Concerns about infectious diseases in fish used for research have risen along with the dramatic increase in the use of fish as models in biomedical research. In addition to acute diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality, underlying chronic conditions that cause low-grade or subclinical infections may confound research results. Here we present recommendations and strategies to avoid or minimize the impacts of infectious agents in fishes maintained in the research setting. There are distinct differences in strategies for control of pathogens in fish used for research compared to fishes reared as pets or in aquaculture. Also, much can be learned from strategies and protocols for control of diseases in rodents used in research, but there are differences. This is due, in part, the unique aquatic environment that is modified by the source and quality of the water provided and the design of facilities. The process of control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities is relatively new, and will be an evolving process over time. Nevertheless, the goal of documenting, detecting, and excluding pathogens in fish is just as important as in mammalian research models.
Here the hydrogeochemical constraints of a tracer dilution study are combined with Fe and Zn isotopic measurements to pinpoint metal loading sources and attenuation mechanisms in an alpine watershed impacted by acid mine drainage. In the tested mountain catchment, δ56Fe and δ66Zn isotopic signatures of filtered stream water samples varied by ∼3.5‰ and 0.4‰, respectively. The inherent differences in the aqueous geochemistry of Fe and Zn provided complimentary isotopic information. For example, variations in δ56Fe were linked to redox and precipitation reactions occurring in the stream, while changes in δ66Zn were indicative of conservative mixing of different Zn sources. Fen environments contributed distinctively light dissolved Fe (<−2.0‰) and isotopically heavy suspended Fe precipitates to the watershed, while Zn from the fen was isotopically heavy (>+0.4‰). Acidic drainage from mine wastes contributed heavier dissolved Fe (∼+0.5‰) and lighter Zn (∼+0.2‰) isotopes relative to the fen. Upwelling of Fe-rich groundwater near the mouth of the catchment was the major source of Fe (δ56Fe ∼ 0‰) leaving the watershed in surface flow, while runoff from mining wastes was the major source of Zn. The results suggest that given a strong framework for interpretation, Fe and Zn isotopes are useful tools for identifying and tracking metal sources and attenuation mechanisms in mountain watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.03.010","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Borrok, D., Wanty, R., Ian, R.W., Lamothe, P.J., Kimball, B.A., Verplanck, P., and Runkel, R., 2009, Application of iron and zinc isotopes to track the sources and mechanisms of metal loading in a mountain watershed: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 7, p. 1270-1277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.03.010.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1270","endPage":"1277","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218199,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.03.010"}],"volume":"24","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca5e4b0c8380cd493dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borrok, D.M.","contributorId":38775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borrok","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ian, Ridley W.","contributorId":96938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ian","given":"Ridley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70035911,"text":"70035911 - 2009 - Long-term pair bonds in the Laysan Duck","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035911","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term pair bonds in the Laysan Duck","docAbstract":"We describe long-term pair bonds in the endangered Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis), a dabbling duck endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. Individually marked birds were identified on Laysan Island between 1998 and 2006 (n = 613 marked adults). We recorded pair bonds while observing marked birds, and documented within and between year mate switches and multi-year pair bonds. Twenty pairs banded before 2001 had stable pair bonds lasting ???5 years with a maximum enduring pair bond of nine breeding seasons. Understanding reproductive strategy, including mate retention, would aid conservation planning and management efforts for the Laysan Duck. Further study is needed to characterize the social system of this endangered species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/07-188.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M., Breeden, J., Vekasy, M., and Ellis, T., 2009, Long-term pair bonds in the Laysan Duck: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 121, no. 1, p. 187-190, https://doi.org/10.1676/07-188.1.","startPage":"187","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-188.1"},{"id":243929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a499ce4b0c8380cd68768","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, M.H. 0000-0001-7253-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":64214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breeden, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":74956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breeden","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vekasy, M.S.","contributorId":70345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vekasy","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellis, T.M.","contributorId":94524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035718,"text":"70035718 - 2009 - On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70035718","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers","docAbstract":"For this study, I compared sequentially molted feathers for a few captive raptors from year to year and symmetrically matched feathers (left/right pairs) for many raptors to see if color patterns of sequential feather pairs were identical or if symmetrical pairs were mirror-image identical. Feather pairs were found to be identical only when without color pattern (e.g., the all-white rectrices of Bald Eagles [Haliaeetus leucocephalus]). Complex patterns were not closely matched, but some simple patterns were sometimes closely matched, although not identical. Previous claims that complex color patterns in feather pairs are fingerprint-identical (and therefore that molted feathers from wild raptors can be used to identify breeding adults from year to year with certainty) were found to be untrue: each feather is unique. Although it is unwise to be certain of bird of origin using normal feathers, abnormal feathers can often be so used. ?? 2009 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3356/JRR-08-07.1","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 2009, On the uniqueness of color patterns in raptor feathers: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 43, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-07.1.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476197,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-08-07.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-08-07.1"},{"id":243889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e04e4b0c8380cd75454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035975,"text":"70035975 - 2009 - Method development for analysis of urban dust using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry to detect the possible presence of world trade center dust constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035975","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Method development for analysis of urban dust using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry to detect the possible presence of world trade center dust constituents","docAbstract":"The collapse of the World Trade Center Towers on September 11, 2001, sent dust and debris across much of Manhattan and in the surrounding areas. Indoor and outdoor dust samples were collected and characterized by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). From this characterization, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and USGS developed a particulate screening method to determine the presence of residual World Trade Center dust in the indoor environment using slag wool as a primary \"signature\". The method describes a procedure that includes splitting, ashing, and sieving of collected dust. From one split, a 10 mg/mL dust/ isopropanol suspension was prepared and 10-30 ??L aliquots of the suspension placed on an SEM substrate. Analyses were performed using SEM/EDS manual point counting for slag wool fibers. Poisson regression was used to identify some of the sources of uncertainty, which are directly related to the small number of fibers present on each sample stub. Preliminary results indicate that the procedure is promising for screening urban background dust for the presence of WTC dust. Consistent sample preparation of reference materials and samples must be performed by each laboratory wishing to use this method to obtain meaningful and accurate results. ?? 2009 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es800865n","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bern, A., Lowers, H., Meeker, G., and Rosati, J., 2009, Method development for analysis of urban dust using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry to detect the possible presence of world trade center dust constituents: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 1449-1454, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800865n.","startPage":"1449","endPage":"1454","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216206,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800865n"}],"volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5547e4b0c8380cd6d197","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bern, A.M.","contributorId":92018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bern","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosati, J.A.","contributorId":88579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosati","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035695,"text":"70035695 - 2009 - Morphologic and transport properties of natural organic floc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:28:25","indexId":"70035695","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphologic and transport properties of natural organic floc","docAbstract":"The morphology, entrainment, and settling of suspended aggregates (“floc”) significantly impact fluxes of organic carbon, nutrients, and contaminants in aquatic environments. However, transport properties of highly organic floc remain poorly understood. In this study detrital floc was collected in the Florida Everglades from two sites with different abundances of periphyton for use in a settling column and in racetrack flume entrainment experiments. Although Everglades flocs are similar to other organic aggregates in terms of morphology and settling rates, they tend to be larger and more porous than typical mineral flocs because of biostabilization processes and relatively low prevailing shear stresses typical of wetlands. Flume experiments documented that Everglades floc was entrained at a low bed shear stress of 1.0 × 10−2 Pa, which is considerably smaller than the typical entrainment threshold of mineral floc. Because of similarities between Everglades floc and other organic floc populations, floc transport characteristics in the Everglades typify the behavior of floc in other organic‐rich shallow‐water environments. Highly organic floc is more mobile than less organic floc, but because bed shear stresses in wetlands are commonly near the entrainment threshold, wetland floc dynamics are often transport‐limited rather than supply limited. Organic floc transport in these environments is therefore governed by the balance between entrainment and settling fluxes, which has implications for ecosystem metabolism, materials cycling, and even landscape evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008WR006990","usgsCitation":"Larsen, L., Harvey, J.W., and Crimaldi, J.P., 2009, Morphologic and transport properties of natural organic floc: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 1, Article W01410; 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006990.","productDescription":"Article W01410; 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr006990","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e36e4b0c8380cd7088a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Laurel G. lglarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Laurel G.","email":"lglarsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crimaldi, John P.","contributorId":58918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crimaldi","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035694,"text":"70035694 - 2009 - Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035694","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin","docAbstract":"Lake Huron has a rich aquatic habitat diversity that includes shallow embayments, numerous tributaries, shallow mid-lake reef complexes, archipelagos, and profundal regions. These habitats provide support for warm, cool, and cold water fish communities. Diversity of fishes in Lake Huron reflects post-glaciation colonization events, current climate conditions, accidental and intentional introductions of non-indigenous species, and extinctions. Most extinction events have been largely associated with habitat alterations, exploitation of fisheries, and interactions with non-indigenous species. The most recent historical survey of extirpated and imperiled species conducted in the late 1970s identified 79 fish species in Lake Huron proper and about 50 additional species in tributaries. Of those 129 species, 20 are now considered extirpated or imperiled. Extirpated species include Arctic grayling, paddlefish, weed shiner, deepwater cisco, blackfin cisco, shortnose cisco, and kiyi. Six species have declined appreciably due to loss of clear-water stream habitat: the river redhorse, river darter, black redhorse, pugnose shiner, lake chubsucker, redside dace, eastern sand darter, and channel darter. While numerous agencies, universities, and other organizations routinely monitor nearshore and offshore fish distribution and abundance, there is a need for more rigorous examination of the distribution and abundance of less-common species to better understand their ecology. This information is critical to the development of management plans aimed at ecosystem remediation and restoration.","largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management","language":"English","doi":"10.1080/14634980802710325","issn":"14634988","usgsCitation":"Roseman, E., Schaeffer, J., and Steen, P., 2009, Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin, in Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, v. 12, no. 1, p. 11-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980802710325.","startPage":"11","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216133,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980802710325"},{"id":243980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac66e4b0c8380cd86cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roseman, E.F. 0000-0002-5315-9838","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-9838","contributorId":76531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"E.F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaeffer, J.S.","contributorId":42688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steen, P.J.","contributorId":65590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035910,"text":"70035910 - 2009 - Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035910","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin","docAbstract":"The Miocene Bear Lake Formation is exposed along the coast and mountains of the central Alaska Peninsula and extends offshore as part of the Bristol Bay Basin. The Bear Lake Formation is up to 2360 m (7743 ft) thick in an offshore well and is considered to have the highest reservoir potential in this gasrich frontier basin. Our new macrofossil and palynological data, collected in the context of measured stratigraphic sections, allow us to construct the first chronostratigraphic framework for this formation. Biostratigraphic age assignments for the numerous, commonly isolated, onshore exposures of the Bear Lake Formation show that deposition initiated sometime before the middle Miocene (15 Ma) and extended to possibly the earliest Pliocene. The bulk of the Bear Lake Formation, however, was deposited during the middle and late Miocene based on our new findings. We interpret the Bear Lake Formation as the product of a regional transgressive estuarine depositional system based on lithofacies analysis. The lower part of the formation is characterized by trough cross-stratified sandstone interbedded with coal and pedogenic mudstone deposited in fluvial and swamp environments of the uppermost parts of the estuarine system. The lower-middle part of the formation is dominated by nonbioturbated, wavy- and flaser-bedded sandstone and siltstone that were deposited in supratidal flat environments. The uppermiddle part of the Bear Lake Formation is characterized by inclined heterolithic strata and coquinoid mussel beds that represent tidal channel environments in the middle and lower tracts of the estuarine system. The uppermost part of the formation consists of tabular, bioturbated sandstone with diverse marine invertebrate macrofossil faunas. We interpret this part of the section as representing the subtidal tract of the lower estuarine system and possibly the adjacent shallow inner shelf. A comparison of our depositional framework for the Bear Lake Formation with core and well-log data from onshore and offshore wells indicates that similar Miocene depositional systems existed throughout much of the Bristol Bay Basin. The documented changes in depositional environments within the Bear Lake Formation are also important for understanding upsection changes in the geometries of potential reservoirs. Copyright ??2009. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/10010808030","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Finzel, E., Ridgway, K., Reifenstuhl, R., Blodgett, R.B., White, J.M., and Decker, P., 2009, Stratigraphic framework and estuarine depositional environments of the Miocene Bear Lake Formation, Bristol Bay Basin, Alaska: Onshore equivalents to potential reservoir strata in a frontier gas-rich basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3, p. 379-405, https://doi.org/10.1306/10010808030.","startPage":"379","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216086,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10010808030"},{"id":243928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9900e4b08c986b31c1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finzel, E.S.","contributorId":79332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finzel","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reifenstuhl, R.R.","contributorId":84182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reifenstuhl","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blodgett, R. B.","contributorId":25176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Decker, P.L.","contributorId":19399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035693,"text":"70035693 - 2009 - Murres, capelin and ocean climate: Inter-annual associations across a decadal shift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:15:51","indexId":"70035693","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Murres, capelin and ocean climate: Inter-annual associations across a decadal shift","docAbstract":"To ensure energy demands for reproduction are met, it is essential that marine birds breed during periods of peak food availability. We examined associations of the breeding chronology of common murres (Uria aalge) with the timing of the inshore arrival of their primary prey, capelin (Mallotus villosus) from 1980 to 2006 across a period of pervasive change in the Northwest Atlantic ecosystem. We also assessed the influence of ocean temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; an index of winter climate and oceanography) on these interactions. We found a lagged linear relationship between variations in murre breeding chronology and the timing of capelin arrival in the previous year. On a decadal level, we found a non-linear threshold relationship between ocean temperature and the timing of capelin arrival and murre breeding. Centennially anomalous cold water temperatures in 1991 generated a marked shift in the timing of capelin spawning inshore and murre breeding, delaying both by more than 2 weeks. By the mid-1990s, ocean temperatures returned to pre-perturbation levels, whereas the temporal breeding responses of capelin and murres were delayed for a decade or more. Oceanographic conditions (temperature, NAO) were poor predictors of the timing of capelin arrival inshore in the current year compared to the previous one. Our findings suggest that knowledge of the timing of capelin availability in the previous year provides a robust cue for the long-lived murres, allowing them to achieve temporal overlap between breeding and peak capelin availability. ?? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0484-2","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Regular, P., Shuhood, F., Power, T., Montevecchi, W., Robertson, G., Ballam, D., Piatt, J.F., and Nakashima, B., 2009, Murres, capelin and ocean climate: Inter-annual associations across a decadal shift: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 156, no. 1-4, p. 293-302, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0484-2.","startPage":"293","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0484-2"}],"volume":"156","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60d8e4b0c8380cd716e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regular, P.M.","contributorId":64478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regular","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shuhood, F.","contributorId":14217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuhood","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, T.","contributorId":64059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Montevecchi, W.A.","contributorId":62052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montevecchi","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, G.J.","contributorId":105939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ballam, D.","contributorId":19400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballam","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nakashima, B.","contributorId":96507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakashima","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70035692,"text":"70035692 - 2009 - Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T17:56:46","indexId":"70035692","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","title":"Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth","docAbstract":"Metabolically inert, accretionary structures such as the dentin growth layers in teeth provide a life history record of individual diet with near-annual resolution. We constructed ontogenetic δ13C and δ15N profiles by analyzing tooth dentin growth layers from 13 individual killer whales Orcinus orca collected in the eastern northeast Pacific Ocean between 1961 and 2003. The individuals sampled were 6 to 52 yr old, representing 2 ecotypes—resident and transient—collected across ~25° of latitude. The average isotopic values of transient individuals (n = 10) are consistent with a reliance on mammalian prey, while the average isotopic values of residents (n = 3) are consistent with piscivory. Regardless of ecotype, most individuals show a decrease in δ15N values of ~2.5‰ through the first 3 yr of life, roughly equivalent to a decrease of one trophic level. We interpret this as evidence of gradual weaning, after which, ontogenetic shifts in isotopic values are highly variable. A few individuals (n = 2) maintained relatively stable δ15N and δ13C values throughout the remainder of their lives, whereas δ15N values of most (n = 11) increased by ~1.5‰, suggestive of an ontogenetic increase in trophic level. Significant differences in mean δ13C and δ15N values among transients collected off California suggest that individuality in prey preferences may be prevalent within this ecotype. Our approach provides retrospective individual life history and dietary information that cannot be obtained through traditional field observations of free-ranging and elusive species such as killer whales, including unique historic ecological information that pre-dates modern studies. By providing insights into individual diet composition, stable isotope analysis of teeth and/or bones may be the only means of evaluating a number of hypothesized historical dietary shifts in killer whales of the northeast Pacific Ocean
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps07747","usgsCitation":"Newsome, S.D., Etnier, M.A., Monson, D., and Fogel, M.L., 2009, Retrospective characterization of ontogenetic shifts in killer whale diets via δ13C and δ15N analysis of teeth: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 374, p. 229-242, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07747.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07747","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":243948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"374","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac24e4b0c8380cd86b9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newsome, Seth D.","contributorId":81640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newsome","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7000,"text":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":451921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etnier, Michael A.","contributorId":66072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etnier","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":451919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fogel, Marilyn L.","contributorId":99699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogel","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035408,"text":"70035408 - 2009 - Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:55","indexId":"70035408","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails","docAbstract":"King Rails (Rallus elegans) and Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris) are large, secretive waterbirds whose ranges overlap in brackish marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. King and Clapper Rails are difficult to separate by physical appearance and there is currently no reliable method to distinguish between the two species. Here, the relative effectiveness of using discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements to identify and sex King and Clapper Rails was examined. Mean measurements of wing, tarsus, and weight were different between male King and Clapper Rails and between female King and Clapper Rails. However, for all measurements except culmen, male Clapper Rails and female King Rails were not different. Discriminate analysis of morphometric measurements revealed that wing, tarsus, and culmen measurements differentiated between King and Clapper Rails, but cross-validation results for male Clapper Rails were only 73%. Male King Rails were larger than female King Rails for all morphometric measurements and male Clapper Rails were larger than female Clapper Rails for all morphometric measurements except for the tail. Wing and tarsus measurements differentiated between male and female King Rails and wing, tarsus, and culmen measurements differentiated between male and female Clapper Rails.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1675/063.032.0411","issn":"15244695","usgsCitation":"Perkins, M., King, S., Travis, S., and Linscombe, J., 2009, Use of morphometric measurements to differentiate between species and sex of king and clapper rails: Waterbirds, v. 32, no. 4, p. 579-584, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0411.","startPage":"579","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215316,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0411"},{"id":243111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf47e4b08c986b329a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Marie","contributorId":22957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Marie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Travis, S.E. 0000-0001-9338-8953","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-8953","contributorId":28718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Travis","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linscombe, J.","contributorId":95712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linscombe","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035691,"text":"70035691 - 2009 - Impact of sampling strategy on stream load estimates in till landscape of the Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035691","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of sampling strategy on stream load estimates in till landscape of the Midwest","docAbstract":"Accurately estimating various solute loads in streams during storms is critical to accurately determine maximum daily loads for regulatory purposes. This study investigates the impact of sampling strategy on solute load estimates in streams in the US Midwest. Three different solute types (nitrate, magnesium, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and three sampling strategies are assessed. Regardless of the method, the average error on nitrate loads is higher than for magnesium or DOC loads, and all three methods generally underestimate DOC loads and overestimate magnesium loads. Increasing sampling frequency only slightly improves the accuracy of solute load estimates but generally improves the precision of load calculations. This type of investigation is critical for water management and environmental assessment so error on solute load calculations can be taken into account by landscape managers, and sampling strategies optimized as a function of monitoring objectives. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10661-008-0635-5","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Vidon, P., Hubbard, L., and Soyeux, E., 2009, Impact of sampling strategy on stream load estimates in till landscape of the Midwest: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 159, no. 1-4, p. 367-379, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0635-5.","startPage":"367","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0635-5"},{"id":243947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38c8e4b0c8380cd616bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidon, P.","contributorId":47589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidon","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soyeux, E.","contributorId":51099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soyeux","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035689,"text":"70035689 - 2009 - Spatial and temporal distributions of Martian north polar cold spots before, during, and after the global dust storm of 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035689","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal distributions of Martian north polar cold spots before, during, and after the global dust storm of 2001","docAbstract":"In the 1970s, Mariner and Viking observed features in the Mars northern polar region that were a few hundred kilometers in diameter with 20 fj,m brightness temperatures as low as 130 K (considerably below C02 ice sublimation temperatures). Over the past decade, studies have shown that these areas (commonly called \"cold spots\") are usually due to emissivity effects of frost deposits and occasionally to active C02 snowstorms. Three Mars years of Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data were used to observe autumn and wintertime cold spot activity within the polar regions. Many cold spots formed on or near scarps of the perennial cap, probably induced by adiabatic cooling due to orographic lifting. These topographically associated cold spots were often smaller than those that were not associated with topography. We determined that initial grain sizes within the cold spots were on the order of a few millimeters, assuming the snow was uncontaminated by dust or water ice. On average, the half-life of the cold spots was 5 Julian days. The Mars global dust storm in 2001 significantly affected cold spot activity in the north polar region. Though overall perennial cap cold spot activity seemed unaffected, the distribution of cold spots did change by a decrease in the number of topographically associated cold spots and an increase in those not associated with topography. We propose that the global dust storm affected the processes that form cold spots and discuss how the global dust storm may have affected these processes. ?? 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2008JE003243","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cornwall, C., and Titus, T., 2009, Spatial and temporal distributions of Martian north polar cold spots before, during, and after the global dust storm of 2001: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003243.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216073,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003243"}],"volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9437e4b08c986b31a935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cornwall, C.","contributorId":43592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035909,"text":"70035909 - 2009 - TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035909","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3034,"text":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks","docAbstract":"Earlier sensor network MAC protocols focus on energy conservation in low-duty cycle applications, while some recent applications involve real-time high-data-rate signals. This motivates us to design an innovative localized TDMA MAC protocol to achieve high throughput and low congestion in data collection sensor networks, besides energy conservation. TreeMAC divides a time cycle into frames and each frame into slots. A parent node determines the children's frame assignment based on their relative bandwidth demand, and each node calculates its own slot assignment based on its hop-count to the sink. This innovative 2-dimensional frame-slot assignment algorithm has the following nice theory properties. First, given any node, at any time slot, there is at most one active sender in its neighborhood (including itself). Second, the packet scheduling with TreeMAC is bufferless, which therefore minimizes the probability of network congestion. Third, the data throughput to the gateway is at least 1/3 of the optimum assuming reliable links. Our experiments on a 24-node testbed show that TreeMAC protocol significantly improves network throughput, fairness, and energy efficiency compared to TinyOS's default CSMA MAC protocol and a recent TDMA MAC protocol Funneling-MAC. Partial results of this paper were published in Song, Huang, Shirazi and Lahusen [W.-Z. Song, R. Huang, B. Shirazi, and R. Lahusen, TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for high-throughput and fairness in sensor networks, in: The 7th Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, PerCom, March 2009]. Our new contributions include analyses of the performance of TreeMAC from various aspects. We also present more implementation detail and evaluate TreeMAC from other aspects. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004","issn":"15741192","usgsCitation":"Song, W., Huang, R., Shirazi, B., and LaHusen, R., 2009, TreeMAC: Localized TDMA MAC protocol for real-time high-data-rate sensor networks: Pervasive and Mobile Computing, v. 5, no. 6, p. 750-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004.","startPage":"750","endPage":"765","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2009.07.004"},{"id":243900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a7e4b08c986b3273e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Song, W.-Z.","contributorId":23334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"W.-Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, R.","contributorId":88578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shirazi, B.","contributorId":78162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirazi","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaHusen, R.","contributorId":7446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035902,"text":"70035902 - 2009 - VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:48","indexId":"70035902","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission","docAbstract":"This is a data paper designed to facilitate the use of and comparisons to Cassini/visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) spectral mapping data of Saturn's moon Titan. We present thumbnail orthographic projections of flyby mosaics from each Titan encounter during the Cassini prime mission, 2004 July 1 through 2008 June 30. For each flyby we also describe the encounter geometry, and we discuss the studies that have previously been published using the VIMS dataset. The resulting compliation of metadata provides a complementary big-picture overview of the VIMS data in the public archive, and should be a useful reference for future Titan studies. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Barnes, J.W., Soderblom, J., Brown, R.H., Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Baines, K.H., Clark, R.N., Jaumann, R., McCord, T.B., Nelson, R., Le Mouelic, S., Rodriguez, S., Griffith, C., Penteado, P., Tosi, F., Pitman, K., Soderblom, L., Stephan, K., Hayne, P., Vixie, G., Bibring, J., Bellucci, G., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., Nicholson, P.D., and Sicardy, B., 2009, VIMS spectral mapping observations of Titan during the Cassini prime mission: Planetary and Space Science, v. 57, no. 14-15, p. 1950-1962, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013.","startPage":"1950","endPage":"1962","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216441,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2009.04.013"},{"id":244311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"14-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0eae4b08c986b32a3b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, J. 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Recently, observations of deep tremor have enabled inferences of deep slow slip even when detection by other means is not possible, but these data are limited to certain areas and mostly the last decade. The region near Parkfield, California, provides a unique convergence of several years of high-quality tremor data bracketing a moderate earthquake, the 2004 magnitude 6.0 event. Here, I present detailed observations of tectonic tremor from mid-2001 through 2008 that indicate deep fault slip both before and after the Parkfield earthquake that cannot be detected with surface geodetic instruments. While there is no obvious short-term precursor, I find unidirectional tremor migration accompanied by elevated tremor rates in the 3 months prior to the earthquake, which suggests accelerated creep on the fault ∼16 km beneath the eventual earthquake hypocenter.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009GL039589","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Shelly, D.R., 2009, Possible deep fault slip preceding the 2004 Parkfield earthquake, inferred from detailed observations of tectonic tremor: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, no. 17, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039589.","productDescription":"L17318; 6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-013818","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216458,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039589"}],"volume":"36","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e16e4b0c8380cd7a328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelly, David R. dshelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":2978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70035682,"text":"70035682 - 2009 - Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars investigation and data set from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's primary science phase","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:50","indexId":"70035682","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars investigation and data set from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's primary science phase","docAbstract":"The part of the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) for Mars investigation conducted during the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO's) primary science phase was a comprehensive investigation of past aqueous environments, structure of the planet's crust, past climate, and current meteorology. The measurements to implement this investigation include over 9500 targeted observations of surface features taken at spatial resolutions of better than 40 m/pixel, monitoring of seasonal variations in atmospheric aerosols and trace gases, and acquisition of a 200 m/pixel map covering over 55% of Mars in 72 selected wavelengths under conditions of relatively low atmospheric opacity. Key results from these data include recognition of a diversity of aqueous mineral-containing deposits, discovery of a widespread distribution of phyllosilicates in early to middle Noachian units, the first definitive detection of carbonates in bedrock, new constraints on the sequence of events that formed Hesperian-aged, sulfate-rich layered deposits, characterization of seasonal polar processes, and monitoring of the 2007 global dust event. Here we describe CRISM's science investigations during the Primary Science Phase, the data sets that were collected and their calibration and uncertainties, and how they have been processed and made available to the scientific community. We also describe the ongoing investigation during MRO's extended science phase. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009JE003344","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murchie, S., Seelos, F., Hash, C., Humm, D., Malaret, E., McGovern, J., Choo, T., Seelos, K., Buczkowski, D., Morgan, M., Barnouin-Jha, O.S., Nair, H., Taylor, H., Patterson, G., Harvel, C., Mustard, J., Arvidson, R., McGuire, P., Smith, M.D., Wolff, M., Titus, T., Bibring, J., and Poulet, F., 2009, Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars investigation and data set from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's primary science phase: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003344.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487808,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009je003344","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":216426,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003344"},{"id":244296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80ce4b0c8380cd4ce57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seelos, F.P.","contributorId":44350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelos","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hash, C.D.","contributorId":85793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hash","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Humm, D.C.","contributorId":93726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humm","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malaret, E.","contributorId":84487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaret","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGovern, J.A.","contributorId":59163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGovern","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Choo, T.H.","contributorId":51126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choo","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Seelos, K.D.","contributorId":73849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelos","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Buczkowski, D.L.","contributorId":66512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buczkowski","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morgan, M.F.","contributorId":98974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Barnouin-Jha, O. 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D.","contributorId":25724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wolff, M.J.","contributorId":64374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Poulet, F.","contributorId":61551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":70035997,"text":"70035997 - 2009 - A preliminary study of older hot spring alteration in Sevenmile Hole, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T14:30:51","indexId":"70035997","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary study of older hot spring alteration in Sevenmile Hole, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Erosion in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Caldera (640 ka), Wyoming, has exposed a cross section of older hydrothermal alteration in the canyon walls. The altered outcrops of the post-collapse tuff of Sulphur Creek (480 ka) extend from the canyon rim to more than 300 m beneath it. The hydrothermal minerals are zoned, with an advanced argillic alteration consisting of an association of quartz (opal) + kaolinite ± alunite ± dickite, and an argillic or potassic alteration association with quartz + illite ± adularia. Disseminated fine-grained pyrite or marcasite is ubiquitous in both alteration types. These alteration associations are characteristic products of shallow volcanic epithermal environments. The contact between the two alteration types is about 100 m beneath the rim. By analogy to other active geothermal systems including active hydrothermal springs in the Yellowstone Caldera, the transition from kaolinite to illite occurred at temperatures in the range 150 to 170 °C. An 40Ar/39Ar age on alunite of 154,000 ± 16,000 years suggests that hydrothermal activity has been ongoing since at least that time. A northwest-trending linear array of extinct and active hot spring centers in the Sevenmile Hole area implies a deeper structural control for the upflowing hydrothermal fluids. We interpret this deeper structure to be the Yellowstone Caldera ring fault that is covered by the younger tuff of Sulphur Creek. The Sevenmile Hole altered area lies at the eastern end of a band of hydrothermal centers that may mark the buried extension of the Yellowstone Caldera ring fault across the northern part of the Caldera.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.017","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Larson, P.B., Phillips, A., John, D.A., Cosca, M.A., Pritchard, C., Andersen, A., and Manion, J., 2009, A preliminary study of older hot spring alteration in Sevenmile Hole, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 188, no. 1-3, p. 225-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.017.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-010785","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River, Sevenmile Hole, Yellowstone Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.54426193237303,\n 44.47801322108592\n ],\n [\n -110.45602798461914,\n 44.47801322108592\n ],\n [\n -110.45602798461914,\n 44.51805165000559\n ],\n [\n -110.54426193237303,\n 44.51805165000559\n ],\n [\n -110.54426193237303,\n 44.47801322108592\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"188","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e501e4b0c8380cd46a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Peter B.","contributorId":22645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Allison","contributorId":196061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Allison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cosca, Michael A. 0000-0002-0600-7663 mcosca@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-7663","contributorId":1000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosca","given":"Michael","email":"mcosca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pritchard, Chad","contributorId":196055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pritchard","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andersen, Allen K. 0000-0002-6865-2561","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6865-2561","contributorId":196053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andersen","given":"Allen K.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Manion, Jennifer","contributorId":196062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manion","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}