Estimates of submerged aquatic vegetative (SAV) along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) generally focus on seagrasses. In 2000, we attempted a synoptic survey of SAV in the mesohaline (5–20 ppt) zone of estuarine and nearshore areas of the northeastern Gulf. Areas with SAV were identified from existing aerial 1992 photography, and a literature review was used to select those areas that were likely to experience mesohaline conditions during the growing season. In 2000, a drought year, we visited 217 randomly selected SAV beds and collected data on species composition and environmental conditions. In general, sites were either clearly polyhaline (≥ 20 ppt) or oligohaline (≤ 5 ppt), with only five sites measuring between 5 and 20 ppt. Ruppia maritima L. (13–35 ppt, n = 28) was the only species that occurred in mesohaline salinities. Halodule wrightii Asch. occurred in 73% of the beds. The nonindigenous Myriophyllum spicatum L. was present in four locations with salinities below 3 ppt. No nonindigenous macroalgae were identified, and no nonindigenous angiosperms occurred in salinities above 3 ppt. Selecting sample locations based on historical salinity data was not a successful strategy for surveying SAV in mesohaline systems, particularly during a drought year. Our ability to locate SAV beds within 50 m of their aerially located position 8 yr later demonstrates some SAV stability in the highly variable conditions of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Dauphin Island Sea Lab","doi":"10.18785/goms.2701.01","issn":"1087688X","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Merino, J., and Merino, S., 2009, Mesohaline submerged aquatic vegetation survey along the U.S. gulf of Mexico coast, 2000: A stratified random approach: Gulf of Mexico Science, v. 27, no. 1, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.2701.01.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.2701.01","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola Bay, Mobile Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n -87.6544189453125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ],\n [\n -87.6544189453125,\n 31.0294013530289\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 31.0294013530289\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 29.869228848968312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.27313232421875,\n 29.541203564623256\n ],\n [\n -84.5123291015625,\n 29.541203564623256\n ],\n [\n -84.5123291015625,\n 29.901377129352113\n ],\n [\n -85.27313232421875,\n 29.901377129352113\n ],\n [\n -85.27313232421875,\n 29.541203564623256\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5444e4b0c8380cd6cf22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J. 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":81839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merino, J.H.","contributorId":87748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merino","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merino, S.L. 0000-0002-2834-2243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-2243","contributorId":31219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merino","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035546,"text":"70035546 - 2009 - Hydrogeologic structure underlying a recharge pond delineated with shear-wave seismic reflection and cone penetrometer data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:49","indexId":"70035546","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2850,"text":"Near Surface Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic structure underlying a recharge pond delineated with shear-wave seismic reflection and cone penetrometer data","docAbstract":"With the goal of improving the understanding of the subsurface structure beneath the Harkins Slough recharge pond in Pajaro Valley, California, USA, we have undertaken a multimodal approach to develop a robust velocity model to yield an accurate seismic reflection section. Our shear-wave reflection section helps us identify and map an important and previously unknown flow barrier at depth; it also helps us map other relevant structure within the surficial aquifer. Development of an accurate velocity model is essential for depth conversion and interpretation of the reflection section. We incorporate information provided by shear-wave seismic methods along with cone penetrometer testing and seismic cone penetrometer testing measurements. One velocity model is based on reflected and refracted arrivals and provides reliable velocity estimates for the full depth range of interest when anchored on interface depths determined from cone data and borehole drillers' logs. A second velocity model is based on seismic cone penetrometer testing data that provide higher-resolution ID velocity columns with error estimates within the depth range of the cone penetrometer testing. Comparison of the reflection/refraction model with the seismic cone penetrometer testing model also suggests that the mass of the cone truck can influence velocity with the equivalent effect of approximately one metre of extra overburden stress. Together, these velocity models and the depth-converted reflection section result in a better constrained hydrologic model of the subsurface and illustrate the pivotal role that cone data can provide in the reflection processing workflow. ?? 2009 European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Near Surface Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15694445","usgsCitation":"Haines, S., Pidlisecky, A., and Knight, R., 2009, Hydrogeologic structure underlying a recharge pond delineated with shear-wave seismic reflection and cone penetrometer data: Near Surface Geophysics, v. 7, no. 5-6, p. 329-339.","startPage":"329","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3403e4b0c8380cd5f427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, S.S. 0000-0003-2611-8165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-8165","contributorId":33402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pidlisecky, Adam","contributorId":94877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pidlisecky","given":"Adam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035164,"text":"70035164 - 2009 - Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035164","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA","docAbstract":"We evaluated the diets of three sympatric anuran species, the native Northern Pacific Treefrog, Pseudacris regilla, and Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog, Rana boylii, and the introduced American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, based on stomach contents of frogs collected at 36 sites in 1997 and 1998. This investigation was part of a study of mercury bioaccumulation in the biota of the Cache Creek Watershed in north-central California, an area affected by mercury contamination from natural sources and abandoned mercury mines. We collected R. boylii at 22 sites, L. catesbeianus at 21 sites, and P. regilla at 13 sites. We collected both L. catesbeianus and R. boylii at nine sites and all three species at five sites. Pseudacris regilla had the least aquatic diet (100% of the samples had terrestrial prey vs. 5% with aquatic prey), followed by R. boylii (98% terrestrial, 28% aquatic), and L. catesbeianus, which had similar percentages of terrestrial (81%) and aquatic prey (74%). Observed predation by L. catesbeianus on R. boylii may indicate that interaction between these two species is significant. Based on their widespread abundance and their preference for aquatic foods, we suggest that, where present, L. catesbeianus should be the species of choice for all lethal biomonitoring of mercury in amphibians. Copyright ?? 2009 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1670/06-207R1.1","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Meckstroth, A., Wegner, K., Jennings, M., and Crayon, J., 2009, Diets of three species of anurans from the cache creek watershed, California, USA: Journal of Herpetology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 275-283, https://doi.org/10.1670/06-207R1.1.","startPage":"275","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1670/06-207R1.1"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00e8e4b0c8380cd4f9b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meckstroth, A.M.","contributorId":50464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meckstroth","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wegner, K.E.","contributorId":97726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegner","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crayon, J.J.","contributorId":91810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crayon","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034896,"text":"70034896 - 2009 - Improving the design of amphibian surveys using soil data: A case study in two wilderness areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034896","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the design of amphibian surveys using soil data: A case study in two wilderness areas","docAbstract":"Amphibian populations are known, or thought to be, declining worldwide. Although protected natural areas may act as reservoirs of biological integrity and serve as benchmarks for comparison with unprotected areas, they are not immune from population declines and extinctions and should be monitored. Unfortunately, identifying survey sites and performing long-term fieldwork within such (often remote) areas involves a special set of problems. We used the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database to identify, a priori, potential habitat for aquatic-breeding amphibians on North and South Manitou Islands, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, and compared the results to those obtained using National Wetland Inventory (NWI) data. The SSURGO approach identified more target sites for surveys than the NWI approach, and it identified more small and ephemeral wetlands. Field surveys used a combination of daytime call surveys, night-time call surveys, and perimeter surveys. We found that sites that would not have been identified with NWI data often contained amphibians and, in one case, contained wetland-breeding species that would not have been found using NWI data. Our technique allows for easy a priori identification of numerous survey sites that might not be identified using other sources of spatial information. We recognize, however, that the most effective site identification and survey techniques will likely use a combination of methods in addition to those described here.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Areas Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3375/043.029.0203","issn":"08858608","usgsCitation":"Bowen, K., Beever, E., and Gafvert, U., 2009, Improving the design of amphibian surveys using soil data: A case study in two wilderness areas: Natural Areas Journal, v. 29, no. 2, p. 117-125, https://doi.org/10.3375/043.029.0203.","startPage":"117","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.029.0203"},{"id":243713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a397fe4b0c8380cd61942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, K.D.","contributorId":56469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gafvert, U.B.","contributorId":32372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gafvert","given":"U.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035102,"text":"70035102 - 2009 - Rupture imaging of the Mw 7.9 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from back projection of teleseismic P waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035102","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture imaging of the Mw 7.9 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from back projection of teleseismic P waves","docAbstract":"[1] The Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 was the most destructive Chinese earthquake since the 1976 Tangshan event. Tens of thousands of people were killed, hundreds of thousands were injured, and millions were left homeless. Here we infer the detailed rupture process of the Wenchuan earthquake by back-projecting teleseismic P energy from several arrays of seismometers. This technique has only recently become feasible and is potentially faster than traditional finite-fault inversion of teleseismic body waves; therefore, it may reduce the notification time to emergency response agencies. Using the IRIS DMC, we collected 255 vertical component broadband P waves at 30-95?? from the epicenter. We found that at periods of 5 s and greater, nearly all of these P waves were coherent enough to be used in a global array. We applied a simple down-sampling heuristic to define a global subarray of 70 stations that reduced the asymmetry and sidelobes of the array response function (ARF). We also considered three regional subarrays of seismometers in Alaska, Australia, and Europe that had apertures less than 30?? and P waves that were coherent to periods as short as 1 s. Individual ARFs for these subarrays were skewed toward the subarrays; however, the linear sum of the regional subarray beams at 1 s produced a symmetric ARF, similar to that of the groomed global subarray at 5 s. For both configurations we obtained the same rupture direction, rupture length, and rupture time. We found that the Wenchuan earthquake had three distinct pulses of high beam power at 0, 23, and 57 s after the origin time, with the pulse at 23 s being highest, and that it ruptured unilaterally to the northeast for about 300 km and 110 s, with an average speed of 2.8 km/s. It is possible that similar results can be determined for future large dip-slip earthquakes within 20-30 min of the origin time using relatively sparse global networks of seismometers such as those the USGS uses to locate earthquakes in near-real time. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008GC002335","issn":"15252027","usgsCitation":"Xu, Y., Koper, K., Sufri, O., Zhu, L., and Hutko, A.R., 2009, Rupture imaging of the Mw 7.9 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from back projection of teleseismic P waves: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 10, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002335.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487855,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002335","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215208,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002335"},{"id":242994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed2e4b0c8380cd87234","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koper, K.D.","contributorId":69798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koper","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sufri, O.","contributorId":12706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sufri","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhu, L.","contributorId":58055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutko, Alexander R.","contributorId":101788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutko","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034897,"text":"70034897 - 2009 - Bird-like anatomy, posture, and behavior revealed by an early jurassic theropod dinosaur resting trace","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034897","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird-like anatomy, posture, and behavior revealed by an early jurassic theropod dinosaur resting trace","docAbstract":"Background: Fossil tracks made by non-avian theropod dinosaurs commonly reflect the habitual bipedal stance retained in living birds. Only rarely-captured behaviors, such as crouching, might create impressions made by the hands. Such tracks provide valuable information concerning the often poorly understood functional morphology of the early theropod forelimb. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we describe a well-preserved theropod trackway in a Lower Jurassic (???198 millionyear- old) lacustrine beach sandstone in the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah. The trackway consists of prints of typical morphology, intermittent tail drags and, unusually, traces made by the animal resting on the substrate in a posture very similar to modern birds. The resting trace includes symmetrical pes impressions and well-defined impressions made by both hands, the tail, and the ischial callosity. Conclusions/Significance: The manus impressions corroborate that early theropods, like later birds, held their palms facing medially, in contrast to manus prints previously attributed to theropods that have forward-pointing digits. Both the symmetrical resting posture and the medially-facing palms therefore evolved by the Early Jurassic, much earlier in the theropod lineage than previously recognized, and may characterize all theropods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0004591","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Milner, A.R., Harris, J., Lockley, M., Kirkland, J., and Matthews, N., 2009, Bird-like anatomy, posture, and behavior revealed by an early jurassic theropod dinosaur resting trace: PLoS ONE, v. 4, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004591.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476520,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004591","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215906,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004591"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1b7e4b0c8380cd4adc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milner, Andrew R.C.","contributorId":13422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milner","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, J.D.","contributorId":105552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockley, M.G.","contributorId":34301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockley","given":"M.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirkland, J.I.","contributorId":47938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkland","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matthews, N.A.","contributorId":37565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035561,"text":"70035561 - 2009 - Metal stable isotopes in low-temperature systems: A primer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035561","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1490,"text":"Elements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal stable isotopes in low-temperature systems: A primer","docAbstract":"Recent advances in mass spectrometry have allowed isotope scientists to precisely determine stable isotope variations in the metallic elements. Biologically infl uenced and truly inorganic isotope fractionation processes have been demonstrated over the mass range of metals. This Elements issue provides an overview of the application of metal stable isotopes to low-temperature systems, which extend across the borders of several science disciplines: geology, hydrology, biology, environmental science, and biomedicine. Information on instrumentation, fractionation processes, data-reporting terminology, and reference materials presented here will help the reader to better understand this rapidly evolving field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Elements","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gselements.5.6.349","issn":"18115209","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T., and Eisenhauer, A., 2009, Metal stable isotopes in low-temperature systems: A primer: Elements, v. 5, no. 6, p. 349-352, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.5.6.349.","startPage":"349","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216157,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.5.6.349"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5484e4b0c8380cd6cfce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eisenhauer, A.","contributorId":101099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisenhauer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035640,"text":"70035640 - 2009 - Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035640","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone","docAbstract":"The performance of the wave model WAVEWATCH III under a very strong, category 5, tropical cyclone wind forcing is investigated with different drag coefficient parameterizations and ocean current inputs. The model results are compared with field observations of the surface wave spectra from an airborne scanning radar altimeter, National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) time series, and satellite altimeter measurements in Hurricane Ivan (2004). The results suggest that the model with the original drag coefficient parameterization tends to overestimate the significant wave height and the dominant wavelength and produces a wave spectrum with narrower directional spreading. When an improved drag parameterization is introduced and the wave-current interaction is included, the model yields an improved forecast of significant wave height, but underestimates the dominant wavelength. When the hurricane moves over a preexisting mesoscale ocean feature, such as the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico or a warm-and cold-core ring, the current associated with the feature can accelerate or decelerate the wave propagation and significantly modulate the wave spectrum. ?? 2009 American Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/2009JPO4224.1","issn":"00223670","usgsCitation":"Fan, Y., Ginis, I., Hara, T., Wright, C.W., and Walsh, E., 2009, Numerical simulations and observations of surface wave fields under an extreme tropical cyclone: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 39, no. 9, p. 2097-2116, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4224.1.","startPage":"2097","endPage":"2116","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487263,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4224.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4224.1"},{"id":244137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692fe4b0c8380cd73be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fan, Y.","contributorId":53624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginis, I.","contributorId":17070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginis","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hara, T.","contributorId":93215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hara","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, C. W. wwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":49758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"C.","email":"wwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walsh, E.J.","contributorId":25792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034928,"text":"70034928 - 2009 - Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin, Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034928","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2072,"text":"International Journal of Sediment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin, Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"The ability to achieve meaningful decreases in sediment loads to reservoirs requires a determination of the relative importance of sediment sources within the contributing basins. In an investigation of sources of fine-grained sediment (clay and silt) within the Perry Lake Basin in northeast Kansas, representative samples of channel-bank sources, surface-soil sources (cropland and grassland), and reservoir bottom sediment were collected, chemically analyzed, and compared. The samples were sieved to isolate the <63 ?? m fraction and analyzed for selected nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), organic and total carbon, 25 trace elements, and the radionuclide cesium-137 (137Cs). On the basis of substantial and consistent compositional differences among the source types, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), and 137Cs were selected for use in the estimation of sediment sources. To further account for differences in particle-size composition between the sources and the reservoir bottom sediment, constituent ratio and clay-normalization techniques were used. Computed ratios included TOC to TN, TOC to TP, and TN to TP. Constituent concentrations (TN, TP, TOC) and activities (137Cs) were normalized by dividing by the percentage of clay. Thus, the sediment-source estimations involved the use of seven sediment-source indicators. Within the Perry Lake Basin, the consensus of the seven indicators was that both channel-bank and surface-soil sources were important in the Atchison County Lake and Banner Creek Reservoir subbasins, whereas channel-bank sources were dominant in the Mission Lake subbasin. On the sole basis of 137Cs activity, surface-soil sources contributed the most fine-grained sediment to Atchison County Lake, and channel-bank sources contributed the most fine-grained sediment to Banner Creek Reservoir and Mission Lake. Both the seven-indicator consensus and 137Cs indicated that channel-bank sources were dominant for Perry Lake and that channel-bank sources increased in importance with distance downstream in the basin. ?? 2009 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation and the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Sediment Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60020-2","issn":"10016279","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Ziegler, A., 2009, Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin, Kansas, USA: International Journal of Sediment Research, v. 24, no. 1, p. 108-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60020-2.","startPage":"108","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215881,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(09)60020-2"},{"id":243715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba7e4b0c8380cd52806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035106,"text":"70035106 - 2009 - Small estuarine fishes feed on large trematode cercariae: Lab and field investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035106","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small estuarine fishes feed on large trematode cercariae: Lab and field investigations","docAbstract":"In aquatic ecosystems, dense populations of snails can shed millions of digenean trematode cercariae every day. These short-lived, free-living larvae are rich in energy and present a potential resource for consumers. We investigated whether estuarine fishes eat cercariae shed by trematodes of the estuarine snail Cerithidea californica. In aquaria we presented cercariae from 10 native trematode species to 6 species of native estuarine fishes. Many of these fishes readily engorged on cercariae. To determine if fishes ate cercariae in the field, we collected the most common fish species, Fundulus parvipinnis (California killifish), from shallow water on rising tides when snails shed cercariae. Of 61 killifish, 3 had recognizable cercariae in their gut. Because cercariae are common in this estuary, they could be frequent sources of energy for small fishes. In turn, predation on cercariae by fishes (and other predators) could also reduce the transmission success of trematodes. ?? 2009 American Society of Parasitologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1645/GE-1737.1","issn":"00223395","usgsCitation":"Kaplan, A., Rebhal, S., Lafferty, K.D., and Kuris, A.M., 2009, Small estuarine fishes feed on large trematode cercariae: Lab and field investigations: Journal of Parasitology, v. 95, no. 2, p. 477-480, https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-1737.1.","startPage":"477","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215269,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-1737.1"},{"id":243059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9181e4b08c986b319943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaplan, A.T.","contributorId":48401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rebhal, S.","contributorId":9484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebhal","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuris, A. M.","contributorId":62164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035711,"text":"70035711 - 2009 - Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035711","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate","docAbstract":"Mawrth Vallis contains one of the largest exposures of phyllosilicates on Mars. Nontronite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and hydrated silica have been identified throughout the region using data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). In addition, saponite has been identified in one observation within a crater. These individual minerals are identified and distinguished by features at 1.38-1.42, ???1.91, and 2.17-2.41 ??m. There are two main phyllosilicate units in the Mawrth Vallis region. The lowermost unit is nontronite bearing, unconformably overlain by an Al-phyllosilicate unit containing montmorillonite plus hydrated silica, with a thin layer of kaolinite plus hydrated silica at the top of the unit. These two units are draped by a spectrally unremarkable capping unit. Smectites generally form in neutral to alkaline environments, while kaolinite and hydrated silica typically form in slightly acidic conditions; thus, the observed phyllosilicates may reflect a change in aqueous chemistry. Spectra retrieved near the boundary between the nontronite and Al-phyllosilicate units exhibit a strong positive slope from 1 to 2 ??m, likely from a ferrous component within the rock. This ferrous component indicates either rapid deposition in an oxidizing environment or reducing conditions. Formation of each of the phyllosilicate minerals identified requires liquid water, thus indicating a regional wet period in the Noachian when these units formed. The two main phyllosilicate units may be extensive layers of altered volcanic ash. Other potential formational processes include sediment deposition into a marine or lacustrine basin or pedogenesis. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003301","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McKeown, N., Bishop, J., Noe Dobrea, E., Ehlmann, B., Parente, M., Mustard, J., Murchie, S., Swayze, G., Bibring, J., and Silver, E.A., 2009, Characterization of phyllosilicates observed in the central Mawrth Vallis region, Mars, their potential formational processes, and implications for past climate: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487810,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008je003301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216428,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003301"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d4e4b0c8380cd4bf53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, N.K.","contributorId":10529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe Dobrea, E.Z.","contributorId":97316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe Dobrea","given":"E.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ehlmann, B.L.","contributorId":107837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehlmann","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parente, M.","contributorId":21673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parente","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mustard, J.F.","contributorId":91605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mustard","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Silver, E. A.","contributorId":18491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70035714,"text":"70035714 - 2009 - Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035714","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests","docAbstract":"Abstract. Forest structure and species composition in many western U.S. coniferous forests have been altered through fire exclusion, past and ongoing harvesting practices, and livestock grazing over the 20th century. The effects of these activities have been most pronounced in seasonally dry, low and mid-elevation coniferous forests that once experienced frequent, low to moderate intensity, fire regimes. In this paper, we report the effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) forest stand treatments on fuel load profiles, potential fire behavior, and fire severity under three weather scenarios from six western U.S. FFS sites. This replicated, multisite experiment provides a framework for drawing broad generalizations about the effectiveness of prescribed fire and mechanical treatments on surface fuel loads, forest structure, and potential fire severity. Mechanical treatments without fire resulted in combined 1-, 10-, and 100-hour surface fuel loads that were significantly greater than controls at three of five FFS sites. Canopy cover was significantly lower than controls at three of five FFS sites with mechanical-only treatments and at all five FFS sites with the mechanical plus burning treatment; fire-only treatments reduced canopy cover at only one site. For the combined treatment of mechanical plus fire, all five FFS sites with this treatment had a substantially lower likelihood of passive crown fire as indicated by the very high torching indices. FFS sites that experienced significant increases in 1-, 10-, and 100-hour combined surface fuel loads utilized harvest systems that left all activity fuels within experimental units. When mechanical treatments were followed by prescribed burning or pile burning, they were the most effective treatment for reducing crown fire potential and predicted tree mortality because of low surface fuel loads and increased vertical and horizontal canopy separation. Results indicate that mechanical plus fire, fire-only, and mechanical-only treatments using whole-tree harvest systems were all effective at reducing potential fire severity under severe fire weather conditions. Retaining the largest trees within stands also increased fire resistance. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/07-1755.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Stephens, S., Moghaddas, J., Edminster, C., Fiedler, C., Haase, S., Harrington, M., Keeley, J., Knapp, E.E., Mciver, J., Metlen, K., Skinner, C., and Youngblood, A., 2009, Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests: Ecological Applications, v. 19, no. 2, p. 305-320, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1.","startPage":"305","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216460,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1"},{"id":244331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1049e4b0c8380cd53be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, S.L.","contributorId":85694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moghaddas, J.J.","contributorId":107822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moghaddas","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edminster, C.","contributorId":18202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edminster","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fiedler, C.E.","contributorId":90129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiedler","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haase, S.","contributorId":35156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harrington, M.","contributorId":13834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Knapp, E. E.","contributorId":54938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knapp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mciver, J.D.","contributorId":71665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mciver","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Metlen, K.","contributorId":99798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metlen","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Youngblood, A.","contributorId":66085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youngblood","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70035715,"text":"70035715 - 2009 - Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035715","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3478,"text":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data","docAbstract":"The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a convenient method for investigating whether two underlying univariate probability distributions can be regarded as undistinguishable from each other or whether an underlying probability distribution differs from a hypothesized distribution. Application of the test requires that the sample be unbiased and the outcomes be independent and identically distributed, conditions that are violated in several degrees by spatially continuous attributes, such as topographical elevation. A generalized form of the bootstrap method is used here for the purpose of modeling the distribution of the statistic D of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The innovation is in the resampling, which in the traditional formulation of bootstrap is done by drawing from the empirical sample with replacement presuming independence. The generalization consists of preparing resamplings with the same spatial correlation as the empirical sample. This is accomplished by reading the value of unconditional stochastic realizations at the sampling locations, realizations that are generated by simulated annealing. The new approach was tested by two empirical samples taken from an exhaustive sample closely following a lognormal distribution. One sample was a regular, unbiased sample while the other one was a clustered, preferential sample that had to be preprocessed. Our results show that the p-value for the spatially correlated case is always larger that the p-value of the statistic in the absence of spatial correlation, which is in agreement with the fact that the information content of an uncorrelated sample is larger than the one for a spatially correlated sample of the same size. ?? Springer-Verlag 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1","issn":"14363240","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., 2009, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for spatially correlated data: Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, v. 23, no. 6, p. 749-757, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1.","startPage":"749","endPage":"757","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216488,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0255-1"},{"id":244361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40c8e4b0c8380cd65027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":452036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V.","contributorId":96511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky-Glahn","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035716,"text":"70035716 - 2009 - Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T13:17:06","indexId":"70035716","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?","docAbstract":"The lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) is one of the native Lake Ontario fishes that declined severely over the past century. Recent evidence of larval lake whitefish production in a historic spawning area (Chaumont Bay) might signal a recovery of this species in New York waters. We surveyed coastal and open water areas to evaluate densities and estimate total abundance of larval lake whitefish in Chaumont Bay. Other historic spawning areas and embayments with appropriate spawning and nursery habitat were also surveyed, but only a few larvae were found outside of Chaumont Bay. Lake whitefish larvae were found in every embayment sampled within Chaumont Bay, with larval densities of nearly 600/1000 m2 in some samples. Greatest abundances occurred in the northern sectors and near the mouth of the bay. Open water densities were generally less than half that of nearshore sites. The total bay-wide estimate for 2005 was approximately 644,000 lake whitefish larvae, but dropped to 230,000–400,000 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Mean larval growth rates (0.36 mm/day) did not differ by year, but were consistently higher in early May than in late April. Lake whitefish production in Chaumont Bay is encouraging for this species, but the cause and persistence of the decline after 2005 can be determined only by continued monitoring. Other possible bottlenecks of survival may exist at juvenile and adult stages and could significantly affect recruitment dynamics. This species is sensitive to normal climatic fluctuations and increased variability associated with global climatic change could make winter nursery conditions unfavorable for this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., and Johnson, J.H., 2009, Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of larval lake whitefish in eastern Lake Ontario: signs of recovery?: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 94-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216489,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.10.004"},{"id":244362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.9363,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,43.1696 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9456e4b08c986b31a9fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":106065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035717,"text":"70035717 - 2009 - Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035717","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise","docAbstract":"1. Sea-level rise, one indirect consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2, poses a major challenge to long-term stability of coastal wetlands. An important question is whether direct effects of elevated CO 2 on the capacity of marsh plants to accrete organic material and to maintain surface elevations outweigh indirect negative effects of stressors associated with sea-level rise (salinity and flooding). 2. In this study, we used a mesocosm approach to examine potential direct and indirect effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration, salinity and flooding on elevation change in a brackish marsh community dominated by a C3 species, Schoenoplectus americanus, and a C4 grass, Spartina patens. This experimental design permitted identification of mechanisms and their role in controlling elevation change, and the development of models that can be tested in the field. 3. To test hypotheses related to CO2 and sea-level rise, we used conventional anova procedures in conjunction with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM explained 78% of the variability in elevation change and showed the direct, positive effect of S. americanus production on elevation. The SEM indicated that C3 plant response was influenced by interactive effects between CO2 and salinity on plant growth, not a direct CO2 fertilization effect. Elevated CO2 ameliorated negative effects of salinity on S. americanus and enhanced biomass contribution to elevation. 4. The positive relationship between S. americanus production and elevation change can be explained by shoot-base expansion under elevated CO 2 conditions, which led to vertical soil displacement. While the response of this species may differ under other environmental conditions, shoot-base expansion and the general contribution of C3 plant production to elevation change may be an important mechanism contributing to soil expansion and elevation gain in other coastal wetlands. 5. Synthesis. Our results revealed previously unrecognized interactions and mechanisms contributing to marsh elevation change, including amelioration of salt stress by elevated CO2 and the importance of plant production and shoot-base expansion for elevation gain. Identification of biological processes contributing to elevation change is an important first step in developing comprehensive models that permit more accurate predictions of whether coastal marshes will persist with continued sea-level rise or become submerged. ?? 2008 The Authors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Cherry, J.A., McKee, K., and Grace, J., 2009, Elevated CO2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise: Journal of Ecology, v. 97, no. 1, p. 67-77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x.","startPage":"67","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01449.x"},{"id":243888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08c5e4b0c8380cd51c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035232,"text":"70035232 - 2009 - Petrographic observations on the Exmore breccia, ICDP-USGS drilling at Eyreville, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035232","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic observations on the Exmore breccia, ICDP-USGS drilling at Eyreville, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA","docAbstract":"The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Eyreville A and B drill cores sampled crater fill in the region of the crater moat, ??9 km to the NE of the center of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, USA. They provide a 953 m section (444-1397 m depth) of sedimentary clast breccia and intercalated sedimentary and crystalline megablocks knownas Exmore beds, deposited on top of the impactite sequence between 1397 and 1551 m depth. We petrographically investigated the sandy-clayey groundmass-dominated breccia, which resembles a diamictite (\"Exmore breccia\"), and which, in its lower parts, carries sedimentary and crystalline blocks. The entire breccia interval is characterizedby the presence of glauconite and bioclastic carbonate, which distinguishes the Exmore breccia from other sandy facies above and below in the stratigraphy. The sediment-clast breccia exhibits strong heterogeneity from sample to sample with respect to groundmass nature, e.g., clay versus sand content, as well as clast content, in general, and shocked clast content, in particular. There is a consistently signifi cantly larger macroscopic sedimentary to crystalline clast content. On the microscopic scale, the intersample sediment to crystalline clast ratios are quite variable. A very small component of shocked material, in the form of shock-deformed quartz, and to an even lesser degree feldspar, and somewhat more abundant but still relatively scarce shardshaped,altered melt particles, is present throughout the section. However, between ??458 and 469 m, and between 514 and 527 m depths, the abundance of such melt particlesis notably enhanced. These sections are also chemically distinct and relatively more mafic than the other parts of the Exmore breccia. It appears that from the time of deposition of the 527 m material, calming of the ocean occurred over the crater area as a result of abatement of resurge activity, so that ejecta from the plume abovethe crater could accumulate within the crater area to a larger degree. Deposition ofejecta fallout from the collapsing ejecta plume was terminated by the time of deposition of the 458 m material. This raises questions about the positioning of the exact upper contact of Exmore breccia to post-Exmore sediment (Chickahominy Formation), which is currently placed at 444 m depth and which possibly should be revisedto 458 m depth. Based on a signifi cant record of granite-derived material with shocked minerals, the shocked debris component seems to be largely derived from crystalline target rocks. This provides further evidence that the basement-derived material of the basal section of the Eyreville drill cores, which is essentially unshocked, is likely of an allochthonous nature and that the drilling did not intersect the actual crater floor. 76??W. ?? 2009 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2458(29)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Reimold, W., Bartosova, K., Schmitt, R., Hansen, B., Crasselt, C., Koeberl, C., Wittmann, A., and Powars, D., 2009, Petrographic observations on the Exmore breccia, ICDP-USGS drilling at Eyreville, Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USA: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 458, p. 655-698, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(29).","startPage":"655","endPage":"698","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2458(29)"},{"id":242968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"458","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7796e4b0c8380cd78525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimold, W.U.","contributorId":103401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimold","given":"W.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartosova, K.","contributorId":69799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartosova","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, R.T.","contributorId":80105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, B.","contributorId":39603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crasselt, C.","contributorId":56059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crasselt","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koeberl, C.","contributorId":79214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koeberl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wittmann, A.","contributorId":67744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wittmann","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Powars, D.S.","contributorId":7303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70035108,"text":"70035108 - 2009 - The 16th International Geological Congress, Washington, 1933","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-02T11:27:09","indexId":"70035108","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 16th International Geological Congress, Washington, 1933","docAbstract":"In 1933, the International Geological Congress (IGC) returned to the United States of America (USA) for its sixteenth meeting, forty-two years after the 5th IGC convened in Washington. The Geological Society of America and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) supplied the major part of the required extra-registration funding after the effects of the Great Depression influenced the 72th U.S. Congress not to do so. A reported 1, 182 persons or organizations, representing fifty-four countries, registered for the 16 th IGC and thirty-four countries sent 141 official delegates. Of the total number of registrants, 665 actually attended the meeting; 500 came from the USA; and fifteen had participated in the 5th IGC. The 16 th Meeting convened in the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building from 22 to 29 July. The eighteen half-day scientific sections-orogenesis (four), major divisions of the Paleozoic (three), miscellaneous (three), batholiths and related intrusives (two), arid-region geomorphic processes and products (one), fossil man and contemporary faunas (one), geology of copper and other ore deposits (one), geology of petroleum (one), measuring geologic time (one), and zonal relations of metalliferous deposits (one)-included 166 papers, of which fifty (including several of the key contributions) appeared only by title. The Geological Society of Washington, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines hosted or contributed to evening presentations or receptions. Twenty-eight of the 16th IGC's thirty new guidebooks and one new USGS Bulletin aided eight pre-meeting, seven during-meeting, and four post-meeting field trips of local, regional, or national scope. The remaining two new guidebooks outlined the USA's structural geology and its stratigraphic nomenclature. The 16th IGC published a two-volume monograph on the world's copper resources (1935) and a two-volume report of its proceedings (1936).
","language":"English","publisher":"International Union of Geological Sciences","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., 2009, The 16th International Geological Congress, Washington, 1933: Episodes, v. 32, no. 1, p. 33-40.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":346309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.episodes.org/journalArchive.do"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba616e4b08c986b320ea2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.M.","contributorId":31115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70034942,"text":"70034942 - 2009 - Anatomy of the dead sea transform from lithospheric to microscopic scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034942","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy of the dead sea transform from lithospheric to microscopic scale","docAbstract":"Fault zones are the locations where motion of tectonic plates, often associated with earthquakes, is accommodated. Despite a rapid increase in the understanding of faults in the last decades, our knowledge of their geometry, petrophysical properties, and controlling processes remains incomplete. The central questions addressed here in our study of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East are as follows: (1) What are the structure and kinematics of a large fault zone? (2) What controls its structure and kinematics? (3) How does the DST compare to other plate boundary fault zones? The DST has accommodated a total of 105 km of leftlateral transform motion between the African and Arabian plates since early Miocene (???20 Ma). The DST segment between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, called the Arava/ Araba Fault (AF), is studied here using a multidisciplinary and multiscale approach from the ??m to the plate tectonic scale. We observe that under the DST a narrow, subvertical zone cuts through crust and lithosphere. First, from west to east the crustal thickness increases smoothly from 26 to 39 km, and a subhorizontal lower crustal reflector is detected east of the AF. Second, several faults exist in the upper crust in a 40 km wide zone centered on the AF, but none have kilometer-size zones of decreased seismic velocities or zones of high electrical conductivities in the upper crust expected for large damage zones. Third, the AF is the main branch of the DST system, even though it has accommodated only a part (up to 60 km) of the overall 105 km of sinistral plate motion. Fourth, the AF acts as a barrier to fluids to a depth of 4 km, and the lithology changes abruptly across it. Fifth, in the top few hundred meters of the AF a locally transpressional regime is observed in a 100-300 m wide zone of deformed and displaced material, bordered by subparallel faults forming a positive flower structure. Other segments of the AF have a transtensional character with small pull-aparts along them. The damage zones of the individual faults are only 5-20 m wide at this depth range. Sixth, two areas on the AF show mesoscale to microscale faulting and veining in limestone sequences with faulting depths between 2 and 5 km. Seventh, fluids in the AF are carried downward into the fault zone. Only a minor fraction of fluids is derived from ascending hydrothermal fluids. However, we found that on the kilometer scale the AF does not act as an important fluid conduit. Most of these findings are corroborated using thermomechanical modeling where shear deformation in the upper crust is localized in one or two major faults; at larger depth, shear deformation occurs in a 20-40 km wide zone with a mechanically weak decoupling zone extending subvertically through the entire lithosphere. 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The fungal disease chytridiomycosis is widely considered to be a primary cause of these declines, yet the critical question of why amphibian species differ in susceptibility remains unanswered. Considerable evidence links environmental conditions and interspecific variability of the innate immune system to differential infection responses, but other sources of individual, population, or species-typical variation may also be important. In this article we review the preliminary evidence supporting a role for acquired immune defenses against chytridiomycosis, and advocate for targeted investigation of genes controlling acquired responses, as well as those that functionally bridge the innate and acquired immune systems. Immunogenetic data promise to answer key questions about chytridiomycosis susceptibility and host-pathogen coevolution, and will draw much needed attention to the importance of considering evolutionary processes in amphibian conservation management and practice. ?? 2009 by American Institute of Biological Sciences.","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.9","issn":"00063568","usgsCitation":"Richmond, J., Savage, A., Zamudio, K.R., and Rosenblum, E., 2009, Toward immunogenetic studies of amphibian chytridiomycosis: Linking innate and acquired immunity: BioScience, v. 59, no. 4, p. 311-320, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215708,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.9"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b8e4b08c986b326858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, J.Q.","contributorId":17080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"J.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, Anna E.","contributorId":101926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Anna E.","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":12564,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":448526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zamudio, Kelly R.","contributorId":8320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zamudio","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenblum, E.B.","contributorId":18638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035001,"text":"70035001 - 2009 - Feather mercury concentrations and physiological condition of great egret and white ibis nestlings in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035001","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feather mercury concentrations and physiological condition of great egret and white ibis nestlings in the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination in the Florida Everglades has reportedly played a role in the recent decline of wading birds, although no studies have identified a mechanism leading to population-level effects. We assessed feather mercury levels in great egret (Ardea alba; n = 91) and white ibis (Eudocimus albus; n = 46) nestlings at breeding colonies in the Florida Everglades during a year (2006) with excellent breeding conditions (characterized by hydrology leading to concentrated prey) and a year with below average breeding conditions (2007). We also assessed the physiological condition of those nestlings based on levels of plasma and fecal corticosterone metabolites, and stress proteins 60 and 70. Mercury levels were higher in both species during the good breeding condition year (great egret = 6.25????g/g ?? 0.81 SE, white ibis = 1.47????g/g ?? 0.41 SE) and lower in the below average breeding year (great egret = 1.60????g/g ?? 0.11 SE, white ibis = 0.20????g/g ?? 0.03 SE). Nestlings were in better physiological condition in 2006, the year with higher feather mercury levels. These results support the hypothesis that nestlings are protected from the harmful effects of mercury through deposition of mercury in growing feathers. We found evidence to suggest shifts in diets of the two species, as a function of prey availability, thus altering their exposure profiles. However, we found no evidence to suggest they respond differently to mercury exposure. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.043","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Herring, G., Gawlik, D., and Rumbold, D., 2009, Feather mercury concentrations and physiological condition of great egret and white ibis nestlings in the Florida Everglades: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 8, p. 2641-2649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.043.","startPage":"2641","endPage":"2649","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215171,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.043"}],"volume":"407","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f44e4b0c8380cd5383d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, G.","contributorId":98442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gawlik, D.E.","contributorId":80104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawlik","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumbold, D.G.","contributorId":76091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumbold","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035008,"text":"70035008 - 2009 - Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-02T21:25:59","indexId":"70035008","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean","docAbstract":"Although abundant in the Earths crust, iron is present at trace concentrations in sea water and is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in approximately 40% of the ocean. Current literature suggests that aerosols are the primary external source of iron to offshore waters, yet controls on iron aerosol solubility remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that iron speciation (oxidation state and bonding environment) drives iron solubility in arid region soils, glacial weathering products (flour) and oil combustion products (oil fly ash). Iron speciation varies by aerosol source, with soils in arid regions dominated by ferric (oxy)hydroxides, glacial flour by primary and secondary ferrous silicates and oil fly ash by ferric sulphate salts. Variation in iron speciation produces systematic differences in iron solubility: less than 1% of the iron in arid soils was soluble, compared with 2-3% in glacial products and 77-81% in oil combustion products, which is directly linked to fractions of more soluble phases. We conclude that spatial and temporal variations in aerosol iron speciation, driven by the distribution of deserts, glaciers and fossil-fuel combustion, could have a pronounced effect on aerosol iron solubility and therefore on biological productivity and the carbon cycle in the ocean. ?? 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/ngeo501","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Schroth, A., Crusius, J., Sholkovitz, E., and Bostick, B., 2009, Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, no. 5, p. 337-340, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo501.","startPage":"337","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo501"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ef3e4b0c8380cd64183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroth, A.W.","contributorId":79707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroth","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sholkovitz, E.R.","contributorId":61664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sholkovitz","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bostick, B.C.","contributorId":62813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035014,"text":"70035014 - 2009 - Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-17T08:51:16","indexId":"70035014","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts","docAbstract":"Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion within the ISBA Council deliberations. The surface areas of 155 volcanic edifices in the central equatorial Pacific were measured and used to develop a mine-site model. The mine-site model considers areas above 2,500 m water depth as permissive, and narrows the general area available for exploration and mining to 20% of that permissive area. It is calculated that about eighteen 100 km2 explora-tion blocks, each composed of five 20km2 contiguous sub-blocks, would be adequate to identify a 260 km2 20-year-mine site; the mine site would be composed of thirteen of the 20km2 sub-blocks. In this hypothetical example, the 260 km2 mine site would be spread over four volcanic edifices and comprise 3.7% of the permissive area of the four edifices and 0.01% of the total area of those four edifices. The eighteen 100km2 exploration blocks would be selected from a limited geographic area. That confinement area is defined as having a long dimension of not more than 1,000 km and an area of not more than 300,000 km2.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641190902852485","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., Conrad, T., and Dunham, R.E., 2009, Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 160-176, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641190902852485.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"176","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215384,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641190902852485"},{"id":243183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b883ae4b08c986b31687a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":448883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, Tracey A.","contributorId":52540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"Tracey A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, Rachel E.","contributorId":78293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035140,"text":"70035140 - 2009 - Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035140","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide","docAbstract":"The Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado has been moving for at least the last few hundred years and has multiple ponds on its surface. We have studied eight ponds during 30 trips to the landslide between July 1998 and July 2007. During each trip, we have made observations on the variability in pond locations and water levels, taken ground-based photographs to document pond water with respect to moving landslide material and vegetation, conducted Global Positioning System surveys of the elevations of water levels and mapped pond sediments on the landslide surface. Additionally, we have used stereo aerial photographs taken in October 1939, October 1940 and July 2000 to measure topographic profiles of the eight pond locations, as well as a longitudinal profile along the approximate centerline of the landslide, to examine topographic changes over a 60- to 61-year period of time. Results from field observations, analyses of photographs, mapping and measurements indicate that all pond locations have remained spatially stationary for 60-300 years while landslide material moves through these locations. Water levels during the observation period were sensitive to changes in the local, spring-fed, stream network, and to periodic filling of pond locations by sediment from floods, hyperconcentrated flows, mud flows and debris flows. For pond locations to remain stationary, the locations must mimic depressions along the basal surface of the landslide. The existence of such depressions indicates that the topography of the basal landslide surface is irregular. These results suggest that, for translational landslides that have moved distances larger than the dimensions of the largest basal topographic irregularities (about 200 m at Slumgullion), landslide surface morphology can be used as a guide to the morphology of the basal slip surface. Because basal slip surface morphology can affect landslide stability, kinematic models and stability analyses of translational landslides should attempt to incorporate irregular basal surface topography. Additional implications for moving landslides where basal topography controls surface morphology include the following: dateable sediments or organic material from basal layers of stationary ponds will yield ages that are younger than the date of landslide initiation, and it is probable that other landslide surface features such as faults, streams, springs and sinks are also controlled by basal topography. The longitudinal topographic profile indicated that the upper part of the Slumgullion landslide was depleted at a mean vertical lowering rate of 5.6 cm/yr between 1939 and 2000, while the toe advanced at an average rate of 1.5 m/yr during the same period. Therefore, during this 61-year period, neither the depletion of material at the head of the landslide nor continued growth of the landslide toe has decreased the overall movement rate of the landslide. Continued depletion of the upper part of the landslide, and growth of the toe, should eventually result in stabilization of the landslide. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.1721","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., McKenna, J., Godt, J., and Baum, R., 2009, Basal-topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 34, no. 2, p. 264-279, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1721.","startPage":"264","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215272,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1721"},{"id":243062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a42f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, J.P.","contributorId":24543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}