An experimental injection was performed to study the transport of stream water solutes under conditions of significant interaction with streambed sediments in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream. Experiments were conducted in Little Lost Man Creek, Humboldt County, California, in a period of low flow duringwhich only a part of the bank-full channel held active surface flow. The injection of chloride and several trace cations lasted 20 days. In this report we discuss the results of the first 24 hours of the injection and survey the results of the first 10 days. Solute-streambed interactions of two types were observed. First, the physical transport of the conservative tracer, chloride, was affected by intergravel flow and stagnant watt, zones created by the bed relief. Second, the transport of the cations (strontium, potassium, and lithium) was appreciably modified by sorption onto streambed sediment. In the stream the readily observable consequence of the solute-streambed interactions was an attenuation of the dissolved concentration of each of the tracers. The attenuation in the stream channel occurred concurrently with the storage of tracers in the streambed via both physical and chemical processes. All tracers were subsequently present in shallow wells dug several meters from the wetted part of the channel. Sediment samples collected approximately 3 weeks after the start of the injection contained increased concentrations of the injected cations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i012p01797","usgsCitation":"Bencala, K.E., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., Jackman, A.P., and Avanzino, R.J., 1984, Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 1. An experimental analysis of cation and anion transport in a mountain stream: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1797-1803, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i012p01797.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1797","endPage":"1803","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Humboldt County","otherGeospatial":"Little Lost Man Creek","volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cd0e4b0c8380cd6307f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Vance C.","contributorId":102063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Vance","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013322,"text":"70013322 - 1984 - The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the U.S. Gulf Coast region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-16T12:11:02.820689","indexId":"70013322","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the U.S. Gulf Coast region","docAbstract":"Radium has been measured in deep saline formation waters produced from a variety of U.S. Gulf Coast subsurface environments, including oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs and water-producing geopressured aquifers. A strong positive correlation has been found between formation-water salinity and Ra activity, resulting from the interaction of formation water with aquifer matrix. Ra isotopes enter the fluid phase after being produced by the decay of parent elements U and Th, which are located at sites on and within the solid matrix.
Processes that are belived to be primarily responsible for transferring Ra from matrix to formation water are chemical leaching and alpha-particle recoil. Factors controlling the observed salinity—Ra relationship may be one or a combination of the following factors: (a) ion exchange; (b) increased solubility of matrix silica surrounding Ra atoms, coupled with a salinity-controlled rate of reequilibration of silica between solution and quartz grains; and (c) the equilibration of Ra in solution with detrial barite within the aquifer.
No difference was found in the brine-Ra relation in water produced from oil or gas wells and water produced from wells penetrating only water-bearing aquifers, although the relation was more highly correlated for water-bearing aquifers than hydrocarbon-containing reservoirs.
Processes that are belived to be primarily responsible for transferring Ra from matrix to formation water are chemical leaching and alpha-particle recoil. Factors controlling the observed salinity—Ra relationship may be one or a combination of the following factors: (a) ion exchange; (b) increased solubility of matrix silica surrounding Ra atoms, coupled with a salinity-controlled rate of reequilibration of silica between solution and quartz grains; and (c) the equilibration of Ra in solution with detrial barite within the aquifer.
No difference was found in the brine-Ra relation in water produced from oil or gas wells and water produced from wells penetrating only water-bearing aquifers, although the relation was more highly correlated for water-bearing aquifers than hydrocarbon-containing reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(84)90186-4","issn":"01676695","usgsCitation":"Kraemer, T.F., and Reid, D., 1984, The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the U.S. Gulf Coast region: Chemical Geology, v. 46, no. 2, p. 153-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(84)90186-4.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220579,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae31e4b08c986b323f4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, D.F.","contributorId":27188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013415,"text":"70013415 - 1984 - Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:51:10.220955","indexId":"70013415","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Complete records of organic-carbon-rich Cretaceous strata were continuouslycored on the flanks of the Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise in the central North Pacific Ocean during DSDP Leg 62. Organic-carbon-rich laminated silicified limestones were deposited in the western Mid-Pacific Mountains during the early Aptian, a time when that region was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present. Organic-carbon-rich, laminated limestone on southern Hess Rise overlies volcanic basement and includes 136 m of stratigraphic section of late Albian to early Cenomanian age. This limestone unit was deposited rapidly as Hess Rise was passing under the equatorial high-productivity zone and was subsiding from shallow to intermediate depths. The association of volcanogenic components with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise in the Mid-Pacific Mountains is striking and suggests that there was a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and the production and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical Pacific Ocean during the middle Cretaceous.
Pyrolysis assays and analyses of extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed mainly of lipid-rich kerogen derived from aquatic marine organisms and bacteria. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains generally contain low ratios of pyrolytic hydrocarbons to organic carbon and low hydrogen indices, suggesting that the organic matter may contain a significant proportion of land-derived material, possibly derived from numerous volcanic islands that must have existed before the area subsided. The organic carbon in all samples analyzed is isotopically light (δ13C − 24 to − 29 per mil) relative to most modern rine organic carbon, and the lightest carbon is also the most lipid-rich.
There is a positive linear correlation between sulfur and organic carbon in samples from Hess Rise and from the Mid-Pacific Mountains. The slopes and intercepts of C-S regression lines however, are different for each site and all are different from regression lines for samples from modern anoxic marine sediments and from Black Sea cores.
The organic-carbon-rich limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are not synchronous but do occur within the same general middle Cretaceous time period as organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean. Strata of equivalent age in the deep basins of the Pacific Ocean are not rich in organic carbon, and were deposited in oxygenated environments. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and closse to the equator during the middle Creataceous suggests that local tectonic and hydrographic conditions may have resulted in high surface-water productivity and the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum developed and impinged on elevated platforms and seamounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Claypool, G., and Thide, J., 1984, Accumulation of organic matter in Cretaceous oxygen-deficient depositional environments in the central Pacific Ocean: Organic Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 1, p. 39-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90135-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"51","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e683e4b0c8380cd4746e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thide, J.","contributorId":64798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thide","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013544,"text":"70013544 - 1984 - Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:27:39.279453","indexId":"70013544","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Border Ranges fault separates structurally complex accreted Cretaceous rocks from less deformed middle or late Paleozoic and younger rocks in the Cook-Shelikof basin. Of the five types of geophysical data used to investigate this fault, gravity data give the clearest indication of its presence and crustal structure. For at least 400 km along the fault, gravity anomalies include a +20 to +30 mGal peak along the fault's upper plate and a −40 mGal trough along the lower plate. The paired anomaly can be modeled satisfactorily by a simple step, in a deep dense layer, that lies within 3 km of the projected offshore location of the fault. Relatively low-density rocks lie along the fault's lower plate to a depth of about 10 km, and the upper part of the fault dips within 20° of vertical. Satellite altimetry data show that two circular geoid lows lie along the Border Ranges fault and coincide with lows in free air gravity data. Seismic refraction and seismic reflection data suggest that the large-scale density anomalies that cause both types of lows must lie at depths greater than about 1 km within the margin. Three regional magnetic anomalies (Knik Arm, Seldovia, and Shelikof) terminate at the Border Ranges fault, suggesting that the fault truncates obliquely rocks that lie along its northwest side. Six seismic reflection lines cross the Border Ranges fault, but none of them shows reflections from it. The absence of such reflections probably results from the fault's steep dip and from the presence of strong water bottom multiples in the data. From the Late Jurassic until the early Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc near the Cook-Shelikof basin was inactive, and we infer that the predominant motion along the Border Ranges fault was strike slip. Resurgent Late Cretaceous magmatism was contemporaneous with uplift of rocks along the northwest side of the Border Ranges fault and with deformation of turbidite sequences in the fault's lower plate. We propose that during the Late Cretaceous, motion along the Border Ranges changed from strike slip to reverse. Cenozoic rocks near the fault show no evidence for post-Cretaceous fault movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB13p11333","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., and von Huene, R.E., 1984, Geophysical investigation of a Suture Zone: The Border Ranges Fault of southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B13, p. 11333-11351, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB13p11333.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"11333","endPage":"11351","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2828e4b0c8380cd59ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013893,"text":"70013893 - 1984 - Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T16:02:39","indexId":"70013893","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions","docAbstract":"Most geological samples and some synthetic materials contain fluid inclusions. These inclusions preserve for us tiny samples of the liquid and/or the gas phase that was present during formation, although in some cases they may have undergone significant changes from the original material. Studies of the current composition of the inclusions provide data on both the original composition and the change since trapping.
These inclusions are seldom larger than 1 millimeter in diameter. The composition varies from a single major compound (e.g., water) in a single phase to a very complex mixture in one or more phases. The concentration of some of the compounds present may be at trace levels.
We present here some analyses of inclusions in a variety of geological samples, including diamonds. We used a sample crusher and a gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS) system to analyze for organic and inorganic volatiles present as major to trace constituents in inclusions. The crusher is a hardened stainless-steel piston cylinder apparatus with tungsten carbide crusing surfaces, and is operated in a pure helium atmosphere at a controlled temperature.
Samples ranging from 1 mg to 1 g were crushed and the released volatiles were analyzed using multi-chromatographic columns and detectors, including the sensitive helium ionization detector. Identification of the GC peaks was carried out by GC—MS. This combination of procedures has been shown to provide geochemically useful information on the process involved in the history of the samples analyzed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89010-5","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Andrawes, F., Holzer, G., Roedder, E., Gibson, E., and Oro, J., 1984, Gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles in fluid and gas inclusions: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 302, no. C, p. 181-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89010-5.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c3e4b0c8380cd54b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrawes, F.","contributorId":102643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrawes","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, G.","contributorId":93206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibson, E.K. Jr.","contributorId":108256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"E.K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oro, John","contributorId":21683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oro","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33349,"text":"Department of Biophysical Science, University of Houston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":367107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013895,"text":"70013895 - 1984 - Volcanic glasses, their origins and alteration processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70013895","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2400,"text":"Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic glasses, their origins and alteration processes","docAbstract":"Natural glass can be formed by volcanic processes, lightning (fulgarites) burning coal, and by meteorite impact. By far the most common process is volcanic - basically the glass is rapidly chilled molten rock. All natural glasses are thermodynamically unstable and tend to alter chemically or to crystallize. The rate of these processes is determined by the chemical composition of the magma. The hot and fluid basaltic melts have a structure that allows for rapid crystal growth, and seldom forms glass selvages greater than a few centimeters thick, even when the melt is rapidly cooled by extrusion in the deep sea. In contrast the cooler and very viscous rhyolitic magmas can yield bodies of glass that are tens of meters thick. These highly polymerized magmas have a high silica content - often 71-77% SiO2. Their high viscosity inhibits diffusive crystal growth. Basalt glass in sea water forms an alteration zone called palagonite whose thickness increases linearly with time. The rate of diffusion of water into rhyolitic glass, which follows the relationship - thickness = k (time) 1 2, has been determined as a function of the glass composition and temperature. Increased SiO2 increases the rate, whereas increased CaO, MgO and H2O decrease the rate. The activation energy of water diffusion varies from about 19 to 22 kcal/mol. for the glasses studied. The diffusion of alkali out of rhyolite glass occurs simultaneously with water diffusion into the glass. The rate of devitrification of rhyolitic glass is a function of the glass viscosity, which in turn is a function of water content and temperature. Although all of the aforementioned processes tend to destroy natural glasses, the slow rates of these processes, particularly for rhyolitic glass, has allowed samples of glass to persist for 60 million years. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00223093","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Long, W., 1984, Volcanic glasses, their origins and alteration processes: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 67, no. 1-3, p. 127-133.","startPage":"127","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2ede4b08c986b32ae5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, W.","contributorId":59963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013978,"text":"70013978 - 1984 - Eulerian-Lagrangian solution of the convection-dispersion equation in natural coordinates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T17:31:59","indexId":"70013978","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eulerian-Lagrangian solution of the convection-dispersion equation in natural coordinates","docAbstract":"The vast majority of numerical investigations of transport phenomena use an Eulerian formulation for the convenience that the computational grids are fixed in space. An Eulerian-Lagrangian method (ELM) of solution for the convection-dispersion equation is discussed and analyzed. The ELM uses the Lagrangian concept in an Eulerian computational grid system. The values of the dependent variable off the grid are calculated by interpolation. When a linear interpolation is used, the method is a slight improvement over the upwind difference method. At this level of approximation both the ELM and the upwind difference method suffer from large numerical dispersion. However, if second-order Lagrangian polynomials are used in the interpolation, the ELM is proven to be free of artificial numerical dispersion for the convection-dispersion equation. The concept of the ELM is extended for treatment of anisotropic dispersion in natural coordinates. In this approach the anisotropic properties of dispersion can be conveniently related to the properties of the flow field. Several numerical examples are given to further substantiate the results of the present analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR020i007p00944","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Casulli, V., and Milford, S.N., 1984, Eulerian-Lagrangian solution of the convection-dispersion equation in natural coordinates: Water Resources Research, v. 20, no. 7, p. 944-952, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR020i007p00944.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"944","endPage":"952","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcbe4b0c8380cd528a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casulli, Vincenzo","contributorId":42302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"Vincenzo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milford, S. Nevil","contributorId":92438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milford","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nevil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013982,"text":"70013982 - 1984 - Casto Ring Zone: A 4,500-km2 fossil hydrothermal system in the Challis Volcanic Field, central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-30T12:33:15.63151","indexId":"70013982","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Casto Ring Zone: A 4,500-km2 fossil hydrothermal system in the Challis Volcanic Field, central Idaho","docAbstract":"δ18O analyses of granitic and volcanic rocks reveal the largest hydrothermal system ever documented around a single granite pluton, occupying a 4,500-km2 area in central Idaho. The remains of this meteoric-hydrothermal system are principally preserved within a sharply bounded, 15-km-wide, 70-km-diameter annulus of low δ18O rock (+2.0 to −8.8‰) termed the Casto Ring Zone. The zone centered on a less depleted (+4.5) core zone consisting of granitic rocks of the Casto pluton. This 700-km2 Eocene subvolcanic batholith has intruded, domed, and hydrothermally metamorphosed a thick sequence of Challis Volcanics, the stratigraphically low rocks in the 2,000-km2 Van Horn Peak and the 1,000-km2 Thunder Mountain cauldron complexes being most strongly altered. Less extreme 18O depletions occur in the youngest major ash-flow sheets of these complexes, indicating a vertical 18O gradient. Water/rock ratios of geothermal systems are surprisingly insensitive to the circulation scale.
The surface of the floodplain of the Ohio River about 20km southwest of Louisville, Kentucky, is a series of linear ridges and swales that are subparallel to the channel of the river, which here is relatively straight and flows southward. Numerous prehistoric occupational sites are located on these ridges. The sediments that underlie the ridges, which were examined in four archaeological excavations as deep as 8 m, are predominantly sandy silt and silty fine to very fine sand and appear to be mainly the product of overbank deposition from suspended load. Abundant cultural material and occupational sites dating as early as 10,000 years BP are found in the sediments at depths as great as 6·5 m. The fine sediments of the floodplain are underlain by sand and gravel.
The context of the cultural materials and the stratigraphy and morphology of the deposits indicate that the ridged deposits began as linear riverside sand and gravel bars. These were succeeded upward by fine-grained overbank deposits in which the ridged morphology was maintained because the overbank silt and fine sand were deposited as prograding elongate bars at high water. As the floodplain ridge built upward, the sedimentation rate decreased and the sand content of the sediments diminished, and as the river channel occasionally shifted, the ridged deposits were built in successive subparallel sequences.
Two archaeological consequences are implicit in this depositional model of orderly growth of the floodplain. First, available archaeological data from floodplain segments along other parts of the river should confirm the model; and second, the model should make it possible to search the floodplains of the Ohio River for stratified sites of any desired age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0305-4403(84)90022-0","issn":"03054403","usgsCitation":"Gray, H., 1984, Archaeological sedimentology of overbank silt deposits on the floodplain of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 11, no. 5, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(84)90022-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed2ee4b0c8380cd49697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, H.H.","contributorId":35818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013983,"text":"70013983 - 1984 - Sources of nitrate in ground water in a sewered housing development, Central Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T11:13:12.792604","indexId":"70013983","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of nitrate in ground water in a sewered housing development, Central Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Nitrate concentrations in ground water on Long Island, New York, have increased markedly in the last 30 years. A significant amount of this increase has been attributed to lawn and garden fertilizers in addition to cesspool and septic-tank discharges. The increase in nitrate concentration is of particular concern in the central and eastern part of the island, where ground water is the sole source of drinking water.
Ground-water samples were collected from 14 wells screened near the water table in the sewered Twelve Pines housing development constructed in Medford, Suffolk County, in 1970. Samples were collected during 1972–79 and analyzed for total ammonium, organic nitrogen, and nitrate.
Statistical analyses indicate that concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen in water from 10 of the wells increased significantly during 1972–79; those in water from the other four wells did not.
Nitrogen loads were estimated to be 2,300 kg/yr from fertilizers, less than 80 kg/yr from irrigation water, 200 kg/yr from animals, and less than 670 kg/yr from precipitation. Leakage from sewers was considered negligible.
Nitrate-nitrogen isotope ratios also suggest that the greatest source of nitrogen is from cultivation sources (either mineralized soil nitrogen or fertilizers) rather than human or animal wastes.
Particulate nitrogen was measured by both the ultra-violet light-catalyzed peroxide method and the high temperature combustion method. The difference between values obtained with the two methods (combustion minus UV) was found to be linearly correlated with the concentration of total suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the sample. The slope of this correlation was taken to be the concentration of refractory nitrogen associated with the suspended matter, which may be ammonium ions fixed in lattices of clay minerals or organic nitrogen compounds did not vary significantly with SPM, location, water depth or salinity. Refractory nitrogen concentration were possibly related to concentrations of chlorophyll a and to cruise date, but in neither case was the evidence conclusive. Based on the indirect evidence presented, the UV method appears to provide a good measure of biologically reactive nitrogen in this system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(84)90063-5","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Hager, S., and Harmon, D., 1984, Chemical determination of particulate nitrogen in San Francisco Bay. A comparison of two estimates: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 19, no. 2, p. 181-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(84)90063-5.","productDescription":"11 p .","startPage":"181","endPage":"191","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53797685279024,\n 37.84427609263325\n ],\n [\n -122.49500998189718,\n 37.76695031453306\n ],\n [\n -122.40668919172816,\n 37.783931201085664\n ],\n [\n -122.40191509496236,\n 37.668762181588136\n ],\n [\n -122.41623738526003,\n 37.612056005110276\n ],\n [\n -122.28017562743217,\n 37.51744956204762\n ],\n [\n -122.09875995032806,\n 37.41134777440679\n ],\n [\n -121.97463343441497,\n 37.403763314697756\n ],\n [\n -121.90302198292653,\n 37.45873324901157\n ],\n [\n -122.02476145045672,\n 37.5023013836084\n ],\n [\n -122.06772832134979,\n 37.58179501608495\n ],\n [\n -122.19901598241185,\n 37.74619060142156\n ],\n [\n -122.27301448228317,\n 37.82542361271908\n ],\n [\n -122.30165906287854,\n 37.91210512041958\n ],\n [\n -122.373270514367,\n 37.953525437200824\n ],\n [\n -122.33269069185684,\n 37.98927874454223\n ],\n [\n -122.29211086934697,\n 37.994922411719855\n ],\n [\n -122.22527351462432,\n 38.047575697411844\n ],\n [\n -122.24675695007099,\n 38.14525996186228\n ],\n [\n -122.26346628875157,\n 38.167783938211386\n ],\n [\n -122.25391809521969,\n 38.287794272783174\n ],\n [\n -122.28017562743217,\n 38.30840110366958\n ],\n [\n -122.3589482240693,\n 38.233439123636714\n ],\n [\n -122.44249491747252,\n 38.14525996186228\n ],\n [\n -122.53081570764152,\n 38.133995364984685\n ],\n [\n -122.5594602882369,\n 38.01749273814326\n ],\n [\n -122.53797685279024,\n 37.84427609263325\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f579e4b0c8380cd4c23a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, D.D.","contributorId":78749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013728,"text":"70013728 - 1984 - Origin of epigenetic calcite in coal from Antarctica and Ohio based on isotope compositions of oxygen, carbon and strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T08:40:59","indexId":"70013728","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of epigenetic calcite in coal from Antarctica and Ohio based on isotope compositions of oxygen, carbon and strontium","docAbstract":"Isotopic compositions of oxygen, carbon and strontium of calcite cleats in coal seams of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and Tuscarawas County, Ohio, contain a record of the conditions a the time of their formation. The Antarctic calcites (?? 18O(SMOW) = +9.14 to +11.82%0) were deposited from waters enriched in 16O whose isotopic composition was consistent with that of meteoric precipitation at low temperature and high latitude. The carbon of the calcite cleats (?? 13C(PDB) = -15.6 to -16.9%0) was derived in part from the coal (?? 13C(PDB) = -23.5 to -26.7%0) as carbon dioxide and by oxidation of methane or other hydrocarbon gases. The strontium ( 87Sr 86Sr = 0.71318-0.72392) originated primarily from altered feldspar grains in the sandstones of the Beacon Supergroup. Calcite cleats in the Kittaning No. 6 coal seam of Ohio (?? 18O(SMOW) = +26.04 to +27.79%0) were deposited from waters that had previously exchanged oxygen, possibly with marine carbonate at depth. The carbon (?? 13C(PDB) = 0.9 to +2.4%0) is enriched in 13C even though that cleats were deposited in coal that is highly enriched in 12C and apparently originated from marine carbonates. Strontium in the cleats ( Sr 87 0.71182-0.71260) is not of marine origin but contains varying amounts of radiogenic 87Sr presumably derived from detrital Rb-bearing minerals in the adjacent sedimentary rocks. The results of this study suggest that calcite cleats in coal of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, were deposited after the start of glaciation in Cenozoic time and that those in Ohio precipitated from formation waters derived from the underlying marine carbonate rocks, probably in the recent geologic past. ?? 1984.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(84)90174-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Faure, G., and Botoman, G., 1984, Origin of epigenetic calcite in coal from Antarctica and Ohio based on isotope compositions of oxygen, carbon and strontium: Chemical Geology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 313-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(84)90174-8.","startPage":"313","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266107,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(84)90174-8"},{"id":220113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70d2e4b0c8380cd7628a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faure, G.","contributorId":92422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faure","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botoman, G.","contributorId":101006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botoman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013980,"text":"70013980 - 1984 - Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:34:51","indexId":"70013980","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"Watersheds are rural areas undergoing urbanization with current urban land use comprising 4 to 58 percent of the watershed area. The quantity and quality of storm runoff in the watersheds was tested for correlations (significance level of 0. 05) with various land-surface features and landuse characteristics. Quantity of storm runoff is not related to any single characteristic but is likely influenced by several watershed characteristics although this could not be substantiated statistically. Quality of runoff was determined by calculating the flow-weighted mean annual concentrations of four constituents - total suspended solids, total phosphorus, dissolved NO//2 plus NO//3 nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen.
","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. Volume 4: Supplements","conferenceDate":"June 4-8, 1984","conferenceLocation":"Goteborg, Swed","language":"English","publisher":"Chalmers Univ of Technology","publisherLocation":"Goteborg, Swed","isbn":"9170321280","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., 1984, Relationship between quantity and quality of storm runoff and various watershed characteristics in Minnesota, USA, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9342e4b0c8380cd80cf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Rob G.","contributorId":68888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013357,"text":"70013357 - 1984 - Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T19:50:52","indexId":"70013357","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of triazine herbicides in natural water samples","docAbstract":"A multi-residue method is described for the determination o triazine herbicides in natural water samples. The technique uses solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic separation and detection employing nitrogen-selective devices. Seven compounds can be determined simultaneously at a nominal detection limit of 0.1 μg/L in a 1-litre sample. Three different natural water samples were used for error analysis via evaluation of recovery efficiencies and estimation of overall method precision. As an alternative to liquid-liquid partition (solvent extraction) for removal of compounds of interest from water, solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques employing chromatographic grade silicas with chemically modified surfaces have been examined. SPE is found to provide rapid and efficient concentration with quantitative recovery of some triazine herbicides from natural water samples. Concentration factors of 500 to 1000 times are obtained readily by the SPE technique.
In preliminary laboratory studies, the endangered mussel Lampsitis higginsi was unable to burrow into rocky substrates, but did burrow into substrates comprised of silt, clay, sand, and/or pebble-gravel. Burrowing times were shortest in silt and longest in pebble-gravel. As judged by longevity of glochidial infection, walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and largemouth bass (Micropterus satrnoides) may be suitable hosts for the parasitic stage. When glochidia were placed in water without host fish, half had died after 48 hours, and all had died after 72 hours.
The D/H ratios and water contents in fresh submarine basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, and Hawaii indicate that the primary D/H ratios of many submarine lavas have been altered by processes including (1) outgassing, (2) addition of seawater at magmatic temperature, and (3) low-temperature hydration of glass. Decreases in δD and H2O+ from exteriors to interiors of pillows are explained by outgassing of water whereas inverse relations between δD and H2O+ in basalts from the Galapagos Rise and the FAMOUS Area are attributed to outgassing of CH4 and H2. A good correlation between δD values and H2O is observed in a suite of submarine tholeiites dredged from the Kilauea East Rift Zone where seawater (added directly to the magma), affected only the isotopic compositions of hydrogen and argon. Analyses of some glassy rims indicate that the outer millimeter of the glass can undergo lowtemperature hydration by hydroxyl groups having δD values as low as −100.
δD values vary with H2O contents of subaerial transitional basalts from Molokai, Hawaii, and subaerial alkali basalts from the Society Islands, indicating that the primary δD values were similar to those of submarine lavas.
Extrapolations to possible unaltered δD values and H2O contents indicate that the primary δD values of most thoteiite and alkali basalts are near −80 ± 5: the weight percentages of water are variable, 0.15–0.35 for MOR tholeiites, about 0.25 for Hawaiian tholeiites, and up to 1.1 for alkali basalts. The primary δD values of −80 for most basalts are comparable to those measured for deep-seated phlogopites. These results indicate that hydrogen, in marked contrast to other elements such as Sr, Nd, Pb, and O, has a uniform isotopic composition in the mantle. This uniformity is best explained by the presence of a homogeneous reservoir of hydrogen that has existed in the mantle since the very early history of the Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90392-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Kyser, T., and O’Neil, J.R., 1984, Hydrogen isotope systematics of submarine basalts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 10, p. 2123-2133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90392-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2123","endPage":"2133","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334ee4b0c8380cd5eec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kyser, T.K.","contributorId":25585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyser","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":96490,"text":"96490 - 1984 - Pima County water hyacinth pilot treatment plant; a preliminary assessment for Pima County Wastewater Management Department. Task 1 Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:54","indexId":"96490","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Pima County water hyacinth pilot treatment plant; a preliminary assessment for Pima County Wastewater Management Department. Task 1 Report","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona-Tucson Office of Arid Lands Studies, College of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Warshall, P., Jennings, M., and Cunningham, B., 1984, Pima County water hyacinth pilot treatment plant; a preliminary assessment for Pima County Wastewater Management Department. Task 1 Report, ix, 110 p.","productDescription":"ix, 110 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68588c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warshall, P.","contributorId":75087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warshall","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.","contributorId":6787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cunningham, B.","contributorId":46443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013848,"text":"70013848 - 1984 - CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY ALTERATION IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT BY BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGING AND ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013848","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY ALTERATION IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT BY BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGING AND ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.","docAbstract":"The thick sequences of flood basalts which underlie the Columbia River basin are important aquifiers, providing water for both agricultural and domestic use. Secondary alteration in these rocks occurs primarily as coatings or fillings in fractures and vesicles; alteration is generally believed to have occurred at low temperatures ( less than 100 C) by reaction with meteroic waters. The distribution and compositional variation of secondary minerals are therefore of major interest. This paper focuses on the compositional variation of the major alteration products and on present formulas based on the mean composition of these phases, and suggests possible reactions for the observed sequence of alteration.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Annual Conference - Microbeam Analysis Society","conferenceTitle":"Microbeam Analysis 1984, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Microbeam Analysis Society.","conferenceLocation":"Bethlehem, PA, USA","language":"English","issn":"01466275","usgsCitation":"Hearn, P., Steinkampf, W., and Brown, Z.A., 1984, CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY ALTERATION IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASALT BY BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGING AND ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY., in Proceedings, Annual Conference - Microbeam Analysis Society, Bethlehem, PA, USA, p. 145-148.","startPage":"145","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cbe4b0c8380cd4b39a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Romig Alton D.Jr.Goldstein Joseph I.","contributorId":128315,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Romig Alton D.Jr.Goldstein Joseph I.","id":536283,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hearn, P.P.","contributorId":18380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"P.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinkampf, W.C.","contributorId":8137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Z. A.","contributorId":82708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012724,"text":"70012724 - 1984 - Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T14:37:16","indexId":"70012724","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","docAbstract":"An instrument system that measures bottom current, temperature, light transmission, and pressure, and that photographs the bottom at 2- to 6-hour intervals has been developed to study sediment transport on the Atlantic Continental Shelf. Instruments have been deployed extensively along the United States East Coast Continental Shelf for periods of from 2 to 6 months to study the frequency, direction, and rate of bottom sediment movement, and the processes causing movement. The time-lapse photographs are used to (1) characterize the bottom benthic community and surface microtopography; (2) monitor changes in the bottom topography and near-bottom water column caused by currents and storms (for example, ripple generation and migration, sediment resuspension); and (3) monitor seasonal changes in the bottom benthic community and qualitative effects of this community on the bottom sediments.","conferenceTitle":"Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications.","conferenceLocation":"Woodshole, MA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Van Nostrand Reinhold Co","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0442279620","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Bryden, C.G., Pfirman, S.L., Strahle, W.J., and Noble, M.A., 1984, Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod, Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications., Woodshole, MA, USA, p. 414-415.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40efe4b0c8380cd65170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryden, Cynthia G.","contributorId":45837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryden","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pfirman, Stephanie L.","contributorId":52723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfirman","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":96491,"text":"96491 - 1984 - Potential uses of water hyacinths in the Tucson area--an addendum for the Pima County Wastewater Management Department","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:54","indexId":"96491","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Potential uses of water hyacinths in the Tucson area--an addendum for the Pima County Wastewater Management Department","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona-Tucson Office of Arid Lands Studies, College of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Warshall, P., and Jennings, M., 1984, Potential uses of water hyacinths in the Tucson area--an addendum for the Pima County Wastewater Management Department, ix, 76 p.","productDescription":"ix, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warshall, P.","contributorId":75087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warshall","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.","contributorId":6787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012873,"text":"70012873 - 1984 - A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-21T12:11:24.86057","indexId":"70012873","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Model of Regional Ground-Water Flow in Secondary-Permeability Terrane","docAbstract":"The ground-water flow system in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland can be considered as one complex unconfined aquifer in which secondary porosity and permeability are the dominant influences on the occurrence and flow of ground water. The degree of development of secondary porosity and permeability in the various lithologies of the lower basin determines the aquifer characteristics of each lithology. Based on qualitative evidence, the use of a porous-media model was assumed to be appropriate on a regional scale and a finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed for the lower basin.
The conceptual model of ground-water flow in the lower basin incorporates the major features of the flow system. Through the use of two layers, 21 hydrogeologic units, and five topographic settings, the conceptual model was systematically reduced to arrive at a simplified conceptual model. Further reduction produced a numerical model representation of the conceptual model, in which the essential features of the lower-basin flow system were quantified for input into the numerical model.
The model was calibrated under both steady-state and transient conditions, and was used to evaluate the water-supply potential of the 21 hydrogeologic units. The carbonate units have the greatest potential for ground-water development and the Triassic sedimentary and crystalline units have the least potential. A total ground-water yield potential of about 900 million gallons per day could be obtained from the lower basin with a consequent 50-percent reduction of base flow in streams.
Predominant age-groups in the Lake Erie freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunnienspopulation were 3, 4, and 5 as determined from gill net, trap net, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl samples. Age and growth calculations indicated that females grew faster than males. However, the length-weight relation did not differ between sexes and was described by the equation: log W = −5.4383 + 3.1987 log L. Some males became sexually mature at age 2 and all were mature by age 6. Females matured 1 year later than males. Three sizes of eggs were present in ovaries; the average total number was 127,000 per female for 20 females over a length range of 270 to 478 mm. Seasonal analysis of the ovary-body weight ratio indicated that spawning extended from June to August. A total annual mortality rate of 49% for drum aged 4 through 11 was derived from catch-curve analysis. Freshwater drum were widely distributed throughout Lake Erie in 1977–1979, the greatest concentration being in the western basin. They moved into warm, shallow water (less than 10 m deep) during summer, and returned to deeper water in late fall. Summer biomass estimates for the western basin, based on systematic surveys with bottom trawls, were 9,545 t in 1977 and 2,333 t in 1978.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71806-5","usgsCitation":"Bur, M.T., 1984, Growth, reproduction, mortality, distribution, and biomass of freshwater drum in Lake Erie: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 10, no. 1, p. 48-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71806-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65530e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bur, Michael T.","contributorId":102015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11456,"text":"ofr84721 - 1984 - Estimated water use in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 1983 - June 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T19:52:12.783102","indexId":"ofr84721","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-721","title":"Estimated water use in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 1983 - June 1984","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84721","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Carribean Research Insitute College of the Virgin Islands","usgsCitation":"Torres-Sierra, H., and Dacosta, R., 1984, Estimated water use in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 1983 - June 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-721, 1 Plate: 37.95 x 21.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84721.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.95 x 21.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0721/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":425311,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0721/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virgin Islands","otherGeospatial":"St. Thomas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.10039538177998,\n 18.427634795097347\n ],\n [\n -65.10039538177998,\n 18.257725817979107\n ],\n [\n -64.80179172993793,\n 18.257725817979107\n ],\n [\n -64.80179172993793,\n 18.427634795097347\n ],\n [\n -65.10039538177998,\n 18.427634795097347\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres-Sierra, Heriberto","contributorId":97913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sierra","given":"Heriberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dacosta, Rafael","contributorId":93060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dacosta","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000336,"text":"1000336 - 1984 - Life cycle of a mayfly Hexagenia limbata in the St. Marys River between Lakes Superior and Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-28T14:41:26","indexId":"1000336","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life cycle of a mayfly Hexagenia limbata in the St. Marys River between Lakes Superior and Huron","docAbstract":"Length-frequency distribution curves of Hexagenia limbata nymphs collected in May, August, and October 1974 and May 1975 in the St. Marys River between Lakes Superior and Huron were bimodal for each sampling period. These curves, combined with interpretation of nymphal emergence period and mean surface water temperatures, indicate that the population of Hexagenia nymphs in the St. Marys River is composed of two year classes or cohorts. One cohort emerges per season, 2 years after egg deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71860-0","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., and Hiltunen, J.K., 1984, Life cycle of a mayfly Hexagenia limbata in the St. Marys River between Lakes Superior and Huron: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 10, no. 4, p. 435-439, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(84)71860-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"439","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hiltunen, Jarl K.","contributorId":27820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiltunen","given":"Jarl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}