Diffusion coefficients (D) of hydrogen in fused silica capillaries (FSC) were determined between 296 and 523 K by Raman spectroscopy using CO2 as an internal standard. FSC capsules (3.25 × 10−4 m OD, 9.9 × 10−5 m ID, and ∼0.01 m long) containing CO2 and H2were prepared and the initial relative concentrations of hydrogen in these capsules were derived from the Raman peak-height ratios between H2 (near 587 cm−1) and CO2 (near 1387 cm−1). The sample capsules were then heated at a fixed temperature (T) at one atmosphere to let H2 diffuse out of the capsule, and the changes of hydrogen concentration were monitored by Raman spectroscopy after quench. This process was repeated using different heating durations at 296 (room T), 323, 375, 430, 473, and 523 K; the same sample capsule was used repeatedly at each temperature. The values of D (in m2 s−1) in FSC were obtained by fitting the observed changes of hydrogen concentration in the FSC capsule to an equation based on Fick’s law. Our D values are in good agreement with the more recent of the two previously reported experimental data sets, and both can be represented by:
where R is the gas constant (8.3145 J/mol K), T in Kelvin, and errors at 1σ level. The slope corresponds to an activation energy of 44.59 ± 0.14 kJ/mol.
The D in FSC determined at 296 K is about an order of magnitude higher than that in platinum at 723 K, indicating that FSC is a suitable membrane for hydrogen at temperature between 673 K and room temperature, and has a great potential for studying redox reactions at these temperatures, especially for systems containing organic material and/or sulphur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Shang, L., Chou, I., Lu, W., Burruss, R., and Zhang, Y., 2009, Determination of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in fused silica between 296 and 523 K by Raman spectroscopy and application of fused silica capillaries in studying redox reactions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 18, p. 5435-5443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5435","endPage":"5443","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010606","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001"}],"volume":"73","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff9fe4b0c8380cd4f2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shang, L.","contributorId":57672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I-Ming 0000-0001-5233-6479 imchou@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I-Ming","email":"imchou@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, W.","contributorId":47576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burruss, Robert 0000-0001-6827-804X burruss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":146833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"Robert","email":"burruss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":59969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033201,"text":"70033201 - 2009 - Shallow radar (SHARAD) sounding observations of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T13:52:44","indexId":"70033201","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow radar (SHARAD) sounding observations of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars","docAbstract":"The SHARAD (shallow radar) sounding radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detects subsurface reflections in the eastern and western parts of the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF). The radar waves penetrate up to 580 m of the MFF and detect clear subsurface interfaces in two locations: west MFF between 150 and 155° E and east MFF between 209 and 213° E. Analysis of SHARAD radargrams suggests that the real part of the permittivity is ∼3.0, which falls within the range of permittivity values inferred from MARSIS data for thicker parts of the MFF. The SHARAD data cannot uniquely determine the composition of the MFF material, but the low permittivity implies that the upper few hundred meters of the MFF material has a high porosity. One possibility is that the MFF is comprised of low-density welded or interlocked pyroclastic deposits that are capable of sustaining the steep-sided yardangs and ridges seen in imagery. The SHARAD surface echo power across the MFF is low relative to typical martian plains, and completely disappears in parts of the east MFF that correspond to the radar-dark Stealth region. These areas are extremely rough at centimeter to meter scales, and the lack of echo power is most likely due to a combination of surface roughness and a low near-surface permittivity that reduces the echo strength from any locally flat regions. There is also no radar evidence for internal layering in any of the SHARAD data for the MFF, despite the fact that tens-of-meters scale layering is apparent in infrared and visible wavelength images of nearby areas. These interfaces may not be detected in SHARAD data if their permittivity contrasts are low, or if the layers are discontinuous. The lack of closely spaced internal radar reflectors suggests that the MFF is not an equatorial analog to the current martian polar deposits, which show clear evidence of multiple internal layers in SHARAD data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.007","issn":"00191","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.M., Campbell, B.A., Watters, T.R., Phillips, R.J., Putzig, N.E., Safaeinili, A., Plaut, J.J., Okubo, C., Egan, A.F., Seu, R., Biccari, D., and Orosei, R., 2009, Shallow radar (SHARAD) sounding observations of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars: Icarus, v. 199, no. 2, p. 295-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.007.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Medusae Fossae Formation","volume":"199","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e34e4b08c986b3187bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Lynn M.","contributorId":39109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce A.","contributorId":39813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watters, Thomas R.","contributorId":212714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watters","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Roger J.","contributorId":74495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24730,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":439806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Putzig, Nathaniel E. 0000-0003-4485-6321","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6321","contributorId":208684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putzig","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":439802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Safaeinili, Ali","contributorId":212731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Safaeinili","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plaut, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":63516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plaut","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Egan, Anthony F.","contributorId":21269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egan","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Seu, Roberto","contributorId":18496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seu","given":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Biccari, Daniela","contributorId":212733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biccari","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Orosei, Roberto","contributorId":212734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orosei","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70034519,"text":"70034519 - 2009 - Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034519","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels","docAbstract":"This study focused on identifying the sex of lake sturgeon by measuring the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the phosphoprotein vitellogenin (Vtg) in blood plasma by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and evaluating these techniques as tools in lake sturgeon population management. Surveys of the St Clair River (SCR) lake sturgeon population have characterized it as rebounding by having steady or increasing recruitment since 1997. However, researchers have not been able to effectively determine the sex for most of the sturgeon they capture because few fish caught during surveys are releasing gametes. A total of 115 fish were sampled from May through June in 2004 and 2005 from the SCR, Michigan, USA. Of these, only four females and eight males were verified (i.e. they were releasing gametes at time of capture), resulting in very few fish with which to validate blood hormone and Vtg biomarkers of sex. Fifty-six percent of the fish were assigned a sex designation based on biomarker criteria. Correspondence between actual gonadal sex and biomarker-directed classification was good for the small subset of fish for which gonadal sex was definitively determined. Moreover, application of the steroid values in a predictive sex assignment model developed for white sturgeon misclassified only the same two fish that were misclassified with the steroid and Vtg biomarkers. The experimental results suggest a sex ratio of 1 : 2.7 (F:M), however more conclusive methods are needed to confirm this ratio because so few fish were available for sex validation. Of the 43 males, 14 were within the legal slot limit, 11 were smaller than 1067 mm total length (TL), and 18 were larger than 1270 mm TL. All 15 females were larger than 1270 mm TL, and thus protected by the slot limit criteria. Considering that lake sturgeon are threatened in Michigan, an advantage to using blood plasma assays was that fish were not harmed, and sample collection was quick, simple, and inexpensive. However, because a sufficiently large number of fish could not be validated for gonadal sex due to handling restrictions given the fish's protected status, assignment of sex is not based on a robust multi-variate model. An immediate alternative may be to use other non-invasive field methods (e.g. ultrasound, fiber-optic endoscope) to provide a more timely classification while establishing well-validated plasma hormone and Vtg-based predictive models for sex assignment of lake sturgeon. ?? 2009 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Craig, J., Papoulias, D., Thomas, M., Annis, M., and Boase, J., 2009, Sex assignment of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fluvescens) based on plasma sex hormone and vitellogenin levels, in Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 25, no. SUPPL. 2, p. 60-67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x.","startPage":"60","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215915,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01289.x"},{"id":243751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"SUPPL. 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d8fe4b08c986b3184a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, J.M.","contributorId":39566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papoulias, D. M. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":58759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, M.V.","contributorId":66908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Annis, M.L.","contributorId":53930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annis","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boase, J.","contributorId":76939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boase","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70034581,"text":"70034581 - 2009 - Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:39","indexId":"70034581","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models","docAbstract":"The mid-Pliocene warm period (ca. 3 to 3.3??million years ago) has become an important interval of time for palaeoclimate modelling exercises, with a large number of studies published during the last decade. However, there has been no attempt to assess the degree of model dependency of the results obtained. Here we present an initial comparison of mid-Pliocene climatologies produced by the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research atmosphere-only General Circulation Models (GCMAM3 and HadAM3). Whilst both models are consistent in the simulation of broad-scale differences in mid-Pliocene surface air temperature and total precipitation rates, significant variation is noted on regional and local scales. There are also significant differences in the model predictions of total cloud cover. A terrestrial data/model comparison, facilitated by the BIOME 4 model and a new data set of Piacenzian Stage land cover [Salzmann, U., Haywood, A.M., Lunt, D.J., Valdes, P.J., Hill, D.J., (2008). A new global biome reconstruction and data model comparison for the Middle Pliocene. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 432-447, doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00381.x] and combined with the use of Kappa statistics, indicates that HadAM3-based biome predictions provide a closer fit to proxy data in the mid to high-latitudes. However, GCMAM3-based biomes in the tropics provide the closest fit to proxy data. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Haywood, A., Chandler, M., Valdes, P., Salzmann, U., Lunt, D., and Dowsett, H., 2009, Comparison of mid-Pliocene climate predictions produced by the HadAM3 and GCMAM3 General Circulation Models: Global and Planetary Change, v. 66, no. 3-4, p. 208-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014.","startPage":"208","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215888,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.014"},{"id":243723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f877e4b0c8380cd4d111","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haywood, A.M.","contributorId":101050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haywood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, M.A.","contributorId":26874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valdes, P.J.","contributorId":77331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salzmann, U.","contributorId":95711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salzmann","given":"U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lunt, D.J.","contributorId":105127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunt","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036888,"text":"70036888 - 2009 - Application of in vitro extraction studies to evaluate element bioaccessibility in soils from a transect across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036888","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of in vitro extraction studies to evaluate element bioaccessibility in soils from a transect across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"In vitro bioaccessibility tests (IVBA) are inexpensive, physiologically-based extraction tests designed to estimate the bioaccessibility of elements along ingestion exposure pathways. Published IVBA protocols call for the testing to be done on the <250-??m fraction of soil, as these particles are most likely to adhere to the hands of children and be ingested. Most IVBA in the literature to date have been applied to soil samples from highly contaminated sites or to spiked samples, and relatively little work has been done to evaluate bioaccessibility of elements in a wide variety of uncontaminated 'background' soils. In 2004, the US Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada sampled soils along north-south and east-west transects across the two countries to test and refine sampling and analytical protocols recommended for the planned soil geochemical survey of North America. Samples were collected at 220 sites selected randomly at approximately 40-km intervals. The focus of the investigation presented in this paper was twofold: (1) to begin to examine variations in bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in a number of 'background' (i.e., unpolluted) soils from around North America and (2) to determine if there are significant differences that would preclude using the standard size fraction of <2 mm for extraction with a simulated gastric fluid as an expeditious and inexpensive bioaccessibility screening tool for the large numbers of future samples to be collected by this continental-scale project. A subset of 20 soil samples collected along the north-south transect at a depth of 0-5 cm was used for this study. Two separate size fractions (<2 mm and <250 ??m) were extracted using a simulated human gastric fluid consisting of a solution of HCl and glycine adjusted to a pH of 1.5. In general, the leachate results for the <2-mm size fraction were not substantially different than those for the <250-??m size fraction for concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Leachate concentrations for Cd, Ni and Pb appear to be controlled to some extent by the total concentration of the element in soil. Bioaccessibility of the elements in this study decreased in the order, Cd > Pb > Ni > As > Cr.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.015","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Morman, S., Plumlee, G., and Smith, D.B., 2009, Application of in vitro extraction studies to evaluate element bioaccessibility in soils from a transect across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1454-1463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.015.","startPage":"1454","endPage":"1463","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.015"},{"id":245619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca4e4b0c8380cd493d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morman, S.A.","contributorId":74982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morman","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70034956,"text":"70034956 - 2009 - Cliff-nesting by the red-tailed hawk in moist karst forests of northern puerto rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034956","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cliff-nesting by the red-tailed hawk in moist karst forests of northern puerto rico","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3356/JRR-08-75.1","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Llerandi-Roman, I.C., Rios-Cruz, J.M., and Vilella, F., 2009, Cliff-nesting by the red-tailed hawk in moist karst forests of northern puerto rico: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 43, no. 2, p. 167-169, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-75.1.","startPage":"167","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215854,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-75.1"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f645e4b0c8380cd4c659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Llerandi-Roman, I. C.","contributorId":67324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llerandi-Roman","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rios-Cruz, J. M.","contributorId":93298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rios-Cruz","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilella, F. J.","contributorId":82025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vilella","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035133,"text":"70035133 - 2009 - Quality assurance and quality control in light stable isotope laboratories: A case study of Rio Grande, Texas, water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-15T07:07:59","indexId":"70035133","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2114,"text":"Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quality assurance and quality control in light stable isotope laboratories: A case study of Rio Grande, Texas, water samples","docAbstract":"New isotope laboratories can achieve the goal of reporting the same isotopic composition within analytical uncertainty for the same material analysed decades apart by (1) writing their own acceptance testing procedures and putting them into their mass spectrometric or laser-based isotope-ratio equipment procurement contract, (2) requiring a manufacturer to demonstrate acceptable performance using all sample ports provided with the instrumentation, (3) for each medium to be analysed, prepare two local reference materials substantially different in isotopic composition to encompass the range in isotopic composition expected in the laboratory and calibrated them with isotopic reference materials available from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) or the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (4) using the optimum storage containers (for water samples, sealing in glass ampoules that are sterilised after sealing is satisfactory), (5) interspersing among sample unknowns local laboratory isotopic reference materials daily (internationally distributed isotopic reference materials can be ordered at three-year intervals, and can be used for elemental analyser analyses and other analyses that consume less than 1 mg of material) – this process applies to H, C, N, O, and S isotope ratios, (6) calculating isotopic compositions of unknowns by normalising isotopic data to that of local reference materials, which have been calibrated to internationally distributed isotopic reference materials, (7) reporting results on scales normalised to internationally distributed isotopic reference materials (where they are available) and providing to sample submitters the isotopic compositions of internationally distributed isotopic reference materials of the same substance had they been analysed with unknowns, (8) providing an audit trail in the laboratory for analytical results – this trail commonly will be in electronic format and might include a laboratory information management system, (9) making at regular intervals a complete backup of laboratory analytical data (both of samples logged into the laboratory and of mass spectrometric analyses), being sure to store one copy of this backup offsite, and (10) participating in interlaboratory comparison exercises sponsored by the IAEA and other agencies at regular intervals.
Human subjects decide when to sink a fixed cost C to seize an irreversible investment opportunity whose value V is governed by Brownian motion. The optimal policy is to invest when V first crosses a threshold V* = (1 + w*) C, where the wait option premium w* depends on drift, volatility, and expiration hazard parameters. Subjects in the Low w* treatment on average invest at values quite close to optimum. Subjects in the two Medium and the High w* treatments invested at values below optimum, but with the predicted ordering, and values approached the optimum by the last block of 20 periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x","issn":"00346527","usgsCitation":"Oprea, R., Friedman, D., and Anderson, S.T., 2009, Learning to wait: A laboratory investigation: Review of Economic Studies, v. 76, no. 3, p. 1103-1124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1124","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215734,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00543.x"}],"volume":"76","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45f2e4b0c8380cd6753c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oprea, Ryan","contributorId":54085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oprea","given":"Ryan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Daniel","contributorId":69435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Steven T. 0000-0003-3481-3424 sanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3424","contributorId":2532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"sanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":448146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036831,"text":"70036831 - 2009 - Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:59","indexId":"70036831","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set","docAbstract":"This paper describes an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN) and its data set of spectral surface bidirectional reflectance and albedo based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) TERRA and AQUA data. The ASRVN is an operational data collection and processing system. It receives 50 ?? 50 km2; subsets of MODIS level 1B (L1B) data from MODIS adaptive processing system and AERONET aerosol and water-vapor information. Then, it performs an atmospheric correction (AC) for about 100 AERONET sites based on accurate radiative-transfer theory with complex quality control of the input data. The ASRVN processing software consists of an L1B data gridding algorithm, a new cloud-mask (CM) algorithm based on a time-series analysis, and an AC algorithm using ancillary AERONET aerosol and water-vapor data. The AC is achieved by fitting the MODIS top-of-atmosphere measurements, accumulated for a 16-day interval, with theoretical reflectance parameterized in terms of the coefficients of the Li SparseRoss Thick (LSRT) model of the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). The ASRVN takes several steps to ensure high quality of results: 1) the filtering of opaque clouds by a CM algorithm; 2) the development of an aerosol filter to filter residual semitransparent and subpixel clouds, as well as cases with high inhomogeneity of aerosols in the processing area; 3) imposing the requirement of the consistency of the new solution with previously retrieved BRF and albedo; 4) rapid adjustment of the 16-day retrieval to the surface changes using the last day of measurements; and 5) development of a seasonal backup spectral BRF database to increase data coverage. The ASRVN provides a gapless or near-gapless coverage for the processing area. The gaps, caused by clouds, are filled most naturally with the latest solution for a given pixel. The ASRVN products include three parameters of the LSRT model (kL, kG, and kV), surface albedo, normalized BRF (computed for a standard viewing geometry, VZA = 0, SZA = 45??), and instantaneous BRF (or one-angle BRF value derived from the last day of MODIS measurement for specific viewing geometry) for the MODIS 500-m bands 17. The results are produced daily at a resolution of 1 km in gridded format. We also provide a cloud mask, a quality flag, and a browse bitmap image. The ASRVN data set, including 6 years of MODIS TERRA and 1.5 years of MODIS AQUA data, is available now as a standard MODIS product (MODASRVN) which can be accessed through the Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System website ( http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html). It can be used for a wide range of applications including validation analysis and science research. ?? 2006 IEEE.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Lyapustin, A., Privette, J., Morisette, J., and Holben, B., 2009, Atmospheric correction at AERONET locations: A new science and validation data set: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 8, p. 2450-2466, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334.","startPage":"2450","endPage":"2466","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217685,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2016334"},{"id":245645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eebfe4b0c8380cd49f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyapustin, A.I.","contributorId":40452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyapustin","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Privette, J.L.","contributorId":67759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Privette","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morisette, J.T.","contributorId":57029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holben, B.","contributorId":75762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holben","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032973,"text":"70032973 - 2009 - Saturn's Titan: Surface change, ammonia, and implications for atmospheric and tectonic activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-06T14:52:18","indexId":"70032973","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Saturn's Titan: Surface change, ammonia, and implications for atmospheric and tectonic activity","docAbstract":"Titan is known to have a young surface. Here we present evidence from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer that it is currently geologically active. We report that changes in the near-infrared reflectance of a 73,000 km2 area on Titan (latitude 26° S, longitude 78° W) occurred between July 2004 and March of 2006. The reflectance of the area increased by a factor of two between July 2004 and March–April 2005; it then returned to the July 2004 level by November 2005. By late December 2005 the reflectance had surged upward again, establishing a new maximum. Thereafter, it trended downward for the next three months. Detailed spectrophotometric analyses suggest these changes happen at or very near the surface. The spectral differences between the region and its surroundings rule out changes in the distribution of the ices of reasonably expected materials such as H2O, CO2, and CH4 as possible causes. Remarkably, the change is spectrally consistent with the deposition and removal of NH3 frost over a water ice substrate. NH3 has been proposed as a constituent of Titan's interior and has never been reported on the surface. The detection of NH3 frost on the surface might possibly be explained by episodic effusive events occur which bring juvenile ammonia from the interior to the surface. If so, its decomposition would feed nitrogen to the atmosphere now and in the future. The lateral extent of the region exceeds that of active areas on the Earth (Hawaii) or Io (Loki).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2008.08.013","issn":"00191","usgsCitation":"Nelson, R., Kamp, L., Matson, D.L., Irwin, P., Baines, K.H., Boryta, M., Leader, F., Jaumann, R., Smythe, W.D., Sotin, C., Clark, R.N., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Pearl, J., Hapke, B., Lunine, J., Combes, M., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Coradini, A., Formisano, V., Filacchione, G., Langevin, R., McCord, T.B., Mennella, V., Nicholson, P.D., and Sicardy, B., 2009, Saturn's Titan: Surface change, ammonia, and implications for atmospheric and tectonic activity: Icarus, v. 199, no. 2, p. 429-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.08.013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"441","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Titan","volume":"199","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86f6e4b08c986b316219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kamp, L.W.","contributorId":16581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamp","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irwin, P.G.J.","contributorId":100616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"P.G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boryta, M.D.","contributorId":21337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boryta","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leader, F.E.","contributorId":94048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leader","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. P.","contributorId":51434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Drossart, P.","contributorId":29574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drossart","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Pearl, J.C.","contributorId":45074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hapke, B.W.","contributorId":7899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Lunine, J.","contributorId":42335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunine","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Combes, M.","contributorId":66892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combes","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Bellucci, G.","contributorId":46256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellucci","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Capaccioni, F.","contributorId":90900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capaccioni","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Cerroni, P.","contributorId":7869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerroni","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Coradini, A.","contributorId":34679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coradini","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Formisano, V.","contributorId":44694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Formisano","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Filacchione, G.","contributorId":48740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filacchione","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Langevin, R.Y.","contributorId":76553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Mennella, V.","contributorId":88522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mennella","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70034278,"text":"70034278 - 2009 - The 1170 and 1202 CE Dead Sea Rift earthquakes and long-term magnitude distribution of the Dead Sea Fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:47","indexId":"70034278","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2116,"text":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1170 and 1202 CE Dead Sea Rift earthquakes and long-term magnitude distribution of the Dead Sea Fault zone","docAbstract":"In combination with the historical record, paleoseismic investigations have provided a record of large earthquakes in the Dead Sea Rift that extends back over 1500 years. Analysis of macroseismic effects can help refine magnitude estimates for large historical events. In this study we consider the detailed intensity distributions for two large events, in 1170 CE and 1202 CE, as determined from careful reinterpretation of available historical accounts, using the 1927 Jericho earthquake as a guide in their interpretation. In the absence of an intensity attenuation relationship for the Dead Sea region, we use the 1927 Jericho earthquake to develop a preliminary relationship based on a modification of the relationships developed in other regions. Using this relation, we estimate M7.6 for the 1202 earthquake and M6.6 for the 1170 earthquake. The uncertainties for both estimates are large and difficult to quantify with precision. The large uncertainties illustrate the critical need to develop a regional intensity attenuation relation. We further consider the distribution of magnitudes in the historic record and show that it is consistent with a b-value distribution with a b-value of 1. Considering the entire Dead Sea Rift zone, we show that the seismic moment release rate over the past 1500 years is sufficient, within the uncertainties of the data, to account for the plate tectonic strain rate along the plate boundary. The results reveal that an earthquake of M7.8 is expected within the zone on average every 1000 years. ?? 2011 Science From Israel/LPPLtd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Israel Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1560/IJES.58.3-4.295","issn":"00212164","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., and Avni, R., 2009, The 1170 and 1202 CE Dead Sea Rift earthquakes and long-term magnitude distribution of the Dead Sea Fault zone: Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 295-308, https://doi.org/10.1560/IJES.58.3-4.295.","startPage":"295","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216584,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1560/IJES.58.3-4.295"},{"id":244464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba614e4b08c986b320e93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Avni, R.","contributorId":36385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avni","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70034737,"text":"70034737 - 2009 - Floodplain geomorphic processes and environmental impacts of human alteration along coastal plain rivers, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034737","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floodplain geomorphic processes and environmental impacts of human alteration along coastal plain rivers, USA","docAbstract":"Human alterations along stream channels and within catchments have affected fluvial geomorphic processes worldwide. Typically these alterations reduce the ecosystem services that functioning floodplains provide; in this paper we are concerned with the sediment and associated material trapping service. Similarly, these alterations may negatively impact the natural ecology of floodplains through reductions in suitable habitats, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. Dams, stream channelization, and levee/canal construction are common human alterations along Coastal Plain fluvial systems. We use three case studies to illustrate these alterations and their impacts on floodplain geomorphic and ecological processes. They include: 1) dams along the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, 2) stream channelization in west Tennessee, and 3) multiple impacts including canal and artificial levee construction in the central Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana. Human alterations typically shift affected streams away from natural dynamic equilibrium where net sediment deposition is, approximately, in balance with net erosion. Identification and understanding of critical fluvial parameters (e.g., stream gradient, grain-size, and hydrography) and spatial and temporal sediment deposition/erosion process trajectories should facilitate management efforts to retain and/or regain important ecosystem services. ?? 2009, The Society of Wetland Scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1672/08-169.1","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C., Pierce, A.R., and Noe, G., 2009, Floodplain geomorphic processes and environmental impacts of human alteration along coastal plain rivers, USA: Wetlands, v. 29, no. 2, p. 413-429, https://doi.org/10.1672/08-169.1.","startPage":"413","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215841,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1672/08-169.1"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a118ae4b0c8380cd54021","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Aaron R.","contributorId":94421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":33463,"text":"Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe, G.B.","contributorId":66464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036027,"text":"70036027 - 2009 - Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods - The Volta region, Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:06","indexId":"70036027","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2578,"text":"KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods - The Volta region, Ghana","docAbstract":"Q and R-mode multivariate statistical analyses were applied to groundwater chemical data from boreholes and wells in the northern section of the Volta region Ghana. The objective was to determine the processes that affect the hydrochemistry and the variation of these processes in space among the three main geological terrains: the Buem formation, Voltaian System and the Togo series that underlie the area. The analyses revealed three zones in the groundwater flow system: recharge, intermediate and discharge regions. All three zones are clearly different with respect to all the major chemical parameters, with concentrations increasing from the perceived recharge areas through the intermediate regions to the discharge areas. R-mode HCA and factor analysis (using varimax rotation and Kaiser Criterion) were then applied to determine the significant sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. This study finds that groundwater hydrochemistry in the area is controlled by the weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals, as well as the chemistry of infiltrating precipitation. This study finds that the ??D and ??18O data from the area fall along the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). An equation of regression derived for the relationship between ??D and ??18O bears very close semblance to the equation which describes the GMWL. On the basis of this, groundwater in the study area is probably meteoric and fresh. The apparently low salinities and sodicities of the groundwater seem to support this interpretation. The suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is related to its source, which determines its constitution. A plot of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and salinity (EC) data on a semilog axis, suggests that groundwater serves good irrigation quality in the area. Sixty percent (60%), 20% and 20% of the 67 data points used in this study fall within the medium salinity - low sodicity (C2-S1), low salinity -low sodicity (C1-S1) and high salinity - low sodicity (C3-S1) fields, which ascribe good irrigation quality to groundwater from this area. Salinities range from 28.1 to 1956 ??S/cm, whilst SAR values fall within the range 0-3. Extremely low sodicity waters of this kind, with salinities lower than 600 ??S/cm, have the tendency to affect the dispersive properties of irrigation soils when used for irrigation. About 50% of the groundwater in the study area fall within this category and need prior treatment before usage. ?? 2009 Korean Society of Civil Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s12205-009-0055-2","issn":"12267988","usgsCitation":"Banoeng-Yakubo, B., Yidana, S., and Nti, E., 2009, Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods - The Volta region, Ghana: KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 13, no. 1, p. 55-63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0055-2.","startPage":"55","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476120,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0055-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218152,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0055-2"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a332be4b0c8380cd5edb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banoeng-Yakubo, B.","contributorId":75332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banoeng-Yakubo","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yidana, S.M.","contributorId":59554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yidana","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nti, E.","contributorId":73044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nti","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193194,"text":"70193194 - 2009 - NASA 2008 HyspIRI whitepaper and workshop report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:26:16","indexId":"70193194","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"NASA 2008 HyspIRI whitepaper and workshop report","docAbstract":"From October 21-23, 2008, NASA held a three-day workshop to consider the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) mission recommended for implementation by the 2007 report from the U.S. National Research Council Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond, also known as the Earth Science Decadal Survey. The open workshop provided a forum to present the initial observational requirements for the mission and assess its anticipated impact on scientific and operational applications as well as obtain feedback from the broader scientific community on the mission concept.
The workshop participants concluded the HyspIRI mission would provide a significant new capability to study ecosystems and natural hazards at spatial scales relevant to human resource use. In addition, participants confirmed that the proposed instrument designs could meet the measurement requirements and be implemented through the use of current technology.
The workshop participants, like the Decadal Survey itself, strongly endorsed the need for the HyspIRI mission and felt the mission, as defined, would accomplish the intended science.
","language":"English","publisher":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","usgsCitation":"HyspIRI Group, and Mars, J.C., 2009, NASA 2008 HyspIRI whitepaper and workshop report, 79 p.","productDescription":"79 p.","ipdsId":"IP-026918","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hyspiri.jpl.nasa.gov/downloads/2008_Workshop/2008%20HyspIRI%20Whitepaper%20and%20Science%20Workshop%20Report-r2.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afefaa4e4b0da30c1bfca46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"HyspIRI Group","contributorId":202485,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"HyspIRI Group","id":728551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mars, John C. 0000-0002-0421-1388 jmars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-1388","contributorId":178265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"John","email":"jmars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193174,"text":"70193174 - 2009 - Food supplies of stream-dwelling salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T15:58:11","indexId":"70193174","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Food supplies of stream-dwelling salmonids","docAbstract":"Much is known about the importance of the physical characteristics of salmonid habitat in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, with far less known about the food sources and trophic processes within these habitats, and the role they play in regulating salmonid productivity. Freshwater food webs supporting salmonids in Alaska rely heavily on nutrient, detritus and prey subsidies from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Adult salmon provide a massive input of marine biomass to riverine ecosystems each year when they spawn, die, and decompose, and are a critical food source for young salmon in late summer and fall; riparian forests provide terrestrial invertebrates to streams, which at times comprise over half of the food ingested by stream-resident salmonids; and up-slope, fishless headwater streams are a year-round source of invertebrates and detritus for fish downstream. The quantity of these food resources vary widely depending on source, season, and spatial position within a watershed. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs from riparian habitats are generally the most abundant food source in summer. Juvenile salmonids in streams consume roughly equal amounts of freshwater and terrestrially-derived invertebrates during most of the growing season, but ingest substantial amounts of marine resources (salmon eggs and decomposing salmon tissue) when these food items are present. Quantity, quality, and timing of food resources all appear to be important driving forces in aquatic food web dynamics, community nutrition, and salmonid growth and survival in riverine ecosystems.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium 70","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Wipfli, M.S., 2009, Food supplies of stream-dwelling salmonids, in American Fisheries Society Symposium 70, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-007611","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347778,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://alaska.portal.gina.alaska.edu/catalogs/9657-food-supplies-of-stream-dwelling-salmonids"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9ae4b06e28e9cabb28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193212,"text":"70193212 - 2009 - Hemlock ecosystem monitoring of New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area vegetation and bird communities: 1998–2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-20T12:43:00","indexId":"70193212","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NER/NRR—2009/019","title":"Hemlock ecosystem monitoring of New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area vegetation and bird communities: 1998–2008","docAbstract":"We initiated a long-term hemlock ecosystem monitoring study in 1998 on the New River Gorge National River (NERI) and Gauley River National Recreation Area (GARI), in Nicholas, Fayette, and Raleigh counties, West Virginia, to quantify the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) on forest ecosystem dynamics. Hemlock vigor and degree of adelgid infestation were sampled in each fall 1998 through 2007 except 1999 and 2005; vegetation structure and composition were sampled in summer 1999 and 2007; and avian populations were sampled each summer 1999 through 2008. HWA was first detected on sampling plots in 2004 when it was found on eight of 36 plots and reached a high of 22 plots in 2006. Although hemlock crown vigor has declined, limited hemlock mortality has occurred. Consequently, vegetation structure and bird communities have changed little. However, because the literature suggests that tree mortality can occur within four to six years of infestation, we expect hemlock mortality to ensue.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Wood, J.M., Wood, P.B., and Perez, J., 2009, Hemlock ecosystem monitoring of New River Gorge National River and Gauley River National Recreation Area vegetation and bird communities: 1998–2008: Natural Resource Report NPS/NER/NRR—2009/019, xiii, 27 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"46","ipdsId":"IP-011088","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Gauley River National Recreation Area, New River Gorge National River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.25213623046875,\n 37.5249753680482\n ],\n [\n -80.43914794921875,\n 37.5249753680482\n ],\n [\n -80.43914794921875,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -81.25213623046875,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -81.25213623046875,\n 37.5249753680482\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610cfde4b06e28e9c25769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, John M.","contributorId":200456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Petra Bohall pbwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":1791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bohall","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perez, John","contributorId":201437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perez","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037185,"text":"70037185 - 2009 - Interannual variation of carbon fluxes from three contrasting evergreen forests: The role of forest dynamics and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T15:24:14","indexId":"70037185","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual variation of carbon fluxes from three contrasting evergreen forests: The role of forest dynamics and climate","docAbstract":"Interannual variation of carbon fluxes can be attributed to a number of biotic and abiotic controls that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Type and frequency of disturbance, forest dynamics, and climate regimes are important sources of variability. Assessing the variability of carbon fluxes from these specific sources can enhance the interpretation of past and current observations. Being able to separate the variability caused by forest dynamics from that induced by climate will also give us the ability to determine if the current observed carbon fluxes are within an expected range or whether the ecosystem is undergoing unexpected change. Sources of interannual variation in ecosystem carbon fluxes from three evergreen ecosystems, a tropical, a temperate coniferous, and a boreal forest, were explored using the simulation model STANDCARB. We identified key processes that introduced variation in annual fluxes, but their relative importance differed among the ecosystems studied. In the tropical site, intrinsic forest dynamics contributed ?? 30% of the total variation in annual carbon fluxes. In the temperate and boreal sites, where many forest processes occur over longer temporal scales than those at the tropical site, climate controlled more of the variation among annual fluxes. These results suggest that climate-related variability affects the rates of carbon exchange differently among sites. Simulations in which temperature, precipitation, and radiation varied from year to year (based on historical records of climate variation) had less net carbon stores than simulations in which these variables were held constant (based on historical records of monthly average climate), a result caused by the functional relationship between temperature and respiration. This suggests that, under a more variable temperature regime, large respiratory pulses may become more frequent and high enough to cause a reduction in ecosystem carbon stores. Our results also show that the variation of annual carbon fluxes poses an important challenge in our ability to determine whether an ecosystem is a source, a sink, or is neutral in regard to CO2 at longer timescales. In simulations where climate change negatively affected ecosystem carbon stores, there was a 20% chance of committing Type II error, even with 20 years of sequential data. ?? 2009 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/08-0073.1","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Sierra, C., Loescher, H., Harmon, M.E., Richardson, A., Hollinger, D., and Perakis, S., 2009, Interannual variation of carbon fluxes from three contrasting evergreen forests: The role of forest dynamics and climate: Ecology, v. 90, no. 10, p. 2711-2723, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0073.1.","startPage":"2711","endPage":"2723","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217196,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-0073.1"}],"volume":"90","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ceae4b0c8380cd63149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sierra, C.A.","contributorId":80908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sierra","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loescher, H.W.","contributorId":68966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loescher","given":"H.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harmon, M. E.","contributorId":80452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harmon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richardson, A.D.","contributorId":10629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hollinger, D.Y.","contributorId":86567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollinger","given":"D.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perakis, S.S.","contributorId":82039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036920,"text":"70036920 - 2009 - Absolute stellar photometry on moderate-resolution FPA images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70036920","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2718,"text":"Metrologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Absolute stellar photometry on moderate-resolution FPA images","docAbstract":"An extensive database of star (and Moon) images has been collected by the ground-based RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) as part of the US Geological Survey program for lunar calibration. The stellar data are used to derive nightly atmospheric corrections for the observations from extinction measurements, and absolute calibration of the ROLO sensors is based on observations of Vega and published reference flux and spectrum data. The ROLO telescopes were designed for imaging the Moon at moderate resolution, thus imposing some limitations for the stellar photometry. Attaining accurate stellar photometry with the ROLO image data has required development of specialized processing techniques. A key consideration is consistency in discriminating the star core signal from the off-axis point spread function. The analysis and processing methods applied to the ROLO stellar image database are described. ?? 2009 BIPM and IOP Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Metrologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1088/0026-1394/46/4/S17","issn":"00261394","usgsCitation":"Stone, T., 2009, Absolute stellar photometry on moderate-resolution FPA images: Metrologia, v. 46, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/46/4/S17.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217691,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/46/4/S17"},{"id":245651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e64be4b0c8380cd47314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stone, T.C.","contributorId":74874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70037038,"text":"70037038 - 2009 - Fine-scale relief related to late holocene channel shifting within the floor of the upper Redondo Fan, offshore Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T12:22:23.63954","indexId":"70037038","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fine-scale relief related to late holocene channel shifting within the floor of the upper Redondo Fan, offshore Southern California","docAbstract":"Erosional and depositional bedforms have been imaged at outcrop scale in the upper Redondo Fan, in the San Pedro Basin of offshore Southern California in ≥600 m water depths, using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle is equipped with multibeam and chirp sub-bottom sonars. Sampling and photographic images using the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute Remotely Operated Vehicle Tiburon provide groundtruth for the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle survey. The 0·3 m vertical and 1·5 m lateral bathymetric resolution and 0·1 m sub-bottom profile resolution provide unprecedented detail of bedform morphology and structure. Multiple channels within the Redondo Fan have been active at different times during the Late Holocene (0 to 3000 yr bp). The currently active channel extending from Redondo Canyon makes an abrupt 90° turn at the canyon mouth before resuming a south-easterly course along the east side of the Redondo Fan. This channel is floored by sand and characterized by small steps generally <1 m in relief, spaced 10 to 80 m in the down-channel direction. A broader channel complex lies along the western side of the fan valley that was last active more than 850 years ago. Two distinct trains of large scours, with widths ranging from tens to a few hundred metres and depths of 20 m, occur on the floor of the western channel complex, which has a thin mud drape. If observed in cross-section only, these large scours would probably be misidentified as the thalweg of an active channel.
We have studied three Permian–Triassic (PT) localities from China as part of a combined magnetostratigraphic, 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb radioisotopic, and biostratigraphic study aimed at resolving the temporal relations between terrestrial and marine records across the Permo-Triassic boundary, as well as the rate of the biotic recovery in the Early Triassic. The studied sections from Shangsi (Sichuan Province), Langdai (Guihzou Province), and the Junggar basin (Xinjiang Province), span marine, paralic, and terrestrial PT environments, respectively. Each of these sections was logged in detail in order to place geochronologic, paleomagnetic, geochemical, conodont and palynologic samples within a common stratigraphic context. Here we present rock-magnetic, paleomagnetic and magnetostratigraphic results from the three localities.
At Shangsi, northern Sichuan Province, we sampled three sections spanning Permo-Triassic marine carbonates. Magnetostratigraphic results from the three sections indicate that the composite section contains at least eight polarity chrons and that the PT boundary occurs within a normal polarity chron a short distance above the mass extinction level and a reversed-to-normal (R-N) polarity reversal. Furthermore, the onset of the Illawarra mixed interval lies below the sampled section indicating that the uppermost Permian Changhsingian and at least part of the Wuchiapingian stages postdate the end of the Kiaman Permo-Carboniferous Reversed Superchron.
At Langdai, Guizhou Province, we studied magnetostratigraphy of PT paralic mudstone and carbonate sediments in two sections. The composite section spans an R-N polarity sequence. Section-mean directions pass a fold test at the 95% confidence level, and the section-mean poles are close to the mean PT pole for the South China block. Based on biostratigraphic constraints, the R-N transition recorded at Langdai is consistent with that at Shangsi and demonstrates that the PT boundary occurred within a normal polarity chron a short distance above the mass extinction level.
In the southern Junggar basin, Xinjiang Province, in northwest China, we determined the magnetostratigraphy of three sections of a terrestrial sequence. Normal and reversed polarity directions are roughly antipodal, and magnetostratigraphies from the three sections are highly consistent. Combined bio- and magneto-stratigraphy used to correlate this sequence to other PT sequences suggests that the previously-proposed biostratigraphic PT boundary in the Junggar sections was most likely misplaced by earlier workers suggesting that further work is necessary to confidently place the PT boundary there.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.03.003","issn":"13679120","usgsCitation":"Glen, J., Nomade, S., Lyons, J., Metcalfe, I., Mundil, R., and Renne, P., 2009, Magnetostratigraphic correlations of Permian-Triassic marine-to-terrestrial sections from China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 6, p. 521-540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.03.003.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"540","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-010213","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217359,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.03.003"}],"country":"China","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ba2e4b0c8380cd696b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glen, J.M.G.","contributorId":38330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nomade, S.","contributorId":76579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nomade","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, J.J.","contributorId":27720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metcalfe, I.","contributorId":58107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mundil, R.","contributorId":66517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundil","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Renne, P.R.","contributorId":69312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037041,"text":"70037041 - 2009 - Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037041","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The rapid growth of housing in and near the wildland-urban interface (WUI) increases wildfire risk to lives and structures. To reduce fire risk, it is necessary to identify WUI housing areas that are more susceptible to wildfire. This is challenging, because wildfire patterns depend on fire behavior and spread, which in turn depend on ignition locations, weather conditions, the spatial arrangement of fuels, and topography. The goal of our study was to assess wildfire risk to a 60,000 ha WUI area in northwestern Wisconsin while accounting for all of these factors. We conducted 6000 simulations with two dynamic fire models: Fire Area Simulator (FARSITE) and Minimum Travel Time (MTT) in order to map the spatial pattern of burn probabilities. Simulations were run under normal and extreme weather conditions to assess the effect of weather on fire spread, burn probability, and risk to structures. The resulting burn probability maps were intersected with maps of structure locations and land cover types. The simulations revealed clear hotspots of wildfire activity and a large range of wildfire risk to structures in the study area. As expected, the extreme weather conditions yielded higher burn probabilities over the entire landscape, as well as to different land cover classes and individual structures. Moreover, the spatial pattern of risk was significantly different between extreme and normal weather conditions. The results highlight the fact that extreme weather conditions not only produce higher fire risk than normal weather conditions, but also change the fine-scale locations of high risk areas in the landscape, which is of great importance for fire management in WUI areas. In addition, the choice of weather data may limit the potential for comparisons of risk maps for different areas and for extrapolating risk maps to future scenarios where weather conditions are unknown. Our approach to modeling wildfire risk to structures can aid fire risk reduction management activities by identifying areas with elevated wildfire risk and those most vulnerable under extreme weather conditions. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Bar-Massada, A., Radeloff, V.C., Stewart, S.I., and Hawbaker, T., 2009, Wildfire risk in the wildland-urban interface: A simulation study in northwestern Wisconsin: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 258, no. 9, p. 1990-1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051.","startPage":"1990","endPage":"1999","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217390,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.051"},{"id":245335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"258","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0cfe4b08c986b32f08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bar-Massada, A.","contributorId":7524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bar-Massada","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radeloff, V. C.","contributorId":58467,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radeloff","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, S. I.","contributorId":99779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hawbaker, T. J.","contributorId":98118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawbaker","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}