{"pageNumber":"211","pageRowStart":"5250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":70003362,"text":"70003362 - 2009 - Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T18:36:07.567184","indexId":"70003362","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-27T11:42:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs","docAbstract":"Turquoise Lake is a water-supply reservoir located north of the historic Sugarloaf Mining district near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Elevated water levels in the reservoir may increase flow of low-quality water from abandoned mine tunnels in the Sugarloaf District and degrade water quality downstream. The objective of this study was to understand the sources of water to Dinero mine drainage tunnel and evaluate whether or not there was a direct hydrologic connection between Dinero mine tunnel and Turquoise Lake from late 2002 to early 2008. This study utilized hydrograph data from nearby draining mine tunnels and the lake, and stable isotope (&delta;<sup>18</sup>O and &delta;<sup>2</sup>H) data from the lake, nearby draining mine tunnels, imported water, and springs to characterize water sources in the study area. Hydrograph results indicate that flow from the Dinero mine tunnel decreased 26% (2006) and 10% (2007) when lake elevation (above mean sea level) decreased below approximately 3004 m (approximately 9855 feet). Results of isotope analysis delineated two meteoric water lines in the study area. One line characterizes surface water and water imported to the study area from the western side of the Continental Divide. The other line characterizes groundwater including draining mine tunnels, springs, and seeps. Isotope mixing calculations indicate that water from Turquoise Lake or seasonal groundwater recharge from snowmelt represents approximately 10% or less of the water in Dinero mine tunnel. However, most of the water in Dinero mine tunnel is from deep groundwater having minimal isotopic variation. The asymmetric shape of the Dinero mine tunnel hydrograph may indicate that a limited mine pool exists behind a collapse in the tunnel and attenutates seasonal recharge. Alternatively, a conceptual model is presented (and supported with MODFLOW simulations) that is consistent with current and previous data collected in the study area, and illustrates how fluctuating lake levels change the local water-table elevation which can affect discharge from the Dinero mine tunnel without physical transfer of water between the two locations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.015","usgsCitation":"Walton-Day, K., and Poeter, E., 2009, Investigating hydraulic connections and the origin of water in a mine tunnel using stable isotopes and hydrographs: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 12, p. 2266-2282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.015.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2266","endPage":"2282","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","otherGeospatial":"Turquoise Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28929138183594,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.28929138183594,\n              39.313581716526485\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.313581716526485\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.4688491821289,\n              39.19581074223468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e68e4b0c8380cd63d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen","contributorId":24616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044320,"text":"70044320 - 2009 - Evaluation of methods and uncertainties in the water budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T16:32:13.105119","indexId":"70044320","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Evaluation of methods and uncertainties in the water budget","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water budget studies of Mirror Lake aim to measure hydrologic components interacting with the lake as accurately as possible. However, measurements of water budget components are subject to some degree of uncertainty. This chapter describes the methods used to quantify water budget components of Mirror Lake in detail. It examines uncertainties in precipitation values, monthly evaporation, water flows, and exchange with groundwater. It shows how those values were derived, including the assumptions that went into the calculations and the uncertainties inherent in the values.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0004","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O., 2009, Evaluation of methods and uncertainties in the water budget, chap. 4 <i>of</i> Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water, p. 205-224, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0004.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-007758","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626287,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Likens, Gene E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626288,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70170158,"text":"70170158 - 2009 - Hydrologic processes and the water budget: Chapter 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T15:50:36","indexId":"70170158","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Hydrologic processes and the water budget: Chapter 2","docAbstract":"<p><span>This chapter focuses on the hydrological setting of Mirror Lake and its water budget. It first describes the glacial deposits and bedrock topography in the Mirror Lake area. It then provides an overview of the hydrologic processes associated with Mirror Lake and examines the field and analytical methods used to determine its water budget. It presents results from the hydrologic studies, which are based on monthly and annual water budgets for the calendar years 1981 through 2000.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0002","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., and Winter, T.C., 2009, Hydrologic processes and the water budget: Chapter 2, chap. <i>of</i> Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water, p. 23-68, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0002.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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E.","contributorId":56363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Likens","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626297,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas 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,{"id":70006008,"text":"70006008 - 2009 - The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: From wastewater to drinking water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T11:11:10","indexId":"70006008","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-08T10:25:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: From wastewater to drinking water","docAbstract":"The presence of 28 antibiotics in three hospital effluents, five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), six rivers and a drinking water storage catchment were investigated within watersheds of South&ndash;East Queensland, Australia. All antibiotics were detected at least once, with the exception of the polypeptide bacitracin which was not detected at all. Antibiotics were found in hospital effluent ranging from 0.01&ndash;14.5 &mu;g L<sup>-1</sup>, dominated by the &beta;-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Antibiotics were found in WWTP influent up to 64 &mu;g L<sup>-1</sup>, dominated by the &beta;-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Investigated WWTPs were highly effective in removing antibiotics from the water phase, with an average removal rate of greater than 80% for all targeted antibiotics. However, antibiotics were still detected in WWTP effluents in the low ng L<sup>-1</sup> range up to a maximum of 3.4 &mu;g L<sup>-1</sup>, with the macrolide, quinolone and sulphonamide antibiotics most prevalent. Similarly, antibiotics were detected quite frequently in the low ng L<sup>-1</sup> range, up to 2 &mu;g L<sup>-1</sup> in the surface waters of six investigated rivers including freshwater, estuarine and marine samples. The total investigated antibiotic concentration (TIAC) within the Nerang River was significantly lower (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than all other rivers sampled. The absence of WWTP discharge to this river is a likely explanation for the significantly lower TIAC and suggests that WWTP discharges are a dominant source of antibiotics to investigated surface waters. A significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001) was identified between TIACs at surface water sites with WWTP discharge compared to sites with no WWTP discharge, providing further evidence that WWTPs are an important source of antibiotics to streams. Despite the presence of antibiotics in surface waters used for drinking water extraction, no targeted antibiotics were detected in any drinking water samples.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059","usgsCitation":"Watkinson, A., Murby, E., Kolpin, D.W., and Costanzo, S., 2009, The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: From wastewater to drinking water: Science of the Total Environment, v. 407, no. 8, p. 2711-2723, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2711","endPage":"2723","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","state":"Queensland","volume":"407","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae3ce4b08c986b323f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkinson, A.J.","contributorId":20887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkinson","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murby, E.J.","contributorId":39112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murby","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Costanzo, S.D.","contributorId":8608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costanzo","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70006106,"text":"ofr20091171 - 2009 - Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Pee Dee River basin through March 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T12:38:47","indexId":"ofr20091171","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1171","title":"Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Pee Dee River basin through March 2007","docAbstract":"Part of the mission of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is to protect and preserve South Carolina's water resources. Doing so requires an ongoing understanding of streamflow characteristics of the rivers and streams in South Carolina. A particular need is information concerning the low-flow characteristics of streams; this information is especially important for effectively managing the State's water resources during critical flow periods such as the severe drought that occurred between 1998 and 2002 and the most recent drought that occurred between 2006 and 2009. In 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, initiated a study to update low-flow statistics at continuous-record streamgaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in South Carolina. Under this agreement, the low-flow characteristics at continuous-record streamgaging stations will be updated in a systematic manner during the monitoring and assessment of the eight major basins in South Carolina as defined and grouped according to the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control's Watershed Water Quality Management Strategy. Depending on the length of record available at the continuous-record streamgaging stations, low-flow frequency characteristics are estimated for annual minimum 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day average flows with recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years. Low-flow statistics are presented for 18 streamgaging stations in the Pee Dee River basin. In addition, daily flow durations for the 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-, 90-, and 95-percent probability of exceedance also are presented for the stations. The low-flow characteristics were computed from records available through March 31, 2007. The last systematic update of low-flow characteristics in South Carolina occurred more than 20 years ago and included data through March 1987. Of the 17 streamgaging stations included in this study, 15 had low-flow characteristics that were published in previous U.S. Geological Survey reports. A comparison of the low-flow characteristic for the minimum average flow for a 7-consecutive-day period with a 10-year recurrence interval from this study with the most recently published values indicated that 10 of the 15 streamgaging stations had values that were within &plusmn;25 percent of each other. Nine of the 15 streamgaging stations had negative percentage differences indicating the low-flow statistic had decreased since the previous study, 4 streamgaging stations had positive percent differences indicating that the low-flow statistic had increased since the previous study, and 2 streamgaging stations had a zero percent difference indicating no change since the previous study. The low-flow characteristics are influenced by length of record, hydrologic regime under which the record was collected, techniques used to do the analysis, and other changes that may have occurred in the watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., and Guimaraes, W.B., 2009, Low-flow frequency and flow duration of selected South Carolina streams in the Pee Dee River basin through March 2007 (Version 2.0: June 22, 2010): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1171, vi, 19 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091171.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.; Tables","startPage":"i","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"45","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","edition":"Version 2.0: June 22, 2010","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64873b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guimaraes, Wladmir B. wbguimar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guimaraes","given":"Wladmir","email":"wbguimar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70006110,"text":"sir20095163 - 2009 - Estimated use of water in Alabama in 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-03T00:10:05","indexId":"sir20095163","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5163","title":"Estimated use of water in Alabama in 2005","docAbstract":"Water use in Alabama was about 9,958 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) during 2005. Estimates of withdrawals by source indicate that total surface-water withdrawals were about 9,467 Mgal/d (95 percent of the total withdrawals) and the remaining 491 Mgal/d (5 percent) were from ground water. More surface water than ground water was withdrawn for all categories except aquaculture, mining, and self-supplied residential. During 2005, estimated withdrawals by category and in descending order were: thermoelectric power, 8,274 Mgal/d; public supply, 802 Mgal/d; self-supplied industrial, 550 Mgal/d; irrigation, 161 Mgal/d; aquaculture, 75 Mgal/d; self-supplied residential, 39 Mgal/d; livestock, 28 Mgal/d; and mining, 28 Mgal/d.\nDuring 2005, about 83 percent of the water used in Alabama was for thermoelectric power to generate about 114,144 net gigawatt-hours of energy. Almost all of the thermoelectric-power water use (about 8,274 Mgal/d) was from surface water; nearly all of the water (98 percent) was used for once-through cooling, and most of that water was returned to a surface-water source.\nPublic-supply and self-supplied residential withdrawals were about 8 percent of total water withdrawals and about 50 percent of total water withdrawals for all categories excluding thermoelectric power. The combined public-supply and self-supplied residential ground-water withdrawals were about 64 percent of total ground-water withdrawals for Alabama. Public-supply deliveries to residential customers were 41 percent of total public-supply withdrawals, or about 326 Mgal/d; combined industrial and commercial deliveries were 44 percent, or about 355 Mgal/d; and public use and losses accounted for the remaining 15 percent, or about 120 Mgal/d.\nSelf-supplied industrial (550 Mgal/d) and mining (28 Mgal/d) withdrawals were about 6 percent of total water withdrawals and about 33 percent of total water withdrawals for all categories excluding thermoelectric power. Paper and allied products accounted for the largest self-supplied industrial surface-water withdrawals (301 Mgal/d), and chemical and allied products (12 Mgal/d) accounted for the largest ground-water withdrawals.\nWater withdrawals for the agricultural sector-irrigation (161 Mgal/d), aquaculture (75 Mgal/d), and livestock (28 Mgal/d)-were about 3 percent of total withdrawals and about 16 percent of total withdrawals for all categories excluding thermoelectric power. About 135,800 acres of crops, nursery stock, sod, and golf courses were irrigated in 2005. About 97 percent of these acres were irrigated with sprinkler irrigation systems. The statewide average application rate was 1.33 acre-feet per acre per year. The highest application rate, 3.74 acre-feet per acre per year, was for nursery stock.\nThe largest total water withdrawals by county occurred in Limestone, Jackson, Colbert, and Mobile Counties, and were 60 percent of the total; these withdrawals primarily were used to meet the cooling needs at thermoelectric-power plants. Excluding thermoelectric power, the largest withdrawals by county were in Morgan, Mobile, Jefferson, Talladega, and Madison Counties.\nWater use was estimated at the hydrologic subbasin level for all categories except aquaculture, mining, and self-supplied residential. The Middle Tennessee-Elk subregion accounted for about 53 percent (5,185 Mgal/d) of the estimated total withdrawals by subbasin of 9,816 Mgal/d. About 92 percent of the water use in the Middle Tennessee-Elk subregion was for thermoelectric power, and more than 99 percent of the water was from surface water.\nGross per capita use for all offstream uses was 2,185 gallons per day (gal/d) for the estimated 4.56 million Alabama residents in 2005. Public-supply per capita use was 199 gal/d for the estimated 4.04 million residents served by a public supplier; public-supplied residential per capita use was 81 gal/d. Self-supplied residential per capita use was 75 gal/d for the estimated 0.52 million self-supplied residential population. Average residential per capita use was 80 gal/d.\nTotal water withdrawals decreased less than 1 percent from 9,990 Mgal/d in 2000 to 9,958 Mgal/d in 2005. Surface-water withdrawals decreased less than 5 percent from 9,950 Mgal/d in 2000 to 9,467 Mgal/d in 2005. In contrast, ground-water withdrawals increased about 12 percent from 440 Mgal/d in 2000 to 491 Mgal/d in 2005. By category, increases in irrigation (118 Mgal/d, about 274 percent), thermoelectric power (84 Mgal/d, about 1 percent), and aquaculture (65 Mgal/d, 620 percent) were offset by declines in self-supplied industrial (283 Mgal/d, about 34 percent), self-supplied residential (40 Mgal/d, about 50 percent); and public supply (32 Mgal/d, about 4 percent) from 2000 to 2005. Water use for livestock and mining was not estimated in 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs Office of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., Littlepage, T.M., Harper, M.J., and Tinney, J.O., 2009, Estimated use of water in Alabama in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5163, x, 102 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095163.","productDescription":"x, 102 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":101,"text":"AUM TechnaCenter","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":105,"text":"Alabama Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5163.jpg"},{"id":110962,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5163/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Alabama","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4779e4b07f02db47f0a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Littlepage, Thomas M.","contributorId":55542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littlepage","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harper, Michael J.","contributorId":63904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinney, James O.","contributorId":104175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinney","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70006007,"text":"70006007 - 2009 - Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in sewage treatment plants with different technologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T08:30:17","indexId":"70006007","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2259,"text":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in sewage treatment plants with different technologies","docAbstract":"Occurrence of eight selected pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs; caffeine, carbamazepine, triclosan, gemfibrozil, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen) were investigated in effluents from fifteen sewage treatment plants (STPs) across South Australia. In addition, a detailed investigation into the removal of these compounds was also carried out in four STPs with different technologies (Plant A: conventional activated sludge; plant B: two oxidation ditches; plant C: three bioreactors; and plant D: ten lagoons in series). The concentrations of these compounds in the effluents from the fifteen STPs showed substantial variations among the STPs, with their median concentrations ranging from 26 ng/L for caffeine to 710 ng/L for carbamazepine. Risk assessment based on the \"worst case scenario\" of the monitoring data from the present study suggested potential toxic risks to aquatic organisms posed by carbamazepine, triclosan and diclofenac associated with such effluent discharge. With the exception of carbamazepine and gemfibrozil, significant concentration decreases between influent and effluent were observed in the four STPs studied in more detail. Biodegradation was found to be the main mechanism for removing concentrations from the liquid waste stream for the PhACs within the four STPs, while adsorption onto sludge appeared to be a minor process for all target PhACs except for triclosan. Some compounds (<i>e.g.</i> gemfibrozil) exhibited variable removal efficiencies within the four STPs. Plant D (10 lagoons in series) was least efficient in the removal of the target PhACs; significant biodegradation of these compounds only occurred from the sixth or seventh lagoon.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing","doi":"10.1039/b904548a","usgsCitation":"Ying, G., Kookana, R., and Kolpin, D.W., 2009, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds in sewage treatment plants with different technologies: Journal of Environmental Monitoring, v. 11, no. 8, p. 1498-1505, https://doi.org/10.1039/b904548a.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1505","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110917,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sklog.labs.gov.cn/atticle/A09/A09040.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Australia","volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ying, Guang-Guo","contributorId":6576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ying","given":"Guang-Guo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kookana, Rai S.","contributorId":100518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kookana","given":"Rai S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70003498,"text":"70003498 - 2009 - Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70003498","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","docAbstract":"Modeling studies examining the effect of lakes on regional and global climate, as well as studies on the influence of climate variability and change on aquatic ecosystems, are surveyed. Fully coupled atmosphere-land surface-lake climate models that could be used for both of these types of study simultaneously do not presently exist, though there are many applications that would benefit from such models. It is argued here that current understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in freshwater systems is sufficient to begin to construct such models, and a path forward is proposed. The largest impediment to fully representing lakes in the climate system lies in the handling of lakes that are too small to be explicitly resolved by the climate model, and that make up the majority of the lake-covered area at the resolutions currently used by global and regional climate models. Ongoing development within the hydrological sciences community and continual improvements in model resolution should help ameliorate this issue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","usgsCitation":"MacKay, M., Neale, P., Arp, C., De Senerpont Domis, L.N., Fang, X., Gal, G., Jo, K., Kirillin, G., Lenters, J., Litchman, E., MacIntyre, S., Marsh, P., Melack, J., Mooij, W., Peeters, F., Quesada, A., Schladow, S., Schmid, M., Spence, C., and Stokes, S., 2009, Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 6, part 2, p. 2315-2329.","productDescription":"p. 2315-2329","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_54/issue_6_part_2/2315.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"6, part 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKay, M.D.","contributorId":79612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKay","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neale, P.J.","contributorId":41961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neale","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Senerpont Domis, L. N.","contributorId":41129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Senerpont Domis","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fang, X.","contributorId":32288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gal, G.","contributorId":36519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gal","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jo, K.D.","contributorId":84067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jo","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kirillin, G.","contributorId":33834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirillin","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lenters, J.D.","contributorId":55570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenters","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Litchman, Elena","contributorId":347496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Litchman","given":"Elena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":30217,"text":"Carnegie Institution for Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"MacIntyre, S.","contributorId":95999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacIntyre","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Marsh, P.","contributorId":99279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Melack, J.","contributorId":35453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mooij, W.M.","contributorId":79050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Peeters, F.","contributorId":35866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeters","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Quesada, A.","contributorId":25688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quesada","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Schmid, M.","contributorId":96000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Spence, C.","contributorId":9762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Stokes, S.L.","contributorId":95166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}}
,{"id":70004019,"text":"70004019 - 2009 - Order of functionality loss during photodegradation of aquatic humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T10:30:33","indexId":"70004019","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Order of functionality loss during photodegradation of aquatic humic substances","docAbstract":"The time course photodegradation of the Nordic aquatic fulvic and humic acids and Suwannee River XAD-4 acids subjected to UV irradiation with an unfiltered medium pressure mercury lamp was studied by liquid-state <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance. Photodecarboxylation was a significant pathway in all cases. Decreases in ketone, aromatic, and O-alkyl carbons were observed throughout the course of the irradiations, whereas C-alkyl carbons resisted photodegradation. Peaks attributable to the low-molecular-weight photodegradation products bicarbonate, formate, acetate, and succinate grew in intensity with irradiation time. The final products of the irradiations were decarboxylated, hydrophobic, predominantly C-alkyl and O-alkyl materials that were resistant to further photodegradation. The total amount of carbon susceptible to loss appeared to be related mainly to the total concentration of carbonyl and aromatic carbons and partly to the concentration of O-alkyl carbons in the fulvic, humic, and XAD-4 acids. The carbon losses for Nordic fulvic, Nordic Humic, Suwannee fulvic, and Suwannee XAD-4 acids were estimated to be 75, 63, 56, and 17%, respectively. More detailed analyses of the effects of irradiation on the carbonyl functionality in Nordic humic acid and Laurentian soil fulvic acid through reaction with hydroxylamine in conjunction with <sup>15</sup>N nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirmed preferential photodegradation of the quinone/hydroquinone functionality over ketone groups and the loss of ester groups in Laurentian fulvic acid.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq2009.0408","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Younger, S.J., and Cox, L.G., 2009, Order of functionality loss during photodegradation of aquatic humic substances: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 39, no. 4, p. 1416-1428, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0408.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1416","endPage":"1428","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6912d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Kevin A. 0000-0003-2236-5193 kathorn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-5193","contributorId":3288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Kevin","email":"kathorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Younger, Steven J.","contributorId":51442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Younger","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, Larry G. lgcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":3310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Larry","email":"lgcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":350172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70003432,"text":"70003432 - 2009 - Mercury and drought along the Lower Carson River, Nevada: III. effects on blood and organ biochemistry and histopathology of snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons on Lahontan Reservoir, 2002-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T11:11:37","indexId":"70003432","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2481,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury and drought along the Lower Carson River, Nevada: III. effects on blood and organ biochemistry and histopathology of snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons on Lahontan Reservoir, 2002-2006","docAbstract":"A 10-year study (1997-2006) was conducted to evaluate reproduction and health of aquatic birds in the Carson River Basin of northwestern Nevada (on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Natural Priorities List) due to high mercury (Hg) concentrations from past mining activities. This part of the study evaluated physiological associations with blood Hg in young snowy egrets (Egretta thula) and black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), and organ biochemistry and histopathological effects in snowy egrets on Lahontan Reservoir (LR) from the period 2002-2006. LR snowy egret geometric mean total Hg concentrations (&mu;g/g ww) ranged from 1.5 to 4.8 for blood, 2.4 to 3.1 liver, 1.8 to 2.5 kidneys, 1.7 to 2.4 brain, and 20.5 to 36.4 feathers over these years. For night-herons, mean Hg for blood ranged from 1.6 to 7.4. Significant positive correlations were found between total Hg in blood and five plasma enzyme activities of snowy egrets suggesting hepatic stress. Histopathological findings revealed vacuolar changes in hepatocytes in LR snowy egrets as well as correlation of increased liver inflammation with increasing blood and tissue Hg. Hepatic oxidative effects were manifested by decreased hepatic total thiol concentration and glutathione reductase activity and elevated hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), a measure of lipid peroxidation. However, other hepatic changes indicated compensatory mechanisms in response to oxidative stress, including decreased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration and decreased ratio of GSSG to reduced glutathione. In young black-crowned night-herons, fewer correlations were apparent. In both species, positive correlations between blood total Hg and plasma uric acid and inorganic phosphorus were suggestive of renal stress, which was supported by histopathological findings. Both oxidative effects and adaptive responses to oxidative stress were apparent in kidneys and brain. Vacuolar change and inflammation in peripheral nerves were found to correlate with blood and tissue Hg. Hg-associated effects related to the immune system included alterations in specific white blood cells and lymphoid depletion in the bursa that were correlated with blood and tissue Hg. When the number of plasma variables that differed between young snowy egrets from the LR site and the reference site were compared between wet and drought years, over twice as many variables were affected during drought years. This resulted in many more variables correlating with blood total Hg during dry than during wet years, suggesting the combination of drought and Hg was more stressful than Hg alone. Drought may have exacerbated Hg-related effects as reported previously for overall productivity. This relationship was not evident in black-crowned night-herons, although data were more limited.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287390903129218","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Henny, C.J., Hill, E.F., Grove, R.A., Kaiser, J.L., and Stebbins, K.R., 2009, Mercury and drought along the Lower Carson River, Nevada: III. effects on blood and organ biochemistry and histopathology of snowy egrets and black-crowned night-herons on Lahontan Reservoir, 2002-2006: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, v. 72, no. 20, p. 1223-1241, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390903129218.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1223","endPage":"1241","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Reservoir","volume":"72","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Elwood F.","contributorId":27115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Elwood","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, Robert A.","contributorId":52134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaiser, James L.","contributorId":57033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stebbins, Katherine R.","contributorId":94012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stebbins","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70217729,"text":"70217729 - 2009 - Critical steps for the continuing advancement of hydrogeophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-29T15:29:02.309326","indexId":"70217729","displayToPublicDate":"2011-06-03T09:14:01","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical steps for the continuing advancement of hydrogeophysics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Special hydrogeophysics issues published by hydrology and geophysics journals, special sessions and workshops at conferences, and an increasing number of short courses demonstrate the growing interest in the use of geophysics for hydrologic investigations. The formation of the hydrogeophysics technical subcommittee of AGU's Hydrology section adds further evidence of the recognized significance of this growing interdisciplinary field. Given the clear value of nondestructive and nonintrusive imaging for subsurface investigations, we believe the advances in the adoption of existing geophysical methods, the development of novel methods, and the merging of geophysical and other data made in hydrogeophysics could be applied to a wide range of geological, environmental, and engineering applications.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009EO230004","usgsCitation":"Ferre, T.P., Bentley, L., Binley, A., Linde, N., Kemna, A., Singha, K., Holliger, K., Huisman, J.A., and Minsley, B.J., 2009, Critical steps for the continuing advancement of hydrogeophysics: Eos Science News, v. 90, no. 23, p. 200-202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO230004.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"202","ipdsId":"IP-014220","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferre, Ty P A","contributorId":245394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"Ty","email":"","middleInitial":"P A","affiliations":[{"id":13040,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bentley, Laurence","contributorId":248574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bentley","given":"Laurence","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binley, Andrew 0000-0002-0938-9070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-9070","contributorId":192556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Binley","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linde, Niklas","contributorId":248575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linde","given":"Niklas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemna, Andreas","contributorId":248576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kemna","given":"Andreas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Singha, Kamini 0000-0002-0605-3774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-3774","contributorId":191366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holliger, K.","contributorId":101036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holliger","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Huisman, J. A.","contributorId":86591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huisman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":248573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70135737,"text":"70135737 - 2009 - Identifying baldcypress-water tupelo regeneration classes in forested wetlands of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-16T09:56:41","indexId":"70135737","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying baldcypress-water tupelo regeneration classes in forested wetlands of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>Baldcypress-water tupelo (cypress-tupelo) swamps are critically important coastal forested wetlands found throughout the southeastern U.S. The long-term survival and sustainability of these swamp forests is unknown due to large-scale changes in hydrologic regimes that prevent natural regeneration following logging or mortality. We used NWI wetland maps and remotely sensed hydrologic data to map cypress-tupelo communities, surface water, and the extent and location of proposed regeneration condition classes for cypress-tupelo swamps in the Atchafalaya Basin, LA. Only 6,175 ha (5.8%) of the 106,227 ha of cypress-tupelo forest in the Lower Atchafalaya Basin Floodway was classified as capable of naturally regenerating. Over 23% (24,525 ha) of the forest area was mapped as unable to regenerate either naturally or artificially. The loss and conversion of nearly 25,000 ha of cypress-tupelo forest would have significant and long-lasting impacts on ecosystem services such as wildlife habitat for birds and Louisiana black bears. Given the landscape-scale changes in surface elevations and flooding depths and durations throughout southern Louisiana, similar conditions and impacts are likely applicable to all coastal cypress-tupelo forests in Louisiana. Better data on flooding during the growing season are needed to more accurately identify and refine the location and spatial extent of the regeneration condition classes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/08-211.1","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, S.P., Bhattarai, P., Allen, Y.C., Barras, J., and Constant, G.C., 2009, Identifying baldcypress-water tupelo regeneration classes in forested wetlands of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana: Wetlands, v. 29, no. 3, p. 809-817, https://doi.org/10.1672/08-211.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"817","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009332","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Atchafalaya Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.06494140625,\n              28.9023972285585\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06494140625,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.890380859375,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.890380859375,\n              28.9023972285585\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.06494140625,\n              28.9023972285585\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"549165cce4b0d0759afaad8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Stephen P. 0000-0001-5295-1383 faulkners@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-1383","contributorId":374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Stephen","email":"faulkners@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhattarai, Prajwol","contributorId":130988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhattarai","given":"Prajwol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Yvonne C.","contributorId":94403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Yvonne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barras, John A. jbarras@usgs.gov","contributorId":2425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"John A.","email":"jbarras@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Constant, Glenn C.","contributorId":102595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Constant","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":536770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98271,"text":"sir20095154 - 2009 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Tooele Valley ground-water basin, Tooele County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T16:23:27","indexId":"sir20095154","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5154","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Tooele Valley ground-water basin, Tooele County, Utah","docAbstract":"Ground water is the sole source of drinking water within Tooele Valley. Transition from agriculture to residential land and water use necessitates additional understanding of water resources. The ground-water basin is conceptualized as a single interconnected hydrologic system consisting of the consolidated-rock mountains and adjoining unconsolidated basin-fill valleys. Within the basin fill, unconfined conditions exist along the valley margins and confined conditions exist in the central areas of the valleys. Transmissivity of the unconsolidated basin-fill aquifer ranges from 1,000 to 270,000 square feet per day. Within the consolidated rock of the mountains, ground-water flow largely is unconfined, though variability in geologic structure, stratigraphy, and lithology has created some areas where ground-water flow is confined. Hydraulic conductivity of the consolidated rock ranges from 0.003 to 100 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water within the basin generally moves from the mountains toward the central and northern areas of Tooele Valley. Steep hydraulic gradients exist at Tooele Army Depot and near Erda. The estimated average annual ground-water recharge within the basin is 82,000 acre-feet per year. The primary source of recharge is precipitation in the mountains; other sources of recharge are irrigation water and streams. Recharge from precipitation was determined using the Basin Characterization Model. Estimated average annual ground-water discharge within the basin is 84,000 acre-feet per year. Discharge is to wells, springs, and drains, and by evapotranspiration. Water levels at wells within the basin indicate periods of increased recharge during 1983-84 and 1996-2000. During these periods annual precipitation at Tooele City exceeded the 1971-2000 annual average for consecutive years.\r\n\r\nThe water with the lowest dissolved-solids concentrations exists in the mountain areas where most of the ground-water recharge occurs. The principal dissolved constituents are calcium and bicarbonate. Dissolved-solids concentration increases in the central and northern parts of Tooele Valley, at the distal ends of the ground-water flow paths. Increased concentration is due mainly to greater amounts of sodium and chloride. Deuterium and oxygen-18 values indicate water recharged primarily from precipitation occurs throughout the ground-water basin. Ground water with the highest percentage of recharge from irrigation exists along the eastern margin of Tooele Valley, indicating negligible recharge from the adjacent consolidated rock. Tritium and tritiogenic helium-3 concentrations indicate modern water exists along the flow paths originating in the Oquirrh Mountains between Settlement and Pass Canyons and extending between the steep hydraulic gradient areas at Tooele Army Depot and Erda. Pre-modern water exists in areas east of Erda and near Stansbury Park. Using the change in tritium along the flow paths originating in the Oquirrh Mountains, a first-order estimate of average linear ground-water velocity for the general area is roughly 2 to 5 feet per day.\r\n\r\nA numerical ground-water flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the Tooele Valley ground-water basin and to test the conceptual understanding of the ground-water system. Simulating flow in consolidated rock allows recharge and withdrawal from wells in or near consolidated rock to be simulated more accurately. In general, the model accurately simulates water levels and water-level fluctuations and can be considered an adequate tool to help determine the valley-wide effects on water levels of additional ground-water withdrawal and changes in water use. The simulated increase in storage during a projection simulation using 2003 withdrawal rates and average recharge indicates that repeated years of average precipitation and recharge conditions do not completely restore the system after multiple years of below-normal precipitation. In the similar case where precipitation is 90","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095154","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Tooele County","usgsCitation":"Stolp, B.J., and Brooks, L.E., 2009, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Tooele Valley ground-water basin, Tooele County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5154, Report: x, 85 p.; 1 Plate: 11 x 17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095154.","productDescription":"Report: x, 85 p.; 1 Plate: 11 x 17 inches","numberOfPages":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5154.jpg"},{"id":13524,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5154/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.6,40.216 ], [ -112.6,40.83 ], [ -112.16,40.83 ], [ -112.16,40.216 ], [ -112.6,40.216 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497 bjstolp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard","email":"bjstolp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98209,"text":"ofr20091286 - 2009 - Benthic flux of nutrients and trace metals in the northern component of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T13:00:18","indexId":"ofr20091286","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1286","title":"Benthic flux of nutrients and trace metals in the northern component of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Two sets of sampling trips were coordinated in late summer 2008 (weeks of July 8 and August 6) to sample the interstitial and overlying bottom waters at 10 shallow locations (9 sites <3 meters in depth) within the northern component of the San Francisco Bay/Delta (herein referred to as North Bay). The work was performed to better understand sources of biologically reactive solutes (namely, dissolved macronutrients and trace metals) that may affect the base of the food web in this part of the estuary. A nonmetallic pore-water profiler was used to obtain the first centimeter-scale estimates of the vertical solute-concentration gradients for diffusive-flux determinations. This study, performed in collaboration with scientists from San Francisco State University?s Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, provides information to assist in developing and refining management strategies for the Bay/Delta system and supports efforts to monitor changes in food-web structure associated with regional habitat modifications directed by the California Bay-Delta Authority. \r\n\r\nOn July 7, 2008, and August 5, 2008, pore-water profilers were successfully deployed at six North Bay sites per trip to measure the concentration gradient of dissolved macronutrients and trace metals near the sediment-water interface. Only two of the sites (433 and SSB009 within Honker Bay) were sampled in both series of profiler deployments. At each sampling site, profilers were deployed in triplicate, while discrete samples and dataloggers were used to collect ancillary data from both the water column and benthos to help interpret diffusive-flux measurements. \r\n\r\nBenthic flux of dissolved (0.2-micron filtered) inorganic phosphate (that is, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP)) ranged from negligible levels (-0.003?0.005 millimole per square meter per day (mmole m-2d-1) at Site 4.1 outside Honker Bay) to 0.060?0.006 mmole m-2d-1 near the northern coast of Brown?s Island. Except for the elevated flux at Browns Island, the benthic flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was consistently: (1) lower than previously reported for South Bay sites, (2) an order of magnitude lower than oligotrophic Coeur d?Alene Lake, (3) two orders of magnitude lower than determined for eutrophic Upper Klamath Lake, and (4) an order of magnitude or more lower than the estimated summer riverine inputs for SRP (900 to 1,300 kilograms of phosphorous per day (kg-P d-1)). \r\n\r\nIn contrast to fluxes reported for the South Bay, nitrate fluxes were consistently negative (that is, drawn from the water column into the sediment), except for one site with statistically insignificant nitrate fluxes (Site 409 within Suisun Bay). The most negative nitrate flux (-7.3?0.1 mmole m-2d-1) was observed within Grizzly Bay (Site 416). Observed nitrate fluxes bracketed the estimated summer fluvial flux of nitrate (3,500 to 5,000 kg-N d-1). With the exception of the two Grizzly Bay sites (416 and 417), the consistently positive benthic flux of ammonia generally counteracted the negative flux of nitrate to yield a net balance of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Ammonia benthic fluxes extrapolated for Suisun Bay ranged from 320 kg-N d-1 (Site SSB009 near the entrance to Honker Bay) to 1,900 kg-N d-1 (Montezuma Island). These values represent a significant ammonia source to the water column relative to summer riverine inputs (approximately 400 to 600 kg-N d-1). \r\n\r\nDissolved silica also displayed a consistently positive benthic flux, except for Site 409 within Suisun Bay, which showed insignificant fluxes (also insignificant for nitrate and SRP). As with the nitrate fluxes, Grizzly Bay and Browns Island sites yielded the highest dissolved silica fluxes (1.3?1.2 to 2.5?0.6 mmole m-2d-1, respectively). These initial diffusive-flux estimates are greater than those measured in the South Bay using core-incubation experiments, which include bioturbation and bioirrigation effects, but they are nevertheless probably one to t","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Bay-Delta Authority and San Francisco State University","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., Topping, B.R., Parcheso, F., Engelstad, A., and Greene, V.E., 2009, Benthic flux of nutrients and trace metals in the northern component of San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1286, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091286.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-07-08","temporalEnd":"2008-08-06","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1286.jpg"},{"id":13465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.16666666666667,38 ], [ -122.16666666666667,38.2 ], [ -121.86666666666666,38.2 ], [ -121.86666666666666,38 ], [ -122.16666666666667,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b58d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, Brent R. 0000-0002-7887-4221 btopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-4221","contributorId":1484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Brent","email":"btopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engelstad, Anita C. 0000-0002-0211-4189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-4189","contributorId":24884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engelstad","given":"Anita C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greene, Valerie E.","contributorId":104600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98171,"text":"tm4A8 - 2009 - User's Guide to the Weighted-Multiple-Linear Regression Program (WREG version 1.0)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:07","indexId":"tm4A8","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-A8","title":"User's Guide to the Weighted-Multiple-Linear Regression Program (WREG version 1.0)","docAbstract":"Streamflow is not measured at every location in a stream network. Yet hydrologists, State and local agencies, and the general public still seek to know streamflow characteristics, such as mean annual flow or flood flows with different exceedance probabilities, at ungaged basins. The goals of this guide are to introduce and familiarize the user with the weighted multiple-linear regression (WREG) program, and to also provide the theoretical background for program features. The program is intended to be used to develop a regional estimation equation for streamflow characteristics that can be applied at an ungaged basin, or to improve the corresponding estimate at continuous-record streamflow gages with short records. The regional estimation equation results from a multiple-linear regression that relates the observable basin characteristics, such as drainage area, to streamflow characteristics.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm4A8","collaboration":"Chapter 4 \r\nSection A, Statistical analysis\r\nBook 8, Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., Chen, Y., and Kiang, J., 2009, User's Guide to the Weighted-Multiple-Linear Regression Program (WREG version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A8, v, 21 p. ; software program, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A8.","productDescription":"v, 21 p. ; software program","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_4_a8.gif"},{"id":13415,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm4a8/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603fff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, Ken","contributorId":89480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Yin-Yu","contributorId":56180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Yin-Yu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiang, Julie.E.","contributorId":26650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiang","given":"Julie.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98156,"text":"ofr20091292 - 2009 - Geochemistry of standard mine waters, Gunnison County, Colorado, July 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-15T12:51:07","indexId":"ofr20091292","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1292","title":"Geochemistry of standard mine waters, Gunnison County, Colorado, July 2009","docAbstract":"In many hard-rock-mining districts water flowing from abandoned mine adits is a primary source of metals to receiving streams. Understanding the generation of adit discharge is an important step in developing remediation plans. In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency listed the Standard Mine in the Elk Creek drainage basin near Crested Butte, Colorado as a superfund site because drainage from the Standard Mine enters Elk Creek, contributing dissolved and suspended loads of zinc, cadmium, copper, and other metals to the stream. Elk Creek flows into Coal Creek, which is a source of drinking water for the town of Crested Butte. In 2006 and 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey undertook a hydrogeologic investigation of the Standard Mine and vicinity and identified areas of the underground workings for additional work. Mine drainage, underground-water samples, and selected spring water samples were collected in July 2009 for analysis of inorganic solutes as part of a follow-up study. Water analyses are reported for mine-effluent samples from Levels 1 and 5 of the Standard Mine, underground samples from Levels 2 and 3 of the Standard Mine, two spring samples, and an Elk Creek sample.\r\n\r\nReported analyses include field measurements (pH, specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and redox potential), major constituents and trace elements, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopic determinations. Overall, water samples collected in 2009 at the same sites as were collected in 2006 have similar chemical compositions. Similar to 2006, water in Level 3 did not flow out the portal but was observed to flow into open workings to lower parts of the mine. Many dissolved constituent concentrations, including calcium, magnesium, sulfate, manganese, zinc, and cadmium, in Level 3 waters substantially are lower than in Level 1 effluent. Concentrations of these dissolved constituents in water samples collected from Level 2 approach or exceed concentrations of Level 1 effluent suggesting that water-rock interaction between Levels 3 and 1 can account for the elevated concentration of metals and other constituents in Level 1 portal effluent. Ore minerals (sphalerite, argentiferous galena, and chalcopyrite) are the likely sources of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper and are present within the mine in unmined portions of the vein system, within plugged ore chutes, and in muck piles.\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091292","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P.L., Manning, A.H., Graves, J.T., McCleskey, R.B., Todorov, T.I., and Lamothe, P.J., 2009, Geochemistry of standard mine waters, Gunnison County, Colorado, July 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1292, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091292.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-07-01","temporalEnd":"2009-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":177,"text":"Central Region Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125812,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1292.jpg"},{"id":13400,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gunnison County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.08333333333333,38.86666666666667 ], [ -107.08333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -107,38.916666666666664 ], [ -107,38.86666666666667 ], [ -107.08333333333333,38.86666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graves, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":58726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCleskey, R. 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,{"id":98126,"text":"fs20093109 - 2009 - Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T10:31:50","indexId":"fs20093109","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3109","title":"Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2008","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center (WSC) maintains a long-term hydrologic monitoring network of more than 290 real-time streamgages, more than 170 groundwater wells, and 10 lake and reservoir monitoring stations. One of the many benefits of data collected from this monitoring network is that analysis of the data provides an overview of the hydrologic conditions of rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and aquifers in Georgia.\r\n\r\nHydrologic conditions are determined by statistical analysis of data collected during the current water year (WY) and comparison of the results to historical data collected at long-term stations. During the drought that persisted through 2008, the USGS succeeded in verifying and documenting numerous historic low-flow statistics at many streamgages and current water levels in aquifers, lakes, and reservoirs in Georgia. Streamflow data from the 2008 WY indicate that this drought is one of the most severe on record when compared to drought periods of 1950-1957, 1985-1989, and 1999-2002.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093109","usgsCitation":"Knaak, A.E., Joiner, J.K., and Peck, M., 2009, Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3109, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093109.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3109.jpg"},{"id":13366,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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 \"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69951c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knaak, Andrew E. 0000-0003-1813-8959 aknaak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-8959","contributorId":3123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knaak","given":"Andrew","email":"aknaak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joiner, John K. 0000-0001-9702-4911 jkjoiner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9702-4911","contributorId":3056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joiner","given":"John","email":"jkjoiner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98114,"text":"sir20095125 - 2009 - Water Withdrawals, Use, and Trends in Florida, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20095125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5125","title":"Water Withdrawals, Use, and Trends in Florida, 2005","docAbstract":"In 2005, the total amount of water withdrawals in Florida was estimated at 18,359 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Saline water accounted for 11,486 Mgal/d (63 percent), and freshwater accounted for 6,873 Mgal/d (37 percent). Groundwater accounted for 4,247 Mgal/d (62 percent) of freshwater withdrawals, and surface water accounted for the remaining 2,626 Mgal/d (38 percent). Surface water accounted for nearly all (99.9 percent) saline-water withdrawals. An additional 660 Mgal/d of reclaimed wastewater was used in Florida during 2005. The largest amount of freshwater was withdrawn from Palm Beach County, and the largest amount of saline water was withdrawn from Pasco County.\r\n\r\nFresh groundwater provided drinking water (public supplied and self-supplied) for 16.19 million people (90 percent of Florida's population), and fresh surface water provided drinking water for 1.73 million people (10 percent). The majority of groundwater withdrawals (nearly 60 percent) in 2005 was obtained from the Floridan aquifer system which is present throughout the entire State. The majority of fresh surface-water withdrawals (59 percent) came from the southern Florida hydrologic unit subregion and is associated with Lake Okeechobee and the canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area of Glades, Hendry, and Palm Beach Counties, as well as the Caloosahatchee River and its tributaries in the agricultural areas of Collier, Glades, Hendry, and Lee Counties.\r\n\r\nOverall, agricultural irrigation accounted for 40 percent of the total freshwater withdrawals (ground and surface), followed by public supply with 37 percent. Public supply accounted for 52 percent of groundwater withdrawals, followed by agricultural self-supplied (31 percent), ommercial-industrial-mining self-supplied (8.5 percent), recreational irrigation and domestic self-supplied (4 percent each), and power generation (0.5 percent). Agricultural self-supplied accounted for 56 percent of fresh surface-water withdrawals, followed by power generation (20.5 percent), public supply (13 percent), recreational irrigation (6 percent), and commercial-industrial self-supplied (4.5 percent). Power generation accounted for nearly all (99.9 percent) saline-water withdrawals.\r\n\r\nOf the 17.92 million people who resided in Florida during 2005, 41 percent (7.36 million people) resided in the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), followed by the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) and the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) with 25 percent each (4.46 and 4.44 million people, respectively), the Northwest Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD) with 7.5 percent (1.34 million people), and the Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD) with 1.5 percent (0.32 million people). The largest amount of freshwater withdrawals was from the SFWMD, which was one-half (50 percent) of the State's total freshwater withdrawals, followed by the SJRWMD (19 percent), SWFWMD (16 percent), NWFWMD (10 percent), and SRWMD (5 percent). \r\n\r\nBetween 1950 and 2005, the population of Florida increased by 15.15 million (550 percent), and the total water withdrawals (fresh and saline) increased 15,700 Mgal/d (600 percent). More recently, total withdrawals decreased 1,790 Mgal/d (9 percent) between 2000 and 2005, but the total population increased by 1.94 million (12 percent). Between 1990 and 2005, saline-water withdrawals increased 1,120 Mgal/d (11 percent), whereas between 2000 and 2005, saline-water withdrawals decreased 470 Mgal/d (4 percent). Between 1990 and 2005, freshwater withdrawals decreased 710 Mgal/d (9 percent), whereas between 2000 and 2005, freshwater withdrawals decreased 1,320 Mgal/d (16 percent). \r\n\r\nThe use of highly mineralized groundwater as a source of supply, primarily for public supply, also has increased in Florida. This water, referred as nonpotable water, increased from just less than 2 Mgal/d in 1970, to 142 Mgal/d in 2005. Nonpotable water is treated to meet drin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095125","isbn":"9781411326040","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Marella, R.L., 2009, Water Withdrawals, Use, and Trends in Florida, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5125, viii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095125.","productDescription":"viii, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5125.jpg"},{"id":13353,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88,24 ], [ -88,31.5 ], [ -79.5,31.5 ], [ -79.5,24 ], [ -88,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marella, Richard L. 0000-0003-4861-9841 rmarella@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-9841","contributorId":2443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marella","given":"Richard","email":"rmarella@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98107,"text":"sir20095233 - 2009 - Evaluation of catchment delineation methods for the medium-resolution National Hydrography Dataset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T14:23:27","indexId":"sir20095233","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5233","title":"Evaluation of catchment delineation methods for the medium-resolution National Hydrography Dataset","docAbstract":"Different methods for determining catchments (incremental drainage areas) for stream segments of the medium-resolution (1:100,000-scale) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The NHD is a comprehensive set of digital spatial data that contains information about surface-water features (such as lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers) of the United States. The need for NHD catchments was driven primarily by the goal to estimate NHD streamflow and velocity to support water-quality modeling. The application of catchments for this purpose also demonstrates the broader value of NHD catchments for supporting landscape characterization and analysis.\n\nFive catchment delineation methods were evaluated. Four of the methods use topographic information for the delineation of the NHD catchments. These methods include the Raster Seeding Method; two variants of a method first used in a USGS New England study-one used the Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) and the other did not-termed the 'New England Methods'; and the Outlet Matching Method. For these topographically based methods, the elevation data source was the 30-meter (m) resolution National Elevation Dataset (NED), as this was the highest resolution available for the conterminous United States and Hawaii. The fifth method evaluated, the Thiessen Polygon Method, uses distance to the nearest NHD stream segments to determine catchment boundaries.\n\nCatchments were generated using each method for NHD stream segments within six hydrologically and geographically distinct Subbasins to evaluate the applicability of the method across the United States. The five methods were evaluated by comparing the resulting catchments with the boundaries and the computed area measurements available from several verification datasets that were developed independently using manual methods.\n\nThe results of the evaluation indicated that the two New England Methods provided the most accurate catchment boundaries. The New England Method with the WBD provided the most accurate results. The time and cost to implement and apply these automated methods were also considered in ultimately selecting the methods used to produce NHD catchments for the conterminous United States and Hawaii.\n\nThis study was conducted by a joint USGS-USEPA team during the 2-year period that ended in September 2004. During the following 2-year period ending in the fall of 2006, the New England Methods were used to produce NHD catchments as part of a multiagency effort to generate the NHD streamflow and velocity estimates for a suite of integrated geospatial products known as 'NHDPlus.'","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095233","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Johnston, C.M., Dewald, T.G., Bondelid, T., Worstell, B.B., McKay, L., Rea, A., Moore, R.B., and Goodall, J.L., 2009, Evaluation of catchment delineation methods for the medium-resolution National Hydrography Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5233, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095233.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5233.jpg"},{"id":13346,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338662,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5233/pdf/sir2009-5233.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,23 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -65,50 ], [ -65,23 ], [ -125,23 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, Craig M. cmjohnst@usgs.gov","contributorId":1814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Craig","email":"cmjohnst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewald, Thomas G.","contributorId":97600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewald","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bondelid, Timothy R.","contributorId":90420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bondelid","given":"Timothy R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKay, Lucinda D.","contributorId":90010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"Lucinda D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goodall, Jonathan L.","contributorId":59535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodall","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70046864,"text":"70046864 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surface-water model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, northern Wisconsin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70046864,"text":"70046864 - 2009 - Using a coupled groundwater/surface-water model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, northern Wisconsin","indexId":"70046864","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surface-water model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, northern Wisconsin"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":97928,"text":"sir20095049 - 2009 - Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation","indexId":"sir20095049","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Planning for an uncertain future - Monitoring, integration, and adaptation"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T16:10:55","indexId":"70046864","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T11:49:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"2009-5049","title":"Using a coupled groundwater/surface-water model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>A major focus of the U.S. Geological Survey&rsquo;s Trout Lake Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) project is the development of a watershed model to allow predictions of hydrologic response to future conditions including land-use and climate change. The coupled groundwater/surface-water model GSFLOW was chosen for this purpose because it could easily incorporate an existing groundwater flow model and it provides for simulation of surface-water processes.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The Trout Lake watershed in northern Wisconsin is underlain by a highly conductive outwash sand aquifer. In this area, streamflow is dominated by groudwater contributions, however, surface runoff occurs during intense rainfall periods and spring snowmelt. Surface runoff also occurs locally near stream/lake areas where the unsaturated zone is thin. A diverse data set, collected from 1992 to 2007 for the Trout Lake WEBB project and the co-located and NSF-funded North Temperate Lake LTER project, includes snowpack, solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, lake levels, groundwater levels, and streamflow. The time-series processing software TSPROC (Doherty 2001)was used to distill the large time series data set to a smaller set of observations and summary statistics that captured the salient hydrologic information. The time-series processing reduced hundreds of thousands of observations to less than 5,000. Model calibration included specific predictions for several lakes in the study area using the PEST parameter estimation suit of software (Doherty 2007). The calibrated model was used to simulate the hydrologic response in the study lakes to a variety of climate change scenarios culled from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (Solomon et al. 2007). Results from the simulations indicate climate change could result in substantial changes to the lake levels and components of the hydrologic budget of a seepage lake in the flow system. For a drainage lake lower in the flow system, the impacts of climate change are diminished.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planning for an uncertain future - monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"3rd interagency conference on research in the watersheds: planning for an uncertain future: monitoring, integration, and adaptation","conferenceDate":"8-11 September, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R., Walker, J.F., Markstrom, S., Hay, L.E., and Doherty, J., 2009, Using a coupled groundwater/surface-water model to predict climate-change impacts to lakes in the Trout Lake Watershed, northern Wisconsin, <i>in</i> Planning for an uncertain future - monitoring, integration, and adaptation (SIR 2009-5049), Estes Park, CO, 8-11 September, 2008, p. 155-161.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009788","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326855,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5049/pdf/SIR09-5049.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Trout Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.703926,46.012934 ], [ -89.703926,46.079112 ], [ -89.646771,46.079112 ], [ -89.646771,46.012934 ], [ -89.703926,46.012934 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b27ee4b0388651d9198c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webb, Richard M. T. 0000-0001-9531-2207","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9531-2207","contributorId":35772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Richard M. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646256,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646257,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":16118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall J.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markstrom, Steven L. 0000-0001-7630-9547 markstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-9547","contributorId":1986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markstrom","given":"Steven L.","email":"markstro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":480495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, Lauren E. 0000-0003-3763-4595 lhay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-4595","contributorId":1287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"Lauren","email":"lhay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doherty, John","contributorId":43843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034027,"text":"70034027 - 2009 - Predicting the natural flow regime: Models for assessing hydrological alteration in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-25T12:51:49","indexId":"70034027","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the natural flow regime: Models for assessing hydrological alteration in streams","docAbstract":"Understanding the extent to which natural streamflow characteristics have been altered is an important consideration for ecological assessments of streams. Assessing hydrologic condition requires that we quantify the attributes of the flow regime that would be expected in the absence of anthropogenic modifications. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether selected streamflow characteristics could be predicted at regional and national scales using geospatial data. Long-term, gaged river basins distributed throughout the contiguous US that had streamflow characteristics representing least disturbed or near pristine conditions were identified. Thirteen metrics of the magnitude, frequency, duration, timing and rate of change of streamflow were calculated using a 20-50 year period of record for each site. We used random forests (RF), a robust statistical modelling approach, to develop models that predicted the value for each streamflow metric using natural watershed characteristics. We compared the performance (i.e. bias and precision) of national- and regional-scale predictive models to that of models based on landscape classifications, including major river basins, ecoregions and hydrologic landscape regions (HLR). For all hydrologic metrics, landscape stratification models produced estimates that were less biased and more precise than a null model that accounted for no natural variability. Predictive models at the national and regional scale performed equally well, and substantially improved predictions of all hydrologic metrics relative to landscape stratification models. Prediction error rates ranged from 15 to 40%, but were 25% for most metrics. We selected three gaged, non-reference sites to illustrate how predictive models could be used to assess hydrologic condition. These examples show how the models accurately estimate predisturbance conditions and are sensitive to changes in streamflow variability associated with long-term land-use change. We also demonstrate how the models can be applied to predict expected natural flow characteristics at ungaged sites. ?? 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.1247","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Carlisle, D., Falcone, J., Wolock, D., Meador, M.R., and Norris, R., 2009, Predicting the natural flow regime: Models for assessing hydrological alteration in streams: River Research and Applications, v. 26, no. 2, p. 118-136, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1247.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"136","ipdsId":"IP-004184","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81d1e4b0c8380cd7b753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlisle, D.M.","contributorId":81059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falcone, J.","contributorId":20548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falcone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norris, R.H.","contributorId":32016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":443720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70042388,"text":"70042388 - 2009 - Multi-scale measurements and modeling of denitrification in streams with varying flow and nitrate concentration in the upper Mississippi River basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T09:50:25","indexId":"70042388","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-scale measurements and modeling of denitrification in streams with varying flow and nitrate concentration in the upper Mississippi River basin, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Denitrification is an important net sink for NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> in streams, but direct measurements are limited and in situ controlling factors are not well known. We measured denitrification at multiple scales over a range of flow conditions and NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> concentrations in streams draining agricultural land in the upper Mississippi River basin. Comparisons of reach-scale measurements (in-stream mass transport and tracer tests) with local-scale in situ measurements (pore-water profiles, benthic chambers) and laboratory data (sediment core microcosms) gave evidence for heterogeneity in factors affecting benthic denitrification both temporally (e.g., seasonal variation in NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> concentrations and loads, flood-related disruption and re-growth of benthic communities and organic deposits) and spatially (e.g., local stream morphology and sediment characteristics). When expressed as vertical denitrification flux per unit area of streambed (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>, in μmol&nbsp;N&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;h</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), results of different methods for a given set of conditions commonly were in agreement within a factor of 2–3. At approximately constant temperature (~20&nbsp;±&nbsp;4°C) and with minimal benthic disturbance, our aggregated data indicated an overall positive relation between </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span> (~0–4,000&nbsp;μmol&nbsp;N&nbsp;m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;h</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and stream NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>concentration (~20–1,100&nbsp;μmol&nbsp;L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) representing seasonal variation from spring high flow (high NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>) to late summer low flow (low NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>). The temporal dependence of </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span> on NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>was less than first-order and could be described about equally well with power-law or saturation equations (e.g., for the unweighted dataset, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>&nbsp;≈26&nbsp;*&nbsp;[NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]</span><sup>0.44</sup><span> or </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>≈640&nbsp;*&nbsp;[NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]/[180&nbsp;+&nbsp;NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]; for a partially weighted dataset, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>&nbsp;≈14&nbsp;*&nbsp;[NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]</span><sup>0.54</sup><span> or </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>&nbsp;≈700&nbsp;*&nbsp;[NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]/[320&nbsp;+&nbsp;NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>]). Similar parameters were derived from a recent spatial comparison of stream denitrification extending to lower NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> concentrations (LINX2), and from the combined dataset from both studies over 3 orders of magnitude in NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>concentration. Hypothetical models based on our results illustrate: (1) </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span> was inversely related to denitrification rate constant (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">k</i><span>1</span><sub>denit</sub><span>, in day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and vertical transfer velocity (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">v</i><sub>f,denit</sub><span>, in m day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) at seasonal and possibly event time scales; (2) although </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">k</i><span>1</span><sub>denit</sub><span> was relatively large at low flow (low NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>), its impact on annual loads was relatively small because higher concentrations and loads at high flow were not fully compensated by increases in </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span>; and (3) although NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> assimilation and denitrification were linked through production of organic reactants, rates of NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> loss by these processes may have been partially decoupled by changes in flow and sediment transport. Whereas </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">k</i><span>1</span><sub>denit</sub><span> and </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">v</i><sub>f,denit</sub><span> are linked implicitly with stream depth, NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> concentration, and(or) NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> load, estimates of </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span> may be related more directly to field factors (including NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span> concentration) affecting denitrification rates in benthic sediments. Regional regressions and simulations of benthic denitrification in stream networks might be improved by including a non-linear relation between </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">U</i><sub>denit</sub><span> and stream NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>concentration and accounting for temporal variation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-008-9282-8","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J., Antweiler, R.C., Harvey, J.W., Laursen, A.E., Smith, L.K., Smith, R.L., and Voytek, M.A., 2009, Multi-scale measurements and modeling of denitrification in streams with varying flow and nitrate concentration in the upper Mississippi River basin, USA: Biogeochemistry, v. 93, no. 1, p. 117-141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9282-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"141","ipdsId":"IP-008428","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9282-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270742,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9282-8"},{"id":270743,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5165386ce4b077fa94dadfc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laursen, Andrew E.","contributorId":99783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laursen","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Lesley K.","contributorId":82657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Lesley","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Voytek, Mary A.","contributorId":91943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70043324,"text":"70043324 - 2009 - A simple technique for continuous measurement of time-variable gas transfer in surface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T10:36:42","indexId":"70043324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2622,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simple technique for continuous measurement of time-variable gas transfer in surface waters","docAbstract":"Mass balance models of dissolved gases in streams, lakes, and rivers serve as the basis for estimating wholeecosystem rates for various biogeochemical processes. Rates of gas exchange between water and the atmosphere are important and error-prone components of these models. Here we present a simple and efficient modification of the SF6 gas tracer approach that can be used concurrently while collecting other dissolved gas samples for dissolved gas mass balance studies in streams. It consists of continuously metering SF6-saturated water directly into the stream at a low rate of flow. This approach has advantages over pulse injection of aqueous solutions or bubbling large amounts of SF6 into the stream. By adding the SF6 as a saturated solution, we minimize the possibility that other dissolved gas measurements are affected by sparging and/or bubble injecta. Because the SF6 is added continuously we have a record of changing gas transfer velocity (GTV) that is contemporaneous with the sampling of other nonconservative ambient dissolved gases. Over a single diel period, a 30% variation in GTV was observed in a second-order stream (Sugar Creek, Indiana, USA). The changing GTV could be attributed in part to changes in temperature and windspeed that occurred on hourly to diel timescales.","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lom.2009.7.185","usgsCitation":"Tobias, C., Bohlke, J., Harvey, J.W., and Busenberg, E., 2009, A simple technique for continuous measurement of time-variable gas transfer in surface waters: Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, v. 7, p. 185-195, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.185.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"195","ipdsId":"IP-004332","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270737,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653860e4b077fa94dadf5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobias, Craig R.","contributorId":23410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tobias","given":"Craig R.","affiliations":[{"id":32398,"text":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":473392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, John Karl 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":84641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"John Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044313,"text":"70044313 - 2009 - Geochemistry of inorganic nitrogen in waters released from coal-bed natural gas production wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-12T10:12:29","indexId":"70044313","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of inorganic nitrogen in waters released from coal-bed natural gas production wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water originating from coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) production wells typically contains ammonium and is often disposed via discharge to ephemeral channels. A study conducted in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, documented downstream changes in CBNG water composition, emphasizing nitrogen-cycling processes and the fate of ammonium. Dissolved ammonium concentrations from 19 CBNG discharge points ranged from 95 to 527 μM. Within specific channels, ammonium concentrations decreased with transport distance, with subsequent increases in nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Removal efficiency, or uptake, of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) varied between channel types. DIN uptake was greater in the gentle-sloped, vegetated channel as compared to the incised, steep, and sparsely vegetated channel and was highly correlated with diel patterns of incident light and dissolved oxygen concentration. In a larger main channel with multiple discharge inputs (</span><i>n</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 13), DIN concentrations were &gt;300 μM, with pH &gt; 8.5, after 5 km of transport. Ammonium represented 25−30% of the large-channel DIN, and ammonium concentrations remained relatively constant with time, with only a weak diel pattern evident. In July 2003, the average daily large-channel DIN load was 23 kg N day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>entering the Powder River, an amount which substantially increased the total Powder River DIN load after the channel confluence. These results suggest that CBNG discharge may be an important source of DIN to western watersheds, at least at certain times of the year, and that net oxidation and/or removal is dependent upon the extent of contact with sediment and biomass, type of drainage channel, and time of day.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es802478p","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Repert, D.A., and Hart, C.P., 2009, Geochemistry of inorganic nitrogen in waters released from coal-bed natural gas production wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 43, no. 7, p. 2348-2354, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802478p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2348","endPage":"2354","ipdsId":"IP-007473","costCenters":[{"id":435,"text":"National Research Program - Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.1472,\n              44.1506\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.094,\n              44.1506\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.094,\n              44.1193\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.1472,\n              44.1193\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.1472,\n              44.1506\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5afce4b0b290850f9b91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Repert, Deborah A. 0000-0001-7284-1456 darepert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1456","contributorId":2578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"Deborah","email":"darepert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, Charles P. cphart@usgs.gov","contributorId":2603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Charles","email":"cphart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70042758,"text":"70042758 - 2009 - Transport of tritium contamination to the atmosphere in an arid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T10:15:42","indexId":"70042758","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of tritium contamination to the atmosphere in an arid environment","docAbstract":"<p>Soil–plant–atmosphere interactions strongly influence water movement in desert unsaturated zones, but little is known about how such interactions affect atmospheric release of subsurface water-borne contaminants. This 2-yr study, performed at the U.S. Geological Survey's Amargosa Desert Research Site in southern Nevada, quantified the magnitude and spatiotemporal variability of tritium (3H) transport from the shallow unsaturated zone to the atmosphere adjacent to a low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) facility. Tritium fluxes were calculated as the product of 3H concentrations in water vapor and respective evaporation and transpiration water-vapor fluxes. Quarterly measured 3H concentrations in soil water vapor and in leaf water of the dominant creosote-bush [<i>Larrea tridentat</i>a (DC.) Coville] were spatially extrapolated and temporally interpolated to develop daily maps of contamination across the 0.76-km2 study area. Maximum plant and root-zone soil concentrations (4200 and 8700 Bq L−1, respectively) were measured 25 m from the LLRW facility boundary. Continuous evaporation was estimated using a Priestley–Taylor model and transpiration was computed as the difference between measured eddy-covariance evapotranspiration and estimated evaporation. The mean evaporation/transpiration ratio was 3:1. Tritium released from the study area ranged from 0.12 to 12 μg d−1 and totaled 1.5 mg (8.2 × 1010 Bq) over 2 yr. Tritium flux variability was driven spatially by proximity to 3H source areas and temporally by changes in 3H concentrations and in the partitioning between evaporation and transpiration. Evapotranspiration removed and limited penetration of precipitation beneath native vegetation and fostered upward movement and release of 3H from below the root zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2008.0022","usgsCitation":"Garcia, C.A., Andraski, B.J., Johnson, M.J., Stonestrom, D.A., Michel, R.L., Cooper, C., and Wheatcraft, S., 2009, Transport of tritium contamination to the atmosphere in an arid environment: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 8, no. 2, p. 450-461, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0022.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"461","ipdsId":"IP-004355","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd798ae4b0b2908510ce60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, C. Amanda 0000-0003-3776-3565 cgarcia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3776-3565","contributorId":1899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"C.","email":"cgarcia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Michael J. johnsonm@usgs.gov","contributorId":2282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michael","email":"johnsonm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cooper, C.A.","contributorId":67316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wheatcraft, S.W.","contributorId":15427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheatcraft","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
]}