{"pageNumber":"211","pageRowStart":"5250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11364,"records":[{"id":70021250,"text":"70021250 - 1999 - Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:34:53","indexId":"70021250","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"Nearshore and shelf fish communities were studied in three areas of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: the Barren Islands (oceanic and well-mixed waters), Kachemak Bay (mixed oceanic waters with significant freshwater runoff), and Chisik Island (estuarine waters). Fish were sampled with beach seines (n=413 sets) and midwater trawls (n=39 sets). We found that lower Cook Inlet supported a diverse nearshore fish community of at least 52 species. Fifty of these species were caught in Kachemak Bay, 24 at Chisik Island, and 12 at the Barren Islands. Pacific sand lance dominated Barren Islands and Kachemak Bay nearshore habitats, comprising 99% and 71% of total individuals, respectively. The nearshore Chisik Island fish community was not dominated by any one species; instead it exhibited higher diversity. These spatial differences appeared linked to local oceanographic regimes and sediment influx. Analysis of historical data revealed that the nearshore Kachemak Bay fish community changed significantly between 1976 and 1996, showing increased diversity and abundance in several taxa, notably gadids, salmonids, pleuronectids, and sculpins. Decadal differences appeared to be related to large-scale climate changes in the North Pacific. Catches of most taxa peaked in May-August, and were low during other months of the year. Several species were present for only part of the summer. Species composition of seine catches differed significantly between consecutive high and low tides, but not between consecutive sets or years. Midwater trawls took 26 species, 14 of which were present in Kachemak Bay, 19 near Chisik Island, and 7 at the Barren Islands. Community structures in shelf and nearshore waters were similar: diversity was high and abundance low at Chisik Island, whereas a few abundant species dominated at both Kachemak Bay and the Barren Islands. In addition, the low fish abundance near Chisik Island appeared to be related to declining seabird numbers at this colony.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Piatt, J.F., Kettle, A.B., and Abookire, A.A., 1999, Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: Fishery Bulletin, v. 97, no. 4, p. 962-977.","startPage":"962","endPage":"977","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336338,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/974/974toc.htm","text":"Fishery Bulletin: Volume 97, Issue 4"}],"volume":"97","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4e9e4b08c986b320675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kettle, Arthur B.","contributorId":98064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kettle","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020929,"text":"70020929 - 1999 - Patterns of variation in size and composition of Greater Scaup eggs: Are they related?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T15:19:28","indexId":"70020929","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of variation in size and composition of Greater Scaup eggs: Are they related?","docAbstract":"

We studied egg size variation of Greater Scaup (Aythya marila) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska from 1991-1996. Mean egg size was 64.36±0.03 (SE) ml. Egg size did not vary with clutch size or serve as an index of body size. There was less than 2% overlap in total clutch volumes for clutches of different sizes indicating that phenotypic clutch size-egg size trade-offs are not occurring among individuals. At the population level, Greater Scaup have less variation in egg size than other species of waterfowl. The proportion of variation in egg size caused by differences among females was 0.20, caused by differences within females among years was 0.25, and caused by differences within females and years (i.e., clutches) was 0.56. The proportion of egg lipid decreased with increasing egg size while the proportion of egg protein increased with egg size. Thus, Greater Scaup appear to trade-off lipid for protein as egg size increases. The proportion of variation that was due to differences among females in total egg protein was 0.79 and in total egg lipid was 0.49. We conclude that in the absence of a fitness trade-off between clutch size and egg size, selection has reduced among-individual variation in egg size.

","language":"English","publisher":"H.W. Wilson Co.","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., and Grand, J.B., 1999, Patterns of variation in size and composition of Greater Scaup eggs: Are they related?: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 111, no. 4, p. 465-471.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"471","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4164130"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -166,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -166,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75ede4b0c8380cd77e12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013284,"text":"1013284 - 1999 - Population demographics and genetic diversity in remnant and translocated populations of sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T12:50:25.321915","indexId":"1013284","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population demographics and genetic diversity in remnant and translocated populations of sea otters","docAbstract":"

The effects of small population size on genetic diversity and subsequent population recovery are theoretically predicted, but few empirical data are available to describe those relations. We use data from four remnant and three translocated sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) populations to examine relations among magnitude and duration of minimum population size, population growth rates, and genetic variation. Mitochondrial (mt)DNA haplotype diversity was correlated with the number of years at minimum population size (rs = −0.741, p = 0.038) and minimum population size (rs = 0.709, p = 0.054). We found no relation between population growth and haplotype diversity, although growth was significantly greater in translocated than in remnant populations. Haplotype diversity in populations established from two sources was higher than in a population established from a single source and was higher than in the respective source populations. Haplotype frequencies in translocated populations of founding sizes of 4 and 28 differed from expected, indicating genetic drift and differential reproduction between source populations, whereas haplotype frequencies in a translocated population with a founding size of 150 did not. Relations between population demographics and genetic characteristics suggest that genetic sampling of source and translocated populations can provide valuable inferences about translocations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98124.x","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Cronin, M.A., and Scribner, K., 1999, Population demographics and genetic diversity in remnant and translocated populations of sea otters: Conservation Biology, v. 13, no. 6, p. 1378-1385, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98124.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1378","endPage":"1385","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia, California, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island, Kodiak Island, Prince Willam Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 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A.","contributorId":80216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021020,"text":"70021020 - 1999 - Microsatellite diversity and conservation of a relic trout population: McCloud River redband trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T15:01:54","indexId":"70021020","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microsatellite diversity and conservation of a relic trout population: McCloud River redband trout","docAbstract":"

Rainbow trout native to the McCloud River, California, USA (Oncorhynchus mykiss stonei) are thought to represent a relic, nonanadromous trout adapted to harsh, fragmented environments. These fish, commonly named McCloud River ‘redband’ trout, survive in their most primitive form in a small, spring-fed stream, Sheepheaven Creek, in the upper McCloud River drainage. Turn-of-the-century fisheries records document both coastal anadromous steelhead and freshwater resident trout within the McCloud River drainage. The phylogenetic position of the McCloud River redband trout within O. mykiss has been debated for over 50 years. Based on phenotypic evidence, these fish were first reported as ‘southern Sierra golden trout’ by Wales in 1939. Behnke (1970) considered them a relic subspecies of nonanadromous, fine-scaled trout. Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA evidence suggested a coastal lineage. In this study, we examined within- and among-basin genetic associations for Sheepheaven Creek redband trout using 11 microsatellite loci. Within-basin analyses supported unique genetic characteristics in Sheepheaven Creek’s trout in comparisons with other McCloud River rainbow trout. Microsatellite data supported significant independence between Sheepheaven Creek fish and hatchery rainbow trout. Inter-basin genetic distance analyses positioned Sheepheaven Creek fish with samples collected from Lassen Creek, a geographically proximate stream containing inland redband trout. California’s redband trout shared a close genetic association with Little Kern River golden trout (O.m. whitei) and isolated rainbow trout from Rio Santo Domingo, Baja, Mexico (O.m. nelsoni), suggesting a vicariant distribution of microsatellite diversity throughout the southern range of this species.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00817.x","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Crow, K., and Fountain, M.C., 1999, Microsatellite diversity and conservation of a relic trout population: McCloud River redband trout: Molecular Ecology, v. 8, no. S1, p. S129-S142, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00817.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"S129","endPage":"S142","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Baja California, California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McCloud River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.2,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -124.5,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -115.81787109375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -124.2,\n 43.8503744993026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a1e4b0c8380cd6d6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, K.D.","contributorId":48724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fountain, Monique C.","contributorId":18528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"Monique","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008039,"text":"1008039 - 1999 - Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:23:38.201966","indexId":"1008039","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","title":"Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","docAbstract":"

Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-ortho PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in sea otter liver tissue from California, southeast Alaska, and the western Aleutian archipelago collected between 1988 and 1992. Average total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane concentrations for California otters (850 μg/kg wet weight) were over 20 times higher than in Aleutian otters (40 μg/kg) and over 800 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (1 μg/kg). Levels for total PCBs in Aleutian otters (310 μg/kg) were 1.7 times higher than levels in California otters (190 μg/kg) and 38 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (8 μg/kg). Levels for PCDD and PCDF were extremely low in all otter populations. Levels of PCBs in Aleutian and Californian otters are abnormally high when compared with southeast Alaskan otters. The source of PCBs to the Aleutian Islands remains unclear and vital to understanding the potential impacts to sea otters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180313","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Jarman, W.M., Estes, J.A., Simon, M., and Norstrom, R.J., 1999, Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, p. 452-458, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180313.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae27a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C.E.","contributorId":98270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarman, Walter M.","contributorId":21895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarman","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6950,"text":"U CA Santa Cruz Long Marine Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simon, M.","contributorId":15976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norstrom, R. J.","contributorId":69936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norstrom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021178,"text":"70021178 - 1999 - Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T11:15:43.720458","indexId":"70021178","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","docAbstract":"

Three 60 m long, 2·8 m high snowfences have been erected to study long-term effects of changing winter snow conditions on arctic and alpine tundra. This paper describes the experimental design and short-term effects. Open-top fiberglass warming chambers are placed along the experimental snow gradients and in controls areas outside the fences; each warming plot is paired with an unwarmed plot. The purpose of the experiment is to examine short- and long-term changes to the integrated physical-biological systems under simultaneous changes of winter snow regime and summer temperature, as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research network and the International Tundra Experiment. The sites were at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, a temperate high altitude site in the Colorado Rockies, and Toolik Lake, Alaska, a high-latitude site. Initial results indicate that although experimental designs are essentially identical at the arctic and alpine sites, experimental effects are different. The drift at Niwot Ridge lasts much longer than do the Toolik Lake drifts, so that the Niwot Ridge fence affects both summer and winter conditions, whereas the Toolik Lake fence affects primarily winter conditions. The temperature experiment also differs in effect between the sites. Although the average temperature increase at the two sites is similar (daily increase 1·5 °C at Toolik and 1·9 °C at Niwot Ridge), at Toolik Lake there is only minor diurnal variation, whereas at Niwot Ridge the daytime increases are extreme on sunny days (as much as 7–10 °C), and minimum nighttime temperatures in the chambers are often slightly cooler than ambient (by about 1 °C). The experimental drifts resulted in wintertime increases in temperature and CO2 flux. Temperatures under the deep drifts were much more consistent and warmer than in control areas, and at Niwot Ridge remained very close to 0 °C all winter. These increased temperatures were likely responsible for observed increases in system carbon loss. Initial changes to the aboveground biotic system included an increase in growth in response to both snow and warming, despite a reduced growing season. This is expected to be a transient response that will eventually be replaced by reduced growth. At least one species, Kobresia myosuroides, had almost completely died at Niwot Ridge three years after fence construction, whereas other species were increasing. We expect in both the short- and long-term to see the strongest effects of snow at the Niwot Ridge site, and stronger effects of temperature at Toolik Lake. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2315::AID-HYP888>3.0.CO;2-A","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Walker, M., Walker, D., Welker, J., Arft, A., Bardsley, T., Brooks, P.D., Fahnestock, J.T., Jones, M., Losleben, M., Parsons, A., Seastedt, T., and Turner, P., 1999, Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 14-15, p. 2315-2330, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2315::AID-HYP888>3.0.CO;2-A.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2315","endPage":"2330","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2315::aid-hyp888>3.0.co;2-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"14-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a498ee4b0c8380cd686f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, M.D.","contributorId":31937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, D.A.","contributorId":82484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welker, J.M.","contributorId":82868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welker","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arft, A.M.","contributorId":77689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arft","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bardsley, T.","contributorId":29152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bardsley","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, P. D.","contributorId":46060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fahnestock, J. T.","contributorId":54545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fahnestock","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jones, M.H.","contributorId":75716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Losleben, M.","contributorId":44690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Losleben","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Parsons, A.N.","contributorId":46238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Seastedt, T.R.","contributorId":57233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seastedt","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Turner, P.L.","contributorId":84942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70021245,"text":"70021245 - 1999 - Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:45:35","indexId":"70021245","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift","docAbstract":"

A shift in ocean climate during the late 1970s triggered a reorganization of community structure in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem, as evidenced in changing catch composition on long-term (1953 to 1997) small-mesh trawl surveys. Forage species such as pandalid shrimp and capelin declined because of recruitment failure and predation, and populations have not yet recovered. Total trawl catch biomass declined >50% and remained low through the 1980s. In contrast, recruitment of high trophic-level groundfish improved during the 1980s, yielding a >250% increase in catch biomass during the 1990s. This trophic reorganization apparently had negative effects on piscivorous sea birds and marine mammals.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps189117","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 189, p. 117-123, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps189117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","volume":"189","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80ae4b0c8380cd4ce43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, P.J.","contributorId":83058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003686,"text":"1003686 - 1999 - Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:47:21.304527","indexId":"1003686","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska","docAbstract":"

We found up to 10 ppm wet weight of selenium in blood samples collected from emperor geese (Chen canagica) on their breeding grounds on the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska, USA. Incubating adult females captured in late May through mid‐June 1997 had significantly higher concentrations of selenium in their blood (mean = 5.60 ppm) than adult females captured during wing molt in late July 1996 (mean = 2.78 ppm). Females that nested early or were in good body condition had higher concentrations of selenium in their blood than did other nesting females. Blood samples from 4 of 29 goslings had detectable levels of selenium (mean = 0.14 ppm). Our findings suggest that emperor geese are exposed to more selenium in the marine environment of their wintering and staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula than on the breeding grounds. The highest concentration of mercury found in the blood of emperor geese was 0.24 ppm. One bird had a blood lead concentration of 0.67 ppm, but 82% had no detectable lead in their blood, suggesting that lead exposure from the ingestion of lead shot poses little threat for emperor geese in western Alaska, contrary to findings reported for sympatric spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri).

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180522","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Schmutz, J.A., Creekmore, L.H., and Fowler, A.C., 1999, Concentrations of selenium, mercury, and lead in blood of emperor geese in western Alaska: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 5, p. 965-969, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180522.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"969","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.95947265624997,\n 61.42694704369651\n ],\n [\n -165.95123291015625,\n 61.257027767972566\n ],\n [\n -165.7177734375,\n 61.254386097464504\n ],\n [\n -165.7012939453125,\n 61.09813403696712\n ],\n [\n -165.61065673828125,\n 61.03169171684714\n ],\n [\n -165.31951904296875,\n 61.023709269797784\n ],\n [\n -165.113525390625,\n 60.97976989482837\n ],\n [\n -164.81689453125,\n 60.97443977804041\n ],\n [\n -164.72625732421875,\n 61.10875187858557\n ],\n [\n -164.849853515625,\n 61.25174420489185\n ],\n [\n -164.95697021484375,\n 61.38751318534717\n ],\n [\n -165.25909423828122,\n 61.51352639751439\n ],\n [\n -165.498046875,\n 61.52138531890536\n ],\n [\n -165.77270507812497,\n 61.510906315517424\n ],\n [\n -165.95947265624997,\n 61.42694704369651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. 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H.","contributorId":15137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fowler, A. C.","contributorId":95836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2002023,"text":"2002023 - 1999 - Annotated bibliography","indexId":"2002023","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Annotated bibliography"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70187538,"text":"70187538 - 1999 - Biology of the genus Ammodytes, the sand lances","indexId":"70187538","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Biology of the genus Ammodytes, the sand lances"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70187539,"text":"70187539 - 1999 - Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations","indexId":"70187539","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T12:26:39","indexId":"70187537","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":73,"text":"Research Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"PNW-RP-521","title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"

Six species of sand lance (Ammodytes) in temperate and boreal regions are currently recognized. Sand lance can occupy a wide range of environmental conditions, but all appear to be dormant predominantly in winter, and one species is in summer also. They lack a swim bladder and spend much of their time buried in specific substrates. Copepods are the primary food. Spawning usually occurs in fall or winter (although some species also spawn in spring), eggs are demersal, and larvae may hatch at times of low food abundance. Sand lance usually occur in schools and are regarded as a relatively high-quality forage fish.

Sand lance constitute a major prey for at least some populations of over 100 species of consumer, including 40 species of birds, 12 species of marine mammals, 45 species of fishes, and some invertebrates. Variation in the availability of sand lance (and other forage fishes) can have major effects on the breeding success and survival of their predators. Commercial fishing and other pressures on sand lance populations potentially have ramifying effects on many species of wildlife.

The bibliography contains over 1,700 references on the family Ammodytidae, with an emphasis on the genus Ammodytes. Keywords are provided for each reference and have been further organized into taxonomic, geographic, subject, and predator indexes.

","language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"1999, Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography: Research Paper PNW-RP-521, 327 p.","productDescription":"327 p.","numberOfPages":"340","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2934"}],"publicComments":"This product is the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 99346 Final Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183dbe4b0e541a03c1ad6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694356,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willson, Mary F.","contributorId":27974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694357,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, Robert H.","contributorId":71664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694358,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187948,"text":"70187948 - 1999 - Seasonal shorebird use of intertidal habitats in Cook Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T13:01:06","indexId":"70187948","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5,"text":"BOEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"MMS 99-0012","title":"Seasonal shorebird use of intertidal habitats in Cook Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Seasonal shorebird use of intertidal habitats of Cook Inlet, Alaska, was studied from February 1997 to February 1999 using aerial surveys as the principal method of assessment. On-ground studies were conducted to validate aerial survey results and to assess shorebird use of vegetated habitats, especially during the breeding season. Twenty-eight species of shorebirds were recorded using the area, ranging from all being present during spring to a single species present during winter. The annual pattern of use was characterized by the sudden occurrence and rapid increase in numbers of birds during early May and their abrupt departure in mid- to late-May. During this period, survey totals frequently exceeded 150,000 birds per day. Comparatively little use occurred during summer and autumn, but use was significant from late autumn to early spring when Rock Sandpipers (Calidris ptilocnemis) resided in the Inlet. A single species, the Western Sandpiper (C. maun), was by far the numerically dominant shorebird, accounting for three-fourths of all birds recorded. The Pacific flyway population of this species numbers 2-3 million birds of which we estimated 20-47% used Cook Inlet embayments, especially southern Redoubt Bay. Cook .Inlet also supported between 11 and 21% of the Pacific flyway population of Dunlin (C. alpina pacifica) and what may be the entire population (ca. 20,000 birds) of the nominate race of the Rock Sandpiper (C. p. ptilocnemis). Several areas along the west side of Cook Inlet proved to be extremely important to shorebirds. Southern Redoubt Bay supported 73% of all shorebirds during spring (average 32,000 per day) while Susitna Flats accounted for 82% of use during winter (8,400 per day). International criteria used to assess the conservation importance of particular wetland sites to shorebirds not only place Cook Inlet at the highest level of recognition but afford similar recognition to several individual embayments therein. The large human population and the extent of oil and natural gas production facilities occurring in the Cook Inlet region potentially pose serious risks to shorebirds and intertidal habitats.

","language":"English","publisher":"Minerals Management Service","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., and Tibbitts, T.L., 1999, Seasonal shorebird use of intertidal habitats in Cook Inlet, Alaska: BOEM MMS 99-0012, vii, 55 p.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"67","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/Alaska-Reports-1990/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":696070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002023,"text":"2002023 - 1999 - Annotated bibliography","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2002023,"text":"2002023 - 1999 - Annotated bibliography","indexId":"2002023","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Annotated bibliography"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:33:24","indexId":"2002023","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"

This bibliography contains over 1,700 published and unpublished references on the family Ammodytidae with an emphasis on the genus Ammodytes. The references are alphabetical by author and then by year of publication.

Abstracts and summaries are included for the references we have seen and those provided electronically by others. Abstracts written by the original authors are within quotation marks; abstracts not in quotation marks were written by the compilers of this bibliography

For each reference, we provide keywords. For references obtained electronically, we used the keywords provided by others. References we were not able to review personally may contain information on additional subjects about sand lance not mentioned in the index.

The keywords have been further organized into taxonomic, geographic, subject, and predator indexes. For the taxonomic and predator indexes, we used the scientific or common name provided by the authors. No attempt was made to combine synonyms. For references in which no scientific name was provided, we used the most likely taxon.

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Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) occur in shallow coastal habitats and can be highly visible on the sea surface. They generally rest in groups and their detection depends on factors that include sea conditions, viewing platform, observer technique and skill, distance, habitat and group size. While visible on the surface, they are difficult to see while diving and may dive in response to an approaching survey platform. We developed and tested an aerial survey method that uses intensive searches within portions of strip transects to adjust for availability and sightability biases. Correction factors are estimated independently for each survey and observer. In tests of our method using shore-based observers, we estimated detection probabilities of 0.52-0.72 in standard strip-transects and 0.96 in intensive searches. We used the survey method in Prince William Sound, Alaska to estimate a sea otter population size of 9,092 (SE = 1422). The new method represents an improvement over various aspects of previous methods, but additional development and testing will be required prior to its broad application.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on surveys, status & trends of marine mammal populations","conferenceDate":"25-27 February, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"A.A. Balkema","publisherLocation":"Rotterdam, Netherlands","isbn":"9789058090430","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Udevitz, M.S., 1999, An aerial survey method to estimate sea otter abundance, in Marine mammal survey and assessment methods, Seattle, WA, 25-27 February, 1998, p. 13-26.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Marine-Mammal-Survey-and-Assessment-Methods/Laake-Robertson-Amstrup/p/book/9789058090430"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68699b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":504856,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":504855,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laake, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":83851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laake","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6578,"text":"National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA 98112, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":504854,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504857,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504852,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504853,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187539,"text":"70187539 - 1999 - Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187539,"text":"70187539 - 1999 - Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations","indexId":"70187539","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T12:27:46","indexId":"70187539","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations","docAbstract":"

Sand lance (Ammodytes) constitute a major prey for at least some populations of over 100 species of consumer, including 40 species of birds, 12 species of marine mammals, 45 species of fishes, and some invertebrates. Variation in the availability of sand lance (and other forage fishes) can have major effects on the breeding success and survival of their predators. Commercial fishing and other pressures on sand lance populations potentially have ramifying effects on many species of wildlife.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography (USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-RP-521)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Willson, M.F., Armstrong, R.H., Robards, M.D., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations, chap. of Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography (USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-RP-521), p. 17-44.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340903,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2934"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183dbe4b0e541a03c1ad2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694367,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willson, Mary F.","contributorId":27974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694368,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, Robert H.","contributorId":71664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694369,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694370,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Willson, Mary F.","contributorId":27974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Robert H.","contributorId":71664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186538,"text":"70186538 - 1999 - One Northwest community - People, salmon, rivers, and the sea: Towards sustainable salmon fisheries","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70186538,"text":"70186538 - 1999 - One Northwest community - People, salmon, rivers, and the sea: Towards sustainable salmon fisheries","indexId":"70186538","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"45","title":"One Northwest community - People, salmon, rivers, and the sea: Towards sustainable salmon fisheries"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70007007,"text":"70007007 - 1999 - Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon","indexId":"70007007","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70007007,"text":"70007007 - 1999 - Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon","indexId":"70007007","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:42:38","indexId":"70186538","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"45","title":"One Northwest community - People, salmon, rivers, and the sea: Towards sustainable salmon fisheries","docAbstract":"

Pacific salmon management is in crisis. Throughout their range, salmon and steelhead populations are being adversely affected by human activities. Without coordinated, effective, and timely action, the future of the Pacific salmon resource is most certainly in doubt. To address the challenges that are currently facing salmon management, concerned citizens representing a diverse array of government agencies and non-governmental organizations have agreed to cooperate in the development of a Sustainable Fisheries Strategy for west coast salmon and steelhead populations. The Strategy builds on the contents of this book, resulting from the Sustainable Fisheries Conference and subsequent community- and watershed-based citizen forums. This chapter presents the key elements of the Strategy including a common vision for the future, a series of guiding principles, and specific strategies for supporting sustainable fisheries. As such, the Strategy embraces an ecosystem-based approach to managing human activities, rather than the traditional egocentric approach to managing salmonid populations and associated habitats. A system of community-based, watershed-oriented councils, including all stakeholders and agency representatives, is proposed for effective transition to ecosystem-based salmon and steelhead management. It is our hope that everyone involved in Pacific salmon management will embrace both the spirit and the specific elements of the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy as we face the difficult challenges ahead.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","doi":"10.1201/9781439822678.ch45","isbn":"978-1-4398-2267-8","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D.D., Steward, C.R., and Knudsen, E.E., 1999, One Northwest community - People, salmon, rivers, and the sea: Towards sustainable salmon fisheries, chap. 45 of Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon, p. 687-701, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439822678.ch45.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"701","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60275e4b09da6799ac69b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Knudsen, E. Eric","contributorId":104818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688655,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steward, Cleveland R.","contributorId":45226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steward","given":"Cleveland","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688656,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald","contributorId":71893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688657,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Jack E.","contributorId":93774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688658,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reiser, Dudley W.","contributorId":114160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reiser","given":"Dudley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688659,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":176179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steward, Cleveland R.","contributorId":45226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steward","given":"Cleveland","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knudsen, E. Eric","contributorId":104818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knudsen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185424,"text":"70185424 - 1999 - Juvenile Marbled Murrelet nurseries and the productivity index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:35:45","indexId":"70185424","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Juvenile Marbled Murrelet nurseries and the productivity index","docAbstract":"

Late summer counts of juveniles at sea are used as an index of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) reproductive success, but little is known about juvenile dispersal or habitat use. Further, it is not known whether these counts accurately reflect absolute breeding success. To address these questions we conducted five boat surveys for Marbled Murrelets and Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska between 7-24 August 1996. Juvenile murrelet distribution in the bay was patchy, and we identified a juvenile Marbled Murrelet 'nursery' area in the outer bay. Fifty-three of 61 juvenile murrelets were in this area, whereas after-hatch-year (AHY) murrelets were dispersed throughout the bay, as were juvenile and AHY Pigeon Guillemots. The murrelet nursery was characterized by water inside of or at the edge of a 20 m deep contour, semi-protected seas, productive waters, and a large bed of Nereocystis kelp. Juveniles comprised 16.1% of all murrelets and 24.8% of all guillemots observed at sea. These data suggest a maximum reproductive success of 0.32 chicks/pair if all AHY murrelets were breeding and 0.46 chicks/pair if only 70% of AHY murrelets were breeding. For guillemots, maximum productivity estimated from at-sea counts was 0.50 chicks/pair if all AHY were breeding and 0.71 chicks/pair if only 70% were breeding. The guillemot estimate was similar to that obtained by concurrent studies at nine guillemot colonies in the bay (0.56 chicks/pair). These results suggest that at sea surveys in late summer provide a reasonable index of local productivity for nearshore alcids. Further, if murrelet nursery areas can be found, at sea counts may provide a valid measure of absolute productivity.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Kuletz, K.J., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Juvenile Marbled Murrelet nurseries and the productivity index: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 111, no. 2, p. 257-261.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"261","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kachemak Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.9244384765625,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -150.82305908203125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -150.82305908203125,\n 59.875155047865434\n ],\n [\n -151.9244384765625,\n 59.875155047865434\n ],\n [\n -151.9244384765625,\n 59.32338185310805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b92e4b0236b68f82900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuletz, Kathy J.","contributorId":24669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuletz","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021958,"text":"70021958 - 1999 - Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T18:14:23.383954","indexId":"70021958","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada","docAbstract":"

Anadromous northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma support a summer subsistence fishery in Beaufort Sea coastal waters. These same waters coincide with areas of oil and gas exploration and development. The purpose of this study was to assess variation in stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from sites along 400 km of Beaufort Sea coast. Mixed‐stock analyses (MSA) of allozyme data were used to compare collections from four sites (Endicott near Prudhoe Bay, Mikkelsen Bay, and Kaktovik in Alaska and Phillips Bay in Canada) and to assess variation in stock contributions among summer months and between 1987 and 1988. The MSA estimates for individual stocks were summed into estimates for three stock groups: western stocks from the area near Sagavarnirktok River and Prudhoe Bay (SAG), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge stocks (Arctic Refuge), and Canadian stocks. The MSA of Endicott samples taken in 1987 and 1988 did not differ among months in terms of contributions from local SAG stocks (range, 71–95%). Contributions from nonlocal (>100 km distant) Canadian and Arctic Refuge stocks were not different from zero in 1987, but contributions from Canadian stocks were so in July (17%) and August (20%) but not in September of 1988. Thus, stock contributions to Endicott collections were different between 1987 and 1988. Samples from the Kaktovik area in 1988 were different between months in terms of contributions from nonlocal SAG stocks (July, 7%; August, 27%). Significant contributions to these samples were made both months by Canadian (25% and 17%) and local Arctic Refuge stocks (68% and 56%). Among the four coastal sites, local stocks typically contributed most to collections; however, every site had collections that contained significant contributions from nonlocal stocks. The MSA estimates clearly revealed the movement of Dolly Varden between U.S. and Canada coastal waters. If local stocks are affected by oil and gas development activities, distant subsistence fisheries along the coast could also be affected.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0049:SOODVC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Krueger, C., Wilmot, R., and Everett, R., 1999, Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 1, p. 49-57, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0049:SOODVC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Kaktovik, Mikkelsen Bay, Phillips Bay, Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 71.33199231177122\n ],\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 68.92852198639318\n ],\n [\n -136.5522082329044,\n 68.92852198639318\n ],\n [\n -136.5522082329044,\n 71.33199231177122\n ],\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 71.33199231177122\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9857e4b08c986b31bfa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilmot, R.L.","contributorId":97662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmot","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Everett, R.J.","contributorId":42740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188700,"text":"70188700 - 1999 - Turnagain Arm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T13:33:23","indexId":"70188700","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Turnagain Arm","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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For at least 5 yr after the Exxon Valdez spill, relatively unweathered oil mousse has persisted on the exposed rocky shores of Shelikof Strait 500 km from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Previously it was thought that oil would be rapidly removed from such geomorphic settings by wave action. Oil mousse persists at sites in Katmai National Park and Preserve (NP&P) where it was stranded high in the intertidal zone under a lag of large boulders. These boulders armor the beach, preventing waves from disturbing the substrate and its included oil. Weathering of this stranded mousse has been slight – mousse sampled in 1989, 1992 and 1994 show negligible changes in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons compared to 11-day old Exxon Valdez crude. The preservation of this oil is due to its transport as mousse boli whose interiors largely escape weathering, followed by its sheltering in the interstices of boulder-armored beaches. The transport of mousse may allow for the long distance dispersal of less weathered, and hence still toxic oil. Our findings suggest that the low ecological sensitivity ratings previously applied to exposed, rocky shorelines need to be modified. The biological threat posed by oil stranded on the Katmai NP&P coast probably is slight because of its small amount and sequestered state. However, it still possesses the ability to be chemically toxic and could be released through disturbance of the armoring boulders by unusually high wave events.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00115-5","usgsCitation":"Irvine, G.V., Mann, D.H., and Short, J.W., 1999, Multi-year persistence of oil mousse on high energy beaches distant from the Exxon Valdez spill origin: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 38, no. 7, p. 572-584, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00115-5.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"572","endPage":"584","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shelikof Strait","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.796875,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -151.248779296875,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -151.248779296875,\n 59.226555635719215\n ],\n [\n -156.796875,\n 59.226555635719215\n ],\n [\n -156.796875,\n 56.9449741808516\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, Daniel H.","contributorId":67010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Short, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":26602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186529,"text":"70186529 - 1999 - Setting the stage for a sustainable Pacific salmon fisheries strategy","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70186529,"text":"70186529 - 1999 - Setting the stage for a sustainable Pacific salmon fisheries strategy","indexId":"70186529","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"Setting the stage for a sustainable Pacific salmon fisheries strategy"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70007007,"text":"70007007 - 1999 - Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon","indexId":"70007007","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70007007,"text":"70007007 - 1999 - Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon","indexId":"70007007","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:44:45","indexId":"70186529","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Setting the stage for a sustainable Pacific salmon fisheries strategy","docAbstract":"

Salmon and steelhead Oncorhynchus spp., have been keystone species for ecosystems and human cultures of the North American Pacific coast for cons. Yet, in the past century, many populations have been greatly diminished and some are now extinct-the result of a combination of factors, including habitat loss and degradation, overfishing, natural variability in salmon production, negative effects of artificial propagation, and weaknesses in institutional and regulatory structures. We argue that a major shift is required, from the egocentric environmental approach (wherein each part of the ecosystem is managed as a unit) to the ecocentric ecosystem approach (wherein all parts are integrated for management). A management framework is proposed that contains-for each management unit such as a watershed-four elements: management goals; management objectives, ecosystem indicators; and a coordinated action plan. We also describe the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy, a consultative process for developing an ecosystem-based approach toward achieving sustainable Pacific salmon and steelhead populations and fisheries. This book is one of three important underpinnings of the Strategy; the other two are the Strategy itself and a manual being developed to guide community-based programs embracing the principles of sustainable fisheries. This book contains important historical perspectives as well as numerous innovative ideas for moving toward ecosystem-oriented, sustainable management of Pacific salmon and steelhead.

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No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ducks, geese, and swans","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Oxford, UK","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., 1999, Emperor goose Anser canagicus, chap. of Ducks, geese, and swans: Bird Families of the World.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352837,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70186638","text":"More Recent Edition"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12ece4b0da30c1bfd333","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kear, Janet","contributorId":111746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kear","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731887,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046629,"text":"70046629 - 1999 - 1:2,000,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T14:56:41","indexId":"70046629","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"1:2,000,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States","docAbstract":"This data set has been superseded by huc2m. This file contains hydrologic unit boundaries and codes for the conterminous United States along with Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was revised for inclusion in the National Atlas of the United States of America, and updated to match the streams file created by the USGS National Mapping Division (NMD) for the National Atlas of the United States of America. For the most current data and information relating to hydrologic unit codes (HUCs) please see http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html. The Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) is the most current data available for watershed delineation. See http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/water/watersheds/dataset","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046629","usgsCitation":"Watermolen, J., 1999, 1:2,000,000-scale Hydrologic Units of the United States (Version 1.12), Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046629.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273851,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/huc2m_v112.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 170.87,17.68 ], [ 170.87,71.77 ], [ -66.88,71.77 ], [ -66.88,17.68 ], [ 170.87,17.68 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c02fe4e4b0ee1529ed3c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watermolen, John","contributorId":108383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watermolen","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181854,"text":"70181854 - 1999 - Behaviour and ecology of sea ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:50:15","indexId":"70181854","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2919,"text":"Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behaviour and ecology of sea ducks","docAbstract":"

In November 1995... a full-day symposium on the biology of sea ducks was held. The papers in this volume were presented at this symposium. It is hoped that by synthesizing this information, more informed management decisions for sea ducks may emerge. The symposium contents help to emphasize the seriousness of some conservation issues facing sea ducks, notably the possible endangerment of the eastern population of Barrow's Goldeneye and the dwindling number of eider ducks in the Nearctic, while also providing new data on the behaviour and habitat use of this beautiful group of ducks.

","conferenceDate":"November 1995","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","issn":"0576-6370","isbn":"0-662-28114-4","usgsCitation":"Goudie, R.I., Petersen, M.R., and Robertson, G.J., 1999, Behaviour and ecology of sea ducks: Occasional Paper of the Canadian Wildlife Service, 88 p.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335405,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/pub?id=9.614924&sl=0"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a4253ae4b0c825128ad477","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goudie, R. Ian","contributorId":181609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goudie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, Gregory J.","contributorId":173883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robertson","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":27311,"text":"Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":668835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181039,"text":"70181039 - 1999 - Status and biology of the Steller's eider in Yakutia, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:23:54.869475","indexId":"70181039","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1193,"text":"Casarca","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and biology of the Steller's eider in Yakutia, Russia","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"Russian, English","usgsCitation":"Degtyarev, A.G., Sleptsov, S., Troev, S., Pearce, J.M., and Petersen, M.R., 1999, Status and biology of the Steller's eider in Yakutia, Russia: Casarca, v. 5, p. 249-262.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Yakutia","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a18225e4b0c825128564ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Degtyarev, Andrei G.","contributorId":13775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Degtyarev","given":"Andrei","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":28156,"text":"Yakutsk Institute of Biology, Yakutsk, Russia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":663423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sleptsov, S.M.","contributorId":179381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sleptsov","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troev, S.P.","contributorId":179382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troev","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":663425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":663426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":663427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70181032,"text":"70181032 - 1999 - Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:09:14","indexId":"70181032","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately well-sorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano. The distribution of the sand and its sedimentary characteristics are consistent with emplacement by tsunami. The pumiceous sand most likely represents redeposition by tsunami of climactic fallout tephra and beach sand during the approximately 3.5 ka Aniakchak caldera-forming eruption on the Alaska Peninsula. We propose that a tsunami was generated by the sudden entrance of a rapidly moving, voluminous pyroclastic flow from Aniakchak into Bristol Bay. A seismic trigger for the tsunami is unlikely, because tectonic structures suitable for tsunami generation are present only south of the Alaska Peninsula. The pumiceous sand in coastal peat of northern Bristol Bay is the first documented geologic evidence of a tsunami initiated by a volcanic eruption in Alaska.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050220","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Neal, C.A., 1999, Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 110-124, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050220.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"124","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aniakchak Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a0254fe4b099f50d3e04da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":663387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":663388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189411,"text":"70189411 - 1999 - Implications of climate change for Alaska's seabirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T13:03:43","indexId":"70189411","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Implications of climate change for Alaska's seabirds","docAbstract":"

Seabirds are prominent and highly visible components of marine ecosystems that will be affected by global climate change. The Bering Sea region is particularly important to seabirds; populations there are larger and more diverse than in any similar region in North America—over 90% of seabirds breeding in the continental United States are found in this region. Seabirds, so named because they spend at least 80% of their lives at sea, are dependent upon marine resources for food. As prey availability changes in response to climatically driven factors such as surface sea temperature and extent of sea ice, so will populations of seabirds be affected.

Seabirds are valued as indicators of healthy marine ecosystems and provide a “vicarious use value” or existence value—people appreciate and value seabirds simply because they are there and enjoy them through venues such as pictures, nature programs, and written accounts without ever directly observing seabirds in their native environment. A direct measure of this value is demonstrated by Federal legislation that established specific national wildlife refuges to protect seabirds and international treaty obligations that provide additional protection for seabirds. Seabirds are also an important subsistence resource for many who live within the Bering Sea region. Furthermore, the rich knowledge base about seabirds makes them a valuable resource as indicator species for measurement of change in the marine environment. Understanding this latter relationship is particularly important for seabirds as they can be dramatically affected by development-related activities (e.g., oil spills, fishing); understanding the population effects due to climatic change is critical to interpreting the actual effects of specific human activities or events.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Assessing the consequences of climate change for Alaska and the Bering Sea region","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on the Consequences of Climate Change for Alaska and the Bering Sea Region","conferenceDate":"October 29–30, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","usgsCitation":"Meehan, R., Byrd, G.V., Divoky, G.J., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Implications of climate change for Alaska's seabirds, in Assessing the consequences of climate change for Alaska and the Bering Sea region, Fairbanks, AK, October 29–30, 1998, p. 75-89.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.besis.uaf.edu/besis-oct98-report/besis-oct98-report.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673545e4b0d1f9f05dd7f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Weller, Gunter","contributorId":113764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weller","given":"Gunter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704533,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Patricia A.","contributorId":113425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704534,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrd, G. Vernon","contributorId":88416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrd","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vernon","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Divoky, George J.","contributorId":100912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Divoky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}