The Chesapeake Bay impact structure is a ca. 35.4 Ma crater located on the eastern seaboard of North America. Deposition returned to normal shortly after impact, resulting in a unique record of both impact-related and subsequent passive margin sedimentation. We use backstripping to show that the impact strongly affected sedimentation for 7 m.y. through impact-derived crustal-scale tectonics, dominated by the effects of sediment compaction and the introduction and subsequent removal of a negative thermal anomaly instead of the expected positive thermal anomaly. After this, the area was dominated by passive margin thermal subsidence overprinted by periods of regional-scale vertical tectonic events, on the order of tens of meters. Loading due to prograding sediment bodies may have generated these events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G24408A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hayden, T., Kominz, M., Powars, D.S., Edwards, L.E., Miller, K., Browning, J., and Kulpecz, A., 2008, Impact effects and regional tectonic insights: Backstripping the Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Geology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 327-330, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24408A.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.54150390625,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.157470703125,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -75.157470703125,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -77.54150390625,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -77.54150390625,\n 36.73888412439431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38aee4b0c8380cd61659","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayden, T.","contributorId":85468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayden","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kominz, M.","contributorId":80857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kominz","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, K.G.","contributorId":18094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Browning, J.V.","contributorId":18889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kulpecz, A.A.","contributorId":46672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulpecz","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70031879,"text":"70031879 - 2008 - The annual migration cycle of emperor geese in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-10T16:55:24.950844","indexId":"70031879","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The annual migration cycle of emperor geese in western Alaska","docAbstract":"Most emperor geese (Chen canagica) nest in a narrow coastal region of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) in western Alaska, but their winter distribution extends more than 3000 km from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to the Commander Islands, Russia. We marked 53 adult female emperor geese with satellite transmitters on the YKD in 1999, 2002, and 2003 to examine whether chronology of migration or use of seasonal habitats differed among birds that wintered in different regions. Females that migrated relatively short distances (650–1010 km) between the YKD and winter sites on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula bypassed autumn staging areas on the Bering Sea coast of the Alaska Peninsula or used them for shorter periods (mean = 57 days) than birds that made longer migrations (1600–2640 km) to the western Aleutian Islands (mean = 97 days). Alaska Peninsula migrants spent more days at winter sites (mean = 172 days, 95% CI: 129–214 days) than western Aleutian Island migrants (mean = 91 days, 95% CI: 83–99 days). Birds that migrated 930–1610 km to the eastern Aleutian Islands spent intermediate intervals at fall staging (mean = 77 days) and wintering areas (mean = 108 days, 95% CI: 95–119 days). Return dates to the YKD did not differ among birds that wintered in different regions. Coastal staging areas on the Alaska Peninsula may be especially important in autumn to prepare Aleutian migrants physiologically for long-distance migration to winter sites, and in spring to enable emperor geese that migrate different distances to reach comparable levels of condition before nesting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic4","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Schmutz, J.A., and Ely, C.R., 2008, The annual migration cycle of emperor geese in western Alaska: Arctic, v. 61, no. 1, p. 23-34, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.2450831955602,\n 63.44394583371482\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 63.44394583371482\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 48.42759646748672\n ],\n [\n -150.2450831955602,\n 48.42759646748672\n ],\n [\n -150.2450831955602,\n 63.44394583371482\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9c0e4b08c986b3224b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70031851,"text":"70031851 - 2008 - Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:35:44","indexId":"70031851","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":667,"text":"Aerobiologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays","docAbstract":"On 13 August 2004, an atmospheric sample was collected at an altitude of 20,000 m along a west to east transect over the continental United States by NASA’s Stratospheric and Cosmic Dust Program. This sample was then shipped to the US Geological Survey’s Global Desert Dust program for microbiological analyses. This sample, which was plated on a low nutrient agar to determine if cultivable microorganisms were present, produced 590 small yellow to off-white colonies after approximately 7 weeks of incubation at room-temperature. Of 50 colonies selected for identification using 16S rRNA sequencing, 41 belonged to the family Micrococcaceae, seven to the family Microbacteriaceae, one to the genus Staphylococcus, and one to the genus Brevibacterium. All of the isolates identified were non-spore-forming pigmented bacteria, and their presence in this sample illustrate that it is not unusual to recover viable microbes at extreme altitudes. Additionally, the extended period required to initiate growth demonstrates the need for lengthy incubation periods when analyzing high-altitude samples for cultivable microorganisms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aerobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7","issn":"03935965","usgsCitation":"Griffin, D.W., 2008, Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays: Aerobiologia, v. 24, no. 1, p. 19-25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":214770,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-007-9078-7"},{"id":242520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6766e4b0c8380cd732ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Dale W. 0000-0003-1719-5812 dgriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-5812","contributorId":2178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Dale","email":"dgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":433441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70031826,"text":"70031826 - 2008 - Storm-driven sediment transport in Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-27T14:46:01","indexId":"70031826","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-driven sediment transport in Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"Massachusetts Bay is a semi-enclosed embayment in the western Gulf of Maine about 50 km wide and 100 km long. Bottom sediment resuspension is controlled predominately by storm-induced surface waves and transport by the tidal- and wind-driven circulation. Because the Bay is open to the northeast, winds from the northeast ('Northeasters') generate the largest surface waves and are thus the most effective in resuspending sediments. The three-dimensional oceanographic circulation model Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used to explore the resuspension, transport, and deposition of sediment caused by Northeasters. The model transports multiple sediment classes and tracks the evolution of a multilevel sediment bed. The surficial sediment characteristics of the bed are coupled to one of several bottom-boundary layer modules that calculate enhanced bottom roughness due to wave-current interaction. The wave field is calculated from the model Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN). Two idealized simulations were carried out to explore the effects of Northeasters on the transport and fate of sediments. In one simulation, an initially spatially uniform bed of mixed sediments exposed to a series of Northeasters evolved to a pattern similar to the existing surficial sediment distribution. A second set of simulations explored sediment-transport pathways caused by storms with winds from the northeast quadrant by simulating release of sediment at selected locations. Storms with winds from the north cause transport southward along the western shore of Massachusetts Bay, while storms with winds from the east and southeast drive northerly nearshore flow. The simulations show that Northeasters can effectively transport sediments from Boston Harbor and the area offshore of the harbor to the southeast into Cape Cod Bay and offshore into Stellwagen Basin. This transport pattern is consistent with Boston Harbor as the source of silver found in the surficial sediments of Cape Cod Bay and Stellwagen Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2007.08.008","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Warner, J., Butman, B., and Dalyander, P., 2008, Storm-driven sediment transport in Massachusetts Bay: Continental Shelf Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 257-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.08.008.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2103","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay, Gulf of Maine, Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -71,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -71,\n 41.590796851056005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b987de4b08c986b31c061","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, J.C.","contributorId":46644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dalyander, P.S. 0000-0001-9583-0872","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":68968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035602,"text":"70035602 - 2008 - Devonian brachiopods of southwesternmost laurentia: Biogeographic affinities and tectonic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-22T15:15:08.075844","indexId":"70035602","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Devonian brachiopods of southwesternmost laurentia: Biogeographic affinities and tectonic significance","docAbstract":"Three brachiopod faunas discussed herein record different depositional and tectonic settings along the southwestern margin of Laurentia (North America) during Devonian time. Depositional settings include inner continental shelf (Cerros de Los Murcielagos), medial continental shelf (Rancho Placeritos), and offshelf continental rise (Rancho Los Chinos). Ages of Devonian brachiopod faunas include middle Early (Pragian) at Rancho Placeritos in west-central Sonora, late Middle (Givetian) at Cerros de Los Murcielagos in northwestern Sonora, and late Late (Famennian) at Rancho Los Chinos in central Sonora. The brachiopods of these three faunas, as well as the gastropod Orecopia, are easily recognized in outcrop and thus are useful for local and regional correlations. Pragian brachiopods dominated by Acrospirifer and Meristella in the \"San Miguel Formation\" at Rancho Placeritos represent the widespread Appohimchi Subprovince of eastern and southern Laurentia. Conodonts of the early to middle Pragian sulcatus to kindlei Zones associated with the brachiopods confirm the ages indicated by the brachiopod fauna and provide additional information on the depositional setting of the Devonian strata. Biostratigraphic distribution of the Appohimchi brachiopod fauna indicates continuous Early Devonian shelf deposition along the entire southern margin of Laurentia. The largely emergent southwest-trending Transcontinental arch apparently formed a barrier preventing migration and mixing of many genera and species of brachiopods from the southern shelf of Laurentia in northern Mexico to the western shelf (Cordilleran mio-geocline) in the western United States. Middle Devonian Stringocephalus brachiopods and Late Devonian Orecopia gastropods in the \"Los Murcielagos Formation\" in northwest Sonora represent the southwest-ernmost occurrence of these genera in North America and date the host rocks as Givetian and Frasnian, respectively. Rhynchonelloid brachiopods (Dzieduszyckia sonora) and associated worm tubes in the Los Pozos Formation of the Sonora allochthon in central Sonora are also found in strati-form-barite facies in the upper Upper Devonian (Famennian) part of the Slaven Chert in the Roberts Mountains allochthon (upper plate) of central and western Nevada. Although these brachiopods and worm tubes occur in similar depositional settings along the margin of Laurentia in Mexico, they occur in allochthons that exhibit different tectonic styles and times of emplacement. Thus, the allochthons containing the brachiopods and worm tubes in Sonora and Nevada are parts of separate orogenic belts and have different geographic settings and tectonic histories. Devonian facies belts and faunas in northern Mexico indicate a continuous continental shelf along the entire southern margin of Laurentia. These data, in addition to the continuity of the late Paleozoic Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora orogen across northern Mexico, contradict the early Late Jurassic Mojave-Sonora megashear as a viable hypothesis for large-magnitude offset (600-1100 km) of Proterozoic through Middle Jurassic rocks from California to Sonora.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2008.442(05)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Boucot, A., Poole, F.G., Amaya-Martinez, R., Harris, A., Sandberg, C., and Page, W.R., 2008, Devonian brachiopods of southwesternmost laurentia: Biogeographic affinities and tectonic significance: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 442, p. 77-97, https://doi.org/10.1130/2008.442(05).","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 25.64152637306577\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 25.64152637306577\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 25.64152637306577\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"442","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a008ee4b0c8380cd4f7bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boucot, A. J.","contributorId":30620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucot","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, Forrest G. 0000-0001-8487-0799 bpoole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":1543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"Forrest","email":"bpoole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amaya-Martinez, R.","contributorId":46792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amaya-Martinez","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Page, William R. 0000-0002-0722-9911 rpage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-9911","contributorId":1628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"William","email":"rpage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035410,"text":"70035410 - 2008 - Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035410","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1126,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin","docAbstract":"The Maritimes Groundwater Initiative (MGWI) is a large, integrated, regional hydrogeological study focusing on a representative area of the Maritimes Basin in eastern Canada. The study area covers a land surface of 10 500 km2, of which 9 400 km2 are underlain by sedimentary rocks. This sedimentary bedrock is composed of a sequence of discontinuous strata of highly variable hydraulic properties, and is generally overlain by a thin layer of glacial till(mostly 4-8 m thick, but can reach 20 m). Depending on the area, 46 to 100% of the population relieson groundwater for water supply, either from municipal wells or from private residential wells. The main objectives of this project were to improve the general understanding of groundwater-flow dynamics and to provide baseline information and tools for a regional groundwater-resource assessment. This bulletin presents the current state of understanding of this hydrogeological system, along with the methodology used to characterize and analyze its distinct behaviour at three different scales. This regional bedrock aquifer system contains confined and unconfined zones, and each of its lenticular permeable strata extends only a few kilometres. Preferential groundwater recharge occurs where sandy till is present. The mean annual recharge rate to the bedrock is estimated to range between 130 and 165 mm/a. Several geological formations of this basin provide good aquifers, with hydraulic conductivity in the range 5x10-6 to 10-4m/s. Based on results of numerical flow modelling, faults were interpreted to have a key role in the regional flow. Pumping-test results revealed that the fractured aquifers can locally be very heterogeneous and anisotropic, but behave similarly to porous media. Work performed at the local scale indicated that most water-producing fractures seem to be subhorizontal and generally oriented in a northeasterly direction, in agreement with regional structures and pumping-test results. Almost all residential wells are shallow (about 20 m) open holes that are cased only through the surficial sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00687626","usgsCitation":"Rivard, C., Michaud, Y., Deblonde, C., Boisvert, V., Carrier, C., Morin, R.H., Calvert, T., Vigneault, H., Conohan, D., Castonguay, S., Lefebvre, R., Rivera, A., and Parent, M., 2008, Canadian groundwater inventory: Regional hydrogeological characterization of the south-central part of the maritimes basin: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, no. 589, p. 1-96.","startPage":"1","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"589","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f33fe4b0c8380cd4b6b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rivard, C.","contributorId":97343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivard","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaud, Y.","contributorId":11436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaud","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deblonde, C.","contributorId":57679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deblonde","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boisvert, V.","contributorId":31223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boisvert","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carrier, C.","contributorId":89370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrier","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calvert, T.","contributorId":62043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vigneault, H.","contributorId":37979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vigneault","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Conohan, D.","contributorId":48404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conohan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Castonguay, S.","contributorId":7103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castonguay","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lefebvre, R.","contributorId":52408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rivera, A.","contributorId":28573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Parent, M.","contributorId":105933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parent","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70032170,"text":"70032170 - 2008 - Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) deep gas reservoir play, central and eastern Gulf coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:28","indexId":"70032170","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) deep gas reservoir play, central and eastern Gulf coastal plain","docAbstract":"The Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) deeply buried gas reservoir play in the central and eastern Gulf coastal plain of the United States has high potential for significant gas resources. Sequence-stratigraphic study, petroleum system analysis, and resource assessment were used to characterize this developing play and to identify areas in the North Louisiana and Mississippi Interior salt basins with potential for deeply buried gas reservoirs. These reservoir facies accumulated in Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Norphlet, Haynesville, Cotton Valley, and Hosston continental, coastal, and marine siliciclastic environments and Smackover and Sligo nearshore marine shelf, ramp, and reef carbonate environments. These Mesozoic strata are associated with transgressive and regressive systems tracts. In the North Louisiana salt basin, the estimate of secondary, nonassociated thermogenic gas generated from thermal cracking of oil to gas in the Upper Jurassic Smackover source rocks from depths below 3658 m (12,000 ft) is 4800 tcf of gas as determined using software applications. Assuming a gas expulsion, migration, and trapping efficiency of 2-3%, 96-144 tcf of gas is potentially available in this basin. With some 29 tcf of gas being produced from the North Louisiana salt basin, 67-115 tcf of in-place gas remains. Assuming a gas recovery factor of 65%, 44-75 tcf of gas is potentially recoverable. The expelled thermogenic gas migrated laterally and vertically from the southern part of this basin to the updip northern part into shallower reservoirs to depths of up to 610 m (2000 ft). Copyright ?? 2008. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/11120707084","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Mancini, E.A., Li, P., Goddard, D., Ramirez, V., and Talukdar, S., 2008, Mesozoic (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) deep gas reservoir play, central and eastern Gulf coastal plain: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 92, no. 3, p. 283-308, https://doi.org/10.1306/11120707084.","startPage":"283","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214973,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/11120707084"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a544ce4b0c8380cd6cf3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mancini, E. A.","contributorId":18114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancini","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, P.","contributorId":51114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goddard, D.A.","contributorId":101101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramirez, V.O.","contributorId":51115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramirez","given":"V.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Talukdar, S.C.","contributorId":15848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talukdar","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033595,"text":"70033595 - 2008 - Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:30","indexId":"70033595","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales","docAbstract":"Consistent assessments of biological condition are needed across multiple ecoregions to provide a greater understanding of the spatial extent of environmental degradation. However, consistent assessments at large geographic scales are often hampered by lack of uniformity in data collection, analyses, and interpretation. The index of biotic integrity (IBI) has been widely used in eastern and central North America, where fish assemblages are complex and largely composed of native species, but IBI development has been hindered in the western United States because of relatively low fish species richness and greater relative abundance of alien fishes. Approaches to developing IBIs rarely provide a consistent means of assessing biological condition across multiple ecoregions. We conducted an evaluation of IBIs recently proposed for three ecoregions of the western United States using an independent data set covering a large geographic scale. We standardized the regional IBIs and developed biological condition criteria, assessed the responsiveness of IBIs to basin-level land uses, and assessed their precision and concordance with basin-scale IBIs. Standardized IBI scores from 318 sites in the western United States comprising mountain, plains, and xeric ecoregions were significantly related to combined urban and agricultural land uses. Standard deviations and coefficients of variation revealed relatively low variation in IBI scores based on multiple sampling reaches at sites. A relatively high degree of corroboration with independent, locally developed IBIs indicates that the regional IBIs are robust across large geographic scales, providing precise and accurate assessments of biological condition for western U.S. streams. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/T07-054.1","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Meador, M.R., Whittier, T., Goldstein, R.M., Hughes, R.M., and Peck, D., 2008, Evaluation of an index of biotic integrity approach used to assess biological condition in western U.S. streams and rivers at varying spatial scales: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 137, no. 1, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/T07-054.1.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T07-054.1"},{"id":241826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c46e4b0c8380cd52ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whittier, T.R.","contributorId":55296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittier","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, R. M.","contributorId":69997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peck, D.V.","contributorId":68053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033623,"text":"70033623 - 2008 - Environmental geochemistry of a Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit at the abandoned Valzinco mine, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T10:46:38","indexId":"70033623","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental geochemistry of a Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit at the abandoned Valzinco mine, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"The abandoned Valzinco mine, which worked a steeply dipping Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit in the Virginia Au-pyrite belt, contributed significant metal-laden acid-mine drainage to the Knight's Branch watershed. The host rocks were dominated by metamorphosed felsic volcanic rocks, which offered limited acid-neutralizing potential. The ores were dominated by pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, which represented significant acid-generating potential. Acid-base accounting and leaching studies of flotation tailings - the dominant mine waste at the site - indicated that they were acid generating and therefore, should have liberated significant quantities of metals to solution. Field studies of mine drainage from the site confirmed that mine drainage and the impacted stream waters had pH values from 1.1 to 6.4 and exceeded aquatic ecosystem toxicity limits for Fe, Al, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Stable isotope studies of water, dissolved SO42 -, and primary and secondary sulfate and sulfide minerals indicated that two distinct sulfide oxidation pathways were operative at the site: one dominated by Fe(III) as the oxidant, and another by molecular O2 as the oxidant. Reaction-path modeling suggested that geochemical interactions between tailings and waters approached a steady state within about a year. Both leaching studies and geochemical reaction-path modeling provided reasonable predictions of the mine-drainage chemistry.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.001","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., Hammarstrom, J.M., Johnson, A., Piatak, N., and Wandless, G., 2008, Environmental geochemistry of a Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit at the abandoned Valzinco mine, Virginia, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 23, no. 2, p. 320-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.001.","startPage":"320","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214104,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.10.001"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09c6e4b0c8380cd52068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.N.","contributorId":49195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatak, N.M. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wandless, G.A.","contributorId":107716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033524,"text":"70033524 - 2008 - Quaternary geology and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Six Mile Reef, eastern Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T14:50:30","indexId":"70033524","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary geology and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Six Mile Reef, eastern Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"Six Mile Reef, a sandy, 22-m-high shoal trending east-west and located about 7.8 km off the Connecticut coast, has a core of postglacial marine deltaic deposits mantled by tidally reworked modern sediments. Sedimentary environments off the eastern end of the shoal are characterized by processes associated with long-term erosion or nondeposition, a mobile-sediment-limited seafloor armored by gravelly sand, and scattered elongate fields of barchanoid sand waves. The barchanoid waves reach amplitudes of 20 m, are concave westward, and occur in individual and coalesced forms that become progressively more complex westward. The seafloor on and adjacent to the shoal is characterized by processes associated with coarse bedload transport and covered primarily with asymmetrical transverse sand waves. The transverse waves exceed 8 m in amplitude, have slip faces predominantly oriented to the west and southwest, and have straight, slightly sinuous, and curved crests. Megaripples, which mimic the asymmetry of the sand waves, are commonly present on stoss slopes and in troughs; current ripples are ubiquitous. The amplitude and abundance of large bedforms decrease markedly westward of Six Mile Reef. The seabed there is covered with small, degraded ripples, reflecting lower-energy environments and processes associated with sorting and reworking of seafloor sediments. Megaripples and current ripples on the sand waves suggest that transport is active and that the bedforms are propagating under the present hydraulic regime. Net bedload sediment transport is primarily to the west, as evidenced by textural trends of surficial sediments, orientation of the barchanoid waves, and asymmetry of the transverse waves and of the scour marks around bedrock outcrops, boulders, and shipwrecks. One exception occurs at the western tip of the shoal, where sand-wave morphology indicates long-term eastward transport, suggesting that countercurrents in this area shape the shoal and are important to its maintenance.","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.2112/06-0743.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Williams, S., Moser, M.S., Forfinski, N., Stewart, H., and Doran, E.F., 2008, Quaternary geology and sedimentary processes in the vicinity of Six Mile Reef, eastern Long Island Sound: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 24, no. 1, p. 255-266, https://doi.org/10.2112/06-0743.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.476318359375,\n 40.153686857794035\n ],\n [\n -70.51025390625,\n 40.153686857794035\n ],\n [\n -70.51025390625,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -74.476318359375,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -74.476318359375,\n 40.153686857794035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a92bee4b0c8380cd80a13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, S.J.","contributorId":85203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moser, M. S.","contributorId":98391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Forfinski, N.A.","contributorId":13702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forfinski","given":"N.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, H.F.","contributorId":83620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doran, E. F.","contributorId":31066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70033652,"text":"70033652 - 2008 - Reconstructed historical land cover and biophysical parameters for studies of land-atmosphere interactions within the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T14:10:55","indexId":"70033652","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconstructed historical land cover and biophysical parameters for studies of land-atmosphere interactions within the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Over the past 350 years, the eastern half of the United States experienced extensive land cover changes. These began with land clearing in the 1600s, continued with widespread deforestation, wetland drainage, and intensive land use by 1920, and then evolved to the present-day landscape of forest regrowth, intensive agriculture, urban expansion, and landscape fragmentation. Such changes alter biophysical properties that are key determinants of land-atmosphere interactions (water, energy, and carbon exchanges). To understand the potential implications of these land use transformations, we developed and analyzed 20-km land cover and biophysical parameter data sets for the eastern United States at 1650, 1850, 1920, and 1992 time slices. Our approach combined potential vegetation, county-level census data, soils data, resource statistics, a Landsat-derived land cover classification, and published historical information on land cover and land use. We reconstructed land use intensity maps for each time slice and characterized the land cover condition. We combined these land use data with a mutually consistent set of biophysical parameter classes, to characterize the historical diversity and distribution of land surface properties. Time series maps of land surface albedo, leaf area index, a deciduousness index, canopy height, surface roughness, and potential saturated soils in 1650, 1850, 1920, and 1992 illustrate the profound effects of land use change on biophysical properties of the land surface. Although much of the eastern forest has returned, the average biophysical parameters for recent landscapes remain markedly different from those of earlier periods. Understanding the consequences of these historical changes will require land-atmosphere interactions modeling experiments.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2006JD008277","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Steyaert, L.T., and Knox, R., 2008, Reconstructed historical land cover and biophysical parameters for studies of land-atmosphere interactions within the eastern United States: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 113, no. 2, p. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008277.","productDescription":"D02101; 27 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476704,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008277","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214555,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008277"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a24ae4b0e8fec6cdb555","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steyaert, Louis T.","contributorId":24689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, R.G.","contributorId":95690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80923,"text":"fs20083005 - 2008 - Transport of water, carbon, and sediment through the Yukon River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-20T10:23:38","indexId":"fs20083005","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3005","displayTitle":"Transport of Water, Carbon, and Sediment Through the Yukon River Basin","title":"Transport of water, carbon, and sediment through the Yukon River Basin","docAbstract":"In 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a water-quality study of the Yukon River. The Yukon River Basin (YRB), which encompasses 330,000 square miles in northwestern Canada and central Alaska (fig. 1), is one of the largest and most diverse ecosystems in North America. The Yukon River is more than 1,800 miles long and is one of the last great uncontrolled rivers in the world, and is essential to the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea ecosystems, providing freshwater runoff, sediments, and nutrients (Brabets and others, 2000). Despite its remoteness, recent studies (Hinzman and others, 2005; Walvoord and Striegl, 2007) indicate the YRB is changing. These changes likely are in response to a warming trend in air temperature of 1.7i??C from 1951 to 2001 (Hartmann and Wendler, 2005). As a result of this warming trend, permafrost is thawing in the YRB, ice breakup occurs earlier on the main stem of the Yukon River and its tributaries, and timing of streamflow and movement of carbon and sediment through the basin is changing (Hinzman and others, 2005; Walvoord and Striegl, 2007). One of the most striking characteristics in the YRB is its seasonality. In the YRB, more than 75 percent of the annual streamflow runoff occurs during a five month period, May through September. This is important because streamflow determines when, where, and how much of a particular constituent will be transported. As an example, more than 95 percent of all sediment transported during an average year also occurs during this period (Brabets and others, 2000). During the other 7 months, streamflow, concentrations of sediment and other water-quality constituents are low and little or no sediment transport occurs in the Yukon River and its tributaries. Streamflow and water-quality data have been collected at more than 50 sites in the YRB (Dornblaser and Halm, 2006; Halm and Dornblaser, 2007). Five sites have been sampled more than 30 times and others have been sampled twice during peak- and low-flow conditions as part of synoptic sampling campaigns. Although the synoptic data do not provide a complete picture of water quality of a particular river through the year, the data do provide a snapshot of water-quality conditions at a particular time of year. Two constituents of interest are suspended sediment and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Suspended sediment is important because elevated concentrations can adversely affect aquatic life by obstructing fish gills, covering fish spawning sites, and altering habitat of benthic organisms. Metals and organic contaminants also tend to adsorb onto fine-grained sediment. Permafrost thawing has major implications for the carbon cycle. It is critical to understand the processes related to the transport of DOC to surface waters and how long-term climatic changes may alter these processes (Schuster and others, 2004).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083005","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Schuster, P.F., 2008, Transport of water, carbon, and sediment through the Yukon River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3005, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083005.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3005.jpg"},{"id":367591,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3005/pdf/fs20083005.pdf"},{"id":10771,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166,59 ], [ -166,70 ], [ -129,70 ], [ -129,59 ], [ -166,59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626bdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":293854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70225721,"text":"sir20075151 - 2008 - Physicochemical properties and chemical characteristics of water, bed sediment, and mussel tissue from selected streams near the Redleg and Peason Ridge impact areas, Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, June 2001 - November 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T17:08:38.704373","indexId":"sir20075151","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T11:54:36","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5151","displayTitle":"Physicochemical properties and chemical characteristics of water, bed sediment, and mussel tissue from selected streams near the Redleg and Peason Ridge impact areas, Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, June 2001—November 2003","title":"Physicochemical properties and chemical characteristics of water, bed sediment, and mussel tissue from selected streams near the Redleg and Peason Ridge impact areas, Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, June 2001 - November 2003","docAbstract":"At the request of the U.S. Army Joint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk, the U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed water, bed-sediment, and mussel-tissue samples from selected streams near the Redleg impact area (RIA) and Peason Ridge impact areas (PRIA) at the Fort Polk Military Reservation (Reservation), Louisiana. from June 2001 through November 2003. Samples were collected from 13 sites, including 2 reference sites. Water was analyzed for physicochemical properties; water and bed sediment were analyzed for major inorganic ions, cyanide, perchlorate, trace elements, total organic carbon, nutrients, and explosive compounds; and mussel tissue from three sites was analyzed for explosive compounds only. The two reference sites, one near the RIA and one near the PRIA, were selected to provide baseline data for these areas.
Streams near the RIA were acidic and low in buffering capacity. with pH measurements ranging from 5.0 to 6.6. Cation concentrations were less than or equal to E3.3J mg/L (E, estimated; J, method blank contamination; milligrams per liter), and anion concentrations were less than or equal to E7.3 mg/L. Field measurements and major inorganic ions concentrations were similar to the RIA reference site and to previously sampled nearby streams, indicating streams near the RIA were typical of streams near the eastern part of the Main Post.
Streams near the PRIA were slightly acidic to neutral and low in buffering capacity, with pH measurements ranging from 5.7 to 6.9. Cation concentrations were less than or equal to 6.2 mg/L, and anion concentrations were less than or equal to 16 mg/L. Streams near the PRIA were higher than the RIA for most physicochemical properties and constituents, hut typical of streams near the headwaters of the Calcasieu River. All concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and fluoride were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Drinking-Water Regulations (SDWR) of 250, 250, and 2.0 mg/L, respectively.
Concentrations of cations calcium, magnesium. and potassium for sites near both the RIA and PRIA were higher in depositional bed-sediment samples than in bulk samples. Higher cation concentrations were likely due to higher clay and organic content in the depositional samples.
The trace elements detected in the highest concentrations in water and bed sediment were aluminum, iron, and manganese. All aluminum concentrations in water were within the range or greater than the USEPA SDWR range from 50 to 200 ug/L (micrograms per liter). All but four iron concentrations in water exceeded the SDWR. Manganese concentrations in seven water samples at the RIA sites and four samples at the PRIA sites were greater than the SDWR. These concentrations of cations were consistent with soil characteristics and low pH measurements of stream water and rainfall in the area. All other trace-element concentrations in water were less than regulatory guidelines and regulations except the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level Goal of 0 ug/L for arsenic and lead and 0.5 u/L for thallium. Arsenic, lead, and thallium concentrations were similar to those detected in blank samples or those reported for the reference sites.
The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) has established bed-sediment guidelines for seven trace elements: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. No concentrations exceeded the CCME Probable Effect Level, and only one arsenic concentration of 8.87 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram), in a depositional sample from one of the RIA sites, exceeded the CCME Interim Sediment Quality Guideline of 5.9 mg/kg.
The median concentrations of total organic carbon in water were 5.3 mg/L at the RIA and 4.0 mg/L at the PRIA, and both concentrations were less than the average dissolved organic carbon concentration of 5.75 mg/L for all world rivers. All detected nutrient concentrations in water were less than USEPA guidelines and regulations. The largest nutrient concentrations in water and bed-sediment samples were total organic nitrogen, measured as total Kjeldahl nitrogen; they included a maximum concentration of 0.53 mg/L in water at the RIA sites, E0.38 mg/L in water at the PRIA sites, 294 mg/kg in hulk bed sediment. and 1,740 mg/kg in depositional bed sediment.
Four explosive compounds, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine), and tetryl, were detected in water near the RIA; one compound, HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine), was detected in bed sediment near the PRIA; and one compound, nitroglycerin, was detected in mussel tissue near the RIA. The most frequently detected explosive compound, RDX, was detected in 10 water samples from 5 sites near the RIA. Concentrations of explosive compounds in water were less than USEPA Health Advisories available for reference.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20075151","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Army Joint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk","usgsCitation":"Tollett, R.W., and Fendick, R., 2008, Physicochemical properties and chemical characteristics of water, bed sediment, and mussel tissue from selected streams near the Redleg and Peason Ridge impact areas, Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, June 2001 - November 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5151, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075151.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394193,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Fort Polk Military Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 30.981141277396976\n ],\n [\n -92.85232543945312,\n 30.981141277396976\n ],\n [\n -92.85232543945312,\n 31.149356922488074\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 31.149356922488074\n ],\n [\n -93.240966796875,\n 30.981141277396976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.36593627929688,\n 31.316687991715057\n ],\n [\n -93.17779541015624,\n 31.316687991715057\n ],\n [\n -93.17779541015624,\n 31.439208864183147\n ],\n [\n -93.36593627929688,\n 31.439208864183147\n ],\n [\n -93.36593627929688,\n 31.316687991715057\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tollett, Roland W. 0000-0002-4726-5845 rtollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-5845","contributorId":1896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tollett","given":"Roland","email":"rtollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fendick, Robert B. Jr. rfendick@usgs.gov","contributorId":1313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"Robert B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rfendick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":826401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80015,"text":"sir20065287 - 2007 - Seagrass status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T16:23:53.117015","indexId":"sir20065287","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5287","displayTitle":"Seagrass Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940–2002","title":"Seagrass status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940-2002","docAbstract":"Over the past century, seagrass habitats from the bays of Texas to the gulf shores of Florida have decreased. Seagrass beds, which are highly dependent on water quality and clarity for survival, are home to a multitude of aquatic plants and animals and a source of economic activity through commercial and recreational fishing and ecotourism. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Gulf of Mexico Program (GMP) and its partners have made a commitment to restore, enhance, and protect this important ecosystem. As seagrass habitats decrease, the need for information on the causes and effects of seagrass loss, current mapping information, and education on the importance of seagrassess becomes greater. This report is the initial effort of the GMP’s research and restoration plan for seagrasses. The purpose of this report is to provide scientists, managers, and citizens with valuable baseline information on the status and trends of seagrasses in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Within the northern Gulf of Mexico region, 14 individual estuarine systems where seagrasses occur, as well as statewide summaries for Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, are examined in this study. Each estuarine system is detailed in vignettes that address current and historical extent and quality of seagrasses, seagrass mapping and monitoring, causes of status change, restoration and enhancement activities, background information for the entire study area as well as the subareas for study, and the methodology employed to analyze and document the historical trends and current status of seagrasses.
The systems, moving from west to east, include the Laguna Madre, Texas Coastal Bend region, and Galveston Bay in Texas; the Chandeleur Islands in Louisiana; the Mississippi Sound; and Perdido Bay, Pensacola/Escambia Bay, Choctawhatchee Bay, St. Andrew Bay, Florida’s Big Bend region, Tampa Bay/St. Joseph Sound, Sarasota Bay, Greater Charlotte Harbor, and Florida Bay in Florida. (Mobile Bay is dealt with only in the statewide summary for Alabama.)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065287","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Altsman, D., and DeMay, R., 2007, Seagrass status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1940-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5287, xii, 267 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065287.","productDescription":"xii, 267 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1940-01-01","temporalEnd":"2002-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20065287.PNG"},{"id":387820,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5287/sir20065287.pdf","text":"Report","size":"188 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2006-5287"},{"id":9756,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5287/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.26,24.82 ], [ -98.26,31.11 ], [ -80.31,31.11 ], [ -80.31,24.82 ], [ -98.26,24.82 ] ] ] } } ] }","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The extraordinary number, size, and unspoiled beauty of the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park (the Park) make them a national treasure. The hydrology of these special features and their relation to cold waters of the Yellowstone area are poorly known. In the absence of deep drill holes, such information is available only indirectly from isotope studies. The δD-δ18O values of precipitation and cold surface-water and ground-water samples are close to the global meteoric water line (Craig, 1961). δD values of monthly samples of rain and snow collected from 1978 to 1981 at two stations in the Park show strong seasonal variations, with average values for winter months close to those for cold waters near the collection sites. δD values of more than 300 samples from cold springs, cold streams, and rivers collected during the fall from 1967 to 1992 show consistent north-south and east-west patterns throughout and outside of the Park, although values at a given site vary by as much as 8 ‰ from year to year. These data, along with hot-spring data (Truesdell and others, 1977; Pearson and Truesdell, 1978), show that ascending Yellowstone thermal waters are modified isotopically and chemically by a variety of boiling and mixing processes in shallow reservoirs. Near geyser basins, shallow recharge waters from nearby rhyolite plateaus dilute the ascending deep thermal waters, particularly at basin margins, and mix and boil in reservoirs that commonly are interconnected. Deep recharge appears to derive from a major deep thermal-reservoir fluid that supplies steam and hot water to all geyser basins on the west side of the Park and perhaps in the entire Yellowstone caldera. This water (T ≥350°C; δD = –149±1 ‰) is isotopically lighter than all but the farthest north, highest altitude cold springs and streams and a sinter-producing warm spring (δD = –153 ‰) north of the Park. Derivation of this deep fluid solely from present-day recharge is problematical. The designation of source areas depends on assumptions about the age of the deep water, which in turn depend on assumptions about the nature of the deep thermal system. Modeling, based on published chloride-flux studies of thermal waters, suggests that for a 0.5- to 4-km-deep reservoir the residence time of most of the thermal water could be less than 1,900 years, for a piston-flow model, to more than 10,000 years, for a well-mixed model. For the piston-flow model, the deep system quickly reaches the isotopic composition of the recharge in response to climate change. For this model, stable-isotope data and geologic considerations suggest that the most likely area of recharge for the deep thermal water is in the northwestern part of the Park, in the Gallatin Range, where major north-south faults connect with the caldera. This possible recharge area for the deep thermal water is at least 20 km, and possibly as much as 70 km, from outflow in the thermal areas, indicating the presence of a hydrothermal system as large as those postulated to have operated around large, ancient igneous intrusions. For this model, the volume of isotopically light water infiltrating in the Gallatin Range during our sampling period is too small to balance the present outflow of deep water. This shortfall suggests that some recharge possibly occurred during a cooler time characterized by greater winter precipitation, such as during the Little Ice Age in the 15th century. However, this scenario requires exceptionally fast flow rates of recharge into the deep system. For the well-mixed model, the composition of the deep reservoir changes slowly in response to climate change, and a significant component of the deep thermal water could have recharged during Pleistocene glaciation. The latter interpretation is consistent with the recent discovery of warm waters in wells and springs in southern Idaho that have δD values 10–20 ‰ lower than the winter snow for their present-day high-level recharge. These waters have been interpreted to be Pleistocene in age (Smith and others, 2002). The well-mixed model permits a significant component of recharge water for the deep system to have δD values less negative than –150 ‰ and consequently for the deep system recharge to be closer to the caldera at a number of possible localities in the Park.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem (Professional Paper 1717)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1717H","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., and Truesdell, A.H., 2007, The question of recharge to the deep thermal reservoir underlying the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone National Park: Chapter H in Integrated geoscience studies in Integrated geoscience studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area—Volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes in the Yellowstone geoecosystem: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1717, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1717H.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":322219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1717/downloads/pdf/p1717H.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Located mostly in northwestern Wyoming but extends into Montana and Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb7e4b023b96ec28482","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":632569,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":632567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, Alfred Hemingway","contributorId":106137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truesdell","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"Hemingway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171031,"text":"70171031 - 2007 - Modeling the dynamic response of a crater glacier to lava-dome emplacement: Mount St Helens, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T13:13:07","indexId":"70171031","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-29T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the dynamic response of a crater glacier to lava-dome emplacement: Mount St Helens, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"The Yellowstone-Snake River Plain tectonomagmatic province resulted from Late Tertiary volcanism in western North America, producing three large, caldera-forming eruptions at the Yellowstone Plateau in the last 2 Myr. To understand the kinematics and geodynamics of this volcanic system, the University of Utah conducted seven GPS campaigns at 140 sites between 1987 and 2003 and installed a network of 15 permanent stations. GPS deployments focused on the Yellowstone caldera, the Hebgen Lake and Teton faults, and the eastern Snake River Plain. The GPS data revealed periods of uplift and subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera at rates up to 15 mm/yr. From 1987 to 1995, the caldera subsided and contracted, implying volume loss. From 1995 to 2000, deformation shifted to inflation and extension northwest of the caldera. From 2000 to 2003, uplift continued to the northwest while caldera subsidence was renewed. The GPS observations also revealed extension across the Hebgen Lake fault and fault-normal contraction across the Teton fault. Deformation rates of the Yellowstone caldera and Hebgen Lake fault were converted to equivalent total moment rates, which exceeded historic seismic moment release and late Quaternary fault slip-derived moment release by an order of magnitude. The Yellowstone caldera deformation trends were superimposed on regional southwest extension of the Yellowstone Plateau at up to 4.3 ± 0.2 mm/yr, while the eastern Snake River Plain moved southwest as a slower rate at 2.1 ± 0.2 mm/yr. This southwest extension of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain system merged into east-west extension of the Basin-Range province. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.
\nAt least 15 explosive eruptions from the Katmai cluster of volcanoes and another nine from other volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula are preserved as tephra layers in syn- and post-glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) loess and soil sections in Katmai National Park, AK. About 400 tephra samples from 150 measured sections have been collected between Kaguyak volcano and Mount Martin and from Shelikof Strait to Bristol Bay (∼8,500 km2). Five tephra layers are distinctive and widespread enough to be used as marker horizons in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes area, and 140 radiocarbon dates on enclosing soils have established a time framework for entire soil–tephra sections to 10 ka; the white rhyolitic ash from the 1912 plinian eruption of Novarupta caps almost all sections. Stratigraphy, distribution and tephra characteristics have been combined with microprobe analyses of glass and Fe–Ti oxide minerals to correlate ash layers with their source vents. Microprobe analyses (typically 20–50 analyses per glass or oxide sample) commonly show oxide compositions to be more definitive than glass in distinguishing one tephra from another; oxides from the Kaguyak caldera-forming event are so compositionally coherent that they have been used as internal standards throughout this study. Other than the Novarupta and Trident eruptions of the last century, the youngest locally derived tephra is associated with emplacement of the Snowy Mountain summit dome (<250 14C years B.P.). East Mageik has erupted most frequently during Holocene time with seven explosive events (9,400 to 2,400 14C years B.P.) preserved as tephra layers. Mount Martin erupted entirely during the Holocene, with lava coulees (>6 ka), two tephras (∼3,700 and ∼2,700 14C years B.P.), and a summit scoria cone with a crater still steaming today. Mount Katmai has three times produced very large explosive plinian to sub-plinian events (in 1912; 12–16 ka; and 23 ka) and many smaller pyroclastic deposits show that explosive activity has long been common there. Mount Griggs, fumarolically active and moderately productive during postglacial time (mostly andesitic lavas), has three nested summit craters, two of which are on top of a Holocene central cone. Only one ash has been found that is (tentatively) correlated with the most recent eruptive activity on Griggs (<3,460 14C years B.P.). Eruptions from other volcanoes NE and SW beyond the Katmai cluster represented in this area include: (1) coignimbrite ash from Kaguyak’s caldera-forming event (5,800 14C years B.P.); (2) the climactic event from Fisher caldera (∼9,100 14C years B.P.—tentatively correlated); (3) at least three eruptions most likely from Mount Peulik (∼700, ∼7,700 and ∼8,500 14C years B.P.); and (4) a phreatic fallout most likely from the Gas Rocks (∼2,300 14C years B.P.). Most of the radiocarbon dating has been done on loess, soil and peat enclosing this tephra. Ash correlations supported by stratigraphy and microprobe data are combined with radiocarbon dating to show that variably organics-bearing substrates can provide reliable limiting ages for ash layers, especially when data for several sites is available.
The May 18, 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption perturbed the atmosphere and generated atmosphere-to-ground coupled airwaves, which were recorded on at least 35 seismometers operated by the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN). From 102 distinct travel time picks we identify coherent airwaves crossing Washington State primarily to the north and east of the volcano. The travel time curves provide evidence for both stratospheric refractions (at 200 to 300 km from the volcano) as well as probable thermospheric refractions (at 100 to 350 km). The very few first-hand reports of audible volcano sounds within about 80 km of the volcano coincide with a general absence of ground-coupled acoustic arrivals registered within about 100 km and are attributed to upward refraction of sound waves. From the coherent refracted airwave arrivals, we identify at least four distinct sources which we infer to originate 10 s, 114 s, ∼ 180 s and 319 s after the onset of an 8:32:11 PDT landslide. The first of these sources is attributed to resultant depressurization and explosion of the cryptodome. Most of the subsequent arrivals also appear to be coincident with a source located at or near the presumed volcanic conduit, but at least one of the later arrivals suggests an epicenter displaced about 9 km to the northwest of the vent. This dislocation is compatible with the direction of the sector collapse and lateral blast. We speculate that this concussion corresponds to a northern explosion event associated with hot cryptodome entering the Toutle River Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.001","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., and Malone, S.D., 2007, Ground-coupled acoustic airwaves from Mount St. Helens provide constraints on the May 18, 1980 eruption: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 258, p. 16-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.001.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skamania County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2836685180664,\n 46.13012537588263\n ],\n [\n -122.2836685180664,\n 46.25347289852333\n ],\n [\n -122.10582733154295,\n 46.25347289852333\n ],\n [\n -122.10582733154295,\n 46.13012537588263\n ],\n [\n -122.2836685180664,\n 46.13012537588263\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"258","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb4e4b0b13d3919a360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J.B.","contributorId":35107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malone, S. D.","contributorId":48310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170812,"text":"70170812 - 2007 - Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers--Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T11:31:18","indexId":"70170812","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T05:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers--Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field","docAbstract":"Recent inference that Mesozoic Cordilleran plutons grew incrementally during >106 yr intervals, without the presence of voluminous eruptible magma at any stage, minimizes close associations with large ignimbrite calderas. Alternatively, Tertiary ignimbrites in the Rocky Mountains and elsewhere, with volumes of 1–5 × 103 km3, record multistage histories of magma accumulation, fractionation, and solidification in upper parts of large subvolcanic plutons that were sufficiently liquid to erupt. Individual calderas, up to 75 km across with 2–5 km subsidence, are direct evidence for shallow magma bodies comparable to the largest granitic plutons. As exemplified by the composite Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field (here summarized comprehensively for the first time), which is comparable in areal extent, magma composition, eruptive volume, and duration to continental-margin volcanism of the central Andes, nested calderas that erupted compositionally diverse tuffs document deep composite subsidence and rapid evolution in subvolcanic magma bodies. Spacing of Tertiary calderas at distances of tens to hundreds of kilometers is comparable to Mesozoic Cordilleran pluton spacing. Downwind ash in eastern Cordilleran sediments records large-scale explosive volcanism concurrent with Mesozoic batholith growth. Mineral fabrics and gradients indicate unified flow-age of many pluton interiors before complete solidification, and some plutons contain ring dikes or other textural evidence for roof subsidence. Geophysical data show that low-density upper-crustal rocks, inferred to be plutons, are 10 km or more thick beneath many calderas. Most ignimbrites are more evolved than associated plutons; evidence that the subcaldera chambers retained voluminous residua from fractionation. Initial incremental pluton growth in the upper crust was likely recorded by modest eruptions from central volcanoes; preparation for caldera-scale ignimbrite eruption involved recurrent magma input and homogenization high in the chamber. Some eroded calderas expose shallow granites of similar age and composition to tuffs, recording sustained postcaldera magmatism.
\nPlutons thus provide an integrated record of prolonged magmatic evolution, while volcanism offers snapshots of conditions at early stages. Growth of subvolcanic batholiths involved sustained multistage open-system processes. These commonly involved ignimbrite eruptions at times of peak power input, but assembly and consolidation processes continued at diminishing rates long after peak volcanism. Some evidence cited for early incremental pluton assembly more likely records late events during or after volcanism. Contrasts between relatively primitive arc systems dominated by andesitic compositions and small upper-crustal plutons versus more silicic volcanic fields and associated batholiths probably reflect intertwined contrasts in crustal thickness and magmatic power input. Lower power input would lead to a Cascade- or Aleutian-type arc system, where intermediate-composition magma erupts directly from middle- and lower-crustal storage without development of large shallow plutons. Andean and southern Rocky Mountain–type systems begin similarly with intermediate-composition volcanism, but increasing magma production, perhaps triggered by abrupt changes in plate boundaries, leads to development of larger upper-crustal reservoirs, more silicic compositions, large ignimbrites, and batholiths. Lack of geophysical evidence for voluminous eruptible magma beneath young calderas suggests that near-solidus plutons can be rejuvenated rapidly by high-temperature mafic recharge, potentially causing large explosive eruptions with only brief precursors.
\nAs an emblem of the Great Plains, American Indians, and wildlife conservation, the American bison (Bison bison) is one of the most visible and well-known of wildlife species in North America (fig. 1, above). Species of the genus Bison originally entered the continent via the Bering land bridge from northern Eurasia in the Illinoian glacial period of the Pleistocene epoch (125,000–500,000 years ago). Bison are the largest species in North America to have survived the late Pleistocene–early Holocene megafauna extinction period (around 9,000–11,000 years ago), but likely experienced a dramatic population reduction triggered by environmental changes and increased human hunting pressures around this time (Dary 1989; McDonald 1981). The modern American bison species (Bison bison) emerged and expanded across the grasslands of North America around 4,000–5,000 years ago (McDonald 1981). As the major grazer of the continent, bison populations ranged from central Mexico to northern Canada and nearly from the east to west coasts (fig. 2; McDonald 1981), with 25–40 million bison estimated to have roamed the Great Plains prior to the 19th century (Flores 1991; McHugh 1972; Shaw 1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Corvallis, OR","usgsCitation":"Halbert, N.D., Gogan, P.J., Hiebert, R., and Derr, J.N., 2007, Where the buffalo roam: The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands: Park Science, v. 24, no. 2, p. 22-29.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nature.nps.gov/parkscience/index.cfm?ArticleID=149"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55001],[-62.9393,46.41587],[-62.01208,46.44314],[-62.50391,46.03339],[-62.87433,45.96818],[-64.1428,46.39265],[-64.39261,46.72747],[-64.01486,47.03601],[-63.6645,46.55001]]],[[[-61.8063,49.10506],[-62.29318,49.08717],[-63.58926,49.40069],[-64.51912,49.87304],[-64.17322,49.95718],[-62.85829,49.70641],[-61.83559,49.28855],[-61.8063,49.10506]]],[[[-123.51,48.51001],[-124.01289,48.37085],[-125.65501,48.825],[-125.95499,49.18],[-126.85,49.53],[-127.02999,49.815],[-128.05934,49.99496],[-128.44458,50.53914],[-128.35841,50.77065],[-125.75501,50.29502],[-124.92077,49.47527],[-123.92251,49.06248],[-123.51,48.51001]]],[[[-56.13404,50.68701],[-56.79588,49.81231],[-56.14311,50.15012],[-55.47149,49.93582],[-55.8224,49.58713],[-54.93514,49.31301],[-54.47378,49.55669],[-53.47655,49.24914],[-53.78601,48.51678],[-53.08613,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.53555],[-53.06916,46.6555],[-53.52146,46.61829],[-54.17894,46.80707],[-53.96187,47.62521],[-54.24048,47.75228],[-55.40077,46.88499],[-55.99748,46.91972],[-55.29122,47.38956],[-56.2508,47.63255],[-59.26602,47.60335],[-59.41949,47.89945],[-58.79659,48.25153],[-59.23162,48.52319],[-58.3918,49.12558],[-57.35869,50.71827],[-56.73865,51.28744],[-55.87098,51.63209],[-55.40697,51.58827],[-56.13404,50.68701]]],[[[-133.18,54.16998],[-132.71001,54.04001],[-131.74999,54.12],[-132.04948,52.98462],[-131.17904,52.18043],[-131.57783,52.18237],[-132.18043,52.63971],[-132.54999,53.10001],[-133.05461,53.41147],[-133.23966,53.85108],[-133.18,54.16998]]],[[[-79.26582,62.15868],[-79.65752,61.63308],[-80.09956,61.7181],[-80.36215,62.01649],[-79.92939,62.3856],[-79.52002,62.36371],[-79.26582,62.15868]]],[[[-81.89825,62.7108],[-83.06857,62.15922],[-83.77462,62.18231],[-83.99367,62.4528],[-83.25048,62.91409],[-81.87699,62.90458],[-81.89825,62.7108]]],[[[-85.16131,65.65728],[-84.97576,65.21752],[-84.46401,65.37177],[-81.64201,64.45514],[-81.55344,63.97961],[-80.81736,64.05749],[-80.10345,63.72598],[-80.99102,63.41125],[-82.54718,63.65172],[-83.1088,64.10188],[-84.10042,63.56971],[-85.5234,63.05238],[-85.86677,63.63725],[-87.22198,63.54124],[-86.35276,64.03583],[-86.22489,64.82292],[-85.88385,65.73878],[-85.16131,65.65728]]],[[[-75.86588,67.14886],[-76.98687,67.09873],[-77.2364,67.58809],[-76.81166,68.14856],[-75.89521,68.28721],[-75.1145,68.01036],[-75.10333,67.58202],[-75.21597,67.44425],[-75.86588,67.14886]]],[[[-95.64768,69.10769],[-96.26952,68.75704],[-97.6174,69.06003],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.40003],[-98.9174,69.71003],[-98.21826,70.14354],[-96.5574,69.68003],[-95.64768,69.10769]]],[[[-90.5471,69.49766],[-90.55151,68.47499],[-89.21515,69.25873],[-88.01966,68.61508],[-88.31749,67.87338],[-87.35017,67.19872],[-86.30607,67.92146],[-85.57664,68.78456],[-85.52197,69.88211],[-82.62258,69.65826],[-81.28043,69.16202],[-81.2202,68.66567],[-81.96436,68.13253],[-81.25928,67.59716],[-81.38653,67.11078],[-83.34456,66.41154],[-84.73542,66.2573],[-85.76943,66.55833],[-86.0676,66.05625],[-87.03143,65.21297],[-87.32324,64.77563],[-88.48296,64.09897],[-89.91444,64.03273],[-90.70398,63.61017],[-90.77004,62.96021],[-91.93342,62.83508],[-93.15698,62.02469],[-94.24153,60.89865],[-94.62931,60.11021],[-94.6846,58.94882],[-93.21502,58.78212],[-92.29703,57.08709],[-90.89769,57.28468],[-89.03953,56.85172],[-88.03978,56.47162],[-87.32421,55.99914],[-86.07121,55.72383],[-85.01181,55.3026],[-82.27285,55.14832],[-82.4362,54.28227],[-82.12502,53.27703],[-81.40075,52.15788],[-79.91289,51.20842],[-79.14301,51.53393],[-78.60191,52.56208],[-79.12421,54.14145],[-79.82958,54.66772],[-78.22874,55.13645],[-77.0956,55.83741],[-76.54137,56.53423],[-76.62319,57.20263],[-77.30226,58.05209],[-78.51688,58.80458],[-77.33676,59.85261],[-77.77272,60.75788],[-78.10687,62.31964],[-77.41067,62.55053],[-74.6682,62.18111],[-73.83988,62.4438],[-71.67708,61.52535],[-71.37369,61.13717],[-69.59042,61.06141],[-69.62033,60.22125],[-69.2879,58.95736],[-68.37455,58.80106],[-67.64976,58.21206],[-66.20178,58.76731],[-65.24517,59.87071],[-64.58352,60.33558],[-61.39655,56.96745],[-61.79866,56.33945],[-60.46853,55.77548],[-59.56962,55.20407],[-57.97508,54.94549],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.93689,53.78032],[-56.15811,53.64749],[-55.75632,53.27036],[-55.68338,52.14664],[-57.12691,51.41972],[-58.77482,51.0643],[-60.03309,50.24277],[-61.72366,50.08046],[-63.86251,50.29099],[-66.39905,50.22897],[-67.23631,49.51156],[-68.51114,49.06836],[-71.10458,46.82171],[-70.25522,46.98606],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.55243,49.1331],[-65.05626,49.23278],[-64.17099,48.74248],[-65.11545,48.07085],[-64.47219,46.23849],[-63.17329,45.73902],[-61.52072,45.88377],[-60.51815,47.00793],[-60.4486,46.28264],[-59.80287,45.9204],[-61.03988,45.26525],[-63.25471,44.67014],[-64.24656,44.26553],[-65.36406,43.54523],[-66.1234,43.61867],[-66.16173,44.46512],[-64.42549,45.29204],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-125.62461,50.41656],[-127.43561,50.83061],[-127.99276,51.71583],[-127.85032,52.32961],[-129.12979,52.75538],[-129.30523,53.56159],[-130.51497,54.28757],[-130.53610881133997,54.802751030769095],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-139.12052,69.47102],[-137.54636,68.99002],[-136.50358,68.89804],[-135.62576,69.31512],[-134.41464,69.62743],[-132.92925,69.50534],[-131.43136,69.94451],[-129.79471,70.19369],[-129.10773,69.77927],[-128.36156,70.01286],[-128.13817,70.48384],[-127.44712,70.37721],[-125.75632,69.48058],[-124.42483,70.1584],[-124.28968,69.39969],[-123.06108,69.56372],[-122.6835,69.85553],[-121.47226,69.79778],[-119.94288,69.37786],[-117.60268,69.01128],[-116.22643,68.84151],[-115.2469,68.90591],[-113.89794,68.3989],[-115.30489,67.90261],[-113.49727,67.68815],[-110.798,67.80612],[-109.94619,67.98104],[-108.8802,67.38144],[-107.79239,67.88736],[-108.81299,68.31164],[-108.16721,68.65392],[-106.15,68.8],[-105.34282,68.56122],[-104.33791,68.018],[-103.22115,68.09775],[-101.45433,67.64689],[-99.90195,67.80566],[-98.4432,67.78165],[-98.5586,68.40394],[-97.66948,68.57864],[-96.11991,68.23939],[-96.12588,67.29338],[-95.48943,68.0907],[-94.685,68.06383],[-94.23282,69.06903],[-95.30408,69.68571],[-96.47131,70.08976],[-96.39115,71.19482],[-95.2088,71.92053],[-93.88997,71.76015],[-92.87818,71.31869],[-91.51964,70.19129],[-92.40692,69.69997],[-90.5471,69.49766]]],[[[-114.16717,73.12145],[-114.66634,72.65277],[-112.44102,72.9554],[-111.05039,72.4504],[-109.92035,72.96113],[-109.00654,72.63335],[-108.18835,71.65089],[-107.68599,72.06548],[-108.39639,73.08953],[-107.51645,73.23598],[-106.52259,73.07601],[-105.40246,72.67259],[-104.77484,71.6984],[-104.46476,70.99297],[-100.98078,70.02432],[-101.08929,69.58447],[-102.73116,69.50402],[-102.09329,69.11962],[-102.43024,68.75282],[-105.96,69.18],[-107.12254,69.11922],[-109,68.78],[-113.3132,68.53554],[-113.85496,69.00744],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.10794,69.16821],[-117.34,69.96],[-115.13112,70.2373],[-113.72141,70.19237],[-112.4161,70.36638],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.54056],[-118.43238,70.9092],[-116.11311,71.30918],[-117.65568,71.2952],[-119.40199,71.55859],[-118.56267,72.30785],[-117.86642,72.70594],[-115.18909,73.31459],[-114.16717,73.12145]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-106.6,73.6],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.10268],[-76.2514,72.82639],[-78.39167,72.87666],[-79.48625,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.33318],[-80.83389,73.69318],[-80.35306,73.75972],[-78.06444,73.65193],[-76.34,73.10268]]],[[[-86.56218,73.15745],[-85.77437,72.53413],[-84.85011,73.34028],[-82.31559,73.75095],[-80.60009,72.71654],[-80.74894,72.06191],[-78.77064,72.35217],[-77.82462,72.74962],[-75.60584,72.24368],[-74.22862,71.76714],[-74.09914,71.33084],[-72.24223,71.55692],[-71.20002,70.92001],[-68.78605,70.52502],[-67.91497,70.12195],[-66.96903,69.18609],[-68.80512,68.7202],[-66.44987,68.06716],[-64.86231,67.84754],[-63.42493,66.92847],[-61.85198,66.86212],[-62.16318,66.16025],[-63.91844,64.99867],[-65.14886,65.42603],[-66.72122,66.38804],[-68.01502,66.26273],[-68.14129,65.68979],[-67.08965,65.10846],[-65.73208,64.64841],[-65.32017,64.38274],[-64.66941,63.39293],[-65.0138,62.67419],[-66.27504,62.9451],[-68.78319,63.74567],[-66.3283,62.28007],[-66.16557,61.9309],[-68.87737,62.33015],[-71.02344,62.91071],[-72.23538,63.39784],[-71.88628,63.67999],[-74.83442,64.67908],[-74.8185,64.38909],[-77.70998,64.22954],[-78.55595,64.57291],[-77.89728,65.30919],[-73.9598,65.45476],[-74.29388,65.81177],[-73.94491,66.31058],[-72.65117,67.28458],[-72.92606,67.72693],[-73.31162,68.06944],[-74.84331,68.55463],[-76.8691,68.89474],[-76.22865,69.14777],[-77.28737,69.76954],[-78.16863,69.82649],[-78.95724,70.16688],[-79.49246,69.87181],[-81.30547,69.74319],[-84.94471,69.96663],[-88.68171,70.41074],[-89.51342,70.76204],[-88.46772,71.21819],[-89.88815,71.22255],[-90.20516,72.23507],[-89.43658,73.12946],[-88.40824,73.53789],[-85.82615,73.80382],[-86.56218,73.15745]]],[[[-100.35642,73.84389],[-99.16387,73.63339],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.05359,72.99052],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.35966,71.27285],[-99.32286,71.35639],[-100.01482,71.73827],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.43836,72.70588],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.35642,73.84389]]],[[[-93.1963,72.77199],[-94.26905,72.0246],[-95.40986,72.06188],[-96.03375,72.94028],[-96.01827,73.43743],[-95.49579,73.86242],[-94.50366,74.13491],[-92.42001,74.10003],[-90.50979,73.85673],[-92.00397,72.96624],[-93.1963,72.77199]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.09219,70.90164],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.92895,71.86869],[-124.80729,73.02256],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.91775,74.29275],[-121.53788,74.44893],[-120.10978,74.24135],[-117.55564,74.18577],[-115.51081,73.47519],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.61276,74.98],[-94.15691,74.59235],[-95.60868,74.66686],[-96.82093,74.92762],[-96.28859,75.37783],[-94.85082,75.64722],[-93.97775,75.29649],[-93.61276,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.73558,76.25656],[-97.70441,75.74344],[-98.16,75],[-99.80874,74.89744],[-100.88366,75.05736],[-100.86292,75.64075],[-102.50209,75.5638],[-102.56552,76.3366],[-101.48973,76.30537],[-99.98349,76.64634],[-98.57699,76.58859],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.21141,76.20168],[-107.81943,75.84552],[-106.92893,76.01282],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.70498,75.47951],[-106.31347,75.00527],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.22307,74.41696],[-113.74381,74.39427],[-113.87135,74.72029],[-111.79421,75.1625],[-116.31221,75.04343],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.34602,76.19903],[-115.40487,76.47887],[-112.59056,76.14134],[-110.81422,75.54919],[-109.0671,75.47321],[-110.49726,76.42982],[-109.5811,76.79417],[-108.54859,76.67832],[-108.21141,76.20168]]],[[[-94.68409,77.09788],[-93.57392,76.7763],[-91.60502,76.77852],[-90.74185,76.4496],[-90.96966,76.07401],[-89.18708,75.61017],[-86.37919,75.48242],[-84.78963,75.6992],[-82.75344,75.78432],[-81.12853,75.71398],[-80.05751,75.33685],[-79.83393,74.92313],[-80.45777,74.6573],[-81.94884,74.44246],[-83.22889,74.56403],[-88.15035,74.39231],[-89.76472,74.51556],[-92.42244,74.83776],[-92.76829,75.38682],[-92.88991,75.88266],[-93.89382,76.31924],[-95.96246,76.44138],[-97.12138,76.75108],[-96.74512,77.16139],[-94.68409,77.09788]]],[[[-116.19859,77.64529],[-116.33581,76.87696],[-117.10605,76.53003],[-118.04041,76.48117],[-119.89932,76.05321],[-121.5,75.90002],[-122.85492,76.11654],[-121.15754,76.86451],[-119.10394,77.51222],[-117.57013,77.49832],[-116.19859,77.64529]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.16965,77.55511],[-96.4363,77.83463],[-94.42258,77.82],[-93.72066,77.63433],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.18694,77.69701],[-112.05119,77.40923],[-113.53428,77.73221],[-112.72459,78.05105],[-111.26444,78.15296],[-109.85445,77.99632],[-110.18694,77.69701]]],[[[-109.66315,78.60197],[-110.88131,78.40692],[-112.54209,78.4079],[-112.52589,78.55055],[-111.50001,78.84999],[-109.66315,78.60197]]],[[[-95.83029,78.05694],[-97.30984,77.8506],[-98.12429,78.08286],[-98.55287,78.45811],[-98.63198,78.87193],[-96.7544,78.76581],[-95.55928,78.41831],[-95.83029,78.05694]]],[[[-100.06019,78.32475],[-99.67094,77.90754],[-101.30394,78.01898],[-102.94981,78.34323],[-105.17613,78.38033],[-104.21043,78.67742],[-105.41958,78.91834],[-105.49229,79.30159],[-103.52928,79.16535],[-100.82516,78.80046],[-100.06019,78.32475]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.81435,79.3369],[-87.18756,79.0393],[-89.03535,78.28723],[-90.80436,78.21533],[-92.87669,78.34333],[-93.95116,78.75099],[-93.93574,79.11373],[-93.14524,79.3801],[-94.974,79.37248],[-96.07614,79.70502],[-96.70972,80.15777],[-95.32345,80.90729],[-94.29843,80.97727],[-94.73542,81.20646],[-92.40984,81.25739],[-91.13289,80.72345],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.10632],[-63.68,82.9],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.89388,82.36165],[-64.334,81.92775],[-66.75342,81.72527],[-67.65755,81.50141],[-65.48031,81.50657],[-67.84,80.9],[-69.4697,80.61683],[-71.18,79.8],[-73.2428,79.63415],[-73.88,79.43016],[-76.90773,79.32309],[-75.52924,79.19766],[-76.22046,79.01907],[-75.39345,78.52581],[-76.34354,78.18296],[-77.88851,77.89991],[-78.36269,77.50859],[-79.75951,77.20968],[-79.61965,76.98336],[-77.91089,77.02205],[-77.88911,76.77796],[-80.56125,76.17812],[-83.17439,76.45403],[-86.11184,76.29901],[-89.49068,76.47239],[-89.6161,76.95213],[-87.76739,77.17833],[-88.26,77.9],[-87.65,77.97022],[-84.97634,77.53873],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.96192,78.37181],[-87.15198,78.75867],[-85.37868,78.9969],[-85.09495,79.34543],[-86.50734,79.73624],[-86.93179,80.25145],[-84.19844,80.20836],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.84823,80.46442],[-84.1,80.58],[-87.59895,80.51627],[-89.36663,80.85569],[-90.2,81.26],[-91.36786,81.5531],[-91.58702,81.89429],[-86.97024,82.27961],[-85.5,82.65227],[-84.26,82.6],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.30664,83.13056],[-76.25,83.17206],[-75.71878,83.06404],[-72.83153,83.23324],[-68.5,83.10632]]],[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Canada\"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5673eacbe4b0da412f4f8274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halbert, Natalie D.","contributorId":131084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halbert","given":"Natalie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7235,"text":"Texas A&M University, Department of Veterinary Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gogan, Peter J. 0000-0002-7821-133X peter_gogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-133X","contributorId":1771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogan","given":"Peter","email":"peter_gogan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":582545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hiebert, Ron","contributorId":52021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiebert","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":582546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derr, James N.","contributorId":131083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derr","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":7235,"text":"Texas A&M University, Department of Veterinary Pathology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148272,"text":"70148272 - 2007 - Volcanic fire and glacial ice: Mount Rogers National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-04T08:57:43","indexId":"70148272","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-15T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"subseriesTitle":"Geologic wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, No. 4","title":"Volcanic fire and glacial ice: Mount Rogers National Recreation Area","docAbstract":"In addition to containing the highest point in Virginia (Mount Rogers, elevation 5,729 feet), the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area (NRA) of the Jefferson National Forest is a window on the history of ancient volcanic eruptions and glacial movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70148272","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Forest Service, 2007, Volcanic fire and glacial ice: Mount Rogers National Recreation Area: General Information Product, Pamphlet: 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70148272.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70148272.JPG"},{"id":300856,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volcanic_glacial/gip_mtrogers4_letter.pdf","text":"report","size":"4.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"report","linkHelpText":"8.5\"x11\" - letter-size paper"},{"id":300801,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volcanic_glacial/gip_mtrogers4_legal.pdf","text":"report","size":"4.99 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"report","linkHelpText":"8.5\"x14\" - legal-size paper"},{"id":300800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volcanic_glacial/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rogers National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -80.826416015625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -80.826416015625,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.53612263184686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566eae9e4b0d9246a9ec307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":547752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"U.S. Forest Service","contributorId":128067,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Forest Service","id":547753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}