We tested 30 prototype global positioning system (GPS) radiocollars on brown bears (Ursus arctos) over a 3-year period on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Collars were of 2 design types: GPS units with an Argos (Argos Data collection and Location System) satellite uplink (n = 19) and GPS units where the data were stored on board (n = 10) for retrieval at a later date. All units also contained a conventional VHF (very high frequency) transmitter and weighed 1.7 kg. GPS-Argos units obtained 10-82% of expected GPS fixes, and fix rate declined significantly (P < 0.05) with time after deployment. Argos uplink success (proportion of successful transmissions of stored data) was linearly related to GPS fix rate (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Storeon-board units obtained significantly more successful fixes when compared with the GPS-Argos units (t = -4.009, P < 0.001). Fix success rate for deployed store-on-board collars ranged from 13-96%; because of the increased number of attempted fixes per day, these collars obtained fixes on 97% of days deployed. Accuracy of the GPS units was less than predicted by the NAVSTAR GPS technology using the course acquisition code. Reduced accuracy was likely a result of the proportion of 2-dimensional versus 3-dimensional fixes obtained, although we could not determine this statistic from recorded data. Increased overstory closure was the only variable measured that partially explained the reduced likelihood of a successful fix. Stem density, stem diameter, and overstory height measured within 3 m of the collar did not affect fix success. GPS fix success rates for collars attached to bears varied more and were lower than fix rates for stationary collars placed in various vegetation types, suggesting that the bear, terrain, and movement all influence both fix and uplink success rate. Application of this new technology to grizzly and brown bear research and comparisons to studies with moose (Alces alces) are discussed.
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National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"70180393","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21986,"text":"ofr9834 - 1999 - The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr9834","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T18:23:55.826411","indexId":"ofr9834","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File 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This was a comprehensive study by a team of USGS scientists in collaboration on technical issues (but not the assessment) with colleagues in other agencies and universities. The study incorporated all available public data and included new field and analytic work as well as the reevaluation of all previous work.
Using a methodology similar to that used in previous USGS assessments in the ANWR and the NPRA, this study estimates that the total quantity of technically recoverable oil in the 1002 area is 7.7 BBO (mean value), which is distributed among 10 plays. Using a conservative estimate of 512 million barrels as a minimum commercially developable field size, then about 2.6 BBO of oil distributed in about three fields is expected to be economically recoverable in the undeformed part of the 1002 area. Using a similar estimated minimum field size, which may not be conservative considering the increased distance from infrastructure, the deformed area would be expected to have about 600 MMBO in one field.
The amounts of in-place oil estimated for the 1002 area are larger than previous USGS estimates. The increase results in large part from improved resolution of reprocessed seismic data and geologic analogs provided by recent nearby oil discoveries.
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VHSV was also found in water samples from inside and outside the SOK pounds after herring had been confined for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning herring either failed to test positive or tested weakly positive for virus. Little or no virus was found in tissue samples from free-ranging, spawning herring captured from the vicinity of the pounds, nor did the prevalence of VHSV increase following spawning as it did in impounded herring. The data indicated that increased prevalences of VHSV were correlated with confinement of herring for the closed pound SOK fishery and that infection was spread within the pounds through waterborne exposure to virus particles originating from impounded fish. In addition, pounds containing predominantly young fish had higher prevalences of VHSV, suggesting that older fish may be partially immune, perhaps as a result of previous infection with the virus. Operation of SOK pounds during spawning seasons in which young herring predominate may amplify the disease and possibly exacerbate the population fluctuations observed in wild herring stocks.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99333","usgsCitation":"Hawley, C.C., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Yakutat quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-333, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99333.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420263,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19762.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52614,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0333/ofr99333.pdf","text":"Report","size":"180 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 99-333 PDF"},{"id":154854,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yakutat quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -138,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawley, C. C.","contributorId":102070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209353,"text":"70209353 - 1999 - Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-03T13:34:18.844049","indexId":"70209353","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T14:05:11","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1416:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mihalynuk, M., Nelson, J.L., Murphy, D., Brew, D.A., Erdmer, P., Hansen, V.L., and Oliver, D., 1999, Structural and kinematic evolution of the Yukon-Tanana upland tectonites, east-central Alaska: A record of late Paleozoic to Mesozoic crustal assembly: Discussion and Reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 111, no. 9, p. 1416-1422, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1416:SAKEOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1416","endPage":"1422","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373720,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 55.85064987433714\n ],\n [\n -131.396484375,\n 55.85064987433714\n ],\n [\n -131.396484375,\n 63.99523519297698\n ],\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 63.99523519297698\n ],\n [\n -148.40332031249997,\n 55.85064987433714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mihalynuk, M.G.","contributorId":221563,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mihalynuk","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, JoAnne L.","contributorId":221362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"JoAnne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Donald","contributorId":221365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erdmer, Philippe","contributorId":221315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdmer","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, V. L.","contributorId":82400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oliver, D.H.","contributorId":221313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5223775,"text":"5223775 - 1999 - Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T15:51:54.202919","indexId":"5223775","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor","title":"Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor","docAbstract":"Among the waterfowl affected by white phosphorus (P4) at a military base in Alaska are tundra (Cygnus columbianus) and trumpeter (C. buccinator) swans. To estimate the toxicity of P4 to swans and compare the toxic effects to those of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), we dosed 30 juvenile mute swans (C. olor) with 0 to 5.28 mg P4/kg body weight. The calculated LD50 was 3.65 mg/kg (95% CI: 1.40 to 4.68 mg/kg). However, many of the swans still had P4 in their gizzards after dying, as determined by “smoking gizzards” and characteristic odor, and a lower LD50 might be calculated if all of the P4 had passed into the small intestines. We attribute the retention of P4 in swans to the possibility that P4 pellets were mistaken for the similarly sized grit in their gizzards. Most swans took 1 to 4.5 days to die in contrast to the few hours normally required in mallards and death appeared to be related more to liver dysfunction than to hemolysis. White phosphorus affected several plasma constituents, most notably elevated aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase.
","language":"English","publisher":"SpringerLink","doi":"10.1007/s002449900477","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Day, D., and Klein, P., 1999, Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 316-322, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900477.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"316","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, D. 0000-0001-9070-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-7170","contributorId":20298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klein, P.","contributorId":27166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185334,"text":"70185334 - 1999 - Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T13:31:15.428362","indexId":"70185334","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3744,"text":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states","docAbstract":"The efficacy of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gopher damage was evaluated on three national forest lands in three states. In each area, cohorts of 640 protected seedlings and 640 unprotected seedlings (3,840 total) were individually monitored for damage, survival, and growth twice each summer for 5 yr after planting. Substantial differences were found between protected and unprotected seedlings for time until occurrence of damage, survival time, proportion damaged and proportion surviving, as well as differences in growth. Over the three forest study sites, the proportion of unprotected seedlings damaged ranged from 60-89%, whereas the proportion of protected seedlings damaged after 5 yr ranged from 18-27%. The proportion of unprotected seedlings that died of gopher damage over 5 yr ranged from 46-64%, versus 1-19% for protected seedlings. Height growth was 25% greater for protected seedlings. Even when only undamaged seedlings were considered, protected seedlings exhibited superior height growth, possibly due to a more favorable microclimate provided by the tubes. These results were reflected in the higher and more uniform stocking rates for protected seedlings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86","usgsCitation":"Engeman, R., Anthony, R.M., Barnes, V., Krupa, H.W., and Evans, J., 1999, Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states: Western Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 14, no. 2, p. 86-90, https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501366,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f67377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engeman, Richard M.","contributorId":39301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"Richard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, Richard M.","contributorId":181903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G.","contributorId":189568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupa, Heather W.","contributorId":181901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupa","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12749,"text":"USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, James","contributorId":83570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014932,"text":"1014932 - 1999 - Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-24T16:20:06.508802","indexId":"1014932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways","docAbstract":"Passage and transit time of adult upstream-migrant American shad Alosa sapidissima and blueback herring A. aestivalis were investigated in standard Denil and Alaska steeppass fishways with variable slope and headpond under semicontrolled conditions. Percent of American shad passed per unit time (percent passage) increased with temperature, while time required to ascend from the fishway entrance to the exit (transit time) decreased with increasing temperature for both species. Increasing fishway slope decreased percent passage of American shad, regardless of fishway type. Higher fishway slope decreased percent passage of blueback herring in the steeppass fishway only. Low headpond enhanced percent passage of American shad in the Denil fishway, but decreased percent passage of American shad in the steeppass fishway. Headpond level had no effect on percent passage of blueback herring in either fishway. Because headpond level in the steeppass fishway affected percent passage of American shad but not the smaller blueback herring, the relatively small cross-sectional area of the steeppass fishway operated at low headpond may inhibit passage of larger species such as American shad. Transit time of American shad decreased with both increasing slope and high headpond, and American shad increased through-water swimming speed under these conditions. American shad appeared to regulate their swimming speed through Denil-type fishways below maximal values. Blueback herring ascended the fishways at speeds comparable to those of American shad. Shorter transit times were not associated with increased percent passage. Turbulence and air entrainment may influence percent passage of American shad more than longitudinal water velocity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0051:EOSAHO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haro, A.J., Odeh, M., Castro-Santos, T., and Noreika, J., 1999, Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 1, p. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0051:EOSAHO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62556b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, Alexander J. 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":2917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odeh, Mufeed","contributorId":69746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"Mufeed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":207043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noreika, John 0000-0002-6637-5812 jnoreika@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-5812","contributorId":167858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"John","email":"jnoreika@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159676,"text":"70159676 - 1999 - Radiotracking large wilderness mammals: Integration of GPS and Argos technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T16:26:51","indexId":"70159676","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiotracking large wilderness mammals: Integration of GPS and Argos technology","docAbstract":"We tested 30 prototype global positioning system (GPS) radiocollars on brown bears (Ursus arctos) over a 3-year period on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Collars were of 2 design types: GPS with an Argos (Argos Data collection and Location System) satellite uplink (n=19) and GPS unites where the data were stored on board (n=10) for retrieval at a later date. All units also contained a conventional VHF (very high frequency) transmitter and weighed 1.7 kg. GPS-Argos united obtained 10-82% of expected GPS fixes, and fix rate declined significantly (P<0.05) with time after deployment. Argos uplink success (proportion of successful transmissions of stored data) was linearly related to GPS fix rate (r=0.91, P<0.001). Store-on-board units obtained significantly more successful fixes when compared with the GPS-Argos units (t=-4.009, P<0.001). Fix success rate for deployed store-on-board collars ranged from 13-96%; because of the increased number of attempted fixes per day, these collars obtained fixes on 97% of days deployed. Accuracy of the GPS units was less than predicted by the NAVSTAR GPS technology using the course acquisition code. Reduced accuracy was likely a result of the proportion of 2-dimensional versus 3-dimensional fixes obtained, although we could not determine this statistic from recorded data. Increased overstory closure was the only variable measured that partially explained the reduced likelihood of a successful fix. Stem density, stem diameter, and overstory height measured within 3 m of the collar did not affect fix success. GPS fix success rates for collars attached to bears varied more and were lower than fix rates for stationary collars placed in various vegetation types, suggesting that the bear, terrain, and movement all influence both fix and uplink success rate. Application of this new technology to grizzly and brown bear research and comparisons to studies with moose (Alces alces) are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C.C., and Arthur, S.M., 1999, Radiotracking large wilderness mammals: Integration of GPS and Argos technology: Ursus, v. 11, p. 261-274.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316712,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol11"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf51e4b0112df6c62e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, Steve M.","contributorId":66169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70228801,"text":"70228801 - 1999 - Neogene and Quaternary quantitative palynostratigraphy and paleoclimatology from sections in Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories and Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-21T17:52:03.842626","indexId":"70228801","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T11:28:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"543","title":"Neogene and Quaternary quantitative palynostratigraphy and paleoclimatology from sections in Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories and Alaska","docAbstract":" quantitative pollen and spore zonation for the Neogene and Quaternary of Yukon, western Northwest Territories and central and northern Alaska has been assembled from seven sections and one borehole. The palynological spectra from 163 samples from these sections were grouped and averaged within the groups to produce twenty-one composite spectra that depict the long-term pattern of vegetation change. The oldest record included in the study is estimated to be within the late Early Miocene (ca. 18.3 Ma) and the record extends to the late Quaternary.
Pollen and spores are grouped and summed by environmental tolerances and physiognomy of the modern families and genera of plants to which they are related. Using these groups, pollen and spore ratios are drawn to track environmental parameters - temperature, forest canopy cover, and paludification of the study sites. Biostratigraphic and paleoecological patterns are explained in terms of known changes in global climate and the climatic effects of regional tectonics. Six assemblage zones and five subzones are proposed to describe the palynological succession.
Fifty-nine sea otters were released off the west coast of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State during the summers of 1969 and 1970; all had been translocated from Amchitka Island, Alaska. In 1970, 30 otters were released. Surveys to assess the results of this translocation began in 1977. Up to 1989, the population has grown at near the maximum rate of increase (rmax) for sea otter populations of 17-20% yr-1. Since 1989, however, the rate of increase appears to have declined to about 11% yr-1. The results of the survey this year are encouraging and indicate the population has been growing at a finite rate of about 11% since 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","usgsCitation":"Jameson, R.J., and Jeffries, S.J., 1999, Results of the 1999 survey of the reintroduced sea otter population in Washington state: IUCN Otter Specialist Group, v. 16, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92216,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iucnosg.org/Bulletin/Volume16/Jameson_Jeffries_1999.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6055ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jameson, Ronald J.","contributorId":17938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeffries, Steven J.","contributorId":81398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffries","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022025,"text":"70022025 - 1999 - A new magnetic view of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022025","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new magnetic view of Alaska","docAbstract":"A new, publicly available aeromagnetic data compilation spanning Alaska enables analysis of the regional crustal character of this tectonically diverse and poorly understood part of the North American Cordillera. The merged data were upward-continued by 10 km (mathematically smoothed without assumptions about sources) to enhance crustal-scale magnetic features and facilitate tectonic analysis. This analysis reveals a basic threefold magnetic character: (1) a southern region with arcuate magnetic domains closely tied to tectonostratigraphic elements, (2) a magnetically neutral interior region punctuated locally by intermediate and deep magnetic highs representing a complex history, and (3) a magnetically subdued northern region that includes a large deep magnetic high. Our tectonic view of the data supports interpretations that Paleozoic extension and continental rift basins played a significant role in the tectonic development of northern and interior Alaska. Accretion of oceanic and continental margin terranes could be restricted to the southern region. The new magnetic view of Alaska can be compared and contrasted with other Pacific margin regions where convergent margin and accretionary tectonic processes are important.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Hudson, T.L., and Connard, G.G., 1999, A new magnetic view of Alaska: GSA Today, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1-6.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a6e4b0c8380cd467df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, T. L.","contributorId":13992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connard, G. G.","contributorId":20354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021597,"text":"70021597 - 1999 - Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T13:16:01.100293","indexId":"70021597","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet","docAbstract":"We present the first documentation of Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) vocalizations, based on recordings made in Glacier Bay, Alaska, in 1994. We identified two apparently related types of calls: groan and quack. The Kittlitz's Murrelet calls were markedly different from the most common calls of the congeneric Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), but shared characteristics with the Marbled Murrelet's less common 'groan' call. Phylogeny, breeding biology, and habitat characteristics may explain relationships between the congeneric vocalizations. More complete knowledge of the Kittlitz's Murrelet vocal repertoire is needed before vocalizations can be either used or discarded in the design of effective programs to monitor this rare and poorly-known species.","language":"English","publisher":"The Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370003","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"van Pelt, T.I., Piatt, J.F., and Van Vliet, G.B., 1999, Vocalizations of the Kittlitz's Murrelet: Condor, v. 101, no. 2, p. 395-398, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370003.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2b9e4b08c986b32ad05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Pelt, Thomas I.","contributorId":13392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021483,"text":"70021483 - 1999 - Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021483","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Fluctuations of the piedmont lobe of Bering Glacier and its sublobe Steller Glacier over the past two millennia are reconstructed using 34 radiocarbon dates and tree-ring data from 16 sites across the glaciers' forelands. The general sequence of glacial activity is consistent with well-dated fluctuations of tidewater and land-terminating glaciers elsewhere along the Gulf of Alaska. Extensive forested areas along 25 km of the Bering ice margin were inundated by glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial sediments during a probable ice advance shortly before 500 cal yr A.D. Regrowth of forests followed the retreating ice as early as the 7th century A.D., with frequent interruptions of tree growth due to outwash aggradation. Forests overrun by ice and buried in outwash indicate readvance about 1080 cal yr A.D. Retreat followed, with ice-free conditions maintained along the distal portions of the forefield until the early 17th century after which the ice advanced to within a few kilometers of its outer Neoglacial moraine. Ice reached this position after the mid-17th century and prior to 200 yr ago. Since the early 20th century, glacial retreat has been punctuated by periodic surges. The record from forests overrun by the nonsurging Steller Lobe shows that this western ice margin was advancing by 1250 A.D., reaching near its outer moraine after 1420 cal yr A.D. Since the late 19th century, the lobe has dominantly retreated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2054","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wiles, G., Post, A., Muller, E., and Molnia, B.F., 1999, Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 185-195, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054.","startPage":"185","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054"},{"id":229615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe94e4b0c8380cd4ede2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiles, G.C.","contributorId":40364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiles","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, A.","contributorId":51033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, E.H.","contributorId":35350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, B. F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021930,"text":"70021930 - 1999 - Time-budgets of Common Murres at a declining and increasing colony in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T13:22:35.021875","indexId":"70021930","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-budgets of Common Murres at a declining and increasing colony in Alaska","docAbstract":"We observed Common Murres (Uria aalge) at two breeding sites in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, to determine whether food availability was reflected in their time-budgets at each colony. Catches of forage fish in nets and relative biomass were greater around a murre colony that has been increasing for the past 25 years than around a colony that has been decreasing over the same time period. Murres spent much more time 'loafing' on their breeding ledges at the increasing colony, particularly during the incubation period and during evening hours. However, there was little or no difference between colonies in chick feeding rates, chick growth rates, or productivity. It appears that murres at the declining colony devote more time to foraging and have less discretionary time ashore. Because this had little apparent affect on their ability to feed and rear chicks, the population decline must be due to other factors. In any case, attendance time-budgets provide a more sensitive index of food availability than other breeding parameters at murre colonies.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1525/cond.2008.8440","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Zador, S., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Time-budgets of Common Murres at a declining and increasing colony in Alaska: Condor, v. 101, no. 1, p. 149-152, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8440.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479586,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8440","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3b7e4b08c986b325f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zador, Stephani","contributorId":60992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zador","given":"Stephani","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020912,"text":"70020912 - 1999 - Growth of a post-Little Ice Age submarine fan, Glacier Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70020912","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of a post-Little Ice Age submarine fan, Glacier Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"A small Holocene fan is forming where Queen Inlet, a hanging valley, enters West Arm fjord, Glacier Bay, Alaska. Queen fan formed in the last 80 years following retreat of the Little Ice Age glacier that filled Glacier Bay about 200 yr BP. It was built mainly by a turbidite system originating from Carroll Glacier delta, as the delta formed in the early 1900s at the head of Queen Inlet. The Late Holocene Queen fan is comparable to large Pleistocene fans that formed in the Gulf of Alaska and differs from trough-mouth fans formed by cooler climate glacier systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s003670050113","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Cowan, E.A., Powell, R., and Cai, J., 1999, Growth of a post-Little Ice Age submarine fan, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 19, no. 4, p. 227-236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050113.","startPage":"227","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206405,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670050113"},{"id":229647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2df5e4b0c8380cd5c19e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowan, E. A.","contributorId":16423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R.D.","contributorId":74015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cai, J.","contributorId":10172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cai","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021178,"text":"70021178 - 1999 - Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T11:15:43.720458","indexId":"70021178","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","docAbstract":"Three 60 m long, 2·8 m high snowfences have been erected to study long-term effects of changing winter snow conditions on arctic and alpine tundra. This paper describes the experimental design and short-term effects. Open-top fiberglass warming chambers are placed along the experimental snow gradients and in controls areas outside the fences; each warming plot is paired with an unwarmed plot. The purpose of the experiment is to examine short- and long-term changes to the integrated physical-biological systems under simultaneous changes of winter snow regime and summer temperature, as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research network and the International Tundra Experiment. The sites were at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, a temperate high altitude site in the Colorado Rockies, and Toolik Lake, Alaska, a high-latitude site. Initial results indicate that although experimental designs are essentially identical at the arctic and alpine sites, experimental effects are different. The drift at Niwot Ridge lasts much longer than do the Toolik Lake drifts, so that the Niwot Ridge fence affects both summer and winter conditions, whereas the Toolik Lake fence affects primarily winter conditions. The temperature experiment also differs in effect between the sites. Although the average temperature increase at the two sites is similar (daily increase 1·5 °C at Toolik and 1·9 °C at Niwot Ridge), at Toolik Lake there is only minor diurnal variation, whereas at Niwot Ridge the daytime increases are extreme on sunny days (as much as 7–10 °C), and minimum nighttime temperatures in the chambers are often slightly cooler than ambient (by about 1 °C). The experimental drifts resulted in wintertime increases in temperature and CO2 flux. Temperatures under the deep drifts were much more consistent and warmer than in control areas, and at Niwot Ridge remained very close to 0 °C all winter. These increased temperatures were likely responsible for observed increases in system carbon loss. Initial changes to the aboveground biotic system included an increase in growth in response to both snow and warming, despite a reduced growing season. This is expected to be a transient response that will eventually be replaced by reduced growth. At least one species, Kobresia myosuroides, had almost completely died at Niwot Ridge three years after fence construction, whereas other species were increasing. We expect in both the short- and long-term to see the strongest effects of snow at the Niwot Ridge site, and stronger effects of temperature at Toolik Lake.
This working group did not divide into subgroups, and its report consists of a unified document in a format somewhat different than those of the other working groups. The group considered four major topics: (1) projected \"new\" contaminants of future concern; (2) future trends with contaminants currently known to be issues for marine mammals; (3) future needs to improve and insure consistency of sample collection and analyses; and (4) future management needs.
The problems of persistent organic pollutants will remain well into the foreseeable future. A general decline in levels of persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment is not anticipated. there is every likelihood that the environmental trends of halogenated organic compounds, such as polybromated diphenyl ethers and chlorinated paraffins, will parallel production trends, as demonstrated with well known chemical contaminants such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). While the environmental levels of some compounds may be slowly declining, many are still within the ranges where subtle toxic effects are to be anticipated. Trends in contaminants must be placed in a regional context, and rates and directions of change are often region-specific. For example, in the Southern Hemisphere the concentrations of PCBs appear to be increasing. The rates of change of many contaminants in the Southern hemisphere are poorly known, and this region may be at future risk.
Much of the research on contaminants and marine mammals has focused on the problem of persistent organochloride chemicals such as PCBs and DDT, which are a continuing and global problem. Potential problems caused by other persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative substances (PTBSs) cannot currently be addressed due to the lack of basic information on their production, use, exposure, and effects (Environmental Protection Agency 1998). It is currently estimated that there are roughly 2400 lipophilic and persistent chemicals, of which 390 are PTBSs. In order to prevent long-term pollution from these largely unknown chemicals, chemical industries should disclose basic information on such compounds, and this information should be made widely available. This will require enhanced international cooperation, preferably within the existing framework of chemical contaminant programs, such as the Existing Chemicals Program of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1991) and the Program on persistent Organic Pollutants of the United National Environmental Programme (1998).
Monitoring studies are essential to the description and understanding of pollutants. It is necessary to exploit existing analytical techniques to identify as many anthropogenic compounds as possible in marine mammal tissues in order to expand the identification of existing and new chemicals that accumulate in, and pose threats to, these species.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and persistent ocean contaminants: Proceedings of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Marine Mammal Commission Workshop","conferenceDate":"October 12-15, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Keystone, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Mammal Commission","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York, 1999, Working group on future trends, in Marine mammals and persistent ocean contaminants: Proceedings of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Keystone, CO, October 12-15, 1998, p. 78-86.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fe0e4b0d1f9f065ab22","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, Randall R.","contributorId":40260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, Alison Kirk","contributorId":149427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":20313,"text":"Marine Mammal Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York","contributorId":128452,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York","id":705741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021223,"text":"70021223 - 1999 - Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T20:26:58","indexId":"70021223","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Two rain events at Matanuska Glacier illustrate how subglacial drainage system development and snowpack conditions affect hydrologic response at the terminus. On 21 and 22 September 1995, over 56 mm of rain fell in the basin during a period usually characterized by much drier conditions. This event caused an 8-fold increase in discharge and a 47-fold increase in suspended-sediment concentration. Peak suspended-sediment concentration exceeded 20 kg m-3, suggesting rapid evacuation of stored sediment. While water discharge returned to its pre-storm level nine days after the rain ceased, suspended-sediment concentrations took about 20 days to return to pre-storm levels. These observations suggest that the storm influx late in the melt season probably forced subglacial water into a more distributed system. In addition, subglacially transported sediments were supplemented to an unknown degree by the influx of storm-eroded sediments off hillslopes and from tributary drainage basins. A storm on 6 and 7 June 1997, dropped 28 mm of rain on the basin demonstrating the effects of meltwater retention in the snowpack and englacial and subglacial storage early in the melt season. Streamflow before the storm event was increasing gradually owing to warming temperatures; however, discharge during the storm and the following week increased only slightly. Suspended-sediment concentrations increased only a small amount, suggesting the drainage system was not yet well developed, and much of the runoff occurred across the relatively clean surface of the glacier or through englacial channels.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Glaciology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta Connect","doi":"10.3189/172756499781821715","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Denner, J., Lawson, D.E., Larson, G., Evenson, E., Alley, R.B., Strasser, J., and Kopczynski, S., 1999, Seasonal variability in hydrologic-system response to intense rain events, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: Annals of Glaciology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 267-271, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821715.","startPage":"267","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821715","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269200,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821715"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88e3e4b08c986b316c07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denner, J.C.","contributorId":75562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawson, D. E.","contributorId":9343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, G.J.","contributorId":89680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evenson, E.B.","contributorId":79628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alley, R. B.","contributorId":49533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Strasser, J.C.","contributorId":21717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strasser","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kopczynski, S.","contributorId":90066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopczynski","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021000,"text":"70021000 - 1999 - Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:38:59","indexId":"70021000","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1474,"text":"Écoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska","docAbstract":"Temperatures across the northern regions of North America have been increasing for 150 years, and forests have responded to this increase. In the Noatak National Preserve in Alaska, white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) forests reach their northern limit, occurring primarily on well-drained sites and as gallery forests along streams. Rolling plateaus of tundra separate the white spruce forests into disjunct stands. We examined patterns of tree age, tree growth, and tree encroachment into tundra ecosystems in six stands along the Agashashok River. Warming over the past 150 years appears to have increased tree growth and resulted in forest expansion into adjacent tundra ecosystems. The forest/tundra ecotone shifted by about 80 to 100 m into the tundra in the past 200 years, as evidenced by declining maximum tree age with distance towards the tundra. The decadal-scale pattern of tree establishment at the farthest extent of trees into the tundra (the tundra-forest ecotone) correlated with the detrended growth index for trees within the forests; climate conditions that led to higher tree growth appeared to foster tree establishment in the tundra. This recent forest expansion has occurred across topographic boundaries, from well-drained soils on slopes onto poorly drained, flatter areas of tundra. Further expansion of the forests may be limited by more severe wind exposure and poor drainage that make the majority of tundra less suitable for trees.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/11956860.1999.11682538","issn":"11956860","usgsCitation":"Suarez, F., Binkley, D., Kaye, M., and Stottlemyer, R., 1999, Expansion of forest stands into tundra in the Noatak National Preserve, northwest Alaska: Écoscience, v. 6, no. 3, p. 465-470, https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1999.11682538.","startPage":"465","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0db5e4b0c8380cd53161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suarez, F.","contributorId":44676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaye, Margot W.","contributorId":102031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaye","given":"Margot W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003686,"text":"1003686 - 1999 - Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:47:21.304527","indexId":"1003686","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska","docAbstract":"We found up to 10 ppm wet weight of selenium in blood samples collected from emperor geese (Chen canagica) on their breeding grounds on the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska, USA. Incubating adult females captured in late May through mid‐June 1997 had significantly higher concentrations of selenium in their blood (mean = 5.60 ppm) than adult females captured during wing molt in late July 1996 (mean = 2.78 ppm). Females that nested early or were in good body condition had higher concentrations of selenium in their blood than did other nesting females. Blood samples from 4 of 29 goslings had detectable levels of selenium (mean = 0.14 ppm). Our findings suggest that emperor geese are exposed to more selenium in the marine environment of their wintering and staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula than on the breeding grounds. The highest concentration of mercury found in the blood of emperor geese was 0.24 ppm. One bird had a blood lead concentration of 0.67 ppm, but 82% had no detectable lead in their blood, suggesting that lead exposure from the ingestion of lead shot poses little threat for emperor geese in western Alaska, contrary to findings reported for sympatric spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri).
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180522","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Schmutz, J.A., Creekmore, L.H., and Fowler, A.C., 1999, Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 5, p. 965-969, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180522.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"969","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.95947265624997,\n 61.42694704369651\n ],\n [\n -165.95123291015625,\n 61.257027767972566\n ],\n [\n -165.7177734375,\n 61.254386097464504\n ],\n [\n -165.7012939453125,\n 61.09813403696712\n ],\n [\n -165.61065673828125,\n 61.03169171684714\n ],\n [\n -165.31951904296875,\n 61.023709269797784\n ],\n [\n -165.113525390625,\n 60.97976989482837\n ],\n [\n -164.81689453125,\n 60.97443977804041\n ],\n [\n -164.72625732421875,\n 61.10875187858557\n ],\n [\n -164.849853515625,\n 61.25174420489185\n ],\n [\n -164.95697021484375,\n 61.38751318534717\n ],\n [\n -165.25909423828122,\n 61.51352639751439\n ],\n [\n -165.498046875,\n 61.52138531890536\n ],\n [\n -165.77270507812497,\n 61.510906315517424\n ],\n [\n -165.95947265624997,\n 61.42694704369651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creekmore, L. H.","contributorId":15137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fowler, A. 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Most LG amphibolites have relatively high Nb, TiO2, Zr, and light rare earth element contents, indicative of an alkalic to tholeiitic, within-plate basalt origin. The within-plate affinities of the LG amphibolites suggest that their basaltic parent magmas developed in an extensional setting and support a correlation of these metamorphosed continental-margin rocks with less metamorphosed counterparts across the Tintina fault in the Selwyn Basin of the Canadian Cordillera. TM amphibolites have a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition, low normalized abundances of Nb and Ta relative to Th and La, and Ti/V values of <20, all indicative of a volcanic-arc origin. Limited results from Seventymile greenstones indicate a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition and intermediate to high Ti/V values (27-48), consistent with either a within-plate or an ocean-floor basalt origin. Y-La-Nb proportions in both TM and Seventymile metabasalts indicate the proximity of the arc and marginal basin to continental crust. The arc geochemistry of TM amphibolites is consistent with a model in which the TM assemblage includes arc rocks generated above a west-dipping subduction zone outboard of the North American continental margin in mid-Paleozoic through Triassic time. The ocean-floor or within-plate basalt geochemistry of the Seventymile greenstones supports the correlation of the Seventymile terrane with the Slide Mountain terrane in Canada and the hypothesis that these oceanic rocks originated in a basin between the continental margin and an arc to the west.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., and Cooper, K., 1999, Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 10, p. 1671-1695, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-077.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1695","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb681e4b08c986b326cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, K.M.","contributorId":91886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}