If you were asked to speculate about the form extra-terrestrial life on Mars might take, which geomicrobial phenomenon might you select as a model system, assuming that life on Mars would be ‘primitive’? Give your reasons.
At the end of my senior year at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1968, I took Professor Ehrlich's final for his Geomicrobiology course. The above question beckoned to me like the Sirens to Odysseus, for if I answered, it would take so much time and thought that I would never get around to the exam's other essay questions and consequently, would be “shipwrecked” by flunking the course. So, I passed it up. With this 41-year perspective in mind, this manuscript is now submitted to Professor Ehrlich for (belated) “extra-credit.” R.S. Oremland
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A total of 792 observations were made on the depth, velocity, substrate and cover (amount and type) used by sympatric subyearling Atlantic salmon, subyearling brown trout and subyearling and yearling rainbow trout. Subyearling Atlantic salmon occurred in shallower areas with faster velocities and less cover than the other salmonid groups. Subyearling salmon was also the only group associated with substrate of a size larger than the average size substrate in the study reach during both winters. Subyearling brown trout exhibited a preference for vegetative cover. Compared with available habitat, yearling rainbow trout were the most selective in their habitat use. All salmonid groups were associated with more substrate cover in 2002 under high flow conditions. Differences in the winter habitat use of these salmonid groups have important management implications in terms of both habitat protection and habitat enhancement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries Management and Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00680.x","issn":"0969997X","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Douglass, K., 2009, Diurnal stream habitat use of juvenile Atlantic salmon, brown trout and rainbow trout in winter: Fisheries Management and Ecology, v. 16, no. 5, p. 352-359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00680.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"359","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217117,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00680.x"},{"id":245034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Skaneateles Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.43,42.76 ], [ -76.43,42.94 ], [ -76.27,42.94 ], [ -76.27,42.76 ], [ -76.43,42.76 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0334e4b0c8380cd503b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. 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FP is associated with a presently non-cultivable alphaherpesvirus Chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus (CFPHV). Our aims were to employ quantitative PCR targeted to pol DNA of CFPHV to determine (i) if DNA sequesters by tumour size and/or cell type, (ii) whether subculturing of cells is a viable strategy for isolating CFPHV and (iii) whether CFPHV can be induced to a lytic growth cycle in vitro using chemical modulators of replication (CMRs), temperature variation or co-cultivation. Additional objectives included determining whether non-tumour and tumour cells behave differently in vitro and confirming the phenotype of cultured cells using cell-type-specific antigens. CFPHV pol DNA was preferentially concentrated in dermal fibroblasts of skin tumours and the amount of viral DNA per cell was independent of tumour size. Copy number of CFPHV pol DNA per cell rapidly decreased with cell doubling of tumour-derived fibroblasts in culture. Attempts to induce viral replication in known CFPHV-DNA-positive cells using temperature or CMR failed. No significant differences were seen in in vitro morphology or growth characteristics of fibroblasts from tumour cells and paired normal skin, nor from CFPHV pol-DNA-positive intestinal tumour cells. Tumour cells were confirmed as fibroblasts or keratinocytes by positive staining with anti-vimentin and anti-pancytokeratin antibodies, respectively. CFPHV continues to be refractory to in vitro cultivation.
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D.","contributorId":38407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leong, Jo-Ann C.","contributorId":96135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leong","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Casey, Rufina N.","contributorId":104364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"Rufina","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Casey, James W.","contributorId":92941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037371,"text":"70037371 - 2009 - Toward production from gas hydrates: Current status, assessment of resources, and simulation-based evaluation of technology and potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037371","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Toward production from gas hydrates: Current status, assessment of resources, and simulation-based evaluation of technology and potential","docAbstract":"Gas hydrates (GHs) are a vast energy resource with global distribution in the permafrost and in the oceans. Even if conservative estimates are considered and only a small fraction is recoverable, the sheer size of the resource is so large that it demands evaluation as a potential energy source. In this review paper, we discuss the distribution of natural GH accumulations, the status of the primary international research and development (R&D) programs, and the remaining science and technological challenges facing the commercialization of production. After a brief examination of GH accumulations that are well characterized and appear to be models for future development and gas production, we analyze the role of numerical simulation in the assessment of the hydrate-production potential, identify the data needs for reliable predictions, evaluate the status of knowledge with regard to these needs, discuss knowledge gaps and their impact, and reach the conclusion that the numerical-simulation capabilities are quite advanced and that the related gaps either are not significant or are being addressed. We review the current body of literature relevant to potential productivity from different types of GH deposits and determine that there are consistent indications of a large production potential at high rates across long periods from a wide variety of hydrate deposits. Finally, we identify (a) features, conditions, geology and techniques that are desirable in potential production targets; (b) methods to maximize production; and (c) some of the conditions and characteristics that render certain GH deposits undesirable for production. Copyright ?? 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineers.","largerWorkTitle":"SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering","language":"English","issn":"10946470","usgsCitation":"Moridis, G.J., Collett, T.S., Boswell, R., Kurihara, M., Reagan, M.T., Koh, C., and Sloan, E.D., 2009, Toward production from gas hydrates: Current status, assessment of resources, and simulation-based evaluation of technology and potential, in SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, v. 12, no. 5, p. 745-771.","startPage":"745","endPage":"771","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5bbe4b08c986b326876","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moridis, G. J.","contributorId":64863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moridis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boswell, R.","contributorId":35121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurihara, M.","contributorId":54823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurihara","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reagan, M. T.","contributorId":52424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reagan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koh, C.","contributorId":34360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koh","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sloan, E. D.","contributorId":8625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sloan","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70037270,"text":"70037270 - 2009 - Whole-body cortisol response of zebrafish to acute net handling stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:08","indexId":"70037270","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whole-body cortisol response of zebrafish to acute net handling stress","docAbstract":"Zebrafish, Danio rerio, are frequently handled during husbandry and experimental procedures in the laboratory, yet little is known about the physiological responses to such stressors. We measured the whole-body cortisol levels of adult zebrafish subjected to net stress and air exposure at intervals over a 24 h period; cortisol recovered to near control levels by about 1 h post-net-stress (PNS). We then measured cortisol at frequent intervals over a 1 h period. Cortisol levels were more than 2-fold higher in net stressed fish at 3 min PNS and continued to increase peaking at 15 min PNS, when cortisol levels were 6-fold greater than the control cortisol. Mean cortisol declined from 15 to 60 min PNS, and at 60 min, net-stressed cortisol was similar to control cortisol. Because the age of fish differed between studies, we examined resting cortisol levels of fish of different ages (3, 7, 13, and 19 months). The resting cortisol values among tanks with the same age fish differed significantly but there was no clear effect of age. Our study is the first to report the response and recovery of cortisol after net handling for laboratory-reared zebrafish. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.035","issn":"00448486","usgsCitation":"Ramsay, J., Feist, G., Varga, Z., Westerfield, M., Kent, M., and Schreck, C., 2009, Whole-body cortisol response of zebrafish to acute net handling stress: Aquaculture, v. 297, no. 1-4, p. 157-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.035.","startPage":"157","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476434,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":217088,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.035"},{"id":245001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"297","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd087e4b08c986b32eee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsay, J.M.","contributorId":28099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsay","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feist, G.W.","contributorId":46261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feist","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varga, Z.M.","contributorId":106346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varga","given":"Z.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Westerfield, M.","contributorId":21792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerfield","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kent, M.L.","contributorId":108058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037269,"text":"70037269 - 2009 - The geology of Hotei Regio, Titan: Correlation of Cassini VIMS and RADAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T01:37:54.967446","indexId":"70037269","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology of Hotei Regio, Titan: Correlation of Cassini VIMS and RADAR","docAbstract":"Joint Cassini VIMS and RADAR SAR data of ∼700-km-wide Hotei Regio reveal a rich collection of geological features that correlate between the two sets of images. The degree of correlation is greater than anywhere else seen on Titan. Central to Hotei Regio is a basin filled with cryovolcanic flows that are anomalously bright in VIMS data (in particular at 5 μm) and quite variable in roughness in SAR. The edges of the flows are dark in SAR data and appear to overrun a VIMS-bright substrate. SAR-stereo topography shows the flows to be viscous, 100–200 m thick. On its southern edge the basin is ringed by higher (∼1 km) mountainous terrain. The mountains show mixed texture in SAR data: some regions are extremely rough, exhibit low and spectrally neutral albedo in VIMS data and may be partly coated with darker hydrocarbons. Around the southern margin of Hotei Regio, the SAR image shows several large, dendritic, radar-bright channels that flow down from the mountainous terrain and terminate in dark blue patches, seen in VIMS images, whose infrared color is consistent with enrichment in water ice. The patches are in depressions that we interpret to be filled with fluvial deposits eroded and transported by liquid methane in the channels. In the VIMS images the dark blue patches are encased in a latticework of lighter bands that we suggest to demark a set of circumferential and radial fault systems bounding structural depressions. Conceivably the circular features are tectonic structures that are remnant from an ancient impact structure. We suggest that impact-generated structures may have simply served as zones of weakness; no direct causal connection, such as impact-induced volcanism, is implied. We also speculate that two large dark features lying on the northern margin of Hotei Regio could be calderas. In summary the preservation of such a broad suite of VIMS infrared color variations and the detailed correlation with features in the SAR image and SAR topography evidence a complex set of geological processes (pluvial, fluvial, tectonic, cryovolcanic, impact) that have likely remained active up to very recent geological time (<104 year). That the cryovolcanic flows are excessively bright in the infrared, particularly at 5 μm, might signal ongoing geological activity. One study [Nelson, R.M., and 28 colleagues, 2009. Icarus 199, 429–441] reported significant 2-μm albedo changes in VIMS data for Hotei Arcus acquired between 2004 and 2006, that were interpreted as evidence for such activity. However in our review of that work, we do not agree that such evidence has yet been found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.033","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Brown, R.H., Soderblom, J., Barnes, J.W., Kirk, R.L., Sotin, C., Jaumann, R., MacKinnon, D.J., Mackowski, D., Baines, K.H., Buratti, B.J., Clark, R.N., and Nicholson, P.D., 2009, The geology of Hotei Regio, Titan: Correlation of Cassini VIMS and RADAR: Icarus, v. 204, no. 2, p. 610-618, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"610","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"204","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac6ce4b08c986b3234b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, J.M.","contributorId":31097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, J. W.","contributorId":14554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jaumann, R.","contributorId":81232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jaumann","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"MacKinnon, D. J.","contributorId":79145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mackowski, D.W.","contributorId":60886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackowski","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Clark, R. 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D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70138826,"text":"70138826 - 2009 - Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-01-28T10:10:01","indexId":"70138826","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review","docAbstract":"In the late 1990s and early 2000s, large declines in numbers of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha returning to the Arctic-YukonKuskokwim (AYK) region (Alaska, USA) illuminated the need for an improved understanding of the variables controlling salmon abundance at all life stages. In addressing questions about salmon abundance, large gaps in our knowledge of basic salmon life history and the critical early marine life stage were revealed. In this paper, results from studies conducted on the estuarine ecology of juvenile salmon in western Alaska are summarized and compared, emphasizing timing and distribution during outmigration, environmental conditions, age and growth, feeding, and energy content of salmon smolts. In western Alaska, water temperature dramatically changes with season, ranging from 0°C after ice melt in late spring/early summer to 19°C in July. Juvenile salmon were found in AYK estuaries from early May until August or September, but to date no information is available on their residence duration or survival probability. Chum salmon were the most abundant juvenile salmon reported, ranging in percent catch from <0.1% to 4.7% and most research effort has focused on this species. Abundances of Chinook salmon, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and pink salmon O. gorbuscha varied among estuaries, while coho salmon O. kisutch juveniles were consistently rare, never amounting to more than 0.8% of the catch. Dietary composition of juvenile salmon was highly variable and a shift was commonly reported from epibenthic and neustonic prey in lower salinity water to pelagic prey in higher salinity water. Gaps in the knowledge of AYK salmon estuarine ecology are still evident. For example, data on outmigration patterns and residence timing and duration, rearing conditions and their effect on diet, growth, and survival are often completely lacking or available only for few selected years and sites. Filling gaps in knowledge concerning salmon use and survival in estuarine and near-shore habitats within the AYK region will aid in assessing the relative roles of all habitats (freshwater to marine) in controlling salmon abundance.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., and Hillgruber, N., 2009, Estuarine Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in Western Alaska: a Review, chap. of American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 70, p. 183-199.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013915","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.3564453125,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -158.48876953125,\n 63.03503931552975\n ],\n [\n -159.10400390625,\n 61.68987220045999\n ],\n [\n -163.4326171875,\n 61.33353967329142\n ],\n [\n -165.41015625,\n 62.24746627771428\n ],\n [\n -164.61914062499997,\n 63.11463763252091\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 62.380184590390975\n ],\n [\n -160.48828125,\n 63.12457211930414\n ],\n [\n -160.55419921875,\n 63.52897054110277\n ],\n [\n -160.3564453125,\n 63.64625919492172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.8173828125,\n 60.141504734793386\n ],\n [\n -162.35595703125,\n 60.98376689595989\n ],\n [\n -160.59814453125,\n 61.39671887310411\n ],\n [\n -159.3896484375,\n 61.51221638411366\n ],\n [\n -160.13671875,\n 60.919754532399686\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 60.141504734793386\n ],\n [\n -162.8173828125,\n 60.141504734793386\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.0074280854991\n ],\n [\n -163.19091796875,\n 67.35678538806071\n ],\n [\n -163.2568359375,\n 67.6844292462593\n ],\n [\n -163.01513671875,\n 67.92514047803861\n ],\n [\n -161.91650390625,\n 68.03224308465373\n ],\n [\n -161.82861328124997,\n 67.8424164732793\n ],\n [\n -162.509765625,\n 67.56733419404279\n ],\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.22955876681458\n ],\n [\n -162.22412109375,\n 66.96447630005638\n ],\n [\n -162.66357421875,\n 67.0074280854991\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56221fade4b06217fc479217","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillgruber, Nicola","contributorId":138856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hillgruber","given":"Nicola","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036797,"text":"70036797 - 2009 - Histopathologic criteria to confirm white-nose syndrome in bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-16T18:06:00.830703","indexId":"70036797","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Histopathologic criteria to confirm white-nose syndrome in bats","docAbstract":"White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a cutaneous fungal disease of hibernating bats associated with a novel Geomyces sp. fungus. Currently, confirmation of WNS requires histopathologic examination. Invasion of living tissue distinguishes this fungal infection from those caused by conventional transmissible dermatophytes. Although fungal hyphae penetrate the connective tissue of glabrous skin and muzzle, there is typically no cellular inflammatory response in hibernating bats. Preferred tissue samples to diagnose this fungal infection are rostral muzzle with nose and wing membrane fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. To optimize detection, the muzzle is trimmed longitudinally, the wing membrane is rolled, and multiple cross-sections are embedded to increase the surface area examined. Periodic acid-Schiff stain is essential to discriminate the nonpigmented fungal hyphae and conidia. Fungal hyphae form cup-like epidermal erosions and ulcers in the wing membrane and pinna with involvement of underlying connective tissue. In addition, fungal hyphae are present in hair follicles and in sebaceous and apocrine glands of the muzzle with invasion of tissue surrounding adnexa. Fungal hyphae in tissues are branching and septate, but the diameter and shape of the hyphae may vary from parallel walls measuring 2 ??m in diameter to irregular walls measuring 3-5 ??m in diameter. When present on short aerial hyphae, curved conidia are approximately 2.5 ??m wide and 7.5 ??m in curved length. Conidia have a more deeply basophilic center, and one or both ends are usually blunt. Although WNS is a disease of hibernating bats, severe wing damage due to fungal hyphae may be seen in bats that have recently emerged from hibernation. These recently emerged bats also have a robust suppurative inflammatory response.
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America\"}}]}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3156e4b0c8380cd5de3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckles, Elizabeth L.","contributorId":13737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckles","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blehert, David S. 0000-0002-1065-9760 dblehert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9760","contributorId":1816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blehert","given":"David S.","email":"dblehert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hicks, Alan C.","contributorId":17467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicks","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Green, David E. 0000-0002-7663-1832 degreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-1832","contributorId":3715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"David","email":"degreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie I. 0000-0002-5590-6518 vbochsler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5590-6518","contributorId":3234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shearn-Bochsler","given":"Valerie","email":"vbochsler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thomas, Nancy J. 0000-0002-0161-0391 nthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":1673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Nancy","email":"nthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gargas, Andrea","contributorId":101805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gargas","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Behr, Melissa","contributorId":81775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"Melissa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70156453,"text":"70156453 - 2009 - Avian response to early tidal salt marsh restoration at former commercial salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T18:27:00.88412","indexId":"70156453","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2834,"text":"Natural Resources and Environmental Issues","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian response to early tidal salt marsh restoration at former commercial salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay, California, USA","docAbstract":"Restoration of former commercial salt evaporation ponds in the San Francisco Bay estuary is intended to reverse a severe decline (>79%) in tidal salt marshes. San Francisco Bay is a critical migratory stopover site and wintering area for shorebirds and waterfowl, and salt ponds are important high tide roosting and foraging areas. Conservation of past bird abundance is a stated goal of area restoration projects, and early adaptive management will be critical for achieving this objective. However, initial avian response at sites restored to tidal flow may not be indicative of long-term results. For example, winter shorebirds at a 529 ha pond breached in 2002 showed a marked increase in shorebird abundance following breaching. Shorebirds comprised 1% of area totals during 1999-2002 and increased to 46% during 2003-2008. These changes accompanied increased tidal range and sedimentation, but minimal vegetation establishment. Conversely, a fully vegetated, restored 216 ha pond in the same system consistently supported less than 2% of all waterbirds in the region. Early restoration may temporarily increase habitat, but managed ponds will be needed for long-term waterbird abundance within a restored pond-marsh system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Berkeley Electronic Press","usgsCitation":"Athearn, N.D., Takekawa, J.Y., and Shinn, J., 2009, Avian response to early tidal salt marsh restoration at former commercial salt evaporation ponds in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Natural Resources and Environmental Issues, v. 15, no. 14, p. 77-86.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-008483","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307160,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei/vol15/iss1/14/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.76696777343749,\n 37.29590550406618\n ],\n [\n -122.1954345703125,\n 37.965854128749434\n ],\n [\n -121.44287109374999,\n 37.93986540897977\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 38.190704293996504\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 38.199338565983844\n ],\n [\n -122.37670898437499,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 38.039438891821746\n ],\n [\n -122.5689697265625,\n 37.80978395301097\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -121.8548583984375,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -121.76696777343749,\n 37.29590550406618\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb0e4b0518e3546efd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Athearn, Nicole D.","contributorId":71273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Athearn","given":"Nicole","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shinn, Joel","contributorId":23078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037393,"text":"70037393 - 2009 - Factors influencing tropical island freshwater fishes:Species, status, and management implications in puerto rico [Factores que influencian a los peces tropicales de agua dulce: Especies, estado actual e implicaciones para el manejo en Puerto Rico]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037393","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing tropical island freshwater fishes:Species, status, and management implications in puerto rico [Factores que influencian a los peces tropicales de agua dulce: Especies, estado actual e implicaciones para el manejo en Puerto Rico]","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic effects including river regulation, watershed development, contamination, and fish introductions have substantially affected the majority of freshwater habitats in Europe and North America. This pattern of resource development and degradation is widespread in the tropics, and often little is known about the resources before they are lost. This article describes the freshwater resources of Puerto Rico and identifies factors that threaten conservation of native fishes. The fishes found in freshwater habitats of Puerto Rico represent a moderately diverse assemblage composed of 14 orders, 29 families, and 82 species. There are fewer than 10 species of native peripherally-freshwater fish that require a link to marine systems. Introductions of nonindigenous species have greatly expanded fish diversity in freshwater systems, and native estuarine and marine species (18 families) also commonly enter lowland rivers and brackish lagoons. Environmental alterations, including land use and development, stream channelization, pollution, and the impoundment of rivers, combined with nonnative species introductions threaten the health and sustainability of aquatic resources in Puerto Rico. Six principal areas for attention that are important influences on the current and future status of the freshwater fish resources of Puerto Rico are identified and discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Spanish","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Wesley, N.J., Lilyestrom, C.G., and Kwak, T., 2009, Factors influencing tropical island freshwater fishes:Species, status, and management implications in puerto rico [Factores que influencian a los peces tropicales de agua dulce: Especies, estado actual e implicaciones para el manejo en Puerto Rico]: Fisheries, v. 34, no. 11, p. 546-554.","startPage":"546","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ed0e4b0c8380cd5363d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesley, Neal J.","contributorId":55667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesley","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilyestrom, Craig G.","contributorId":54821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilyestrom","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwak, T.J.","contributorId":104236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037394,"text":"70037394 - 2009 - Global distribution of bedrock exposures on Mars using THEMIS high-resolution thermal inertia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:10","indexId":"70037394","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global distribution of bedrock exposures on Mars using THEMIS high-resolution thermal inertia","docAbstract":"We investigate high thermal inertia surfaces using the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) nighttime temperature images (100 m/pixel spatial sampling). For this study, we interpret any pixel in a THEMIS image with a thermal inertia over 1200 J m-2 K-1 s-1/2 as \"bedrock\" which represents either in situ rock exposures or rock-dominated surfaces. Three distinct morphologies, ranked from most to least common, are associated with these high thermal inertia surfaces: (1) valley and crater walls associated with mass wasting and high surface slope angles; (2) floors of craters with diameters >25 km and containing melt or volcanics associated with larger, high-energy impacts; and (3) intercrater surfaces with compositions significantly more mafic than the surrounding regolith. In general, bedrock instances on Mars occur as small exposures (less than several square kilometers) situated in lower-albedo (<0.18), moderate to high thermal inertia (>350 J m-2 K-1 s-1/2), and relatively dust-free (dust cover index <0.95) regions; however, there are instances that do not follow these generalizations. Most instances are concentrated in the southern highlands, with very few located at high latitudes (poleward of 45oN and 58oS), suggesting enhanced mechanical breakdown probably associated with permafrost. Overall, Mars has very little exposed bedrock with only 960 instances identified from 75oS to 75oN with likely <3500 km2 exposed, representing???1% of the total surface area. These data indicate that Mars has likely undergone large-scale surface processing and reworking, both chemically and mechanically, either destroying or masking a majority of the bedrock exposures on the planet. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2009JE003363","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Edwards, C., Bandfield, J., Christensen, P.R., and Fergason, R., 2009, Global distribution of bedrock exposures on Mars using THEMIS high-resolution thermal inertia: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 114, no. 11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003363.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003363"},{"id":245015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2942e4b0c8380cd5a7da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, C.S.","contributorId":35986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bandfield, J. L.","contributorId":59990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bandfield","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fergason, R.L.","contributorId":13786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fergason","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037395,"text":"70037395 - 2009 - The 20th-century development and expansion of Louisiana shelf hypoxia, Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T14:37:53.298764","indexId":"70037395","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 20th-century development and expansion of Louisiana shelf hypoxia, Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Since systematic measurements of Louisiana continental-shelf waters were initiated in 1985, hypoxia (oxygen content <2 mg L-1) has increased considerably in an area termed the dead zone. Monitoring and modeling studies have concluded that the expansion of the Louisiana shelf dead zone is related to increased anthropogenically derived nutrient delivery from the Mississippi River drainage basin, physical and hydrographical changes of the Louisiana Shelf, and possibly coastal erosion of wetlands in southern Louisiana. In order to track the development and expansion of seasonal low-oxygen conditions on the Louisiana shelf prior to 1985, we used a specific low-oxygen foraminiferal faunal proxy, the PEB index, which has been shown statistically to represent the modern Louisiana hypoxia zone. We constructed a network of 13 PEB records with excess 210Pb-derived chronologies to establish the development of low-oxygen and hypoxic conditions over a large portion of the modern dead zone for the last 100 years. The PEB index record indicates that areas of low-oxygen bottom water began to appear in the early 1910s in isolated hotspots near the Mississippi Delta and rapidly expanded across the entire Louisiana shelf beginning in the 1950s. Since ???1950, the percentage of PEB species has steadily increased over a large portion of the modern dead zone. By 1960, subsurface low-oxygen conditions were occurring seasonally over a large part of the geographic area now known as the dead zone. The long-term trends in the PEB index are consistent with the 20th-century observational and proxy data for low oxygen and hypoxia. ?? 2009 US Government.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00367-009-0158-2","usgsCitation":"Osterman, L., Poore, R., Swarzenski, P., Senn, D., and DiMarco, S.F., 2009, The 20th-century development and expansion of Louisiana shelf hypoxia, Gulf of Mexico: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 29, no. 6, p. 405-414, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0158-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.10236111182375,\n 29.57870136527805\n ],\n [\n -94.10236111182375,\n 27.344152892983175\n ],\n [\n -89.41789316398751,\n 27.344152892983175\n ],\n [\n -89.41789316398751,\n 29.57870136527805\n ],\n [\n -94.10236111182375,\n 29.57870136527805\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba64ee4b08c986b321038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterman, L.E.","contributorId":53836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Senn, D.B.","contributorId":37178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senn","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DiMarco, Steven F.","contributorId":15435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiMarco","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037398,"text":"70037398 - 2009 - Hydrologic control of nitrogen removal, storage, and export in a mountain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T20:42:48.335062","indexId":"70037398","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic control of nitrogen removal, storage, and export in a mountain stream","docAbstract":"Nutrient cycling and export in streams and rivers should vary with flow regime, yet most studies of stream nutrient transformation do not include hydrologic variability. We used a stable isotope tracer of nitrogen (15N) to measure nitrate (NO3−) uptake, storage, and export in a mountain stream, Spring Creek, Idaho, U.S.A. We conducted two tracer tests of 2‐week duration during snowmelt and baseflow. Dissolved and particulate forms of 15N were monitored over three seasons to test the hypothesis that stream N cycling would be dominated by export during floods, and storage during low flow. Floods exported more N than during baseflow conditions; however, snowmelt floods had higher than expected demand for NO3− because of hyporheic exchange. residence times of benthic N during both tracer tests were longer than 100 d for ephemeral pools such as benthic algae and wood biofilms. Residence times were much longer in fine detritus, insects, and the particulate N from the hyporheic zone, showing that assimilation and hydrologic storage can be important mechanisms for retaining particulate N. Of the tracer N stored in the stream, the primary form of export was via seston during periods of high flows, produced by summer rainstorms or spring snowmelt the following year. Spring Creek is not necessarily a conduit for nutrients during high flow; hydrologic exchange between the stream and its valley represents an important storage mechanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.2128","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., Baker, M.A., Arp, C., and Kocha, B., 2009, Hydrologic control of nitrogen removal, storage, and export in a mountain stream: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 6, p. 2128-2142, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.2128.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2128","endPage":"2142","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.2128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":384202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Spring Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a35a8e4b0c8380cd600e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.O.","contributorId":94890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, M. A.","contributorId":94849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kocha, B.J.","contributorId":69818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocha","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037399,"text":"70037399 - 2009 - Hierarchical Bayesian analysis to incorporate age uncertainty in growth curve analysis and estimates of age from length: Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) carcasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037399","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchical Bayesian analysis to incorporate age uncertainty in growth curve analysis and estimates of age from length: Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) carcasses","docAbstract":"Age estimation of individuals is often an integral part of species management research, and a number of ageestimation techniques are commonly employed. Often, the error in these techniques is not quantified or accounted for in other analyses, particularly in growth curve models used to describe physiological responses to environment and human impacts. Also, noninvasive, quick, and inexpensive methods to estimate age are needed. This research aims to provide two Bayesian methods to (i) incorporate age uncertainty into an age-length Schnute growth model and (ii) produce a method from the growth model to estimate age from length. The methods are then employed for Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) carcasses. After quantifying the uncertainty in the aging technique (counts of ear bone growth layers), we fit age-length data to the Schnute growth model separately by sex and season. Independent prior information about population age structure and the results of the Schnute model are then combined to estimate age from length. Results describing the age-length relationship agree with our understanding of manatee biology. The new methods allow us to estimate age, with quantified uncertainty, for 98% of collected carcasses: 36% from ear bones, 62% from length.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/F09-117","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Schwarz, L., and Runge, M., 2009, Hierarchical Bayesian analysis to incorporate age uncertainty in growth curve analysis and estimates of age from length: Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) carcasses: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 66, no. 10, p. 1775-1789, https://doi.org/10.1139/F09-117.","startPage":"1775","endPage":"1789","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/F09-117"}],"volume":"66","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3099e4b0c8380cd5d7a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwarz, L.K.","contributorId":59655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037400,"text":"70037400 - 2009 - Rayleigh-wave mode separation by high-resolution linear radon transform","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037400","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rayleigh-wave mode separation by high-resolution linear radon transform","docAbstract":"Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method is an effective tool for obtaining vertical shear wave profiles from a single non-invasive measurement. One key step of the MASW method is generation of a dispersion image and extraction of a reliable dispersion curve from raw multichannel shot records. Because different Rayleigh-wave modes normally interfere with each other in the time and space domain, it is necessary to perform mode separation and reconstruction to increase the accuracy of phase velocities determined from a dispersion image. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of high-resolution linear Radon transform (LRT) as a means of separating and reconstructing multimode, dispersive Rayleigh-wave energy. We first introduce high-resolution LRT methods and Rayleigh-wave mode separation using high-resolution LRT. Next, we use synthetic data and a real-world example to demonstrate the effectiveness of Rayleigh-wave mode separation using high-resolution LRT. Our synthetic and real-world results demonstrate that (1) high-resolution LRT successfully separates and reconstructs multimode dispersive Rayleigh-wave energy with high resolution allowing the multimode energy to be more accurately determined. The horizontal resolution of the Rayleigh-wave method can be increased by extraction of dispersion curves from a pair of traces in the mode-separated shot gather and (2) multimode separation and reconstruction expand the usable frequency range of higher mode dispersive energy, which increases the depth of investigation and provides a means for accurately determining cut-off frequencies. ?? 2009 The Authors Journal compilation ?? 2009 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04277.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Luo, Y., Xia, J., Miller, R., Xu, Y., Liu, J., and Liu, Q., 2009, Rayleigh-wave mode separation by high-resolution linear radon transform: Geophysical Journal International, v. 179, no. 1, p. 254-264, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04277.x.","startPage":"254","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217179,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04277.x"}],"volume":"179","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a955fe4b0c8380cd81994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, Q.","contributorId":17827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037403,"text":"70037403 - 2009 - Salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness of native xeroriparian plants in semi-arid western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037403","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":846,"text":"Applied Soil Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness of native xeroriparian plants in semi-arid western USA","docAbstract":"Restoration of salt-affected soils is a global concern. In the western United States, restoration of salinized land, particularly in river valleys, often involves control of Tamarix, an introduced species with high salinity tolerance. Revegetation of hydrologically disconnected floodplains and terraces after Tamarix removal is often difficult because of limited knowledge regarding the salinity tolerance of candidate native species for revegetation. Additionally, Tamarix appears to be non-mycorrhizal. Extended occupation of Tamarix may deplete arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, further decreasing the success of revegetation efforts. To address these issues, we screened 42 species, races, or ecotypes native to southwestern U.S. for salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness. As expected, the taxa tested showed a wide range of responses to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi. This variation also occurred between ecotypes or races of the same species, indicating that seed collected from high-salinity reference systems is likely better adapted to harsh conditions than seed originating from less saline environments. All species tested had a positive or neutral response to mycorrhizal inoculation. We found no clear evidence that mycorrhizae increased salinity tolerance, but some species were so dependent on mycorrhizal fungi that they grew poorly at all salinity levels in pasteurized soil. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Soil Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.07.004","issn":"09291393","usgsCitation":"Beauchamp, V., Walz, C., and Shafroth, P., 2009, Salinity tolerance and mycorrhizal responsiveness of native xeroriparian plants in semi-arid western USA: Applied Soil Ecology, v. 43, no. 2-3, p. 175-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.07.004.","startPage":"175","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217152,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.07.004"},{"id":245073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaff6e4b0c8380cd8786e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beauchamp, Vanessa B.","contributorId":76544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauchamp","given":"Vanessa B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":460905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walz, C.","contributorId":21793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walz","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shafroth, P.B.","contributorId":65041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037404,"text":"70037404 - 2009 - Landslide movement in southwest Colorado triggered by atmospheric tides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037404","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslide movement in southwest Colorado triggered by atmospheric tides","docAbstract":"Landslides are among the most hazardous of geological processes, causing thousands of casualties and damage on the order of billions of dollars annually. The movement of most landslides occurs along a discrete shear surface, and is triggered by a reduction in the frictional strength of the surface. Infiltration of water into the landslide from rainfall and snowmelt and ground motion from earthquakes are generally implicated in lowering the frictional strength of this surface. However, solid-Earth and ocean tides have recently been shown to trigger shear sliding in other processes, such as earthquakes and glacial motion. Here we use observations and numerical modelling to show that a similar processatmospheric tidescan trigger movement in an ongoing landslide. The Slumgullion landslide, located in the SanJuan Mountains of Colorado, shows daily movement, primarily during diurnal low tides of the atmosphere. According to our model, the tidal changes in air pressure cause air and water in the sediment pores to flow vertically, altering the frictional stress of the shear surface; upward fluid flow during periods of atmospheric low pressure is most conducive to sliding. We suggest that tidally modulated changes in shear strength may also affect the stability of other landslides, and that the rapid pressure variations associated with some fast-moving storm systems could trigger a similar response. ?? 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/ngeo659","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Schulz, W., Kean, J., and Wang, G., 2009, Landslide movement in southwest Colorado triggered by atmospheric tides: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, no. 12, p. 863-866, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo659.","startPage":"863","endPage":"866","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo659"},{"id":245074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4430e4b0c8380cd66924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulz, W.H.","contributorId":61225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kean, J. W. 0000-0003-3089-0369","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":71679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, G.","contributorId":11034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156371,"text":"70156371 - 2009 - After the disaster: The hydrogeomorphic, ecological, and biological responses to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T14:34:03.726485","indexId":"70156371","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"After the disaster: The hydrogeomorphic, ecological, and biological responses to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens caused instantaneous landscape disturbance on a grand scale. On 18 May 1980, an ensemble of volcanic processes, including a debris avalanche, a directed pyroclastic density current, voluminous lahars, and widespread tephra fall, abruptly altered landscape hydrology and geomorphology, and created distinctive disturbance zones having varying impacts on regional biota. Response to the geological and ecological disturbances has been varied and complex. In general, eruption-induced alterations in landscape hydrology and geomorphology led to enhanced stormflow discharge and sediment transport. Although the hydrological response to landscape perturbation has diminished, enhanced sediment transport persists in some basins. In the nearly 30 years since the eruption, 350 million (metric) tons of suspended sediment has been delivered from the Toutle River watershed to the Cowlitz River (roughly 40 times the average annual preeruption suspended-sediment discharge of the Columbia River). Such prodigious sediment loading has wreaked considerable socioeconomic havoc, causing significant channel aggradation and loss of flood conveyance capacity. Significant and ongoing engineering efforts have been required to mitigate these problems. The overall biological evolution of the eruption-impacted landscape can be viewed in terms of a framework of survivor legacies. Despite appearances to the contrary, a surprising number of species survived the eruption, even in the most heavily devastated areas. With time, survivor “hotspots” have coalesced into larger patches, and have served as stepping stones for immigrant colonization. The importance of biological legacies will diminish with time, but the intertwined trajectories of geophysical and biological successions will influence the geological and biological responses to the 1980 eruption for decades to come.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcanoes to vineyards: Geologic field trips through the dynamic landscape of the Pacific Northwest","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Crisafulli, C., and Bishop, J., 2009, After the disaster: The hydrogeomorphic, ecological, and biological responses to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, chap. of Volcanoes to vineyards: Geologic field trips through the dynamic landscape of the Pacific Northwest, p. 111-134.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-014552","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.28813171386719,\n 46.043212267295026\n ],\n [\n -122.28813171386719,\n 46.28717293114449\n ],\n [\n -121.99012756347658,\n 46.28717293114449\n ],\n [\n -121.99012756347658,\n 46.043212267295026\n ],\n [\n -122.28813171386719,\n 46.043212267295026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8487e4b0824b2d1490b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crisafulli, Charlie","contributorId":92140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crisafulli","given":"Charlie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bishop, John","contributorId":146771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishop","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037249,"text":"70037249 - 2009 - Seismic reflection characteristics of naturally-induced subsidence affecting transportation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:07","indexId":"70037249","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic reflection characteristics of naturally-induced subsidence affecting transportation","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic reflections have been used effectively to investigate sinkholes formed from the dissolution of a bedded salt unit found throughout most of Central Kansas. Surface subsidence can have devastating effects on transportation structures. Roads, rails, bridges, and pipelines can even be dramatically affected by minor ground instability. Areas susceptible to surface subsidence can put public safety at risk. Subsurface expressions significantly larger than surface depressions are consistently observed on seismic images recorded over sinkholes in Kansas. Until subsidence reaches the ground surface, failure appears to be controlled by compressional forces evidenced by faults with reverse orientation. Once a surface depression forms or dissolution of the salt slows or stops, subsidence structures are consistent with a tensional stress environment with prevalent normal faults. Detecting areas of rapid subsidence potential, prior to surface failure, is the ultimate goal of any geotechnical survey where the ground surface is susceptible to settling. Seismic reflection images have helped correlate active subsidence to dormant paleofeatures, project horizontal growth of active sinkholes based on subsurface structures, and appraise the risk of catastrophic failure. ?? China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) and Springer-Verlag GmbH 2009.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Earth Science","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s12583-009-0042-z","issn":"1674487X","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., Xia, J., and Steeples, D., 2009, Seismic reflection characteristics of naturally-induced subsidence affecting transportation, in Journal of Earth Science, v. 20, no. 3, p. 496-512, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-009-0042-z.","startPage":"496","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217226,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-009-0042-z"},{"id":245153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b3fe4b08c986b3176d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steeples, D.W.","contributorId":45057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":460073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037435,"text":"70037435 - 2009 - Patterns of forest succession and impacts of flood in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:09","indexId":"70037435","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1452,"text":"Ecological Complexity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of forest succession and impacts of flood in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem","docAbstract":"The widespread loss of oak-hickory forests and the impacts of flood have been major issues of ecological interest concerning forest succession in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) floodplain. The data analysis from two comprehensive field surveys indicated that Quercus was one of the dominant genera in the UMR floodplain ecosystem prior to the 1993 flood and constituted 14% of the total number of trees and 28% of the total basal area. During the post-flood recovery period through 2006, Quercus demonstrated slower recovery rates in both the number of trees (4%) and basal area (17%). In the same period, Carya recovered greatly from the 1993 flood in terms of the number of trees (11%) and basal area (2%), compared to its minor status before the flood. Further analyses suggested that different species responded to the 1993 flood with varying tolerance and different succession strategies. In this study, the relation of flood-caused mortality rates and DBH, fm(d), can be expressed in negative exponential functions for each species. The results of this research also indicate that the growth functions are different for each species and might also be different between pre- and post-flood time periods. These functions indicate different survival strategies and emergent properties in responding to flood impacts. This research enhances our understanding of forest succession patterns in space and time in the UPR floodplain. And such understanding might be used to predict long-term impacts of floods on UMR floodplain forest dynamics in support of management and restoration. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Complexity","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.004","issn":"1476945X","usgsCitation":"Yin, Y., Wu, Y., Bartell, S., and Cosgriff, R., 2009, Patterns of forest succession and impacts of flood in the Upper Mississippi River floodplain ecosystem: Ecological Complexity, v. 6, no. 4, p. 463-472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.004.","startPage":"463","endPage":"472","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217299,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.004"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d1e4b0c8380cd77d6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Y.","contributorId":106228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wu, Y.","contributorId":79312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartell, S.M.","contributorId":16247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartell","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cosgriff, R.","contributorId":79769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosgriff","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156324,"text":"70156324 - 2009 - Ice and water on Newberry Volcano, central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-05T15:58:28.619743","indexId":"70156324","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"15","subseriesTitle":"Field Guide","title":"Ice and water on Newberry Volcano, central Oregon","docAbstract":"Newberry Volcano in central Oregon is dry over much of its vast area, except for the lakes in the caldera and the single creek that drains them. Despite the lack of obvious glacial striations and well-formed glacial moraines, evidence indicates that Newberry was glaciated. Meter-sized foreign blocks, commonly with smoothed shapes, are found on cinder cones as far as 7 km from the caldera rim. These cones also show evidence of shaping by flowing ice. In addition, multiple dry channels likely cut by glacial meltwater are common features of the eastern and western flanks of the volcano. On the older eastern flank of the volcano, a complex depositional and erosional history is recorded by lava flows, some of which flowed down channels, and interbedded sediments of probable glacial origin. Postglacial lava flows have subsequently filled some of the channels cut into the sediments. The evidence suggests that Newberry Volcano has been subjected to multiple glaciations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Volcanoes to vineyards: Geologic field trips through the dynamic landscape of the Pacific Northwest","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, Colorado","isbn":"9780813700151 0813700159","usgsCitation":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., and Jensen, R.A., 2009, Ice and water on Newberry Volcano, central Oregon, chap. of Volcanoes to vineyards: Geologic field trips through the dynamic landscape of the Pacific Northwest, v. 15, p. 81-90.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-014260","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Newberry Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.35635375976562,\n 43.64601335623949\n ],\n [\n -121.35635375976562,\n 43.79588033566535\n ],\n [\n -121.08444213867186,\n 43.79588033566535\n ],\n [\n -121.08444213867186,\n 43.64601335623949\n ],\n [\n -121.35635375976562,\n 43.64601335623949\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8b1e4b0518e3546a4c2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O’Connor, Jim oconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":2350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Jim","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":568680,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madin, Ian P.","contributorId":66404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madin","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568681,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorsey, Rebecca","contributorId":140302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorsey","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568682,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, Robert A.","contributorId":35469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7134,"text":"USFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156330,"text":"70156330 - 2009 - A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T17:02:49.163399","indexId":"70156330","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale","docAbstract":"Biodiversity offsets provide a mechanism for maintaining or enhancing environmental values in situations where development is sought despite detrimental environmental impacts. They seek to ensure that unavoidable negative environmental impacts of development are balanced by environmental gains, with the overall aim of achieving a net neutral or positive outcome. Once the decision has been made to offset, multiple issues arise regarding how to do so in practice. A key concern is site selection. In light of the general aim to locate offsets close to the affected sites to ensure that benefits accrue in the same area, what is the appropriate spatial scale for identifying potential offset sites (e.g., local, ecoregional)? We use the Marxan site-selection algorithm to address conceptual and methodological challenges associated with identifying a set of potential offset sites and determining an appropriate spatial scale for them. To demonstrate this process, we examined the design of offsets for impacts from development on the Jonah natural gas field in Wyoming.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/bio.2009.59.1.11","usgsCitation":"Kiesecker, J.M., Copeland, H., Pocewicz, A., Nibbelink, N., McKenney, B., Dahlke, J., Holloran, M., and Stroud, D., 2009, A framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: selecting sites and determining scale: BioScience, v. 59, no. 1, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.1.11.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":306969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Jonah Natural gas field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.31613581831388,\n 42.221528827754554\n ],\n [\n -109.40560387662359,\n 42.2154512355778\n ],\n [\n -109.29982453943417,\n 42.38726345773452\n ],\n [\n -109.12974795807075,\n 42.44990897985983\n ],\n [\n -109.25834244641878,\n 42.52485441231744\n ],\n [\n -109.33508431849731,\n 42.57833188549631\n ],\n [\n -109.35375126035412,\n 42.683624680266064\n ],\n [\n -109.51138321381299,\n 42.75067489251191\n ],\n [\n -109.66694106262099,\n 42.854155426508925\n ],\n [\n -109.73331241144592,\n 42.899753575202084\n ],\n [\n -109.87227742304755,\n 42.99236589091777\n ],\n [\n -109.96768623698335,\n 43.09998506500264\n ],\n [\n -110.01124243464966,\n 43.23159898919005\n ],\n [\n -110.17094849275902,\n 43.15750648566075\n ],\n [\n -110.26843141134526,\n 43.21043888191937\n ],\n [\n -110.36384022528107,\n 43.13783419239439\n ],\n [\n -110.47791598107413,\n 43.05914745139114\n ],\n [\n -110.4737677717728,\n 42.987880260955535\n ],\n [\n -110.39080358574151,\n 42.94993847620961\n ],\n [\n -110.49036060897868,\n 42.81011119589323\n ],\n [\n -110.45095262061417,\n 42.587561094748196\n ],\n [\n -110.41361873690012,\n 42.51727735094272\n ],\n [\n -110.42606336480466,\n 42.4438534172873\n ],\n [\n -110.42813746945555,\n 42.37800465224217\n ],\n [\n -110.31820992296433,\n 42.336622424355085\n ],\n [\n -110.31613581831388,\n 42.221528827754554\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d5a8aae4b0518e3546a49c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiesecker, Joseph M.","contributorId":146679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiesecker","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Copeland, Holly","contributorId":120920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"Holly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pocewicz, Amy","contributorId":146680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pocewicz","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nibbelink, Nate","contributorId":146681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nibbelink","given":"Nate","affiliations":[{"id":13266,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenney, Bruce","contributorId":146683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKenney","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dahlke, John","contributorId":146684,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahlke","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6659,"text":"Wyoming Wildlife Consultants","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holloran, Matthew J.","contributorId":44403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloran","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stroud, Dan","contributorId":146685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stroud","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5105,"text":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, Wyoming 82941","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70037491,"text":"70037491 - 2009 - Kootenai River velocities, depth, and white sturgeon spawning site selection – A mystery unraveled?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-12T08:43:30","indexId":"70037491","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kootenai River velocities, depth, and white sturgeon spawning site selection – A mystery unraveled?","docAbstract":"The Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus population in Idaho, US and British Columbia (BC), Canada became recruitment limited shortly after Libby Dam became fully operational on the Kootenai River, Montana, USA in 1974. In the USA the species was listed under the Endangered Species Act in September of 1994. Kootenai River white sturgeon spawn within an 18-km reach in Idaho, river kilometer (rkm) 228.0–246.0. Each autumn and spring Kootenai River white sturgeon follow a ‘short two-step’ migration from the lower river and Kootenay Lake, BC, to staging reaches downstream of Bonners Ferry, Idaho. Initially, augmented spring flows for white sturgeon spawning were thought to be sufficient to recover the population. Spring discharge mitigation enhanced white sturgeon spawning but a series of research investigations determined that the white sturgeon were spawning over unsuitable incubation and rearing habitat (sand) and that survival of eggs and larvae was negligible. It was not known whether post-Libby Dam management had changed the habitat or if the white sturgeon were not returning to more suitable spawning substrates farther upstream. Fisheries and hydrology researchers made a team effort to determine if the spawning habitat had been changed by Libby Dam operations. Researchers modeled and compared velocities, sediment transport, and bathymetry with post-Libby Dam white sturgeon egg collection locations. Substrate coring studies confirmed cobbles and gravel substrates in most of the spawning locations but that they were buried under a meter or more of post-Libby Dam sediment. Analysis suggested that Kootenai River white sturgeon spawn in areas of highest available velocity and depths over a range of flows. Regardless of the discharge, the locations of accelerating velocities and maximum depth do not change and spawning locations remain consistent. Kootenai River white sturgeon are likely spawning in the same locations as pre-dam, but post-Libby Dam water management has reduced velocities and shear stress, thus sediment is now covering the cobbles and gravels. Although higher discharges will likely provide more suitable spawning and rearing conditions, this would be socially and politically unacceptable because it would bring the river elevation to or in excess of 537.66 m, which is flood stage. Thus, support should be given to habitat modifications incorporated into a management plan to restore suitable habitat and ensure better survival of eggs and larvae.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01364.x","usgsCitation":"Paragamian, V., McDonald, R., Nelson, G., and Barton, G., 2009, Kootenai River velocities, depth, and white sturgeon spawning site selection – A mystery unraveled?: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 25, no. 6, p. 640-646, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01364.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"640","endPage":"646","ipdsId":"IP-011633","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476222,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01364.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217094,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01364.x"}],"volume":"25","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40c9e4b0c8380cd65030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paragamian, V.L.","contributorId":54439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paragamian","given":"V.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, R.","contributorId":27668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, G.J.","contributorId":19814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barton, G.","contributorId":7111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037484,"text":"70037484 - 2009 - Biodegradation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and testosterone in stream sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-30T14:04:48","indexId":"70037484","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biodegradation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and testosterone in stream sediments","docAbstract":"The release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent poses a significant threat to the ecology of surface water receptors, due to impacts on the hormonal control, sexual development, reproductive success and community structure of the indigenous aquatic organisms and associated wildlife. Among the EDCs commonly observed in WWTP effluent, the natural [e.g., 17??-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1)] and synthetic [e.g., ethynylestradiol (EE2)] estrogens are particular concerns owing to their high endocrine reactivity in both in vitro and in vivo laboratory models. These reproductive hormones have been identified as the primary cause of estrogenic effects in wastewater effluent, with greater than 95% of the estrogen receptor agonist activity in effluent attributed to this contaminant group. The potentials for in situ biodegradation of 17??-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and testosterone (T) were investigated in three, hydrologically-distinct, WWTP-impacted streams in the United States. Relative differences in the mineralization of [4-14C] substrates were assessed in oxic microcosms containing sediment or water-only from locations upstream and downstream of the WWTP outfall in each system. Upstream samples provided insight into the biodegradative potential of sediment microbial communities that were not under the immediate impact of WWTP effluent. Upstream sediment from all three systems demonstrated significant mineralization of the \"A\" ring of E2, E1 and T, with the potential of T biodegradation consistently greater than of E2 and no systematic difference in the potentials of E2 and E1. Downstream samples provided insight into the impacts of effluent on reproductive hormone biodegradation. Significant \"A\" ring mineralization was also observed in downstream sediment, with the potentials for E1 and T mineralization being substantially depressed relative to upstream samples. In marked contrast, the potentials for E2 mineralization immediately downstream of the WWTP outfalls were more than double that of upstream samples. E2 mineralization was also observed in water, albeit at insufficient rate to prevent substantial downstream transport in the water column. The results of this study indicate that, in combination with sediment sorption processes which effectively scavenge hydrophobic contaminants from the water column and immobilize them in the vicinity of the WWTP outfall, aerobic biodegradation of reproductive hormones can be an environmentally important mechanism for nonconservative (destructive) attenuation of hormonal endocrine disruptors in effluent-impacted streams.
","largerWorkTitle":"In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation-2009: Proceedings of the 10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium","conferenceTitle":"10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation-2009","conferenceDate":"5 May 2009 through 8 May 2009","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","isbn":"9780981973012","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., Barber, L.B., McMahon, P., Gray, J., and Kolpin, D., 2009, Biodegradation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and testosterone in stream sediments, in In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation-2009: Proceedings of the 10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, Baltimore, MD, 5 May 2009 through 8 May 2009.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f145e4b0c8380cd4ab45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, J.L.","contributorId":18566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037490,"text":"70037490 - 2009 - Introduction to \"northern Gulf of Mexico ecosystem change and hazards susceptibility\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T16:01:22.195702","indexId":"70037490","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction to \"northern Gulf of Mexico ecosystem change and hazards susceptibility\"","docAbstract":"The northern Gulf of Mexico and its diverse natural resources are threatened by population and development pressure, and by the impacts of rising sea level and severe storms. In the wake of the devastating 2005 hurricane season, and in response to the complex management issues facing the region, the U.S. Geological Survey organized the multidisciplinary “Northern Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Change and Hazards Susceptibility” project. This special issue of Geo-Marine Letters hosts a few of the early results in the form of 11 papers covering three themes: (1) the control exerted by the underlying geologic framework on geomorphology and nearshore processes and features; (2) impact of human activities on nearshore water quality; and (3) hurricanes and associated effects.
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