The major element chemical compositions of lava from four eruptions on the east rift zone of Kilauea between August 1968 and October 1971 reflect three petrologic processes:
Production of chemically distinct batches of magma in the mantle.
Separation of olivine, augite, and plagioclase from liquid during flow in the rift-zone conduits.
Mixing of different magmas during ascent to the surface.
Chemically none of the four Kilauea east-rift eruptions matches the preceding summit eruption in Halemaumau that ended in July 1968. The Mauna Ulu eruption, May 1969 to October 1971 (the last of flie east-rift eruptions), can be divided into five olivine-controlled and chemically distinct variants. Three of these characterize the first seven months of the eruption and are closest in composition to the 1967–8 Halemaumau eruption. Variants 4 and 5 were erupted later and have compositions that are distinctly different from that of the 1967–8 eruption. Major differences are higher Al2O3 (0·15–0·23 per cent), and lower K2O (0·07–0·10 per cent) and TiO2 (0·12–0·23 per cent) in variants 4 and 5 at the same MgO content. Some lavas from eruptions in August and October 1968 and February 1969, have olivine-controlled magma compositions that are identical to mixtures of Mauna Ulu variants 1–3 and the 1967–8 composition. This observation fits an hypothesis advanced earlier by T. L. Wright and R. S. Fiske that magmas in the central magma chamber become mixed with magmas in the rift zone and can be identified as mixing components of rift eruption magmas before they appear as distinctive magmas in summit eruptions.
Lavas representing mixing of olivine-controlled magma with differentiated magma were erupted in October 1968, February 1969, and in May and December 1969.
The changes in amount of K2O and TiO2 during the latter part of the 1969–71 Mauna Ulu eruption are the reverse of the overall secular change in composition of Kilauea summit lavas from pre-1750 through 1967–8. The K2O and TiO2 contents of the latest overflows during the 1969–71 Mauna Ulu eruption (April 1971) are comparable to that of lava erupted at Kilauea summit prior to 1750.
The changing chemistry of Kilauea magma is found to be of use as a ‘tracer’ in the complex Kilauea conduit system. Application of these data to older lava sequences is difficul because of the complexity of the processes controlling lava composition and the absence of detailed information about the time-space chemical variation during individual eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/16.1.110","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., Swanson, D., and Duffield, W.A., 1975, Chemical compositions of Kilauea east-rift lava, 1968–1971: Journal of Petrology, v. 16, no. 1, p. 110-133, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/16.1.110.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.5499267578125,\n 19.002399756194887\n ],\n [\n -155.26702880859375,\n 19.235956641468505\n ],\n [\n -154.89898681640625,\n 19.35001948171314\n ],\n [\n -154.98687744140625,\n 19.531318700282522\n ],\n [\n -155.28900146484375,\n 19.694314241825747\n ],\n [\n -155.4071044921875,\n 19.611543503814232\n ],\n [\n -155.665283203125,\n 19.407021044033193\n ],\n [\n -155.73394775390625,\n 19.178895462707946\n ],\n [\n -155.5499267578125,\n 19.002399756194887\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232590,"text":"70232590 - 1975 - Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T15:43:42.358551","indexId":"70232590","displayToPublicDate":"1975-05-01T12:12:38","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"During August 7-13, 1972, intense and sustained rockfall activity occurred in Makaopuhi Crater on the east-rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. In a 4-day period (August 7-10), approximately 270,000 m3 of rockfall debris accumulated in Makaopuhi's west pit, representing a total kinetic energy release of about 101B ergs. Because the rockfalls happened within an area with an established seismic network, it was possible to correlate the seismic record of the rockfalls with onsite field observations. The seismic signatures of rockfalls are generally distinguishable from those of earthquakes and other recorded events. Approximate magnitudes determined for some of the largest rockfalls range from 0.8 to 1.2, corresponding to calculated seismic energy releases of 2X1011 to 10X1011 ergs, if the magnitude-energy relationship for earthquakes is applicable to rockfalls. The August 1972 swarms of rockfalls at Makaopuhi correlate in time not with moderate or large earthquakes but rather with local eruptive activity and are inferred to have been caused by eruption-induced modifications of stress patterns of the crater walls. However, the amount and nature of the stress change required to exceed the threshold stability of the crater wall and to trigger a rockfall flurry cannot be determined. The Makaopuhi activity is typical of most major rockfall episodes in other Kilauean pit craters in recent years, which also have been associated with volcanic activity, particularly during times of changes in eruptive behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Koyanagi, R.Y., and Holcomb, R.T., 1975, Rockfall seismicity correlation with field observations, Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 3, p. 345-361.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"361","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue3/report.pdf","size":"22359 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano, Makaopuhi Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.16729354858398,\n 19.35985853308795\n ],\n [\n -155.16458988189697,\n 19.36062781661234\n ],\n [\n -155.16240119934082,\n 19.362409301365904\n ],\n [\n -155.16175746917725,\n 19.363866865322365\n ],\n [\n -155.16167163848874,\n 19.365526852845328\n ],\n [\n -155.16252994537354,\n 19.36767266532593\n ],\n [\n -155.16390323638916,\n 19.368684831219216\n ],\n [\n -155.16570568084717,\n 19.369373100436274\n ],\n [\n -155.16669273376465,\n 19.369332614092194\n ],\n [\n -155.16634941101074,\n 19.370020880573616\n ],\n [\n -155.16772270202637,\n 19.370466227924478\n ],\n [\n -155.16982555389404,\n 19.370223311338513\n ],\n [\n -155.17119884490967,\n 19.36908969581655\n ],\n [\n -155.17343044281006,\n 19.369494559408146\n ],\n [\n -155.17596244812012,\n 19.36908969581655\n ],\n [\n -155.17755031585693,\n 19.367146336577406\n ],\n [\n -155.17712116241455,\n 19.364960029737954\n ],\n [\n -155.1756191253662,\n 19.363300036443277\n ],\n [\n -155.17197132110596,\n 19.361194654781624\n ],\n [\n -155.16729354858398,\n 19.35985853308795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y.","contributorId":52561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holcomb, Robin T.","contributorId":46938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207937,"text":"70207937 - 1975 - Mechanism of Formation of Pillow Lava","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T14:29:13","indexId":"70207937","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-20T14:23:18","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":743,"text":"American Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of Formation of Pillow Lava","docAbstract":"Much of the ocean floor is covered by lava of a distinctive character. The lava appears to be made up of closely packed ellipsoidal masses about the size and shape of pillows - hence the term pillow lava. Only within the last few years has the abundance of pillow lava on the ocean floor been fully recognized. Ocean-bottom photographs and dredge samples have shown that the great bulk of new ocean floor created at diverging plate boundaries (such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is composed of pillowed basaltic lava flows. Closeup observations from submarines at depths of 2.7 km in the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge have verified that virtually all the lavas erupted at this plate boundary are pillowed. The submarine portions of the great oceanic volcanoes, such as the ridge beneath the Hawaiian Islands, are also known to be built largely of pillow lava, and it is widespread in outcrops of uplifted ancient lava. Pillow lava is probably the most abundant form of volcanic rock on earth, though most of it is hidden beneath the world's oceans and mantled by younger sediments. Most investigators agree that the pillows form when fluid lava chills in contact with water, either when it erupts directly into water (or beneath ice) or when it flows across a shoreline and into a body of water. However, prior to our study, the process of pillow formation had never been directly observed. The recent eruptions of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii provided an unparalleled opportunity to study the movement and cooling of lava beneath the sea. In June 1969, lava from the new Mauna Ulu vent on the east rift zone of Kilauea spilled into the sea after flowing 12 km down the south flank of the volcano. This pattern was repeated, with lava flowing into the sea for a few weeks each year through 1973. In April 1971 scuba divers for the first time investigated lava flowing underwater and learned that in favorable circumstances the lava could be approached closely. Despite heated water, explosive concussions, vigorous convective currents, and poor visibility due to suspended sediment, valuable observations were made.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., 1975, Mechanism of Formation of Pillow Lava: American Scientist, v. 63, no. 3, p. 269-277.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"277","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010235,"text":"70010235 - 1975 - Calculated geochronology and stress field orientations along the Hawaiian chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-16T13:55:34.472758","indexId":"70010235","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculated geochronology and stress field orientations along the Hawaiian chain","docAbstract":"A new method has been discovered for calculating ages of the main shield building stages of volcanoes along the Hawaiian chain from Kilauea to the Hawaiian-Emperor bend. The method is based on a graphical technique for hypothetical subtraction of distance intervals that theoretically represent regions of simultaneous volcanism along adjacent or nearly en-echelon loci of volcanism. Distances along the chain, measured from Kilauea, when progressively foreshortened by the distances of hypothetical “collapse” and plotted versus existing age data are found to give linear age-distance relationships. A calibration graph is presented that agrees closely with the measured ages in 17 of the 20 existing dated volcanoes. The criterion for simultaneous activity on different loci is based on the concept of equal azimuths of synchronous volcanic propagation within coeval segments of the chain. This is the predicted relationship when magmatic fluids inject the lithosphere along directions normal to a nearly horizontal least principal stress. It appears that the Pacific plate has been subjected to oscillatory, but principally clockwise, rotations of horizontal stress components during the last 40 m.y.
The ERTS Data Collection System makes it feasible for the first time to monitor the level of activity at widely separated volcanoes and to relay these data rapidly to one central office for analysis. This capability opens a new era in volcanology where the hundreds of normally quiescent but potentially dangerous volcanoes near populated regions around the world can be economically and reliably monitored daily to warn when any one volcano is becoming active again. Before ERTS was launched only a few volcanoes in the world were monitored continuously because of the high cost of building and staffing volcano observatories. Yet it is known from data collected in this century, that while visible signs of pending eruptions may occur only minutes to days in advance, invisible but measurable signs may be detected days, weeks, months and even years before a major eruption. While prediction of specific eruptions is still an elusive goal, early warning of a reawakening of activity at quiescent volcanoes is now a distinct possibility.
A prototype volcano surveillance system was established during the latter part of 1972 and early 1973 on 15 volcanoes in Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, California, Iceland, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Nineteen seismic detectors that count four different sizes of earthquakes and six biaxial borehole tiltmeters that measure ground tilt with a resolution of 1 microradian have been installed. Data from these instruments are relayed through the ERTS satellite and through a teletype link to the U.S. Geological Survey Office in Menlo Park for rapid analysis. Only seismic and tilt data are collected because these have been shown in the past to indicate most reliably the level of volcanic activity and also because they can be measured relatively easily with available instrumentation. Experience during this project demonstrates the feasibility of building inexpensive, low power, reliable instruments that can be installed in remote locations and can be expected to run unattended for a few years.
Comparison of the data from these new earthquake counters with data from nearby standard seismometers shows that the counters do normally indicate the level of seismic activity. During periods of high seismic background noise there may be a significant number of spurious counts but the existence and duration of such noisy periods are reliably indicated by other data collected by the earthquake counters. An eruption of Volcan Fuego in Guatemala was preceded by an order of magnitude increase in the number of seismic-event counts several days before.
The tiltmeters operated stably in several different environments. A twenty-microradian collapse of the summit of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii was observed on three tiltmeters.
This initial experiment shows that now with the advent of inexpensive satellite telemetry it is both technologically and economically feasible to build a global volcano surveillance system. Several details in the design and deployment of appropriate low-power, inexpensive, and reliable instruments still need to be worked out. Work continues to evaluate the scientific feasibility of this system by collecting and analyzing data that clearly demonstrate the ability of this system to detect changes in volcanic activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74124","usgsCitation":"Ward, P.L., Endo, E.T., Harlow, D.H., Allen, R., Marquez, D., and Eaton, J.P., 1974, Development and evaluation of a prototype global volcanic surveillance system utilizing the ERTS-1 satellite data collection system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-124, ii, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74124.","productDescription":"ii, 154 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":425768,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66727f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Peter L.","contributorId":86324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Endo, Elliot T.","contributorId":10439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"Elliot","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harlow, David H.","contributorId":15198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Rex","contributorId":42227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Rex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marquez, Dan","contributorId":99158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marquez","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":15108,"text":"ofr74239 - 1974 - Volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-27T17:29:19.888457","indexId":"ofr74239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-239","title":"Volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii have been determined to be chiefly products of eruptions: lava flows, falling fragments, gases, and particle-and-gas clouds. Falling fragments and particle-and-gas clouds can be substantial hazards to life, but they are relatively rare. Lava flows are the chief hazard to property; they are frequent and cover broad areas. Rupture, subsidence, earthquakes, and sea waves (tsunamis) caused by eruptions are minor hazards; those same events caused by large-scale crustal movements, however, are major hazards to both life and property. \r\n\r\nVolcanic hazards are greatest on Mauna Loa and Kilauea, and the risk is highest along the rift zones of those volcanoes. The hazards are progressively less severe on Hualalai, Mauna Kea, and Kohala volcanoes. Some risk from earthquakes extends across the entire island, and the risk from tsunamis is high all along the coast. \r\n\r\nThe island has been divided into geographic zones of different relative risk for each volcanic hazard, and for all those hazards combined. Each zone is assigned a relative risk for that area as a whole; the degree of risk varies within the zones, however, and in some of them the risk decreases gradationally across the entire zone. Moreover, the risk in one zone may be locally as great or greater than that at some points in the zone of next higher overall risk. Nevertheless, the zones can be highly useful for land-use planning. \r\n\r\nPlanning decisions to which the report is particularly applicable include the selection of kinds of structures and kinds of land use that are appropriate for the severity and types of hazards present. For example, construction of buildings that can resist a lava flow is generally not feasible, but it is both feasible and desirable to build structures that can resist falling rock fragments, earthquakes, and tsunamis in areas where risk from those hazards is relatively high. The report can also be used to select sites where overall risk is relatively low, to identify sites where either overall risk or risk from some specific hazard is relatively high, and to identify areas in which there is a threat to lives as well as to property. The report further can serve as a basis for warning persons about hazards in areas most likely to be affected by volcanic eruptions. Perhaps most important, however, the report provides basic information needed for zoning to control future land use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74239","usgsCitation":"Mullineaux, D.R., and Peterson, D.W., 1974, Volcanic hazards on the Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-239, Report: ii, 61 p.; 2 Plates: 45.44 x 27.41 inches and 45.52 x 36.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74239.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 61 p.; 2 Plates: 45.44 x 27.41 inches and 45.52 x 36.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":44034,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44033,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0239/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44032,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0239/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0239/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.4453125,\n 18.8335153964335\n ],\n [\n -154.66552734375,\n 18.8335153964335\n ],\n [\n -154.66552734375,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.4453125,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n -156.4453125,\n 18.8335153964335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e482ae4b07f02db4e762b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullineaux, Donal Ray","contributorId":31759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullineaux","given":"Donal","email":"","middleInitial":"Ray","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Donald W.","contributorId":11209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206727,"text":"70206727 - 1974 - Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-17T23:22:48.172208","indexId":"70206727","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T07:37:15","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"Petrographic and chemical analyses of basalt from Nihoa Island, Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, and Midway Atoll, all in the leeward part of the Hawaiian chain, confirm that these islands are subaerial remnants of tholeiitic shield volcanoes similar to those that form the principal Hawaiian Islands. Chemistry suggests that Gardner Pinnacles may be part of the alkalic cap on a tholeiitic shield. Weighted mean potassium-argon ages of 7.0 ± 0.3 m.y. for Nihoa, 10.0 ± 0.4 m.y. for Necker, 11.7 ± 0.4 m.y. for French Frigate, and 17.9 ± 0.6 m.y. for Midway demonstrate that the ages of these volcanoes increase northwestward, continuing the trend of increasing age away from the active volcano of Kilauea shown by the main islands. The increase in age with distance along the chain, however, appears to be nonlinear. The results support the general hypothesis that the volcanoes of the Hawaiian chain have a common origin and were formed as the Pacific plate moved northwestward over a melting spot in the mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<727:CTTPAG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., Lanphere, M.A., and Jackson, E.D., 1974, Contributions to the petrography and geochronology of volcanic rocks from the leeward Hawaiian Islands: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 5, p. 727-738, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<727:CTTPAG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"738","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"French Frigate Shoals, Midway Atoll, Necker Island, Nihoa Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.03077347989913\n ],\n [\n -177.05703735351562,\n 28.03077347989913\n ],\n [\n -177.05703735351562,\n 28.34185623600469\n ],\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.34185623600469\n ],\n [\n -177.52670288085938,\n 28.03077347989913\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.570792220873134\n ],\n [\n -164.69274044036865,\n 23.570792220873134\n ],\n [\n -164.69274044036865,\n 23.58121552261243\n ],\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.58121552261243\n ],\n [\n -164.70894098281858,\n 23.570792220873134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.041193363506817\n ],\n [\n -161.89796447753906,\n 23.041193363506817\n ],\n [\n -161.89796447753906,\n 23.074836102508872\n ],\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.074836102508872\n ],\n [\n -161.94156646728516,\n 23.041193363506817\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 23.328385285476894\n ],\n [\n -165.531005859375,\n 23.328385285476894\n ],\n [\n -165.531005859375,\n 24.196868919249656\n ],\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 24.196868919249656\n ],\n [\n -166.7079162597656,\n 23.328385285476894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, E. D.","contributorId":120010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211010,"text":"70211010 - 1974 - A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T19:44:09.440553","indexId":"70211010","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-09T14:32:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Drilling and geophysical logging data for a 1,262 m‐deep bore hole in the area inferred to overlie the magma reservoir of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, support earlier interpretations based on surface geophysical surveys that a zone of brackish or saline water lies above the reservoir. Temperatures encountered within the hole are not sufficiently high to warrant commercial interest; the maximum temperature, 137°C, is at the hole bottom. However, the temperature gradient toward the bottom of the hole (approximately 160 m below sea level) increases sharply to about 370°C/km, perhaps partly reflecting the effect of decreased water circulation as suggested by the geophysical logging data. If this gradient persists or increases with depth, magmatic temperatures would be attained within 3 km from the hole bottom (i.e., approximately 4 km from ground surface)—a depth in accord with data from ground‐deformation and seismic studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GL001i007p00323","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C.J., Tilling, R.I., Peterson, D.W., Christiansen, R.L., Keller, G., and Murray, J.C., 1974, A deep research drill hole at the summit of an active volcano, Kilauea, Hawaii: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 1, no. 7, p. 323-326, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL001i007p00323.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.272257982982804\n ],\n [\n -155.1228332519531,\n 19.272257982982804\n ],\n [\n -155.1228332519531,\n 19.663280219987662\n ],\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.663280219987662\n ],\n [\n -155.37139892578125,\n 19.272257982982804\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, Charles J.","contributorId":48961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keller, George V.","contributorId":27530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"George V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murray, John C.","contributorId":228872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209225,"text":"70209225 - 1974 - A prototype global volcano surveillance system monitoring seismic activity and tilt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:45:20","indexId":"70209225","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-24T14:43:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A prototype global volcano surveillance system monitoring seismic activity and tilt","docAbstract":"The Earth Resources Technology Satellite makes it feasible for the first time to monitor the level of activity at widely separated volcanoes and to relay these data almost instantancously to one central office. This capability opens a new era in volcanology where the hundreds of normally quiescent but potentially dangerous volcanoes near populated regions around the world can be economically and reliably monitored. A prototype global volcano surveillance system has been established beginning in the fall of 1972 with the help of local scientists on 15 volcanoes in Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, California, Iceland. Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Data on earthquake activity and ground tilt are received 6 to 10 times daily in Menlo Park, California, within 90 minutes of transmission from the sites. Seismic event counters were installed at 19 locations with biaxial borehole tiltineters with 1 microradian sensitivity installed at seven sites. Direct comparison of seismic events that are counted with records from nearby seismic stations show the event counters work quite reliably. An order of magnitude increase in seismic events was observed prior to the eruption of Volcán Fuego in Guatemala in February, 1973. Significant changes in tilt were observed on volcanoes Kilauea. Fuego, and Pacava. This study demonstrates the technological and economic feasibility of utilizing such a volcano surveillance system throughout the world.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) sits on the edge of Kilauea Caldera at the summit of Kilauea Volcao, one of the five volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands chain. Of the five, only Kilauea and Mauna Loa have been active in the past 100 years. Before its last eruption in June 1950, Mauna Loa had erupted more frequently and copiously than Kilauea, but since then only Kilauea has been active.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Unger, J.D., 1974, Scientists probe Earth’s secrets at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 6, no. 4, p. 3-11.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.41803040932666\n ],\n [\n -155.29552459716797,\n 19.39698244374978\n ],\n [\n -155.27320861816406,\n 19.39471557731923\n ],\n [\n -155.24333953857422,\n 19.402811383848345\n ],\n [\n -155.23406982421875,\n 19.408963927370102\n ],\n [\n -155.24608612060547,\n 19.420620739866035\n ],\n [\n -155.26187896728516,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.2855682373047,\n 19.43227671629882\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.42321102911835\n ],\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.41803040932666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe6e4b010e2af2a5e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unger, J. D.","contributorId":10824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207089,"text":"70207089 - 1973 - Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:14:24","indexId":"70207089","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-31T14:27:28","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","docAbstract":"The thermal-feedback theory of mantle melting proposed by Shaw in 1969 is found to be quantitatively consistent with data pertaining to the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge. Applicable rate factors are estimated from relations between lava volumes and position along the ridge given in this paper and the radio-metric age distributions given by Jackson and others in 1972. Rate curves derived from these data provide a new method of age extrapolation or interpolation; results indicate that previous methods used to estimate the age of the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend are in error. No definite age is established, but calculations suggest an age greater than 50 m.y. Much more extensive radiometric data are required to define kinematic relations between the Hawaiian Ridge and Emperor Seamount chain. It appears to be firmly established from the work of Jackson and others and from the present study that the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge has been episodic, with episodes of several different time scales. Average growth rates of the entire ridge system are divided into two regimes with a discontinuity at a position roughly 1,000 km northwest of Kilauea; the estimated age of this discontinuity is about 10 m.y. Other episodes relate to the durations of eruptive sequences along individual or contiguous lines of volcanoes within the en échelon set of locus lines defined by Jackson and others. The latest of these episodes, beginning about 6 m.y. ago, is marked by accelerating volume rates of eruption and accelerating rates of ridge propagation; this episode appears to be approaching a culminating stage represented by the present activity of Kilauea Volcano. The calculated rate of eruption of Kilauea (0.11 km3 per yr) is virtually identical with a rate independently estimated by Swanson in 1972 using different data. Calculated durations for older locus lines are generally greater than 6 m.y., but major time overlaps occur that are not adequately understood. Episodic behavior of shorter durations also exists relative to growth of individual shields or to synchronous activity on neighboring shields (for example, Mauna Loa and Kilauea). Some of these shorter term effects are partly explained in terms of isostatic factors acting on the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The longer episodes are explained in terms of variations of melting rates in the asthenosphere, governed by viscous heating produced by the interaction of lithosphere translation and both vertical and horizontal shear flows in the subjacent mantle. Accelerations of eruption and propagation rates are explained by melting instabilities in the upper zones of the asthenosphere as a result of thermal feedback. During the latest melting episode, shear stresses in the asthenosphere derived from the rate data as interpreted by the thermal feedback model are in the range 100 to 200 bars; apparent viscosities range from 2 × 1021 to 4 × 1020 poise, decreasing with increasing melting rate. In general, a thermomechanical model is shown to be consistent with the idea that oceanic melting spots can be fixed relative to the deep mantle, although this invariance is not completely established. The thermal plume model of Morgan is not definitely ruled out but does not seem to be required for internally consistent interpretations of oceanic chains of volcanism. It is concluded that motion vectors of the Pacific plate cannot be inferred directly from rates of propagation of volcanic chains, because these rates reflect local, not average, relative velocities of lithosphere versus mantle flow. During growth of the Hawaiian Ridge, propagation speeds calculated on the basis of rate data for the southeastern Hawaiian Islands ranged from less than 1 cm per yr near the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend to nearly 30 cm per yr at the present ridge front.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., 1973, Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 5, p. 1505-1526, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207541,"text":"70207541 - 1973 - Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:17:01.56453","indexId":"70207541","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-23T10:47:14","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The 1959 eruption of Kilauea volcano is unique among recent Kilauea summit eruptions (1952 to 1968) in at least two respects: (1) a large collapse of Kilauea summit accompanied the eruption, and (2) the erupted lavas show a complex variation in their bulk chemical composition. Both features suggest that the 1959 eruption was fed from a source different from that which fed other summit eruptions in this period.
The variations in chemical composition can be interpreted in terms of mixing chromite-bearing olivine with variable proportions of two “end-member” magmas represented by the composition of samples of pumice erupted during the first phase of the eruption. Mixing calculations show that the MgO content of olivine varies with the MgO content of the lava and thus with olivine percentage in the same manner as previously determined by Richter and Murata (1966) from petrographic study of hand samples. The calculations also show that the proportion of the two end-member magma types varies throughout the eruption. These results suggest that the eruption was fed from two separate magma batches, each of which was held in a reservoir with an olivine-poor top and olivine accumulation toward the bottom. There is also evidence that the two end-member magmas may be related by redistribution of clinopyroxene in a third hypothetical magma. The complex pre-eruption history implied by the chemical data is at present not satisfactorily explained by any physical model of fractionation, storage, and mixing that can be inferred from data on other well-studied Kilauea eruptions.
The average MgO content (15.5 percent) of the 1959 eruption is estimated to be in minimum MgO content of magma produced by partial melting in the mantle beneath Kilauea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<849:MMAIBT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1973, Magma Mixing as Illustrated by the 1959 Eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 3, p. 849-858, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<849:MMAIBT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"858","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.1324462890625,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -155.1324462890625,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.4303341116379\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.31114335506464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162001,"text":"70162001 - 1973 - Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T14:07:42","indexId":"70162001","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The amount of water and sulfur in pumice erupted during periods of vigorous activity during the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption varied inversely with fountain height because of degassing during the fountaining. The pumice lost about 0.05 wt percent water and 0.003 wt percent sulfur during fountaining to heights of 400-540 m. Analyses suggest that the initial volatile content of Mauna Ulu lava was greater immediately preceding periods of high fountaining than during weak activity between those periods or after the last high fountains on December 30, 1969. Water and sulfur were systematically depleted during nearly isothermal flowage in lava tubes. Rapidly quenched samples of dipped melt show losses of about 0.03-0.04 wt percent water and 0.007-0.008 wt percent sulfur during flowage for several hours through a distance of 12 km. Glassy skins on cooled pahoehoe flows contain about 0.002-0.003 wt percent less sulfur than quenched melt at comparable distances from the vent, because of continued degassing under natural cooling conditions. Chlorine shows similar but less well defined trends. Pumice erupted in high fountains becomes more strongly oxidized than the parent magma, because of mixing with air while still at high temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., and Fabbi, B.P., 1973, Loss of volatiles during fountaining and flowage of basaltic lava at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 649-658.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"658","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":314169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States of America","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.01022338867188,\n 19.33706180106996\n ],\n [\n -155.04318237304688,\n 19.41997316110168\n ],\n [\n -155.12969970703125,\n 19.462707821188026\n ],\n [\n -155.2752685546875,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.30410766601562,\n 19.47177130210513\n ],\n [\n -155.32745361328125,\n 19.456233596018\n ],\n [\n -155.44418334960938,\n 19.232066735684665\n ],\n [\n -155.44692993164062,\n 19.198350361162994\n ],\n [\n -155.39337158203125,\n 19.19056867766461\n ],\n [\n -155.32058715820312,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -155.29998779296875,\n 19.257997699830604\n ],\n [\n -155.25466918945312,\n 19.268368937880687\n ],\n [\n -155.17501831054688,\n 19.250218840825692\n ],\n [\n -155.01022338867188,\n 19.33706180106996\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":22303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabbi, Brent P.","contributorId":64244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabbi","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156683,"text":"70156683 - 1973 - An accurate Invar-wire extensometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T17:24:08","indexId":"70156683","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-30T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An accurate Invar-wire extensometer","docAbstract":"Stevens Type F water-level recorders have been modified to measure changes in the distance between two points, with amplification of up to 10 times. Such recorders are capable of measuring strains of 10-5 and possibly 10-6 over 10-m distances when corrections are made for frictional effects and temperature. In two field experiments, one on Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, and the other on the San Andreas fault in central California, measurements by the recorders agree well with those by several different methods for the same episodes of ground deformation. Equipment for the entire system costs about $300 and requires 1 to 2 man-days for installation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., and Burford, R.O., 1973, An accurate Invar-wire extensometer: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 569-577.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91ade4b0518e354dd11b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241532,"text":"70241532 - 1973 - Tragic base surge in 1790 at Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T15:22:30.339332","indexId":"70241532","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T09:43:27","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tragic base surge in 1790 at Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"Reconstruction of events surrounding the deaths of a party of Hawaiian warriors in 1790 on Kilauea Volcano suggests that they were killed by a hot, relatively ash-free base surge. Recognition of structures attributable to base-surge deposition in deposits of the 1790 eruption is consistent with this reconstruction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<83:TBSIAK>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., and Christiansen, R.L., 1973, Tragic base surge in 1790 at Kilauea Volcano: Geology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 83-86, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<83:TBSIAK>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29506784761082,\n 19.397141795819522\n ],\n [\n -155.29232126557972,\n 19.393093801863813\n ],\n [\n -155.26159387910508,\n 19.396817960008804\n ],\n [\n -155.2536974557652,\n 19.407180386269957\n ],\n [\n -155.23996454560896,\n 19.407989923021873\n ],\n [\n -155.23721796357768,\n 19.412847058900226\n ],\n [\n -155.2416811593785,\n 19.418027843903758\n ],\n [\n -155.2488909372104,\n 19.4199705957095\n ],\n [\n -155.25472742402695,\n 19.424503592939757\n ],\n [\n -155.25747400605823,\n 19.431140967854546\n ],\n [\n -155.2684603341832,\n 19.431140967854546\n ],\n [\n -155.27532678926133,\n 19.433245444733075\n ],\n [\n -155.28390985810898,\n 19.425960600907473\n ],\n [\n -155.29798609101903,\n 19.414142270630165\n ],\n [\n -155.29506784761082,\n 19.397141795819522\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":867135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241227,"text":"70241227 - 1973 - Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T14:39:41.796169","indexId":"70241227","displayToPublicDate":"1973-06-01T09:33:50","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","title":"Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases","docAbstract":"The phase relations of three basalts, the Picture Gorge tholeiite, the 1921 Kilauea olivine tholeiite, and the 1801 Hualalai alkali basalt, were studied at 5 kb water pressure, 680–1000°C, at the oxygen fugacities of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) and hematite-magnetite (HM) buffers.
In the range 680–850 °C, the crystalline assemblage on the QFM buffer is dominantly hornblende+ plagioclase, ± ilmenite, magnetite, sphene, fayalitic olivine, and phlogopitic mica. From 875 to 1000 °C the crystalline assemblage is hornblende+ olivine± augite+ ilmenite± magnetite. A melt phase is present from 700 to 1000 °C; a vapor phase was present in all charges.
The hornblendes formed on the QFM buffer range in composition from common green hornblendes at low temperatures to kaersutitic hornblendes at 1000 °C. A1(IV) and Ti increase temperature. AI(VI) passes through a maximum near 825 °C, decreasing both above and below this temperature. AI(IV) is proportional to the sum A1(VI)+2Ti. There is a positive linear correlation of approximately 3 : 1 between AI(IV) and the number of cations in the A-site. The most likely explanation for this correlation at present is that the substitution of AI(VI) or Ti+4for a divalent cation creates local charge imbalances in the amphibole structure which can be compensated only by further A-site substitution. There also appears to be a correlation between the a-cell dimension of hornblende and the A-site occupancy. Above a thresh hold value of approxmately 0.5 cations in A, a increases as A-site occupancy increases.
Phase relations on the hematite-magnetite buffer are considerably simpler. The hornblendes show relatively little change in composition as temperature increases, and in the tholelitic compositions break down at or below 970 °C 35–60 °C above the first appearance of augite±olivine. The melting of hornblende is incongruent in all cases. The Fe-Ti oxides are pseudo-brookite and titanohematite; at 1000 °C these oxides make up 10 per cent by weight of the assemblage and contain most of the Tio2 and FeO in the charge.
The patterns of hornblende variation observed in this study compare closely with those reported in a wide range of experimental and field data. The appearance of high-TiO2 kaersutitic hornblendes in the tholeities at 1000° C, PH2O= 5 kb on the QFM buffer implies that the restricted occurence of kaersutite in nature (where it is associated only with mafic to intermediate alkalic rocks) is controlled by volatile content (H2O,F2)rather than by differences in condensed bulk composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/14.2.249","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., 1973, Phase relations of basalts in their melting range at PH2O = 5 kb as a function of oxygen fugacity: Part I. Mafic phases: Journal of Petrology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 249-302, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.2.249.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":866591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010109,"text":"70010109 - 1973 - Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A search for the volcanomagnetic effect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T21:34:31.360379","indexId":"70010109","displayToPublicDate":"1973-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A search for the volcanomagnetic effect","docAbstract":"Brief excursions of magnetic field differences between a base station and two satellite station magnetometers show only slight correlation with ground tilt at Kilauea Volcano. This result suggests that only transient, localized stresses occur during prolonged periods of deformation and that the volcano can support no large-scale pattern of shear stresses.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.180.4081.73","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Davis, P., Jackson, D.B., Field, J., and Stacey, F., 1973, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A search for the volcanomagnetic effect: Science, v. 180, no. 4081, p. 73-74, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.180.4081.73.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.47263698857893,\n 19.34071198337125\n ],\n [\n -155.47263698857893,\n 19.198733221481675\n ],\n [\n -155.2394852062326,\n 19.198733221481675\n ],\n [\n -155.2394852062326,\n 19.34071198337125\n ],\n [\n -155.47263698857893,\n 19.34071198337125\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"180","issue":"4081","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a408fe4b0c8380cd64e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, P.M.","contributorId":15229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, D. B.","contributorId":27057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, J.","contributorId":86480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stacey, F.D.","contributorId":59176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70241690,"text":"70241690 - 1973 - Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T16:34:43.300985","indexId":"70241690","displayToPublicDate":"1973-02-01T11:26:22","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.
Three types of chemically similar pahoehoe flows were observed to form during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption. (1) A cavernous type called shelly pahoehoe, characterized by fragile gas cavities, small tubes, and buckled fragments of surface crust, was deposited when gas-charged lava welled out of the source fissure with little or no accompanying fountaining. (2) A comparatively smooth-surfaced, dense type, characterized by surface channels and only a few large cavities, formed from voluminous flows of partly degassed fallout away from the foot of lava fountains more than 100 m high. (3) A relatively dense type, characterized by hummocky surfaces with abundant low tumuli and overlapping pahoehoe toes and lobes, formed when largely degassed lava issued from tubes after flowing underground for several kilometers or more. Shelly pahoehoe is rarely found in the geologic record, but the other two types occur commonly. These three types of pahoehoe, which are completely intergradational, can be related qualitatively to the relative gas content and mode of flowage of the lava. The present surface of Kilauea is underlain mostly by hummocky, tube-fed pahoehoe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D., 1973, Pahoehoe flows from the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<615:PFFTMU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ],\n [\n -155.29922015737213,\n 19.40314640156471\n ],\n [\n -155.29028902650055,\n 19.396785386664774\n ],\n [\n -155.272791300711,\n 19.399879965518124\n ],\n [\n -155.2545645030136,\n 19.40778806627671\n ],\n [\n -155.244357496303,\n 19.40847570904171\n ],\n [\n -155.237978117109,\n 19.40864761927881\n ],\n [\n -155.23670224127002,\n 19.413117221649344\n ],\n [\n -155.24217028057927,\n 19.418618102041762\n ],\n [\n -155.25365316312863,\n 19.42480636994776\n ],\n [\n -155.25893893446093,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.26914594117153,\n 19.432369488426914\n ],\n [\n -155.27862387597423,\n 19.433228911425957\n ],\n [\n -155.28427418326038,\n 19.425493940723797\n ],\n [\n -155.29539252985575,\n 19.419133800034004\n ],\n [\n -155.2984910854643,\n 19.411226251025127\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":867543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207922,"text":"70207922 - 1973 - Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T12:35:06","indexId":"70207922","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-20T12:22:19","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii ","docAbstract":"Lava from the Mauna Ulu eruption on Kilauea Volcano entered the sea on the south coast of the Island of Hawaii three times from 1969 to 1971. Two of these flows were investigated underwater by divers, one while lava was actively flowing.
The June 1969 flow entered the sea as a narrow flow of aa. Below sea level, the flow maintained continuity and flowed at least several hundred meters to a depth beyond 70 m. Several cylindrical flow lobes about 1 m in diameter and about 10 to 15 m long emerged from the side of the aa flow at a depth of about 25m.
Underwater investigations, combined with subaerial observations, revealed that the March–May 1971 flow produced a distinct lava delta composed of subaerial pahoehoe lava resting on a submarine sequence of steeply dipping foreset-bedded volcanic sand and rubble that includes conformably dipping cylindrical lava tongues. Most of the pahoehoe streams pouring over the sea cliff are quenched and shattered to glassy sand and rubble that in turn is further fragmented by vigorous wave action and avalanching. In some places, however, larger pahoehoe flows maintain coherence across the cliff and through the surf zone to feed submarine lava tongues. Underwater, these active lava tongues emitted a roaring noise as lava flowed inside their outer black glassy walls. Periodically, cracks exposed the brightly incandescent lava within, and pillow-like buds and toes grew from the top and sides of the lava tongue. Only a small amount of steam was generated underwater. Water temperature close to the active tongues was elevated only 2.5°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<537:FOLITS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Phillips, R.L., Grigg, R., Peterson, D.W., and Swanson, D., 1973, Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii : GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 537-546, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<537:FOLITS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"546","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.19186565046399\n ],\n [\n -155.072021484375,\n 19.19186565046399\n ],\n [\n -155.072021484375,\n 19.38888634723281\n ],\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.38888634723281\n ],\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.19186565046399\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":119868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grigg, R.W.","contributorId":31548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grigg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70001483,"text":"70001483 - 1972 - The complex filling of alae crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T23:49:35.555331","indexId":"70001483","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The complex filling of alae crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Since February 1969 Alae Crater, a 165-m-deep pit crater on the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, has been completely filled with about 18 million m3 of lava. The filling was episodic and complex. It involved 13 major periods of addition of lava to the crater, including spectacular lava falls as high as 100 m, and three major periods of draining of lava from the crater. Alae was nearly filled by August 3, 1969, largely drained during a violent ground-cracking event on August 4, 1969, and then filled to the low point on its rim on October 10, 1969. From August 1970 to May 1971, the crater acted as a reservoir for lava that entered through subsurface tubes leading from the vent fissure 150 m away. Another tube system drained the crater and carried lava as far as the sea, 11 km to the south. Much of the lava entered Alae by invading the lava lake beneath its crust and buoying the crust upward. This process, together with the overall complexity of the filling, results in a highly complicated lava lake that would doubtless be misinterpreted if found in the fossil record.
The three longest Kilauea eruptions since 1952 produced lava at an overall constant rate of about 9 x 106 cubic meters per month (vesicle-free). This is considered to represent the rate of magma supply from a deep source, probably the mantle, because little or no summit deformation indicating high-level storage accompanied any of the three eruptions.