A thorough understanding of the thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments is necessary for evaluating phase transformation processes that would accompany energy production from gas hydrate deposits and for estimating regional heat flow based on the observed depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The coexistence of multiple phases (gas hydrate, liquid and gas pore fill, and solid sediment grains) and their complex spatial arrangement hinder the a priori prediction of the thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments. Previous studies have been unable to capture the full parameter space covered by variations in grain size, specific surface, degree of saturation, nature of pore filling material, and effective stress for hydrate-bearing samples. Here we report on systematic measurements of the thermal conductivity of air dry, water- and tetrohydrofuran (THF)-saturated, and THF hydrate–saturated sand and clay samples at vertical effective stress of 0.05 to 1 MPa (corresponding to depths as great as 100 m below seafloor). Results reveal that the bulk thermal conductivity of the samples in every case reflects a complex interplay among particle size, effective stress, porosity, and fluid-versus-hydrate filled pore spaces. The thermal conductivity of THF hydrate–bearing soils increases upon hydrate formation although the thermal conductivities of THF solution and THF hydrate are almost the same. Several mechanisms can contribute to this effect including cryogenic suction during hydrate crystal growth and the ensuing porosity reduction in the surrounding sediment, increased mean effective stress due to hydrate formation under zero lateral strain conditions, and decreased interface thermal impedance as grain-liquid interfaces are transformed into grain-hydrate interfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006235","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cortes, D.D., Martin, A.I., Yun, T.S., Francisca, F.M., Santamarina, J.C., and Ruppel, C.D., 2009, Thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 11, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006235.","productDescription":"Article B11103; 10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-013375","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476283,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006235","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217245,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006235"},{"id":245175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb217e4b08c986b3255c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cortes, Douglas D.","contributorId":196028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cortes","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Ana I.","contributorId":196030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Ana","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yun, Tae Sup","contributorId":196031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yun","given":"Tae","email":"","middleInitial":"Sup","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Francisca, Franco M.","contributorId":196029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Francisca","given":"Franco","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Santamarina, J. Carlos","contributorId":189401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santamarina","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruppel, Carolyn D. 0000-0003-2284-6632 cruppel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-6632","contributorId":195778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Carolyn","email":"cruppel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036909,"text":"70036909 - 2009 - The potential of mid- and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determining major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from a geochemical survey of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036909","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The potential of mid- and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determining major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from a geochemical survey of North America","docAbstract":"In 2004, soils were collected at 220 sites along two transects across the USA and Canada as a pilot study for a planned soil geochemical survey of North America (North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project). The objective of the current study was to examine the potential of diffuse reflectance (DR) Fourier Transform (FT) mid-infrared (mid-IR) and near-infrared (NIRS) spectroscopy to reduce the need for conventional analysis for the determination of major and trace elements in such continental-scale surveys. Soil samples (n = 720) were collected from two transects (east-west across the USA, and north-south from Manitoba, Canada to El Paso, Texas (USA), n = 453 and 267, respectively). The samples came from 19 USA states and the province of Manitoba in Canada. They represented 31 types of land use (e.g., national forest, rangeland, etc.), and 123 different land covers (e.g., soybeans, oak forest, etc.). The samples represented a combination of depth-based sampling (0-5 cm) and horizon-based sampling (O, A and C horizons) with 123 different depths identified. The set was very diverse with few samples similar in land use, land cover, etc. All samples were analyzed by conventional means for the near-total concentration of 49 analytes (Ctotal, Ccarbonate and Corganic, and 46 major and trace elements). Spectra were obtained using dried, ground samples using a Digilab FTS-7000 FT spectrometer in the mid- (4000-400 cm-1) and near-infrared (10,000-4000 cm-1) at 4 cm-1 resolution (64 co-added scans per spectrum) using a Pike AutoDIFF DR autosampler. Partial least squares calibrations were develop using: (1) all samples as a calibration set; (2) samples evenly divided into calibration and validation sets based on spectral diversity; and (3) samples divided to have matching analyte concentrations in calibration and validation sets. In general, results supported the conclusion that neither mid-IR nor NIRS would be particularly useful in reducing the need for conventional analysis of soils from this continental-scale geochemical survey. The extreme sample diversity, likely caused by the widely varied parent material, land use at the site of collection (e.g., grazing, recreation, agriculture, etc.), and climate resulted in poor calibrations even for Ctotal, Corganic and Ccarbonate. The results indicated potential for mid-IR and NIRS to differentiate soils containing high concentrations (>100 mg/kg) of some metals (e.g., Co, Cr, Ni) from low-level samples (<50 mg/kg). However, because of the small number of high-level samples, it is possible that differentiation was based on factors other than metal concentration. Results for Mg and Sr were good, but results for other metals examined were fair to poor, at best. In essence, it appears that the great variation in chemical and physical properties seen in soils from this continental-scale survey resulted in each sample being virtually unique. Thus, suitable spectroscopic calibrations were generally not possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.017","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Reeves, J.B., and Smith, D.B., 2009, The potential of mid- and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determining major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from a geochemical survey of North America: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1472-1481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.017.","startPage":"1472","endPage":"1481","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217519,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.017"},{"id":245471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baeb7e4b08c986b3242be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, J. B. III","contributorId":82129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036983,"text":"70036983 - 2009 - REE partitioning between apatite and melt in a peralkaline volcanic suite, Kenya Rift Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036983","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"REE partitioning between apatite and melt in a peralkaline volcanic suite, Kenya Rift Valley","docAbstract":"Electron microprobe analyses are presented for fluorapatite phenocrysts from a benmoreite-peralkaline rhyolite volcanic suite from the Kenya Rift Valley. The rocks have previously been well characterized petrographically and their crystallization conditions are reasonably well known. The REE contents in the M site increase towards the rhyolites, with a maximum britholite component of ~35 mol.%. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are rather flat between La and Sm and then decrease towards Yb. Sodium and Fe occupy up to 1% and 4%, respectively, of the M site. The major coupled substitution is REE3+ + Si4+ ??? Ca2+ + P5+. The substitution REE3+ + Na+ ??? 2Ca2+ has been of minor importance. The relatively large Fe contents were perhaps facilitated by the low fo2 conditions of crystallization. Zoning is ubiquitous and resulted from both fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Apatites in some rhyolites are relatively Y-depleted, perhaps reflecting crystallization from melts which had precipitated zircon. Mineral/glass (melt) ratios for two rhyolites are unusually high, with maxima at Sm (762, 1123). ?? 2008 The Mineralogical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1180/minmag.2008.072.6.1147","issn":"0026461X","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Baginski, B., Belkin, H., Dzierzanowski, P., and Jezak, L., 2009, REE partitioning between apatite and melt in a peralkaline volcanic suite, Kenya Rift Valley: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 72, no. 6, p. 1147-1161, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.6.1147.","startPage":"1147","endPage":"1161","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217807,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.6.1147"},{"id":245779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9338e4b0c8380cd80cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baginski, B.","contributorId":80516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baginski","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzierzanowski, P.","contributorId":72235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzierzanowski","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jezak, L.","contributorId":35160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jezak","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037102,"text":"70037102 - 2009 - The effect of mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) burrowing activity on sediment oxygen demand in western Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-14T15:32:41","indexId":"70037102","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) burrowing activity on sediment oxygen demand in western Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Previous studies support the hypothesis that large numbers of infaunal burrow-irrigating organisms in the western basin of Lake Erie may increase significantly the sediment oxygen demand, thus enhancing the rate of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. We conducted laboratory experiments to quantify burrow oxygen dynamics and increased oxygen demand resulting from burrow irrigation using two different year classes of Hexagenia spp. nymphs from western Lake Erie during summer, 2006. Using oxygen microelectrodes and hot film anemometry, we simultaneously determined oxygen concentrations and burrow water flow velocities. Burrow oxygen depletion rates ranged from 21.7 mg/nymph/mo for 15 mm nymphs at 23 °C to 240.7 mg/nymph/mo for 23 mm nymphs at 13 °C. Sealed microcosm experiments demonstrated that mayflies increase the rate of oxygen depletion by 2-5 times that of controls, depending on size of nymph and water temperature, with colder waters having greater impact. At natural population densities, nymph pumping activity increased total sediment oxygen demand 0.3-2.5 times compared to sediments with no mayflies and accounted for 22-71% of the total sediment oxygen demand. Extrapolating laboratory results to the natural system suggest that Hexagenia spp. populations may exert a significant control on oxygen depletion during intermittent stratification. This finding may help explain some of the fluctuations in Hexagenia spp. population densities in western Lake Erie and suggests that mayflies, by causing their own population collapse irrespective of other environmental conditions, may need longer term averages when used as a bio-indicator of the success of pollution-abatement programs in western Lake Erie and possibly throughout the Great Lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2009.08.010","issn":"03801330","usgsCitation":"Edwards, W.J., Soster, F.M., Matisoff, G., and Schloesser, D.W., 2009, The effect of mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) burrowing activity on sediment oxygen demand in western Lake Erie: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 35, no. 4, p. 507-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.08.010.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217336,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2009.08.010"},{"id":245277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab32e4b08c986b322cb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, William J.","contributorId":47206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soster, Frederick M.","contributorId":9092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soster","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matisoff, Gerald","contributorId":15046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matisoff","given":"Gerald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037099,"text":"70037099 - 2009 - Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T12:16:30.34332","indexId":"70037099","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans","docAbstract":"A suite of 34 volcanic gas condensates and particulates from Kilauea (Hawaii), Mt. Etna and Vulcano (Italy), Mt. Merapi (Indonesia), White Island and Mt. Nguaruhoe (New Zealand) were analysed for both Tl isotope compositions and Tl/Pb ratios. When considered together with published Tl–Pb abundance data, the measurements provide globally representative best estimates of Tl/Pb = 0.46 ± 0.25 and ε205Tl = −1.7 ± 2.0 for the emissions of subaerial volcanism to the atmosphere and oceans (ε205Tl is the deviation of the 205Tl/203Tl isotope ratio from NIST SRM 997 isotope standard in parts per 10,000). Compared to igneous rocks of the crust and mantle, volcanic gases were found to have (i) Tl/Pb ratios that are typically about an order of magnitude higher, and (ii) significantly more variable Tl isotope compositions but a mean ε205Tl value that is indistinguishable from estimates for the Earth’s mantle and continental crust. The first observation can be explained by the more volatile nature of Tl compared to Pb during the production of volcanic gases, whilst the second reflects the contrasting and approximately balanced isotope fractionation effects that are generated by partial evaporation of Tl during magma degassing and partial Tl condensation as a result of the cooling and differentiation of volcanic gases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Rehkamper, M., Hinkley, T.K., Nielsen, S., and Toutain, J., 2009, Investigation of thallium fluxes from subaerial volcanism-Implications for the present and past mass balance of thallium in the oceans: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 20, p. 6340-6359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.07.014.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"6340","endPage":"6359","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e98e4b0c8380cd63ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.G.A.","contributorId":39617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rehkamper, M.","contributorId":21731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehkamper","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, S.G.","contributorId":49171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toutain, J.P.","contributorId":72621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toutain","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037098,"text":"70037098 - 2009 - Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037098","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Landslide hazard maps of Watauga County identify >2200 landslides, model debris flow susceptibility, and evaluate a 14km x 0.5km zone of existing and potential rock slope instability (ZEPRSI) near the Town of Boone. The ZEPRSI encompasses west-northwest trending (WNWT) topographic ridges where 14 active/past-active rock/weathered rock slides occur mainly in rocks of the Grandfather Mountain Window (GMW). The north side of this ridgeline is the GMW / Linville Falls Fault (LFF) contact. Sheared rocks of the Linville Falls Shear Zone (LFSZ) occur along the ridge and locally in the valley north of the contact. The valley is underlain principally by layered granitic gneiss comprising the Linville Falls/Beech Mountain/Stone Mountain Thrust Sheet. The integration of ArcGIS??? - format digital geologic and lineament mapping on a 6m LiDAR (Light Detecting and Ranging) digital elevation model (DEM) base, and kinematic analyses of site specific rock slope data (e.g., presence and degree of ductile and brittle deformation fabrics, rock type, rock weathering state) indicate: WNWT lineaments are expressions of a regionally extensive zone of fractures and faults; and ZEPRSI rock slope failures concentrate along excavated, north-facing LFF/LFSZ slopes where brittle fabrics overprint older metamorphic foliations, and other fractures create side and back release surfaces. Copyright 2009 ARMA, American Rock Mechanics Association.","largerWorkTitle":"43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium","conferenceTitle":"43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium","conferenceDate":"28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009","conferenceLocation":"Asheville, NC","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gillon, K., Wooten, R., Latham, R., Witt, A., Douglas, T., Bauer, J., and Fuemmeler, S., 2009, Integrating GIS-based geologic mapping, LiDAR-based lineament analysis and site specific rock slope data to delineate a zone of existing and potential rock slope instability located along the grandfather mountain window-Linville Falls shear zone contact, Southern Appalachian Mountains, Watauga County, North Carolina, in 43rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium and 4th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, Asheville, NC, 28 June 2009 through 1 July 2009.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c72e4b0c8380cd62d42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillon, K.A.","contributorId":63464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooten, R.M.","contributorId":93593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooten","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Latham, R.L.","contributorId":36394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Witt, A.W.","contributorId":85439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, T.J.","contributorId":79308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bauer, J.B.","contributorId":67293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fuemmeler, S.J.","contributorId":92873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuemmeler","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036977,"text":"70036977 - 2009 - Morphological variability of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from ACEX cores: Implications for late pleistocene circulation in the Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70036977","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological variability of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from ACEX cores: Implications for late pleistocene circulation in the Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Planktonic foraminifera populations were studied throughout the top 25 meters of the IODP ACEX 302 Hole 4C from the central Arctic Ocean at a resolution varying from 5cm (at the top of the record) to 10cm. Planktonic foraminifera occur in high absolute abundances only in the uppermost fifty centimetres and are dominated by the taxa Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. Except for a few intermittent layers below this level, most samples are barren of calcareous microfossils. Within the topmost sediments, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma specimens present large morphological variability in the shape and number of chambers in the final whorl, chamber sphericity, size, and coiling direction. Five morphotypes were identified among the sinistral (sin.) population (Nps-1 to Nps-5), including a small form (Nps-5) that is similar to a non-encrusted normal form also previously identified in the modern Arctic Ocean water masses. Twenty five percent of the sinistral population is made up by large specimens (Nps-2, 3,4), with a maximal mean diameter larger than 250??m. Following observations made in peri-Arctic seas (Hillaire-Marcel et al. 2004), we propose that occurrence of these large-sized specimens of N. pachyderma (sin.) in the central Arctic Ocean sediments could sign North Atlantic water sub-surface penetration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Eynaud, F., Cronin, T.M., Smith, S., Zaragosi, S., Mavel, J., Mary, Y., Mas, V., and Pujol, C., 2009, Morphological variability of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from ACEX cores: Implications for late pleistocene circulation in the Arctic Ocean: Micropaleontology, v. 55, no. 2-3, p. 101-116.","startPage":"101","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e44e4b0c8380cd708fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eynaud, F.","contributorId":42425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eynaud","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, S.A.","contributorId":72930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaragosi, S.","contributorId":24204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaragosi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mavel, J.","contributorId":103907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mavel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mary, Y.","contributorId":73037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mary","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mas, V.","contributorId":46341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mas","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pujol, C.","contributorId":51582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pujol","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036973,"text":"70036973 - 2009 - Geoelectrical measurement and modeling of biogeochemical breakthrough behavior during microbial activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-21T12:32:34","indexId":"70036973","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geoelectrical measurement and modeling of biogeochemical breakthrough behavior during microbial activity","docAbstract":"We recorded bulk electrical conductivity (σb) along a soil column during microbially-mediated selenite oxyanion reduction. Effluent fluid electrical conductivity and early time σb were modeled according to classic advective-dispersive transport of the nutrient medium. However, σb along the column exhibited strongly bimodal breakthrough which cannot be explained by changes in the electrical conductivity of the pore fluid. We model the anomalous breakthrough by adding a conduction path in parallel with the fluid phase, with a time dependence described by a microbial population-dynamics model. We incorporate a delay time to show that breakthrough curves along the column satisfy the same growth model parameters and offer a possible explanation based on biomass-limited growth that is delayed with distance from influent of the nutrient medium. Although the mechanism causing conductivity enhancement in the presence of biomass is uncertain, our results strongly suggest that biogeochemical breakthrough curves have been captured in geoelectrical datasets.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009GL038695","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Slater, L., Day-Lewis, F.D., Ntarlagiannis, D., O'Brien, M., and Yee, N., 2009, Geoelectrical measurement and modeling of biogeochemical breakthrough behavior during microbial activity: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 14, L14402; 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038695.","productDescription":"L14402; 5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-013008","costCenters":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476156,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038695","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1746e4b0c8380cd55467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slater, L.D.","contributorId":63229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ntarlagiannis, D.","contributorId":57287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ntarlagiannis","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Brien, M.","contributorId":57980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Brien","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yee, N.","contributorId":56461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036971,"text":"70036971 - 2009 - New evidence for a magmatic influence on the origin of Valles Marineris, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:33:21","indexId":"70036971","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New evidence for a magmatic influence on the origin of Valles Marineris, Mars","docAbstract":"In this paper, we show that the complex geological evolution of Valles Marineris, Mars, has been highly influenced by the manifestation of magmatism (e.g., possible plume activity). This is based on a diversity of evidence, reported here, for the central part, Melas Chasma, and nearby regions, including uplift, loss of huge volumes of material, flexure, volcanism, and possible hydrothermal and endogenic-induced outflow channel activity. Observations include: (1) the identification of a new > 50??km-diameter caldera/vent-like feature on the southwest flank of Melas, which is spatially associated with a previously identified center of tectonic activity using Viking data; (2) a prominent topographic rise at the central part of Valles Marineris, which includes Melas Chasma, interpreted to mark an uplift, consistent with faults that are radial and concentric about it; (3) HiRISE-identified landforms along the floor of the southeast part of Melas Chasma that are interpreted to reveal a volcanic field; (4) CRISM identification of sulfate-rich outcrops, which could be indicative of hydrothermal deposits; (5) GRS K/Th signature interpreted as water-magma interactions and/or variations in rock composition; and (6) geophysical evidence that may indicate partial compensation of the canyon and/or higher density intrusives beneath it. Long-term magma, tectonic, and water interactions (Late Noachian into the Amazonian), albeit intermittent, point to an elevated life potential, and thus Valles Marineris is considered a prime target for future life detection missions. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.029","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., Williams, J., Anderson, R.C., Ruiz, J., McGuire, P., Komatsu, G., Davila, A., Ferris, J., Schulze-Makuch, D., Baker, V., Boynton, W.V., Fairen, A., Hare, T., Miyamoto, H., Tanaka, K.L., and Wheelock, S., 2009, New evidence for a magmatic influence on the origin of Valles Marineris, Mars: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 185, no. 1-2, p. 12-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.029.","startPage":"12","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476143,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/10517/1/27-Marte_11.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.029"}],"volume":"185","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6577e4b0c8380cd72bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, J.-P.","contributorId":49185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. 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V.","contributorId":44274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boynton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fairen, A.G.","contributorId":25335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hare, T.M. 0000-0001-8842-389X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":43828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Miyamoto, H.","contributorId":56831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyamoto","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Wheelock, S.J.","contributorId":94523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheelock","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70036970,"text":"70036970 - 2009 - Deformation band clusters on Mars and implications for subsurface fluid flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T14:01:26","indexId":"70036970","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation band clusters on Mars and implications for subsurface fluid flow","docAbstract":"High-resolution imagery reveals unprecedented lines of evidence for the presence of deformation band clusters in layered sedimentary deposits in the equatorial region of Mars. Deformation bands are a class of geologic structural discontinuity that is a precursor to faults in clastic rocks and soils. Clusters of deformation bands, consisting of many hundreds of individual subparallel bands, can act as important structural controls on subsurface fluid flow in terrestrial reservoirs, and evidence of diagenetic processes is often preserved along them. Deformation band clusters are identified on Mars based on characteristic meter-scale architectures and geologic context as observed in data from the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera. The identification of deformation band clusters on Mars is a key to investigating the migration of fluids between surface and subsurface reservoirs in the planet's vast sedimentary deposits. Similar to terrestrial examples, evidence of diagenesis in the form of light- and dark-toned discoloration and wall-rock induration is recorded along many of the deformation band clusters on Mars. Therefore, these structures are important sites for future exploration and investigations into the geologic history of water and water-related processes on Mars.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B26421.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Okubo, C., Schultz, R.A., Chan, M.A., Komatsu, G., and the HiRISE TEam, 2009, Deformation band clusters on Mars and implications for subsurface fluid flow: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, no. 3-4, p. 474-482, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26421.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"121","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe44e4b0c8380cd4ec21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Richard A.","contributorId":49869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chan, Marjorie A.","contributorId":66230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"Marjorie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Komatsu, Goro","contributorId":11061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komatsu","given":"Goro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"the HiRISE TEam","contributorId":127993,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"the HiRISE TEam","id":756440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036948,"text":"70036948 - 2009 - Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036948","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast","docAbstract":"Estimating the likelihood of tsunamis occurring along the U.S. Atlantic coast critically depends on knowledge of tsunami source probability. We review available information on both earthquake and landslide probabilities from potential sources that could generate local and transoceanic tsunamis. Estimating source probability includes defining both size and recurrence distributions for earthquakes and landslides. For the former distribution, source sizes are often distributed according to a truncated or tapered power-law relationship. For the latter distribution, sources are often assumed to occur in time according to a Poisson process, simplifying the way tsunami probabilities from individual sources can be aggregated. For the U.S. Atlantic coast, earthquake tsunami sources primarily occur at transoceanic distances along plate boundary faults. Probabilities for these sources are constrained from previous statistical studies of global seismicity for similar plate boundary types. In contrast, there is presently little information constraining landslide probabilities that may generate local tsunamis. Though there is significant uncertainty in tsunami source probabilities for the Atlantic, results from this study yield a comparative analysis of tsunami source recurrence rates that can form the basis for future probabilistic analyses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.005","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Parsons, T., 2009, Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 98-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.005.","startPage":"98","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.08.005"},{"id":245623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee5ae4b0c8380cd49cfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036947,"text":"70036947 - 2009 - Selenium and trace element mobility affected by periodic displacement of stratification in the Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036947","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium and trace element mobility affected by periodic displacement of stratification in the Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"The Great Salt Lake (GSL) is a unique ecosystem in which trace element activity cannot be characterized by standard geochemical parameters due to the high salinity. Movement of selenium and other trace elements present in the lake bed sediments of GSL may occur due to periodic stratification displacement events or lake bed exposure. The water column of GSL is complicated by the presence of a chemocline persistent over annual to decadal time scales. The water below the chemocline is referred to as the deep brine layer (DBL), has a high salinity (16.5 to 22.9%) and is anoxic. The upper brine layer (UBL) resides above the chemocline, has lower salinity (12.6 to 14.7%) and is oxic. Displacement of the DBL may involve trace element movement within the water column due to changes in redox potential. Evidence of stratification displacement in the water column has been observed at two fixed stations on the lake by monitoring vertical water temperature profiles with horizontal and vertical velocity profiles. Stratification displacement events occur over periods of 12 to 24 h and are associated with strong wind events that can produce seiches within the water column. In addition to displacement events, the DBL shrinks and expands in response to changes in the lake surface area over a period of months. Laboratory tests simulating the observed sediment re-suspension were conducted over daily, weekly and monthly time scales to understand the effect of placing anoxic bottom sediments in contact with oxic water, and the associated effect of trace element desorption and (or) dissolution. Results from the laboratory simulations indicate that a small percentage (1%) of selenium associated with anoxic bottom sediments is periodically solubilized into the UBL where it potentially can be incorporated into the biota utilizing the oxic part of GSL.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.005","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Beisner, K., Naftz, D.L., Johnson, W., and Diaz, X., 2009, Selenium and trace element mobility affected by periodic displacement of stratification in the Great Salt Lake, Utah: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 19, p. 5263-5273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.005.","startPage":"5263","endPage":"5273","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.005"},{"id":245622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"407","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cede4b08c986b3181b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beisner, K.","contributorId":36397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diaz, X.","contributorId":87380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037072,"text":"70037072 - 2009 - Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T16:22:47","indexId":"70037072","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets","docAbstract":"The flow structure in the developing region of a turbulent jet has been examined using particle image velocimetry methods, considering the flow at steady state conditions. The velocity fields were integrated to determine the ratio of the entrained air speed to the jet speed, which was approximately 0.03 for a range of Mach numbers up to 0.89 and Reynolds numbers up to 217,000. This range of experimental Mach and Reynolds numbers is higher than previously considered for high-accuracy entrainment measures, particularly in the near-vent region. The entrainment values are below those commonly used for geophysical analyses of volcanic plumes, suggesting that existing 1-D models are likely to understate the tendency for column collapse.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006298","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Solovitz, S.A., and Mastin, L.G., 2009, Experimental study of near-field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298.","productDescription":"B10203; 9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010659","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217362,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006298"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de7e4b0c8380cd53248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solovitz, Stephen A.","contributorId":21434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solovitz","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037073,"text":"70037073 - 2009 - Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037073","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change","docAbstract":"Research on grazing effects usually compares the same sites through time or grazed and ungrazed sites over the same time period. Both approaches are complicated in arid environments where grazing can have a long undocumented history and landscapes can be spatially heterogenous. This work employs both approaches simultaneously by comparing grazed and ungrazed samples through both time and space using fossil plant macrofossils and pollen from packrat middens. A series of 27 middens, spanning from 995 yr BP to the present, were collected from Glen Canyon in southeastern Utah, USA. These middens detail vegetation change just prior to, and following, the historical introduction of domesticated grazers and also compares assemblages from nearby ungrazable mesas. Pre-grazing middens, and modern middens from ungrazed areas, record more native grasses, native herbs, and native shrubs such as Rhus trilobata, Amelanchier utahensis, and Shepherdia rotundifolia than modern middens from grazed areas. Ordinations demonstrate that site-to-site variability is more important than any temporal changes, making selection of comparable grazed versus ungrazed study treatments difficult. But within similar sites, the changes through time show that grazing lowered the number of taxa recorded, and lessened the pre-existing site differences, homogenizing the resultant plant associations in this desert grassland.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Arid Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006","issn":"01401963","usgsCitation":"Fisher, J., Cole, K., and Anderson, R., 2009, Using packrat middens to assess grazing effects on vegetation change: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 73, no. 10, p. 937-948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006.","startPage":"937","endPage":"948","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.006"},{"id":245337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc08de4b08c986b32a1b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, J.","contributorId":37160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":459252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036945,"text":"70036945 - 2009 - Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036945","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin","docAbstract":"Submarine landslides are distributed unevenly both in space and time. Spatially, they occur most commonly in fjords, active river deltas, submarine canyon-fan systems, the open continental slope and on the flanks of oceanic volcanic islands. Temporally, they are influenced by the size, location, and sedimentology of migrating depocenters, changes in seafloor pressures and temperatures, variations in seismicity and volcanic activity, and changes in groundwater flow conditions. The dominant factor influencing the timing of submarine landslide occurrence is glaciation. A review of known ages of submarine landslides along the margins of the Atlantic Ocean, augmented by a few ages from other submarine locations shows a relatively even distribution of large landslides with time from the last glacial maximum until about five thousand years after the end of glaciation. During the past 5000??yr, the frequency of occurrence is less by a factor of 1.7 to 3.5 than during or shortly after the last glacial/deglaciation period. Such an association likely exists because of the formation of thick deposits of sediment on the upper continental slope during glacial periods and increased seismicity caused by isostatic readjustment during and following deglaciation. Hydrate dissociation may play a role, as suggested previously in the literature, but the connection is unclear.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.009","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Lee, H., 2009, Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 53-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.009.","startPage":"53","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217637,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.009"},{"id":245594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f2e4b08c986b3260ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036944,"text":"70036944 - 2009 - Do summer temperatures trigger spring maturation in pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036944","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do summer temperatures trigger spring maturation in pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus?","docAbstract":"Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, return to streams and use somatic energy to fuel maturation. Body size decreases, the lamprey mature, spawn, and then die. We predicted that warm, summer temperatures (>20 ??C) would accentuate shrinkage in body size, and expedite sexual maturation and subsequent death. We compared fish reared in the laboratory at diel fluctuating temperatures of 20-24 ??C (mean = 21.8 ??C) with fish reared at cooler temperatures (13.6 ??C). The results confirmed our predictions. Lamprey from the warm water group showed significantly greater proportional decreases in body weight following the summer temperature treatments than fish from the cool water group. A greater proportion of warm water fish sexually matured (100%) and died (97%) the following spring than cool water fish (53% sexually mature, 61% died). Females tended to mature and die earlier than males, most obviously in the warm water group. ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00358.x","issn":"09066691","usgsCitation":"Clemens, B., Van De Wetering, S., Kaufman, J., Holt, R., and Schreck, C., 2009, Do summer temperatures trigger spring maturation in pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus?: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 18, no. 3, p. 418-426, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00358.x.","startPage":"418","endPage":"426","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2009.00358.x"},{"id":245563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0366e4b0c8380cd50492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clemens, B.J.","contributorId":52415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemens","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van De Wetering, S.","contributorId":71422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Wetering","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaufman, J.","contributorId":35500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holt, R.A.","contributorId":27294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036943,"text":"70036943 - 2009 - Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls of river subsurface solutes under agriculturally enhanced ground water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T10:59:54","indexId":"70036943","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls of river subsurface solutes under agriculturally enhanced ground water flow","docAbstract":"The relative influences of hydrologic processes and biogeochemistry on the transport and retention of minor solutes were compared in the riverbed of the lower Merced River (California, USA). The subsurface of this reach receives ground water discharge and surface water infiltration due to an altered hydraulic setting resulting from agricultural irrigation. Filtered ground water samples were collected from 30 drive point locations in March, June, and October 2004. Hydrologic processes, described previously, were verified by observations of bromine concentrations; manganese was used to indicate redox conditions. The separate responses of the minor solutes strontium, barium, uranium, and phosphorus to these influences were examined. Correlation and principal component analyses indicate that hydrologic processes dominate the distribution of trace elements in the ground water. Redox conditions appear to be independent of hydrologic processes and account for most of the remaining data variability. With some variability, major processes are consistent in two sampling transects separated by 100 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2008.0448","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Wildman, R., Domagalski, J.L., and Hering, J.G., 2009, Hydrologic and biogeochemical controls of river subsurface solutes under agriculturally enhanced ground water flow: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1830-1840, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0448.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1830","endPage":"1840","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487881,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/158267","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217606,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0448"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a353ae4b0c8380cd5fd87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildman, R.A. Jr.","contributorId":17856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildman","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hering, J. G.","contributorId":12647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hering","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036085,"text":"70036085 - 2009 - Reply to the comment on \"Geochemical gradients in soil O-horizon samples from southern Norway: Natural or anthropogenic?\" by Eiliv Steinnes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:02","indexId":"70036085","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to the comment on \"Geochemical gradients in soil O-horizon samples from southern Norway: Natural or anthropogenic?\" by Eiliv Steinnes","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.06.008","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Reimann, C., Englmaier, P., Flem, B., Gough, L., Lamothe, P., Nordgulen, O., and Smith, D., 2009, Reply to the comment on \"Geochemical gradients in soil O-horizon samples from southern Norway: Natural or anthropogenic?\" by Eiliv Steinnes: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 10, p. 2023-2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.06.008.","startPage":"2023","endPage":"2025","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218513,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.06.008"},{"id":246530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa76ee4b0c8380cd853fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimann, C.","contributorId":23669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimann","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Englmaier, P.","contributorId":100617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Englmaier","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flem, B.","contributorId":94110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flem","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gough, L.","contributorId":53971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamothe, P.","contributorId":100477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nordgulen, O.","contributorId":24179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordgulen","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, D.","contributorId":60978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036134,"text":"70036134 - 2009 - Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70036134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians","docAbstract":"This study examined the molecular and isotopic compositions of gases generated from different kerogen types (i.e., Types I/II, II, IIS and III) in Menilite Shales by sequential hydrous pyrolysis experiments. The experiments were designed to simulate gas generation from source rocks at pre-oil-cracking thermal maturities. Initially, rock samples were heated in the presence of liquid water at 330 ??C for 72 h to simulate early gas generation dominated by the overall reaction of kerogen decomposition to bitumen. Generated gas and oil were quantitatively collected at the completion of the experiments and the reactor with its rock and water was resealed and heated at 355 ??C for 72 h. This condition simulates late petroleum generation in which the dominant overall reaction is bitumen decomposition to oil. This final heating equates to a cumulative thermal maturity of 1.6% Rr, which represents pre-oil-cracking conditions. In addition to the generated gases from these two experiments being characterized individually, they are also summed to characterize a cumulative gas product. These results are compared with natural gases produced from sandstone reservoirs within or directly overlying the Menilite Shales. The experimentally generated gases show no molecular compositions that are distinct for the different kerogen types, but on a total organic carbon (TOC) basis, oil prone kerogens (i.e., Types I/II, II and IIS) generate more hydrocarbon gas than gas prone Type III kerogen. Although the proportionality of methane to ethane in the experimental gases is lower than that observed in the natural gases, the proportionality of ethane to propane and i-butane to n-butane are similar to those observed for the natural gases. ??13C values of the experimentally generated methane, ethane and propane show distinctions among the kerogen types. This distinction is related to the ??13C of the original kerogen, with 13C enriched kerogen generating more 13C enriched hydrocarbon gases than kerogen less enriched in 13C. The typically assumed linear trend for ??13C of methane, ethane and propane versus their reciprocal carbon number for a single sourced natural gas is not observed in the experimental gases. Instead, the so-called \"dogleg\" trend, exemplified by relatively 13C depleted methane and enriched propane as compared to ethane, is observed for all the kerogen types and at both experimental conditions. Three of the natural gases from the same thrust unit had similar \"dogleg\" trends indicative of Menilite source rocks with Type III kerogen. These natural gases also contained varying amounts of a microbial gas component that was approximated using the ????13C for methane and propane determined from the experiments. These approximations gave microbial methane components that ranged from 13-84%. The high input of microbial gas was reflected in the higher gas:oil ratios for Outer Carpathian production (115-1568 Nm3/t) compared with those determined from the experiments (65-302 Nm3/t). Two natural gas samples in the far western part of the study area had more linear trends that suggest a different organic facies of the Menilite Shales or a completely different source. This situation emphasizes the importance of conducting hydrous pyrolysis on samples representing the complete stratigraphic and lateral extent of potential source rocks in determining specific genetic gas correlations. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Kotarba, M., Curtis, J.B., and Lewan, M.D., 2009, Comparison of natural gases accumulated in Oligocene strata with hydrous pyrolysis gases from Menilite Shales of the Polish Outer Carpathians: Organic Geochemistry, v. 40, no. 7, p. 769-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007.","startPage":"769","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218302,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.04.007"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f87ae4b0c8380cd4d124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotarba, M.J.","contributorId":83240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotarba","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtis, John B.","contributorId":70972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curtis","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":454390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035686,"text":"70035686 - 2009 - A carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic study in dated sediment cores from the Louisiana Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T09:55:36","indexId":"70035686","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic study in dated sediment cores from the Louisiana Shelf","docAbstract":"Three sediment cores were collected off the Mississippi River delta on the Louisiana Shelf at sites that are variably influenced by recurring, summer-time water-column hypoxia and fluvial loadings. The cores, with established chronology, were analyzed for their respective carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental and isotopic composition to examine variable organic matter inputs, and to assess the sediment record for possible evidence of hypoxic events. Sediment from site MRJ03-3, which is located close to the Mississippi Canyon and generally not influenced by summer-time hypoxia, is typical of marine sediment in that it contains mostly marine algae and fine-grained material from the erosion of terrestrial C4 plants. Sediment from site MRJ03-2, located closer to the mouth of the Mississippi River and at the periphery of the hypoxic zone (annual recurrence of summer-time hypoxia >50%), is similar in composition to core MRJ03-3, but exhibits more isotopic and elemental variability down-core, suggesting that this site is more directly influenced by river discharge. Site MRJ03-5 is located in an area of recurring hypoxia (annual recurrence >75%), and is isotopically and elementally distinct from the other two cores. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of this core prior to 1960 is similar to average particulate organic matter from the lower Mississippi River, and approaches the composition of C3 plants. This site likely receives a greater input of local terrestrial organic matter to the sediment. After 1960 and to the present, a gradual shift to higher values of δ13C and δ15N and lower C:N ratios suggests that algal input to these shelf sediments increased as a result of increased productivity and hypoxia. The values of C:S and δ34S reflect site-specific processes that may be influenced by the higher likelihood of recurring seasonal hypoxia. In particular, the temporal variations in the C:S and δ34S down-core are likely caused by changes in the rate of sulfate reduction, and hence the degree of hypoxia in the overlying water column. Based principally on the down-core C:N and C:S ratios and δ13C and δ34S profiles, sites MRJ03-3 and MRJ03-2 generally reflect more marine organic matter inputs, while site MRJ03-5 appears to be more influenced by terrestrial deposition.