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Boreal regions of western North America regularly support breeding populations of 130 species of landbirds, including 68 Nearctic-Neotropical migrants. Primary conservation concerns within the region include increased timber harvesting, insect outbreaks, fire suppression, mining, impacts of military training activities, urbanization, and recreational activities. Under auspices of Partners in Flight, biologists, land and resource managers, and conservationists from Alaska and western Canada have combined efforts to develop a regional research and monitoring program for landbirds. An experimental monitoring program has been under way during the past four years to test the relative statistical power and cost-effectiveness of various monitoring methods in Alaska. Joint efforts currently include the Alaska Checklist Project on National Wildlife Refuges, 75 Breeding Bird Surveys along the road system, 122 Off-road Point Count routes, 27 Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship banding sites, and 8 migration banding stations. The ultimate goal is to design a comprehensive monitoring program that is sensitive to changes in population size, survival rates, and productivity, but robust enough to accommodate logistical constraints that arise when working in vast, roadless areas with limited funds and staff. Primary challenges that must be faced to assure the long-term future of such a program are obtaining long-term commitment from resource agencies in the region, integrating this program with other national and regional programs that address those species and habitats that are inadequately monitored by established techniques, and developing cooperative research, monitoring, and management programs at the landscape level.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Strategies for bird conservation: The Partners in Flight planning process: Proceedings of the 1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop","conferenceDate":"October 1-5, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Cape May, NJ","language":"English","publisher":" Cornell Lab of Ornithology ","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","usgsCitation":"Handel, C.M., 1999, Boreal partners in flight: Working together to build a regional research and monitoring program, in Strategies for bird conservation: The Partners in Flight planning process: Proceedings of the 1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop, Cape May, NJ, October 1-5, 1995, p. 143-150.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science 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We quantified the amount, spatial distribution, and importance of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)-derived nitrogen (N) by brown bears (Ursus arctos) on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. We tested and confirmed the hypothesis that the stable isotope signature (δ15N) of N in foliage of white spruce (Picea glauca) was inversely proportional to the distance from salmon-spawning streams (r=–0.99 and P<0.05 in two separate watersheds). Locations of radio-collared brown bears, relative to their distance from a stream, were highly correlated with δ15N depletion of foliage across the same gradient (r=–0.98 and –0.96 and P<0.05 in the same two separate watersheds). Mean rates of redistribution of salmon-derived N by adult female brown bears were 37.2±2.9 kg/year per bear (range 23.1–56.3), of which 96% (35.7±2.7 kg/year per bear) was excreted in urine, 3% (1.1±0.1 kg/year per bear) was excreted in feces, and <1% (0.3± 0.1 kg/year per bear) was retained in the body. On an area basis, salmon-N redistribution rates were as high as 5.1±0.7 mg/m2 per year per bear within 500 m of the stream but dropped off greatly with increasing distance. We estimated that 15.5–17.8% of the total N in spruce foliage within 500 m of the stream was derived from salmon. Of that, bears had distributed 83–84%. Thus, brown bears can be an important vector of salmon-derived N into riparian ecosystems, but their effects are highly variable spatially and a function of bear density.

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Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":624117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, C.C.","contributorId":33658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22107,"text":"ofr99328 - 1999 - Regional baseline geochemistry and environmental effects of gold placer mining operations on the Fortymile River, eastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr99328","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-328","title":"Regional baseline geochemistry and environmental effects of gold placer mining operations on the Fortymile River, eastern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr99328","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., Wang, B., Vohden, J., Briggs, P., and Meier, A., 1999, Regional baseline geochemistry and environmental effects of gold placer mining operations on the Fortymile River, eastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-328, 19 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99328.","productDescription":"19 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0328/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0328/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, R. 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A more complete understanding of the tectonic evolution of this part of the Pacific Rim, achieved over the last 15 to 20 years, now allows for the placement of ore systems into a well-defined plate tectonic framework. Ore deposits older than about 185 Ma represent hydrothermal systems that were active in the platform/shelf environment of ancestral North America's miogeocline or hydrothermal systems developed in oceanic arcs and continental fragments more distal to the craton. These include important SEDEX, VMS, and pre-accretionary porphyry deposits. In contrast, most mineral deposits younger than about 185 Ma were formed within the growing Cordilleran orogen, as terranes were accreted to the continental margin during interactions between the North America and Pacific/Farallon/Kula plates. Such syn- to post-accretionary mineralised systems include many large lode gold and porphyry/skarn systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"PACRIM '99 Congress: 10-13 October 1999, Bali, Indonesia (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series no. 99/4)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"PACRIM '99 Congress","conferenceDate":"1999-10-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Bali, Indonesia","language":"English","publisher":"Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy","publisherLocation":"Carlton, Australia","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., and Mortensen, J., 1999, Metallogeny of the northeastern Pacific Rim: an example of the distribution of ore deposits along a growing continental margin, p. 273-285.","productDescription":"p. 273-285","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia;Yukon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,48.31 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -114.05,71.39 ], [ -114.05,48.31 ], [ 172.45,48.31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd66c2e4b0b29085100f59","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Weber, Graeme","contributorId":113024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Graeme","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509704,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, C.J.","contributorId":20536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mortensen, J.K.","contributorId":16597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180394,"text":"70180394 - 1999 - Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska","indexId":"70180394","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"Geology of Unga Island and the northwestern part of Popof Island: Chapter 2 in A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70180395,"text":"70180395 - 1999 - Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska","indexId":"70180395","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T21:48:30.180266","indexId":"ofr99136","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-136","title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"

The topic of this CD-ROM is the geologic framework of gold-silver vein deposits on Unga Island, in the Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska. The core of the publication is a new geologic map at a scale of 1:63,360 and aeromagnetic and electromagnetic survey data acquired by industry over the area of mineralization. Both the geologic map as well as a preliminary interpretation of the geophysical data - which are included by permission of the owner - are aimed towards deciphering the relations among volcanism, tectonism, and mineralization. Data and discussions are organized in seven chapters, titles of which are outlined in the table of contents. The chapters consist of viewable text and figure images; postscript versions of the frontispiece figures and all chapter figures are included on the CD-ROM as well. The geologic map is a large viewable figure (Plate 1) that accompanies chapter 2. The map was constructed in ARC and its component coverages are provided in the folder 'Geology' for users who may wish to modify the geologic data or add their own data.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/ofr99136","issn":"0566-8174","isbn":"0607926546","usgsCitation":"1999, Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska (Version 1.3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-136, 6 p.; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99136.","productDescription":"6 p.; CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334270,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-136/version_history.txt"},{"id":334269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-136/of99-136.pdf","text":"Introduction, with links to chapters","size":"138 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":9306,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-136/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Unga Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.90576171875,\n 55.11608453987679\n ],\n [\n -160.44708251953125,\n 55.11608453987679\n ],\n [\n -160.44708251953125,\n 55.41342553237579\n ],\n [\n -160.90576171875,\n 55.41342553237579\n ],\n [\n -160.90576171875,\n 55.11608453987679\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.3","publicComments":"Originally published as a CD-ROM; the files are now available online","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae655","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Riehle, James R.","contributorId":70048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661517,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22471,"text":"ofr99306 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Prince Rupert quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T20:14:27.250245","indexId":"ofr99306","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-306","title":"Alaska resource data file: Prince Rupert quadrangle","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99306","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Berg, H.C., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Prince Rupert quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-306, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99306.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1535,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51990,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0306/ofr99306.pdf","text":"Report","size":"135 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484084,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19331.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince Rupert quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -132,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 54 \n ],\n [\n -130,\n 54\n ],\n [\n -130,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -132,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berg, H. C.","contributorId":36130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23850,"text":"ofr99448 - 1999 - 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-27T09:27:49","indexId":"ofr99448","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-448","title":"1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors over 40 historically active volcanoes along the Aleutian Arc. Twenty are seismically monitored and for the rest, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and daily analysis of satellite images. In 1997, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 11 volcanic centers: Wrangell, Sanford, Shrub mud volcano, Iliamna, the Katmai group (Martin, Mageik, Snowy, and Kukak volcanoes), Chiginagak, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Amukta. Of these, AVO has real-time, continuously recording seismic networks at Iliamna, the Katmai group, and Pavlof. The phrase “suspect volcanic activity” (SVA), used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event.

\n
\n

In addition to responding to eruptive activity at Alaska volcanoes, AVO also disseminated information for the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) about the 1997 activity of 5 Russian volcanoes--Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Karymsky, and Alaid (SVA).

\n
\n

This report summarizes volcanic activity and SVA in Alaska during 1997 and the AVO response, as well as information on the reported activity at the Russian volcanoes. Only those reports or inquiries that resulted in a “significant” investment of staff time and energy (here defined as several hours or more for reaction, tracking, and follow-up) are included. AVO typically receives dozens of reports throughout the year of steaming, unusual cloud sightings, or eruption rumors. Most of these are resolved quickly and are not tabulated here as part of the 1997 response record.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99448","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McGimsey, R.G., and Wallace, K., 1999, 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-448, Report: PDF, 42 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99448.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 42 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"41","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr99448.GIF"},{"id":1576,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0448/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0448/1997summary.txt"},{"id":53070,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0448/pdf/1997SummaryofEventsAVO.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Russia;United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc;Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 132.11,34.93 ], [ 132.11,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,34.93 ], [ 132.11,34.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4919e4b0b290850eee29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L.","contributorId":20054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169448,"text":"70169448 - 1999 - Effects of sample size and sampling frequency on studies of brown bear home ranges and habitat use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T16:16:31","indexId":"70169448","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sample size and sampling frequency on studies of brown bear home ranges and habitat use","docAbstract":"

We equipped 9 brown bears (Ursus arctos) on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, with collars containing both conventional very-high-frequency (VHF) transmitters and global positioning system (GPS) receivers programmed to determine an animal's position at 5.75-hr intervals. We calculated minimum convex polygon (MCP) and fixed and adaptive kernel home ranges for randomly-selected subsets of the GPS data to examine the effects of sample size on accuracy and precision of home range estimates. We also compared results obtained by weekly aerial radiotracking versus more frequent GPS locations to test for biases in conventional radiotracking data. Home ranges based on the MCP were 20-606 km2 (x = 201) for aerial radiotracking data (n = 12-16 locations/bear) and 116-1,505 km2 (x = 522) for the complete GPS data sets (n = 245-466 locations/bear). Fixed kernel home ranges were 34-955 km2 (x = 224) for radiotracking data and 16-130 km2 (x = 60) for the GPS data. Differences between means for radiotracking and GPS data were due primarily to the larger samples provided by the GPS data. Means did not differ between radiotracking data and equivalent-sized subsets of GPS data (P > 0.10). For the MCP, home range area increased and variability decreased asymptotically with number of locations. For the kernel models, both area and variability decreased with increasing sample size. Simulations suggested that the MCP and kernel models required >60 and >80 locations, respectively, for estimates to be both accurate (change in area <1%/additional location) and precise (CV < 50%). Although the radiotracking data appeared unbiased, except for the relationship between area and sample size, these data failed to indicate some areas that likely were important to bears. Our results suggest that the usefulness of conventional radiotracking data may be limited by potential biases and variability due to small samples. Investigators that use home range estimates in statistical tests should consider the effects of variability of those estimates. Use of GPS-equipped collars can facilitate obtaining larger samples of unbiased data and improve accuracy and precision of home range estimates.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., and Schwartz, C.C., 1999, Effects of sample size and sampling frequency on studies of brown bear home ranges and habitat use: Ursus, v. 11, p. 139-148.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_11/Arthur_Schwartz_Vol_11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66155e4b07d796bf77045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Steve M.","contributorId":66169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":624155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23931,"text":"ofr99139 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Talkeetna quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T18:26:00.850087","indexId":"ofr99139","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-139","title":"Alaska resource data file: Talkeetna quadrangle","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99139","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Millholland, M., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Talkeetna quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-139, 183 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99139.","productDescription":"183 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484198,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19330.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1636,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53140,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0139/ofr99139.pdf","text":"Report","size":"534 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 99-139 PDF"},{"id":156573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0139/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Talkeetna quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 63\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6886e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millholland, Madelyn","contributorId":16452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millholland","given":"Madelyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22609,"text":"ofr99156 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Medfra quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T14:11:37.409304","indexId":"ofr99156","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-156","title":"Alaska resource data file: Medfra quadrangle","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99156","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bundtzen, T.K., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Medfra quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-156, 176 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99156.","productDescription":"176 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486375,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0156/ofr19990156.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1372,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":484027,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19329.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Medfra quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688683","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bundtzen, T. K.","contributorId":80287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22913,"text":"ofr99258 - 1999 - Physical, chemical, and biological data for two sites on the upper Kenai River, Alaska, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr99258","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-258","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological data for two sites on the upper Kenai River, Alaska, 1998","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected and stream characteristics were documented from two sites along the upper Kenai River in the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. These data were collected to describe the current status of the sites and to provide baseline information from which changes in the future could be evaluated. Physical characteristics included channel geometry surveys, and measurements of channel widths and water discharge at each site. Chemical data included stream water temperature, dissolved-oxygen concentration, pH, specific conductance, E. coli and fecal coliform counts, and nutrient concentration. Data on concentrations of trace elements and various organic compounds in bed sediments and the tissue of slimy sculpin were also collected. Biological characteristics were evaluated using measurements of the bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish communities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99258","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J.M., and Ness, L., 1999, Physical, chemical, and biological data for two sites on the upper Kenai River, Alaska, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-258, iv, 49 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.; 9 illus.; 10 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99258.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.; 9 illus.; 10 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ness, Lee","contributorId":44581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ness","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228808,"text":"70228808 - 1999 - Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia presented in electronic form","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T15:47:36.809135","indexId":"70228808","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T09:20:47","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoenvironmental atlas of Beringia presented in electronic form","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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,{"id":24961,"text":"ofr9915 - 1999 - Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T13:16:28","indexId":"ofr9915","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-15","title":"Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","docAbstract":"Between 1978 and 1981, the U.S. Geological Survey drilled 27 wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. This publication presents the following data from eleven of those 27 wells: general information, well core images, depths to specific stratigraphic units, well core gamma ray logs in LAS format, well log information in LAS format, geological and drilling history reports in Adobe Acrobat PDF format, and permeability and porosity data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9915","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Zihlman, F.N., and Oliver, H.L., 1999, Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-15, 1 disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9915.","productDescription":"1 disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1926,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0015/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zihlman, F. 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L.","contributorId":87130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22721,"text":"ofr9980 - 1999 - Workplan for U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic data-collection and support activities on Fort Wainwright, Alaska, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:08","indexId":"ofr9980","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-80","title":"Workplan for U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic data-collection and support activities on Fort Wainwright, Alaska, 1994-97","docAbstract":"The U.S. Army Alaska is responsible for environmental activities on Fort Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. In order to better meet the needs of environmental investigations, the Army requires geohydrologic information about the Fort Wainwright area. Since 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey has been working in cooperation with the U.S. Army Alaska and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to investigate the geohydrology of the Fort Wainwright area. The primary objectives of the study are to collect basic ground-water and surface-water data and to support ongoing environmental investigations by other agencies. This report is the workplan describing the technical methods used by the USGS to meet these objectives. 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HYPOELLIPSE was developed to meet the needs of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists studying crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes recorded by a sparse regional seismograph network. The program was extended to locate hypocenters of volcanic earthquakes recorded by seismographs distributed on and around the volcanic edifice, at elevations above and below the hypocenter. HYPOELLIPSE was used to locate events recorded by the USGS southern Alaska seismograph network from October 1971 to the early 1990s. 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The National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program was conducted by the U.S. Government between 1974 and 1983. The NURE program was administered by the Grand Junction, CO, office of the Department of Energy. The program included airborne gamma-ray spectrometry and magnetic data collection as well as extensive geochemical sample collection and processing. Aeroradiometric and aeromagnetic surveys of 98 1° by 3° quadrangles were flown in Alaska between 1975 and 1980. The data were flown in 15 surveys by Texas Instruments (T.I.), Lockwood, Kessler, and Bartlett (LKB), and AeroServices (Aero) under contract to the U.S. Government. A series of contractor reports document the surveys on a quadrangle by quadrangle basis. We list references to these reports on the detailed survey index pages accessible through the Survey Irfo page.

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No abstract available.

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The influence of seasonal dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears (Ursus arctos) was investigated because the importance and availability of meat to brown bear populations is currently an important management consideration in several North American ecosystems. Adult female brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, utilized meat heavily in both spring and fall. Meat accounted for 76.2 ± 26.0% (mean ± 1 SD; primarily moose carrion and calves) of assimilated carbon and nitrogen in the spring and 80.4 ± 22.2% (primarily salmon) in the fall. Mass increases in the spring (71.8 ± 28.2%) were mostly lean body mass, but increases in the fall (81.0 ± 19.5%) were primarily fat. Daily intake by captive brown bears fed meat ad libitum during 12-day trials was positively related to body mass. Mass change was positively related to intake in both seasons, but the composition of the gain varied by season, with spring gains primarily lean body mass (64.2 ± 9.4%), while fall gains were 78.8 ± 19.6% lipid. Absolute rates of gain by wild bears occasionally equaled, but were usually much less than, those of captive bears. This was likely due to a combination of factors, which included the time required to locate and handle meat resources, the limited availability of or access to meat resources, and (or) the duration of meat resource availability. Estimated intake by bears not feeding selectively on high-energy components of moose and salmon were 8.5 ± 1.5 kg/day and 541 ± 156 kg/year and 10.8 ± 4.6 kg/day and 1003 ± 489 kg/year, respectively. Intake would drop by as much as 58% for bears feeding exclusively on salmon roe. Management strategies for areas with brown bears that consume significant amounts of meat should address the perpetuation and availability of these meat resources.

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