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The radar waves penetrate up to 580 m of the MFF and detect clear subsurface interfaces in two locations: west MFF between 150 and 155° E and east MFF between 209 and 213° E. Analysis of SHARAD radargrams suggests that the real part of the permittivity is ∼3.0, which falls within the range of permittivity values inferred from MARSIS data for thicker parts of the MFF. The SHARAD data cannot uniquely determine the composition of the MFF material, but the low permittivity implies that the upper few hundred meters of the MFF material has a high porosity. One possibility is that the MFF is comprised of low-density welded or interlocked pyroclastic deposits that are capable of sustaining the steep-sided yardangs and ridges seen in imagery. The SHARAD surface echo power across the MFF is low relative to typical martian plains, and completely disappears in parts of the east MFF that correspond to the radar-dark Stealth region. These areas are extremely rough at centimeter to meter scales, and the lack of echo power is most likely due to a combination of surface roughness and a low near-surface permittivity that reduces the echo strength from any locally flat regions. There is also no radar evidence for internal layering in any of the SHARAD data for the MFF, despite the fact that tens-of-meters scale layering is apparent in infrared and visible wavelength images of nearby areas. These interfaces may not be detected in SHARAD data if their permittivity contrasts are low, or if the layers are discontinuous. The lack of closely spaced internal radar reflectors suggests that the MFF is not an equatorial analog to the current martian polar deposits, which show clear evidence of multiple internal layers in SHARAD data.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.007","issn":"00191","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.M., Campbell, B.A., Watters, T.R., Phillips, R.J., Putzig, N.E., Safaeinili, A., Plaut, J.J., Okubo, C., Egan, A.F., Seu, R., Biccari, D., and Orosei, R., 2009, Shallow radar (SHARAD) sounding observations of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars: Icarus, v. 199, no. 2, p. 295-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.007.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Medusae Fossae Formation","volume":"199","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e34e4b08c986b3187bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Lynn M.","contributorId":39109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce A.","contributorId":39813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watters, Thomas R.","contributorId":212714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watters","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Roger J.","contributorId":74495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24730,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":439806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Putzig, Nathaniel E. 0000-0003-4485-6321","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6321","contributorId":208684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putzig","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13179,"text":"Planetary Science Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":439802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Safaeinili, Ali","contributorId":212731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Safaeinili","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plaut, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":63516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plaut","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":439805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Egan, Anthony F.","contributorId":21269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egan","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Seu, Roberto","contributorId":18496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seu","given":"Roberto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Biccari, Daniela","contributorId":212733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biccari","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Orosei, Roberto","contributorId":212734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orosei","given":"Roberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70035005,"text":"70035005 - 2009 - Recent technologies usher in new era of coastal geomorphology research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035005","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent technologies usher in new era of coastal geomorphology research","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009EO230002","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Bernard, J., Schwarz, G., Stewart, D.W., and Ray, K., 2009, Recent technologies usher in new era of coastal geomorphology research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 23, p. 198-199, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO230002.","startPage":"198","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215204,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO230002"},{"id":242989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9652e4b0c8380cd81f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernard, J.M.","contributorId":43999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernard","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, D. W.","contributorId":86194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ray, K.T.","contributorId":77758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70036062,"text":"70036062 - 2009 - The adrenocortical response of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) to capture, ACTH injection, and confinement, as measured in fecal samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:11:11","indexId":"70036062","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3075,"text":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The adrenocortical response of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) to capture, ACTH injection, and confinement, as measured in fecal samples","docAbstract":"<p>Investigators of wildlife populations often utilize demographic indicators to understand the relationship between habitat characteristics and population viability. Assessments of corticosterone may enable earlier detection of populations at risk of decline because physiological adjustments to habitat disturbance occur before reproductive diminutions. Noninvasive methods to accomplish these assesments are important in species of concern, such as the greater sage grouse (GRSG). Therefore, we validated a radioimmunoassay that measures immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites (ICM) in fecal samples and used it to characterize the adrenocortical response of 15 GRSG exposed to capture, intravenous injection of 50 IU/kg adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or saline, and 22 h of confinement. Those animals injected with ACTH exhibited a more sustained (P = 0.0139) and less variable (P = 0.0012) response than those injected with saline, indicating different levels of adrenocortical activity. We also found that potential field-collection protocols of fecal samples did not alter ICM concentrations: samples held at 4??C for up to 16 h contained similar levels of ICM as those frozen (-20??C) immediately. This study demonstrates a multiphasic adrenocortical response that varied with the level of stimulation and indicates that the assay used to measure this phenomenon is applicable for studies of wild GRSG. ?? 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/596513","issn":"15222152","usgsCitation":"Jankowski, M., Wittwer, D., Heisey, D., Franson, J., and Hofmeister, E.K., 2009, The adrenocortical response of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) to capture, ACTH injection, and confinement, as measured in fecal samples: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, v. 82, no. 2, p. 190-201, https://doi.org/10.1086/596513.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476257,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2666624","text":"External Repository"},{"id":246168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596513"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.81964111328124,\n              42.25800001792787\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.80728149414064,\n              42.3037216984154\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.82650756835938,\n              42.32910829547648\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.85671997070312,\n              42.363617631805496\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.84710693359375,\n              42.44068764258161\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.81552124023438,\n              42.533856237848504\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.78942871093749,\n              42.57229842044638\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.72488403320311,\n              42.59454359788448\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.64935302734374,\n              42.66426107379467\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.61227416992188,\n              42.696567309696974\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.56146240234375,\n              42.76919491914051\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.34791564941406,\n              42.770707089907546\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.36302185058594,\n              42.59757641618889\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.4378662109375,\n              42.595554553719204\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.45915222167967,\n              42.23766862211923\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.82513427734375,\n              42.2366518803206\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.81964111328124,\n              42.25800001792787\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9a4e4b08c986b3223dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jankowski, M.D.","contributorId":12725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wittwer, D.J.","contributorId":54446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wittwer","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heisey, D.M.","contributorId":77496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heisey","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":127740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hofmeister, Erik K. 0000-0002-6360-3912 ehofmeister@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6360-3912","contributorId":3230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmeister","given":"Erik","email":"ehofmeister@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032947,"text":"70032947 - 2009 - Deficit irrigation of a landscape halophyte for reuse of saline waste water in a desert city","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032947","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deficit irrigation of a landscape halophyte for reuse of saline waste water in a desert city","docAbstract":"Saline waste waters from industrial and water treatment processes are an under-utilized resource in desert urban environments. Management practices to safely use these water sources are still in development. We used a deeprooted native halophyte, Atriplex lentiformis (quailbush), to absorb mildly saline effluent (1800 mg l-1 total dissolved solids, mainly sodium sulfate) from a water treatment plant in the desert community of Twentynine Palms, California. We developed a deficit irrigation strategy to avoid discharging water past the root zone to the aquifer. The plants were irrigated at about one-third the rate of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated from meteorological data over five years and soil moisture levels were monitored to a soil depth of 4.7 m at monthly intervals with a neutron hydroprobe. The deficit irrigation schedule maintained the soil below field capacity throughout the study. Water was presented on a more or less constant schedule, so that the application rates were less than ETo in summer and equal to or slightly greater than ETo in winter, but the plants were able to consume water stored in the profile in winter to support summer ET. Sodium salts gradually increased in the soil profile over the study but sulfate levels remained low, due to formation of gypsum in the calcic soil. The high salt tolerance, deep roots, and drought tolerance of desert halophytes such as A. lentiformis lend these plants to use as deficit-irrigated landscape plants for disposal of effluents in urban setting when protection of the aquifer is important. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape and Urban Planning","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.008","issn":"01692","usgsCitation":"Glenn, E.P., Mckeon, C., Gerhart, V., Nagler, P., Jordan, F., and Artiola, J., 2009, Deficit irrigation of a landscape halophyte for reuse of saline waste water in a desert city: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 57-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.008.","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213578,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.008"},{"id":241216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe36e4b0c8380cd4ebc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, E. P.","contributorId":24463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glenn","given":"E.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mckeon, C.","contributorId":83342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mckeon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerhart, V.","contributorId":71006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jordan, F.","contributorId":80622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Artiola, J.","contributorId":82136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artiola","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":438658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035189,"text":"70035189 - 2009 - A quarter-million years of paleoenvironmental change at Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035189","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quarter-million years of paleoenvironmental change at Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho","docAbstract":"A continuous, 120-m-long core (BL00-1) from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, contains evidence of hydrologic and environmental change over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. The core was taken at 41.95??N, 111.31??W, near the depocenter of the 60-m-deep, spring-fed, alkaline lake, where carbonate-bearing sediment has accumulated continuously. Chronological control is poor but indicates an average sedimentation rate of 0.54 mm yr<sup>-1</sup>. Analyses have been completed at multi-centennial to millennial scales, including (in order of decreasing temporal resolution) sediment magnetic properties, oxygen and carbon isotopes on bulk-sediment carbonate, organic- and inorganiccarbon contents, palynology; mineralogy (X-ray diffraction), strontium isotopes on bulk carbonate, ostracode taxonomy, oxygen and carbon isotopes on ostracodes, and diatom assemblages. Massive silty clay and marl constitute most of the core, with variable carbonate content (average = 31 ?? 19%) and oxygen-isotopic values (??<sup>18</sup>O ranging from -18??? to -5??? in bulk carbonate). These variations, as well as fluctuations of biological indicators, reflect changes in the water and sediment discharged from the glaciated headwaters of the dominant tributary, Bear River, and the processes that influenced sediment delivery to the core site, including lake-level changes. Although its influence has varied, Bear River has remained a tributary to Bear Lake during most of the last quarter-million years. The lake disconnected from the river and, except for a few brief excursions, retracted into a topographically closed basin during global interglaciations (during parts of marine isotope stages 7, 5, and 1). These intervals contain up to 80% endogenic aragonite with high ??<sup>18</sup>O values (average = -5.8 ?? 1.7???), indicative of strongly evaporitic conditions. Interglacial intervals also are dominated by small, benthic/tychoplanktic fragilarioid species indicative of reduced habitat availability associated with low lake levels, and they contain increased high-desert shrub and Juniperus pollen and decreased forest and forest-woodland pollen. The <sup>87</sup>Sr <sup>86</sup>Sr values (&gt;0.7100) also increase, and the ratio of quartz to dolomite decreases, as expected in the absence of Bear River in flow. The changing paleoenvironments inferred from BL00-1 generally are consistent with other regional and global records of glacialinterglacial fluctuations; the diversity of paleoenvironmental conditions inferred from BL00-1 also reflects the influence of catchment-scale processes. Copyright ?? 2009 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2009.2450(14)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Kaufman, D.S., Bright, J., Dean, W., Rosenbaum, J.G., Moser, K., Anderson, R., Colman, S.M., Heil, C., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Reheis, M., and Simmons, K.R., 2009, A quarter-million years of paleoenvironmental change at Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 450, p. 311-351, https://doi.org/10.1130/2009.2450(14).","startPage":"311","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215544,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2450(14)"},{"id":243355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"450","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e526e4b0c8380cd46b77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bright, Jordon","contributorId":63981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bright","given":"Jordon","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":449653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbaum, J. G.","contributorId":96685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moser, K.","contributorId":63607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, R. Scott","contributorId":6983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7034,"text":"School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability at Northern Arizona University, in Flagstaff","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":449647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":449655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heil, C.W. Jr.","contributorId":26901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heil","given":"C.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jiménez-Moreno, Gonzalo","contributorId":15426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiménez-Moreno","given":"Gonzalo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70035084,"text":"70035084 - 2009 - On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035084","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems","docAbstract":"Recent reports of net ecosysytem production &gt;100 g C m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> in deserts are incompatible with existing measurements of net primary production and carbon pools in deserts. The comparisions suggest that gas exchange measurements should be used with caution and better validation if they are expected to indicate the magnitude of carbon sink in these ecosysytems. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01763.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Schlesinger, W.H., Belnap, J., and Marion, G., 2009, On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems: Global Change Biology, v. 15, no. 6, p. 1488-1490, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01763.x.","startPage":"1488","endPage":"1490","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01763.x"},{"id":243222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d78e4b0c8380cd75167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlesinger, W. H.","contributorId":46787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlesinger","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marion, G.","contributorId":89737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034775,"text":"70034775 - 2009 - Estimating selenium removal by sedimentation from the Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034775","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating selenium removal by sedimentation from the Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"The mass of Se deposited annually to sediment in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) was estimated to determine the significance of sedimentation as a permanent Se removal mechanism. Lake sediment cores were used to qualitatively delineate sedimentation regions (very high to very low), estimate mass accumulation rates (MARs) and determine sediment Se concentrations. Sedimentation regions were defined by comparison of isopach contours of Holocene sediment thicknesses to linear sedimentation rates determined via analysis of <sup>210</sup>Pb, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>7</sup>Be and <sup>137</sup>Cs activity in 20 short cores (&lt;5 cm), yielding quantifiable results in 13 cores. MARs were developed via analysis of the same radioisotopes in eight long cores (&gt;10 cm). These MARs in the upper 1-2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.019 to 0.105 g<sub>sed</sub>/cm<sup>2</sup>/a. Surface sediment Se concentrations in the upper 1 or 2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.79 to 2.47 mg/kg. Representative MARs and Se concentrations were used to develop mean annual Se removal by sedimentation in the corresponding sedimentation region. The spatially integrated Se sedimentation rate was estimated to be 624 kg/a within a range of uncertainty between 285 and 960 kg/a. Comparison to annual Se loading and other potential removal processes suggests burial by sedimentation is not the primary removal process for Se from the GSL. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.023","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Oliver, W., Fuller, C., Naftz, D.L., Johnson, W., and Diaz, X., 2009, Estimating selenium removal by sedimentation from the Great Salt Lake, Utah: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 936-949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.023.","startPage":"936","endPage":"949","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215900,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.02.023"},{"id":243735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b41e4b0c8380cd52645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, W.","contributorId":62050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C.","contributorId":106640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, W.P.","contributorId":43315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diaz, X.","contributorId":87380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70036344,"text":"70036344 - 2009 - Determination of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in fused silica between 296 and 523 K by Raman spectroscopy and application of fused silica capillaries in studying redox reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-24T12:51:15","indexId":"70036344","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in fused silica between 296 and 523 K by Raman spectroscopy and application of fused silica capillaries in studying redox reactions","docAbstract":"<p>Diffusion coefficients (<i>D</i>) of hydrogen in fused silica capillaries (FSC) were determined between 296 and 523&nbsp;K by Raman spectroscopy using CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>as an internal standard. FSC capsules (3.25&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−4</sup>&nbsp;m OD, 9.9&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>−5</sup>&nbsp;m ID, and ∼0.01&nbsp;m long) containing CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and H<sub>2</sub>were prepared and the initial relative concentrations of hydrogen in these capsules were derived from the Raman peak-height ratios between H<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(near 587&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>) and CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(near 1387&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>). The sample capsules were then heated at a fixed temperature (<i>T</i>) at one atmosphere to let H<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>diffuse out of the capsule, and the changes of hydrogen concentration were monitored by Raman spectroscopy after quench. This process was repeated using different heating durations at 296 (room<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i>), 323, 375, 430, 473, and 523&nbsp;K; the same sample capsule was used repeatedly at each temperature. The values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(in m<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>) in FSC were obtained by fitting the observed changes of hydrogen concentration in the FSC capsule to an equation based on Fick’s law. Our<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values are in good agreement with the more recent of the two previously reported experimental data sets, and both can be represented by:<span class=\"display\"></span></p><div class=\"formula\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math class=&quot;math&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>ln</mi><mi is=&quot;true&quot;>D</mi><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>=</mo><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>-</mo><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>(</mo><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>16.471</mn><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>&amp;#xB1;</mo><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>0.035</mn><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>)</mo><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>-</mo><mfrac is=&quot;true&quot;><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>44589</mn><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>&amp;#xB1;</mo><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>139</mn></mrow><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mi mathvariant=&quot;italic&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>RT</mi></mrow></mfrac><mspace width=&quot;2em&quot; is=&quot;true&quot; /><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>(</mo><msup is=&quot;true&quot;><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mi is=&quot;true&quot;>R</mi></mrow><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>=</mo><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>0.99991</mn><mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot; is=&quot;true&quot;>)</mo></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">lnD=-(16.471±0.035)-44589±139RT(R2=0.99991)</span></span></div><p><span class=\"display\"></span>where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the gas constant (8.3145&nbsp;J/mol&nbsp;K),<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Kelvin, and errors at 1<i>σ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>level. The slope corresponds to an activation energy of 44.59&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.14&nbsp;kJ/mol.</p><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in FSC determined at 296&nbsp;K is about an order of magnitude higher than that in platinum at 723&nbsp;K, indicating that FSC is a suitable membrane for hydrogen at temperature between 673&nbsp;K and room temperature, and has a great potential for studying redox reactions at these temperatures, especially for systems containing organic material and/or sulphur.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Shang, L., Chou, I., Lu, W., Burruss, R., and Zhang, Y., 2009, Determination of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in fused silica between 296 and 523 K by Raman spectroscopy and application of fused silica capillaries in studying redox reactions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 18, p. 5435-5443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5435","endPage":"5443","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-010606","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.001"}],"volume":"73","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff9fe4b0c8380cd4f2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shang, L.","contributorId":57672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I-Ming 0000-0001-5233-6479 imchou@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I-Ming","email":"imchou@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, W.","contributorId":47576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burruss, Robert 0000-0001-6827-804X burruss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":146833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"Robert","email":"burruss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":59969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70035434,"text":"70035434 - 2009 - Report 11 - Revised articles of organization and procedure of the North American commission on stratigraphic nomenclature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:39:18","indexId":"70035434","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Report 11 - Revised articles of organization and procedure of the North American commission on stratigraphic nomenclature","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","issn":"1547139X","usgsCitation":"Owen, D., Lasca, N., and Edwards, L.E., 2009, Report 11 - Revised articles of organization and procedure of the North American commission on stratigraphic nomenclature: Stratigraphy, v. 6, no. 2, p. 183-184.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa775e4b0c8380cd85429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen, D.E.","contributorId":35336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasca, N.P.","contributorId":93293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasca","given":"N.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035107,"text":"70035107 - 2009 - Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:53","indexId":"70035107","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth","docAbstract":"Greenhouse experiments were undertaken to identify soil factors that curtail growth of the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) without significantly inhibiting growth of native perennial grasses (here represented by Hilaria jamesii [Torr.] Benth). We grew B. tectorum and H. jamesii alone (monoculture pots) and together (combination pots) in soil treatments that manipulated levels of soil phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Hilaria jamesii showed no decline when its aboveground biomass in any of the applied treatments was compared to the control in either the monoculture or combination pots. Monoculture pots of B. tectorum showed a decline in aboveground biomass with the addition of Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4.</sub> Interestingly, in pots where H. jamesii was present, the negative effect of these treatments was ameliorated. Whereas the presence of B. tectorum generally decreased the aboveground biomass of H. jamesii (comparing aboveground biomass in monoculture versus combination pots), the presence of H. jamesii resulted in an enhancement of B. tectorum aboveground biomass by up to 900%. We hypothesize that B. tectorum was able to obtain resources from H. jamesii, an action that benefited B. tectorum while generally harming H. jamesii. Possible ways resources may be gained by B. tectorum from native perennial grasses include (1) B. tectorum is protected from salt stress by native plants or associated soil biota; (2) when B. tectorum is grown with H. jamesii, the native soil biota is altered in a way that favors B. tectorum growth, including B. tectorum tapping into the mycorrhizal network of native plants and obtaining resources from them; (3) B. tectorum can take advantage of root exudates from native plants, including water and nutrients released by natives via hydraulic redistribution; and (4) B. tectorum is able to utilize some combination of the above mechanisms. In summary, land managers may find adding soil treatments can temporarily suppress B. tectorum and enhance the establishment of native plants. However, the extirpation of B. tectorum is unlikely, as many native grasses are likely to facilitate its growth. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11258-008-9463-5","issn":"13850237","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Sherrod, S.K., 2009, Soil amendment effects on the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and facilitation of its growth by the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth: Plant Ecology, v. 201, no. 2, p. 709-721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9463-5.","startPage":"709","endPage":"721","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215270,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-008-9463-5"},{"id":243060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"201","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91e7e4b08c986b319b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, S. K.","contributorId":9209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherrod","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034867,"text":"70034867 - 2009 - Tsunami exposure estimation with land-cover data: Oregon and the Cascadia subduction zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034867","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":836,"text":"Applied Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunami exposure estimation with land-cover data: Oregon and the Cascadia subduction zone","docAbstract":"A Cascadia subduction-zone earthquake has the potential to generate tsunami waves which would impact more than 1000 km of coastline on the west coast of the United States and Canada. Although the predictable extent of tsunami inundation is similar for low-lying land throughout the region, human use of tsunami-prone land varies, creating variations in community exposure and potential impacts. To better understand such variations, land-cover information derived from midresolution remotely-sensed imagery (e.g., 30-m-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery) was coupled with tsunami-hazard information to describe tsunami-prone land along the Oregon coast. Land-cover data suggest that 95% of the tsunami-prone land in Oregon is undeveloped and is primarily wetlands and unconsolidated shores. Based on Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r<sub>s</sub>), correlative relationships are strong and statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) between city-level estimates of the amount of land-cover pixels classified as developed (impervious cover greater than 20%) and the amount of various societal assets, including residential and employee populations, homes, businesses, and tax-parcel values. Community exposure to tsunami hazards, described here by the amount and relative percentage of developed land in tsunami-prone areas, varies considerably among the 26 communities of the study area, and these variations relate to city size. Correlative relationships are strong and significant (p &lt; 0.05) for community exposure rankings based on land-cover data and those based on aggregated socioeconomic data. In the absence of socioeconomic data or community-based knowledge, the integration of hazards information and land-cover information derived from midresolution remotely-sensed imagery to estimate community exposure may be a useful first step in understanding variations in community vulnerability to regional hazards.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.009","issn":"01436228","usgsCitation":"Wood, N., 2009, Tsunami exposure estimation with land-cover data: Oregon and the Cascadia subduction zone: Applied Geography, v. 29, no. 2, p. 158-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.009.","startPage":"158","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215935,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.009"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8a6e4b08c986b3279b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, N.","contributorId":82554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034772,"text":"70034772 - 2009 - The effect of bathymetric filtering on nearshore process model results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:41","indexId":"70034772","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1262,"text":"Coastal Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of bathymetric filtering on nearshore process model results","docAbstract":"Nearshore wave and flow model results are shown to exhibit a strong sensitivity to the resolution of the input bathymetry. In this analysis, bathymetric resolution was varied by applying smoothing filters to high-resolution survey data to produce a number of bathymetric grid surfaces. We demonstrate that the sensitivity of model-predicted wave height and flow to variations in bathymetric resolution had different characteristics. Wave height predictions were most sensitive to resolution of cross-shore variability associated with the structure of nearshore sandbars. Flow predictions were most sensitive to the resolution of intermediate scale alongshore variability associated with the prominent sandbar rhythmicity. Flow sensitivity increased in cases where a sandbar was closer to shore and shallower. Perhaps the most surprising implication of these results is that the interpolation and smoothing of bathymetric data could be optimized differently for the wave and flow models. We show that errors between observed and modeled flow and wave heights are well predicted by comparing model simulation results using progressively filtered bathymetry to results from the highest resolution simulation. The damage done by over smoothing or inadequate sampling can therefore be estimated using model simulations. We conclude that the ability to quantify prediction errors will be useful for supporting future data assimilation efforts that require this information.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.010","issn":"03783839","usgsCitation":"Plant, N., Edwards, K., Kaihatu, J., Veeramony, J., Hsu, L., and Holland, K.T., 2009, The effect of bathymetric filtering on nearshore process model results: Coastal Engineering, v. 56, no. 4, p. 484-493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.010.","startPage":"484","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.010"},{"id":243673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab16e4b08c986b322bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plant, N.G.","contributorId":94023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, K.L.","contributorId":53864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaihatu, J.M.","contributorId":50373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaihatu","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veeramony, J.","contributorId":82152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeramony","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hsu, L.","contributorId":79727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, K. T.","contributorId":61013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70037210,"text":"70037210 - 2009 - Ecological Silence of the Grasslands, Forests, Wetlands, Mountains, and Seas: Diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70037210","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological Silence of the Grasslands, Forests, Wetlands, Mountains, and Seas: Diversity","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01225.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Beever, E., 2009, Ecological Silence of the Grasslands, Forests, Wetlands, Mountains, and Seas: Diversity: Conservation Biology, v. 23, no. 5, p. 1320-1322, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01225.x.","startPage":"1320","endPage":"1322","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217085,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01225.x"},{"id":244998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0542e4b0c8380cd50d15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beever, E.A.","contributorId":80040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beever","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034853,"text":"70034853 - 2009 - Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-14T13:50:29","indexId":"70034853","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examined King Eider (</span><i>Somateria spectabilis</i><span>) brood survival in the Kuparak oil field in northern Alaska in 2002 and 2003 by monitoring hens with broods using radiotelemetry. We observed complete brood loss in eight of 10 broods. Broods survived less than 2 weeks on average, and most mortality occurred within 10 days of hatch. Distance hens traveled overland did not affect brood survival. Apparent King Eider brood survival in our study area was lower than reported for eider species in other areas. We recommend future studies examine if higher densities of predators in oil fields reduces King Eider duckling survival.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1676/08-125.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Phillips, L.M., and Powell, A., 2009, Brood rearing ecology of king eiders on the north slope of Alaska: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 121, no. 2, p. 430-434, https://doi.org/10.1676/08-125.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"430","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.87136840820312,\n              70.51436390909501\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.11444091796875,\n              70.43081999974731\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.20233154296875,\n              70.43633897172637\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.25726318359375,\n              70.42851998661533\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.48110961914062,\n              70.3658599326259\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.48385620117188,\n              70.11935975416931\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.39321899414062,\n              70.11935975416931\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.92218017578125,\n              70.16787126570313\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.0240478515625,\n              70.16460963678996\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.01580810546875,\n              70.23810406665328\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.18060302734375,\n              70.35293543275198\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.7271728515625,\n              70.50199172139077\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.77935791015625,\n              70.48731861109155\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.87136840820312,\n              70.51436390909501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f28ae4b0c8380cd4b235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Laura M.","contributorId":49497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. abby_powell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby N.","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70037220,"text":"70037220 - 2009 - Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:11","indexId":"70037220","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes research from separate studies of fish passage over weirs (Larson et al., 2004; Litvan, 2006; Litvan, et al., 2008a-c) and weir hydraulics (Papanicolaou and Dermisis, 2006; Papanicolaou and Dermisis, in press). Channel incision in the deep loess region of western Iowa has caused decreased biodiversity because streams have high sediment loads, altered flow regimes, lost habitat, and lost lateral connectivity with their former floodplains. In-stream grade control structures (GCS) are built to prevent further erosion, protect infrastructure, and reduce sediment loads. However, GCS can have a detrimental impact on fisheries abundance and migration, biodiversity, and longitudinal connectivity. Fish mark-recapture studies were performed on stretches of streams with and without GCS. GCS with vertical or 1:4 (rise/run) downstream slopes did not allow fish migration, but GCS with slopes ??? 1:15 did. GCS sites were characterized by greater proportions of pool habitat, maximum depths, fish biomass, slightly higher index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores, and greater macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity than non-GCS sites. After modification of three GCS, IBI scores increased and fish species exhibiting truncated distributions before were found throughout the study area. Another study examined the hydraulic performance of GCS to facilitate unimpeded fish passage by determining the mean and turbulent flow characteristics in the vicinity of the GCS via detailed, non-intrusive field tests. Mean flow depth (Y) and velocity (V) atop the GCS were critical for evaluating GCS performance. Turbulent flow measurements illustrated that certain GCS designs cause sudden constrictions which form eddies large enough to disorient fish. GCS with slopes ??? 1:15 best met the minimum requirements to allow catfish passage of a flow depth of ??? 0.31 m and a mean flow velocity of ??? 1.22 m/s. ?? 2009 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers","conferenceDate":"17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Kansas City, MO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/41036(342)312","isbn":"9780784410363","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., Papanicolaou, A., Pierce, C., Dermisis, D., Litvan, M., and Larson, C., 2009, Fish passage and abundance around grade control structures on incised streams, <i>in</i> Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 - World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009: Great Rivers, v. 342, Kansas City, MO, 17 May 2009 through 21 May 2009, p. 3082-3091, https://doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)312.","startPage":"3082","endPage":"3091","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476273,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=nrem_conf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)312"},{"id":245184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"342","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10a0e4b0c8380cd53d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J.T.","contributorId":80119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papanicolaou, A.N.","contributorId":10208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papanicolaou","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, C.L. 0000-0001-5088-5431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-5431","contributorId":93606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dermisis, D.C.","contributorId":13465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dermisis","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Litvan, M.E.","contributorId":67734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvan","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larson, C.J.","contributorId":35957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":459949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035049,"text":"70035049 - 2009 - Pathogenicity of West Nile virus and response to vaccination in sandhill cranes (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) using a killed vaccine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:44:15","indexId":"70035049","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathogenicity of West Nile virus and response to vaccination in sandhill cranes (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) using a killed vaccine","docAbstract":"<p>West Nile virus was introduced into the United States in the vicinity of New York, New York, USA in 1999. The virus has since killed large numbers of birds nationwide, especially, but not limited to, crows (<i>Corvus brachyrhinchos</i>). One sandhill crane (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) at the Bridgeport Zoo (Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA) reportedly died from West Nile virus, so sandhill cranes and endangered whooping cranes (<i>Grus americana</i>), both in the wild and in captive breeding colonies at United States Geological Service (USGS) Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Laurel, Maryland, USA) were considered at risk. A killed vaccine in sandhill cranes was evaluated by vaccinating and then challenging these cranes with live West Nile virus. No sandhill cranes inoculated with the killed vaccine developed significant titers when compared with unvaccinated controls. No sandhill cranes inoculated with the vaccine and challenged with the virus died from West Nile virus infection. In addition, no unvaccinated challenged sandhill cranes died. However, 2 days postchallenge, vaccinated cranes had significantly less viremia (P &lt; 0.05) than unvaccinated cranes. Seven days postchallenge vaccinated cranes had significantly less cloacal shedding of the virus (P &lt; 0.05) than unvaccinated cranes and significantly less weight loss (P &lt; 0.05) as compared with unvaccinated cranes. Vaccinated sandhill cranes developed significantly higher titers 14 days postchallenge and were viremic for shorter periods of time after challenge than unvaccinated individuals. Unvaccinated challenged cranes had glial cell aggregates in both the brain and brain stem areas, and this was not observed in vaccinated challenged cranes or in vaccinated unchallenged cranes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi":"10.1638/2008-0017.1","issn":"10427260","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., Miller, K.J., Docherty, D., Shearn-Bochsler, V.I., and Sileo, L., 2009, Pathogenicity of West Nile virus and response to vaccination in sandhill cranes (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) using a killed vaccine: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 40, no. 2, p. 263-271, https://doi.org/10.1638/2008-0017.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"271","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a759ce4b0c8380cd77c45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":449043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Kimberli J.G. 0000-0002-7947-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-0894","contributorId":81447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kimberli","email":"","middleInitial":"J.G.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Docherty, Douglas E.","contributorId":58245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"Douglas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I. 0000-0002-5590-6518 vbochsler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5590-6518","contributorId":3234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearn-Bochsler","given":"Valerie","email":"vbochsler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sileo, Louis","contributorId":94623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034768,"text":"70034768 - 2009 - Comparisons of physical experiment and discrete element simulations of sheared granular materials in an annular shear cell","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034768","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2707,"text":"Mechanics of Materials","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of physical experiment and discrete element simulations of sheared granular materials in an annular shear cell","docAbstract":"In this study, we report a direct comparison between a physical test and a computer simulation of rapidly sheared granular materials. An annular shear cell experiment was conducted. All parameters were kept the same between the physical and the computational systems to the extent possible. Artificially softened particles were used in the simulation to reduce the computational time to a manageable level. Sensitivity study on the particle stiffness ensured such artificial modification was acceptable. In the experiment, a range of normal stress was applied to a given amount of particles sheared in an annular trough with a range of controlled shear speed. Two types of particles, glass and Delrin, were used in the experiment. Qualitatively, the required torque to shear the materials under different rotational speed compared well with those in the physical experiments for both the glass and the Delrin particles. However, the quantitative discrepancies between the measured and simulated shear stresses were nearly a factor of two. Boundary conditions, particle size distribution, particle damping and friction, including a sliding and rolling, contact force model, were examined to determine their effects on the computational results. It was found that of the above, the rolling friction between particles had the most significant effect on the macro stress level. This study shows that discrete element simulation is a viable method for engineering design for granular material systems. Particle level information is needed to properly conduct these simulations. However, not all particle level information is equally important in the study regime. Rolling friction, which is not commonly considered in many discrete element models, appears to play an important role. ?? 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanics of Materials","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.mechmat.2009.01.029","issn":"01676636","usgsCitation":"Ji, S., Hanes, D., and Shen, H., 2009, Comparisons of physical experiment and discrete element simulations of sheared granular materials in an annular shear cell: Mechanics of Materials, v. 41, no. 6, p. 764-776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2009.01.029.","startPage":"764","endPage":"776","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2009.01.029"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c4e4b0c8380cd4d2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, S.","contributorId":25002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shen, H.H.","contributorId":98135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shen","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034832,"text":"70034832 - 2009 - Research in thermal biology: Burning questions for coldwater stream fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:42","indexId":"70034832","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3279,"text":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research in thermal biology: Burning questions for coldwater stream fishes","docAbstract":"With the increasing appreciation of global warming impacts on ecological systems, in addition to the myriad of land management effects on water quality, the number of literature citations dealing with the effects of water temperature on freshwater fish has escalated in the past decade. Given the many biological scales at which water temperature effects have been studied, and the growing need to integrate knowledge from multiple disciplines of thermal biology to fully protect beneficial uses, we held that a survey of the most promising recent developments and an expression of some of the remaining unanswered questions with significant management implications would best be approached collectively by a diverse research community. We have identified five specific topic areas of renewed research where new techniques and critical thought could benefit coldwater stream fishes (particularly salmonids): molecular, organism, population/species, community and ecosystem, and policy issues in water quality. Our hope is that information gained through examination of recent research fronts linking knowledge at various scales will prove useful in managing water quality at a basin level to protect fish populations and whole ecosystems. Standards of the past were based largely on incipient lethal and optimum growth rate temperatures for fish species, while future standards should consider all integrated thermal impacts to the organism and ecosystem. ?? Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/10641260802590152","issn":"10641262","usgsCitation":"McCullough, D., Bartholow, J., Jager, H., Beschta, R.L., Cheslak, E., Deas, M., Ebersole, J.L., Foott, J., Johnson, S.L., Marine, K., Mesa, M., Petersen, J., Souchon, Y., Tiffan, K., and Wurtsbaugh, W., 2009, Research in thermal biology: Burning questions for coldwater stream fishes: Reviews in Fisheries Science, v. 17, no. 1, p. 90-115, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260802590152.","startPage":"90","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215817,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641260802590152"},{"id":243643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa926e4b0c8380cd85c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCullough, D.A.","contributorId":16391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholow, J.M.","contributorId":54530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jager, H.I.","contributorId":99734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jager","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beschta, R. L.","contributorId":67472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beschta","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cheslak, E.F.","contributorId":87777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheslak","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Deas, M.L.","contributorId":41239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deas","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ebersole, J. L.","contributorId":74221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebersole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13529,"text":"US Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":447855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Foott, J.S.","contributorId":89485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foott","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, S. L.","contributorId":53826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Marine, K.R.","contributorId":15429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marine","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Souchon, Y.","contributorId":102437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souchon","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":447848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wurtsbaugh, W.A.","contributorId":36751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wurtsbaugh","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":447849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70036572,"text":"70036572 - 2009 - Carbon cycle observations: Gaps threaten climate mitigation policies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70036572","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon cycle observations: Gaps threaten climate mitigation policies","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009EO340005","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Birdsey, R., Bates, N., Behrenfeld, M., Davis, K., Doney, S., Feely, R., Hansell, D., Heath, L., Kasischke, E., Kheshgi, H., Law, B., Lee, C., McGuire, A., Raymond, P., and Tucker, C., 2009, Carbon cycle observations: Gaps threaten climate mitigation policies: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO340005.","startPage":"292","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476270,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo340005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217470,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO340005"},{"id":245420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f35de4b0c8380cd4b751","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Birdsey, R.","contributorId":14670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdsey","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bates, N.","contributorId":92523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behrenfeld, M.","contributorId":31605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrenfeld","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, K.","contributorId":54920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doney, S.C.","contributorId":80110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doney","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Feely, R.","contributorId":103904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feely","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hansell, D.","contributorId":11452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansell","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heath, L.","contributorId":108347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kasischke, E.","contributorId":58803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kheshgi, H.","contributorId":54049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kheshgi","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Law, B.","contributorId":62026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lee, C.","contributorId":72217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Raymond, P.","contributorId":68566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Tucker, C.J.","contributorId":30074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70035220,"text":"70035220 - 2009 - Allen's big-eared bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) documented in colorado based on recordings of its distinctive echolocation call","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:52","indexId":"70035220","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Allen's big-eared bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) documented in colorado based on recordings of its distinctive echolocation call","docAbstract":"Allen's big-eared bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) inhabits much of the southwestern USA, but has not been documented in Colorado. We recorded echolocation calls consistent with I. phyllotis near La Sal Creek, Montrose County, Colorado. Based on characteristics of echolocation calls and flight behavior, we conclude that the echolocation calls described here were emitted by I. phyllotis and that they represent the first documentation of this species in Colorado.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/JKF-01.1","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M.A., Navo, K., Bonewell, L., Mosch, C., and Adams, R.A., 2009, Allen's big-eared bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) documented in colorado based on recordings of its distinctive echolocation call: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 54, no. 4, p. 499-501, https://doi.org/10.1894/JKF-01.1.","startPage":"499","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215488,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/JKF-01.1"},{"id":243297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e96be4b0c8380cd48284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, M. A.","contributorId":65055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Navo, K.W.","contributorId":58216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navo","given":"K.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonewell, L.","contributorId":25786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonewell","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mosch, C.J.","contributorId":105550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosch","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, Rick A.","contributorId":91801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034950,"text":"70034950 - 2009 - An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:43","indexId":"70034950","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing","docAbstract":"In this paper we report the first experimental investigation of non-explosive hydromagmatic fragmentation during energetic mixing with water. We mix magma and water by two methods: (1) pouring a basaltic melt between two converging water sprays; and (2) jetting basaltic melt at high pressure (3??MPa) through a nozzle into a tank of stagnant water. These experiments involved shear at relative velocities of ~ 5-16??m/s and vigorous mixing for less than a second, providing sufficient time for glassy rinds to grow but insufficient time for clot interiors to cool. In resulting fragments, we examined the gross morphology, which reflects fluid deformation during mixing, and surface textures, which reflect the growth and disruption of glassy rinds. We find major differences in both fragment morphology and surface texture between experiments. Water-spray experiments produced Pele's hair, thin bubble shards, melt droplets, and angular, fracture-bound droplet pieces. Melt-jet experiments produced mostly coarse (> 1??mm diameter), wavy fluidal fragments with broken ends. Fluidal surfaces of fragments produced by water-spray experiments were generally shiny under reflected light and, in microscopic examination, smooth down to micron scale, implying no disruption of glassy rinds, except for (a) rare flaking on Pele's hair that was bent prior to solidification; or (b) cracking and alligator-skin textures on segments of melt balls that had expanded before complete cooling. In contrast, textures of fluidal surfaces on fragments produced by melt-jet experiments are dull in reflected light and, in scanning electron images, exhibit ubiquitous discontinuous skins (\"rinds\") that are flaked, peeled, or smeared away in stripes. Adhering to these surfaces are flakes, blocks, and blobs of detached material microns to tens of microns in diameter. In the water-spray fragments, we interpret the scarcity of disrupted surface rinds to result from lack of bending after surfaces formed. In the melt-jet fragments, the ubiquity of partially detached rinds and rind debris likely reflects repeated bending, scraping, impact, and other disruption through turbulent velocity fluctuations. When extrapolated to jets of Surtseyan scale, where velocity fluctuations reach tens of meters per second and turbulent mixing persists for tens of seconds, rind disintegration could fragment a large fraction of the erupted material.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., Spieler, O., and Downey, W., 2009, An experimental study of hydromagmatic fragmentation through energetic, non-explosive magma-water mixing: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 180, no. 2-4, p. 161-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012.","startPage":"161","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215738,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.012"},{"id":243561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea66e4b0c8380cd48831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spieler, O.","contributorId":59648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spieler","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downey, W.S.","contributorId":58492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":448527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70037396,"text":"70037396 - 2009 - Optical dating of the anastasia formation, northeastern florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037396","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optical dating of the anastasia formation, northeastern florida, USA","docAbstract":"The single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure was used to obtain optically stimulated luminescence ages to determine the depositional age of the upper part of the Anastasia Formation. This unit, which crops out along the east coast of Florida, is one of the most culturally and economically important coquina deposits in North America. Rock samples from the upper three meters of exposure at three locations were collected. Additional materials for paleontological analysis were also taken. Based on our samples, the luminescence ages of the Anastasia Formation are well within marine isotope stage 5, which is supported by the results of Osmond et al. (1970) based on U/Th ages. The associated fossil assemblages support our luminescence age determinations. Associated fossils fall within the Rancholabrean North American Land Mammal Age (300 10 ka) and the fossil mollusk assemblage consists entirely of modern species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Burdette, K., Rink, J., Means, G., and Portell, R., 2009, Optical dating of the anastasia formation, northeastern florida, USA: Southeastern Geology, v. 46, no. 4, p. 173-185.","startPage":"173","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ecde4b0c8380cd757e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burdette, K.E.","contributorId":41253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdette","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rink, J.W.","contributorId":103120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rink","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Means, G.H.","contributorId":76348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Means","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Portell, R.W.","contributorId":37990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portell","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70037426,"text":"70037426 - 2009 - Defining winter trophic habitat of juvenile Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee and Apalachicola rivermouth estuaries, acoustic telemetry investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T08:40:17","indexId":"70037426","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining winter trophic habitat of juvenile Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee and Apalachicola rivermouth estuaries, acoustic telemetry investigations","docAbstract":"Three automated listening post-telemetry studies were undertaken in the Suwannee and Apalachicola estuaries to gain knowledge of habitats use by juvenile Gulf Sturgeons (<i>Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi</i>) on winter feeding grounds. A simple and reliable method for external attachment of small acoustic tags to the dorsal fin base was developed using shrink-tubing. Suspending receivers on masts below anchored buoys improved reception and facilitated downloading; a detection range of 500–2500 m was realized. In the Apalachicola estuary, juvenile GS stayed in shallow water (< 2 m) within the estuarine transition zone all winter in the vicinity of the Apalachicola River mouth. Juvenile GS high-use areas did not coincide with high density benthic macrofauna areas from the most recent (1999) benthos survey. In the Suwannee estuary, juveniles ranged widely and individually throughout oligohaline to mesohaline subareas of the estuary, preferentially using mesohaline subareas seaward of Suwannee Reef (52% of acoustic detections). The river mouth subarea was important only in early and late winter, during the times of adult Gulf Sturgeon migrations (41% of detections). Preferred winter feeding subareas coincided spatially with known areas of dense macrofaunal benthos concentrations. Following a dramatic drop in air and water temperatures, juvenile GS left the river mouth and estuary, subsequently being detected 8 km offshore in polyhaline open Gulf of Mexico waters, before returning to the estuary. Cold-event offshore excursions demonstrate that they can tolerate full-salinity polyhaline waters in the open Gulf of Mexico, for at least several days at a time. For juvenile sturgeons, the stress and metabolic cost of enduring high salinity (Jarvis et al., 2001; McKenzie et al., 2001; Singer and Ballantyne, 2002) for short periods in deep offshore waters seems adaptively advantageous relative to the risk of cold-event mortality in shallow inshore waters of lower salinity. Thus, while juveniles can tolerate high salinities for days to weeks to escape cold events, they appear to make only infrequent use of open polyhaline waters. Throughout the winter foraging period, juvenile GS stayed primarily within the core area of Suwannee River mouth influence, extending about 12 km north and south of the river mouth, and somewhat seaward of Suwannee Reef (< 5 km offshore). None were detected departing the core area past either of the northern or southern acoustic gates, located 66 and 52 km distant from the river mouth, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01333.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Sulak, K., Randall, M., Edwards, R.E., Summers, T., Luke, K., Smith, W., Norem, A., Harden, W.M., Lukens, R., Parauka, F., Bolden, S., and Lehnert, R., 2009, Defining winter trophic habitat of juvenile Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee and Apalachicola rivermouth estuaries, acoustic telemetry investigations: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 25, no. 5, p. 505-515, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01333.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"515","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476140,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01333.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01333.x"},{"id":245200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River;Gulf Of Mexico;Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.299225,29.170777 ], [ -85.299225,30.003706 ], [ -82.99749,30.003706 ], [ -82.99749,29.170777 ], [ -85.299225,29.170777 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe3be4b0c8380cd4ebe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sulak, K. J. 0000-0002-4795-9310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":76690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, M.T.","contributorId":39616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, R. E.","contributorId":92211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Summers, T.M.","contributorId":85014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luke, K.E.","contributorId":106347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luke","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, W.T.","contributorId":107087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Norem, A.D.","contributorId":20576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norem","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Harden, William M.","contributorId":25800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lukens, R.H.","contributorId":18206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukens","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Parauka, F.","contributorId":25015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parauka","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bolden, S.","contributorId":66941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolden","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Lehnert, R.","contributorId":41256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehnert","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70035219,"text":"70035219 - 2009 - Polydactyly in the central pacific gecko, Lepidodactylus sp. (Squamata: Gekkonidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:57","indexId":"70035219","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1899,"text":"Herpetology Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polydactyly in the central pacific gecko, Lepidodactylus sp. (Squamata: Gekkonidae)","docAbstract":"We report the first known case of naturally occurring polydactyly in a gekkotan lizard. A single individual from Palmyra Atoll exhibited a triplication of digit III of the m hand. No obvious teratogenic sources are present on the atoll and the causal factors of polydactyly in Lepidodactylus sp. remain unknown.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetology Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"20715773","usgsCitation":"Bauer, A., Hathaway, S., and Fisher, R., 2009, Polydactyly in the central pacific gecko, Lepidodactylus sp. (Squamata: Gekkonidae): Herpetology Notes, v. 2, no. 1, p. 243-246.","startPage":"243","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d00e4b0c8380cd79cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, A.M.","contributorId":13459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hathaway, S.A.","contributorId":56990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189184,"text":"70189184 - 2009 - Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and testing of a distributed hydrological model using error‐based weighting and one objective function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:20:23","indexId":"70189184","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and testing of a distributed hydrological model using error‐based weighting and one objective function","docAbstract":"<p><span>We evaluate the utility of three interrelated means of using data to calibrate the fully distributed rainfall‐runoff model TOPKAPI as applied to the Maggia Valley drainage area in Switzerland. The use of error‐based weighting of observation and prior information data, local sensitivity analysis, and single‐objective function nonlinear regression provides quantitative evaluation of sensitivity of the 35 model parameters to the data, identification of data types most important to the calibration, and identification of correlations among parameters that contribute to nonuniqueness. Sensitivity analysis required only 71 model runs, and regression required about 50 model runs. The approach presented appears to be ideal for evaluation of models with long run times or as a preliminary step to more computationally demanding methods. The statistics used include composite scaled sensitivities, parameter correlation coefficients, leverage, Cook's D, and DFBETAS. Tests suggest predictive ability of the calibrated model typical of hydrologic models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008WR007255","usgsCitation":"Foglia, L., Hill, M.C., Mehl, S.W., and Burlando, P., 2009, Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and testing of a distributed hydrological model using error‐based weighting and one objective function: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 6, Article W06427; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007255.","productDescription":"Article W06427; 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-011230","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c49e4b0d1f9f057e395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foglia, L.","contributorId":6251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foglia","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burlando, P.","contributorId":29209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burlando","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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