injection or withdrawal well. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188D","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in <i>Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73b9e4b03fd6b7df2c87"}
,{"id":1001233,"text":"1001233 - 1984 - Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T15:51:04.682079","indexId":"1001233","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The nesting behavior of a concentration of nesting mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>) was studied on a 4.5-ha island in Miller Lake, North Dakota, in 1977. A single 0.59-ha clump of thick shrub contained 225 simultaneously active mallard nests on 10 May. During the peak nesting period, mallard nests were spaced an average of 2.7 m from conspecifics. Active nests of all species peaked at 327, spaced an average of 2.1 m apart. Nests were clustered in thick shrub with moderate numbers in open shrub and few in grassland. Nest placement was significantly related to the amount of vegetative screening although mammalian predators were absent on the island. Cover density appeared to be important to the nesting hens as vegetation screened nests from potential avian predators and from harassment by other conspecific nesting hens and drakes. Mallards and gadwalls nesting on this island used wetlands in &gt;100 km2 around Miller Lake. During daylight hours in late April 1978, an average of 4.9 mallards/minute arrived at the island; a peak of 17.2 mallards/minute arrived at 0800. In late April 1978, as many as 26 mallard pairs/ha occurred on favored wetlands and behavioral aggression was intense. Yet, most mallard hens maintained adequate space to acquire food and other requisites. Mallards and gadwalls were sufficiently adaptable to successfully exploit the Miller Lake island and environments that resulted in high reproductive success. Other local breeding Anatidae because of behavioral constraints were unable to exploit the same situation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801163","usgsCitation":"Lokemoen, J.T., Duebbert, H.F., and Sharp, D., 1984, Nest spacing, habitat selection, and behavior of waterfowl on Miller Lake Island, North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 309-321, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801163.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Miller Lake 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,{"id":1003850,"text":"1003850 - 1984 - Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-04T16:37:33.465507","indexId":"1003850","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80","docAbstract":"<p>Waterfowl mortality from avian cholera during July 1979-May 1980 was widespread in the Central and Mississippi flyways, occurring in a wide variety of species and locations from nesting grounds of snow geese (<i>Chen caerulescens</i>) on Hudson Bay south to waterfowl wintering areas on the Texas coast and playa lakes region. Mortality estimates at the various sites ranged from several birds to over 72,000. The chronological and geographic occurrence of outbreaks corresponded closely to waterfowl migrations from infected sites, suggesting that waterfowl served to distribute avian cholera along migration routes. Recurrent outbreaks at several locations suggest that these sites have become enzootic for this disease. The magnitude of avian cholera mortality and its geographic spread during 1979-80 underscores the need to address management of this disease on an intra- and inter-flyway basis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801171","usgsCitation":"Brand, C.J., 1984, Avian cholera in the central and Mississippi flyways 1979-80: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, no. 2, p. 399-406, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801171.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"406","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Central & Mississippi flyways","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      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