{"pageNumber":"2115","pageRowStart":"52850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184681,"records":[{"id":70000259,"text":"70000259 - 2008 - Phyllosilicate diversity and past aqueous activity revealed at Mawrth Vallis, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000259","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phyllosilicate diversity and past aqueous activity revealed at Mawrth Vallis, Mars","docAbstract":"Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars in the Mawrth Vallis region show several phyllosilicate species, indicating a wide range of past aqueous activity. Iron/magnesium (Fe/Mg)-smectite is observed in light-toned outcrops that probably formed via aqueous alteration of basalt of the ancient cratered terrain. This unit is overlain by rocks rich in hydrated silica, montmorillonite, and kaolinite that may have formed via subsequent leaching of Fe and Mg through extended aqueous events or a change in aqueous chemistry. A spectral feature attributed to an Fe2+ phase is present in many locations in the Mawrth Vallis region at the transition from Fe/Mg-smectite to aluminum/silicon (Al/Si)-rich units. Fe2+-bearing materials in terrestrial sediments are typically associated with microorganisms or changes in pH or cations and could be explained here by hydrothermal activity. The stratigraphy of Fe/Mg-smectite overlain by a ferrous phase, hydrated silica, and then Al-phyllosilicates implies a complex aqueous history.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1159699","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bishop, J., Dobrea, E., McKeown, N., Parente, M., Ehlmann, B., Michalski, J., Milliken, R., Poulet, F., Swayze, G., Mustard, J., Murchie, S., and Bibring, J., 2008, Phyllosilicate diversity and past aqueous activity revealed at Mawrth Vallis, Mars: Science, v. 321, no. 5890, p. 830-833, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159699.","startPage":"830","endPage":"833","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476491,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7007808","text":"External Repository"},{"id":203600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18749,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159699"}],"volume":"321","issue":"5890","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685cf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dobrea, E.Z.N.","contributorId":59926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrea","given":"E.Z.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKeown, N.K.","contributorId":10529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parente, M.","contributorId":21673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parente","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ehlmann, B.L.","contributorId":107837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehlmann","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michalski, J.R.","contributorId":46202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michalski","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milliken, R.E.","contributorId":98022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Poulet, F.","contributorId":61551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mustard, J.F.","contributorId":91605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mustard","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70000250,"text":"70000250 - 2008 - Evaluation of morphological indices and total body electrical conductivity to assess body composition in big brown bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000250","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":629,"text":"Acta Chiropterologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of morphological indices and total body electrical conductivity to assess body composition in big brown bats","docAbstract":"Bat researchers have used both morphological indices and total body electric conductivity (TOBEC) as proxies for body condition in a variety of studies, but have typically not validated these indices against direct measurement of body composition. We quantified body composition (total carcass lipids) to determine if morphological indices were useful predictors of body condition in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). We also evaluated body composition indirectly by TOBEC using EM-SCAN?? technology. The most important predictors of body composition in multiple regression analysis were body mass-to-forearm ratio (partial r2 = 0.82, P < 0.001) followed by TOBEC measurement (partial r2 = 0.08, P < 0.001) and to a minor extent head length (partial r2 = 0.02, P < 0.05). Morphological condition indices alone may be adequate for some studies because of lower cost and effort. Marking bats with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags affected TOBEC measurements. ?? Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Acta Chiropterologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3161/150811008X331171","issn":"15081109","usgsCitation":"Pearce, R., O'Shea, T., and Wunder, B., 2008, Evaluation of morphological indices and total body electrical conductivity to assess body composition in big brown bats: Acta Chiropterologica, v. 10, no. 1, p. 153-159, https://doi.org/10.3161/150811008X331171.","startPage":"153","endPage":"159","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18746,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811008X331171"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, R.D.","contributorId":45439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wunder, B.A.","contributorId":101785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunder","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000241,"text":"70000241 - 2008 - Evidence for an eolian origin for the silt-enriched soil mantles on the glaciated uplands of eastern Upper Michigan, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000241","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an eolian origin for the silt-enriched soil mantles on the glaciated uplands of eastern Upper Michigan, USA","docAbstract":"We provide textural, geochemical, and mineralogical data on a thin, silty deposit that unconformably mantles glaciated uplands in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Previous research on this deposit, which we hypothesize to be loess, is nonexistent. The uplands were islands or narrow peninsulas within one or more glacial lakes. We compare the distribution, likely source and nature of the 20-60??cm thick silty mantle by using the loess formation model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223-236], which focuses on the generation of eolian silt by saltating sand across upwind, barren surfaces. Parabolic dunes, with arms open to the NW, are common on former lake floors upwind of the silt-mantled uplands, attesting to the strength and direction of paleowinds. The abrupt termination of the dunes at the footslopes of the uplands, associated with silt deposition on upland soil surfaces in downwind locations, are both consistent with the model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223-236]. Sediments on former lake floors contain abundant strata of fine/medium sand and silt, and thus are likely sources for the silt and dune sand. The cap, dune and lake sediments are similar along many different geochemical axes, whereas the substrate sediment, i.e., the drift below the cap, is unique. Cap sediments, normally containing roughly 30% silt, are enriched in quartz and depleted in Ti and Zr, relative to dune sediment. The dune sediment, a more residual eolian deposit, is enriched in Ti and Zr, relative to the cap, probably due to its greater abundance of heavy minerals. Therefore, we conclude that the silty cap is loess that was deflated from abandoned lake floors after nearby glacial lakes drained, probably contemporaneously with dune migration across the former lake floors. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.002","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Schaetzl, R., and Loope, W., 2008, Evidence for an eolian origin for the silt-enriched soil mantles on the glaciated uplands of eastern Upper Michigan, USA: Geomorphology, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 285-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.002.","startPage":"285","endPage":"295","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18743,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.002"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9aa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaetzl, R.J.","contributorId":80807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaetzl","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loope, W.L.","contributorId":22280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70000194,"text":"70000194 - 2008 - Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the sonoran desert: Implications for climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000194","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the sonoran desert: Implications for climate change","docAbstract":"Climate change predictions for the desert southwestern U.S. are for shifts in precipitation patterns. The impacts of climate change may be significant, because desert soil processes are strongly controlled by precipitation inputs ('pulses') via their effect on soil water availability. This study examined the response of soil respiration-an important biological process that affects soil carbon (C) storage-to variation in pulses representative of climate change scenarios for the Sonoran Desert. Because deserts are mosaics of different plant cover types and soil textures-which create patchiness in soil respiration-we examined how these landscape characteristics interact to affect the response of soil respiration to pulses. Pulses were applied to experimental plots of bare and vegetated soil on contrasting soil textures typical of Sonoran Desert grasslands. The data were analyzed within a Bayesian framework to: (1) determine pulse size and antecedent moisture (soil moisture prior to the pulse) effects on soil respiration, (2) quantify soil texture (coarse vs. fine) and cover type (bare vs. vegetated) effects on the response of soil respiration and its components (plant vs. microbial) to pulses, and (3) explore the relationship between long-term variation in pulse regimes and seasonal soil respiration. Regarding objective (1), larger pulses resulted in higher respiration rates, particularly from vegetated fine-textured soil, and dry antecedent conditions amplified respiration responses to pulses (wet antecedent conditions dampened the pulse response). Regarding (2), autotrophic (plant) activity was a significant source (???60%) of respiration and was more sensitive to pulses on coarse- versus fine-textured soils. The sensitivity of heterotrophic (microbial) respiration to pulses was highly dependent on antecedent soil water. Regarding (3), seasonal soil respiration was predicted to increase with both growing season precipitation and mean pulse size (but only for pulses between 7 and 25 mm). Thus, the heterogeneity of the desert landscape and the timing or the number of medium-sized pulses is expected to significantly impact desert soil C loss with climate change. ?? 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Cable, J., Ogle, K., Williams, D.G., Weltzin, J., and Huxman, T., 2008, Soil texture drives responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses in the sonoran desert: Implications for climate change: Ecosystems, v. 11, no. 6, p. 961-979, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x.","startPage":"961","endPage":"979","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18721,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9172-x"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cable, J.M.","contributorId":82438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogle, K.","contributorId":46668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D. G.","contributorId":68276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weltzin, J.F.","contributorId":18886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltzin","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huxman, T. E.","contributorId":33825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huxman","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":345109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000192,"text":"70000192 - 2008 - Assessing the contribution of wetlands and subsided islands to dissolved organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta: A geochemical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T11:38:41","indexId":"70000192","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the contribution of wetlands and subsided islands to dissolved organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta: A geochemical approach","docAbstract":"This study assesses how rivers, wetlands, island drains and open water habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta affect dissolved organic matter (DOM) content and composition, and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Eleven sites representative of these habitats were sampled on six dates to encompass seasonal variability. Using a suite of qualitative analyses, including specific DBP formation potential, absorbance, fluorescence, lignin content and composition, C and N stable isotopic compositions, and structural groupings determined using CPMAS (cross polarization, magic angle spinning) 13C NMR, we applied a geochemical fingerprinting approach to characterize the DOM from different Delta habitats, and infer DOM and DBP precursor sources and estimate the relative contribution from different sources. Although river input was the predominant source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), we observed that 13-49% of the DOC exported from the Delta originated from sources within the Delta, depending on season. Interaction with shallow wetlands and subsided islands significantly increased DOC and DBP precursor concentrations and affected DOM composition, while deep open water habitats had little discernable effect. Shallow wetlands contributed the greatest amounts of DOM and DBP precursors in the spring and summer, in contrast to island drains which appeared to be an important source during winter months. The DOM derived from wetlands and island drains had greater haloacetic acid precursor content relative to incoming river water, while two wetlands contributed DOM with greater propensity to form trihalomethanes. These results are pertinent to restoration of the Delta. Large scale introduction of shallow wetlands, a proposed restoration strategy, could alter existing DOC and DBP precursor concentrations, depending on their hydrologic connection to Delta channels. ?? 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.05.012","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Kraus, T., Bergamaschi, B., Hernes, P., Spencer, R., Stepanauskas, R., Kendall, C., Losee, R., and Fujii, R., 2008, Assessing the contribution of wetlands and subsided islands to dissolved organic matter and disinfection byproduct precursors in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta: A geochemical approach: Organic Geochemistry, v. 39, no. 9, p. 1302-1318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.05.012.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1302","endPage":"1318","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18719,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.05.012"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, T.E.C. 0000-0002-5187-8644","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-8644","contributorId":9758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"T.E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergamaschi, B.A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":22401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hernes, P.J.","contributorId":89651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernes","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spencer, R.G.M.","contributorId":60361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"R.G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stepanauskas, R.","contributorId":61937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stepanauskas","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Losee, R.F.","contributorId":19276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Losee","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fujii, R.","contributorId":32278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70000190,"text":"70000190 - 2008 - Modeling the effect of toe clipping on treefrog survival: Beyond the return rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T23:01:14","indexId":"70000190","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effect of toe clipping on treefrog survival: Beyond the return rate","docAbstract":"<p><span>Some studies have described a negative effect of toe clipping on return rates of marked anurans, but the return rate is limited in that it does not account for heterogeneity of capture probabilities. We used open population mark-recapture models to estimate both apparent survival (</span><i>ϕ</i><span>) and the recapture probability (</span><i>p</i><span>) of two treefrog species individually marked by clipping 2–4 toes. We used information-theoretic model selection to examine the effect of toe clipping on survival while accounting for variation in capture probability. The model selection results indicate strong support for an effect of toe clipping on survival of Green Treefrogs (</span><i>Hyla cinerea</i><span>) and only limited support for an effect of toe clipping on capture probability. We estimate there was a mean absolute decrease in survival of 5.02% and 11.16% for Green Treefrogs with three and four toes removed, respectively, compared to individuals with just two toes removed. Results for Squirrel Treefrogs (</span><i>Hyla squirella</i><span>) indicate little support for an effect of toe clipping on survival but may indicate some support for a negative effect on capture probability. We believe that the return rate alone should not be used to examine survival of marked animals because constant capture probability must be assumed, and our examples demonstrate how capture probability may vary over time and among groups. Mark-recapture models provide a method for estimating the effect of toe clipping on anuran survival in situations where unique marks are applied.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/07-265.1","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"Waddle, J., Rice, K., Mazzotti, F., and Percival, H., 2008, Modeling the effect of toe clipping on treefrog survival: Beyond the return rate: Journal of Herpetology, v. 42, no. 3, p. 467-473, https://doi.org/10.1670/07-265.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"473","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682f17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, J.H. 0000-0003-1940-2133","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-2133","contributorId":32654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, K.G. 0000-0001-8282-1088","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":41949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mazzotti, F.J.","contributorId":10136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Percival, H.F.","contributorId":31716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70000278,"text":"70000278 - 2008 - Evidence for an apical Na-Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in a teleost fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000278","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for an apical Na-Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in a teleost fish","docAbstract":"Cation-chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K +/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl - cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identify 'freshwater-type' and 'seawater-type' cation-chloride cotransporters of euryhaline Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and to determine their intracellular localization patterns within mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs). From tilapia gills, we cloned four full-length cDNAs homologous to human cation-chloride cotransporters and designated them as tilapia NKCC1a, NKCC1b, NKCC2 and NCC. Out of the four candidates, the mRNA encoding NKCC1a was highly expressed in the yolk-sac membrane and gills (sites of the MRC localization) of seawater-acclimatized fish, whereas the mRNA encoding NCC was exclusively expressed in the yolk-sac membrane and gills of freshwater-acclimatized fish. We then generated antibodies specific for tilapia NKCC1a and NCC and conducted whole-mount immunofluorescence staining for NKCC1a and NCC, together with Na+/K+-ATPase, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), on the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia embryos acclimatized to freshwater or seawater. The simultaneous quintuple-color immunofluorescence staining allowed us to classify MRCs clearly into four types: types I, II, III and IV. The NKCC1a immunoreactivity was localized to the basolateral membrane of seawater-specific type-IV MRCs, whereas the NCC immunoreactivity was restricted to the apical membrane of freshwater-specific type-II MRCs. Taking account of these data at the level of both mRNA and protein, we deduce that NKCC1a is the seawater-type cotransporter involved in ion secretion by type-IV MRCs and that NCC is the freshwater-type cotransporter involved in ion absorption by type-II MRCs. We propose a novel ion-uptake model by MRCs in freshwater that incorporates apically located NCC. We also reevaluate a traditional ion-uptake model incorporating NHE3; the mRNA was highly expressed in freshwater, and the immunoreactivity was found at the apical membrane of other freshwater-specific MRCs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1242/jeb.018663","issn":"00220949","usgsCitation":"Hiroi, J., Yasumasu, S., McCormick, S., Hwang, P., and Kaneko, T., 2008, Evidence for an apical Na-Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in a teleost fish: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 211, no. 16, p. 2584-2599, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.018663.","startPage":"2584","endPage":"2599","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18757,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.018663"}],"volume":"211","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e47d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiroi, J.","contributorId":48289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiroi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yasumasu, S.","contributorId":12164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasumasu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":345278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hwang, P.-P.","contributorId":87665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hwang","given":"P.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaneko, T.","contributorId":31509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaneko","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000217,"text":"70000217 - 2008 - Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and dacite magma in the Mt. Pinatubo reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T09:08:38","indexId":"70000217","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and dacite magma in the Mt. Pinatubo reservoir","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id30\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id31\"><p>Before the 1991–1992 activity, a large andesite lava dome belonging to the penultimate Pinatubo eruptive period (Buag ∼&nbsp;500&nbsp;BP) formed the volcano summit. Buag porphyritic andesite contains abundant amphibole-bearing microgranular enclaves of basaltic–andesite composition. Buag enclaves have lower K<sub>2</sub>O and incompatible trace element (LREE, U, Th) contents than mafic pulses injected in the Pinatubo reservoir during the 1991–1992 eruptive cycle. This study shows that Buag andesite formed by mingling of a hot, water-poor and reduced mafic magma with cold, hydrous and oxidized dacite. Depending on their size, enclaves experienced variable re-equilibration during mixing/mingling. Re-equilibration resulted in hydration, oxidation and transfer of mobile elements (LILE, Cu) from the dacite to the mafic melts and prompted massive amphibole crystallization. In Buag enclaves, S-bearing phases (sulfides, apatite) and melt inclusions in amphibole and plagioclase record the evolution of sulfur partition among melt, crystal and fluid phases during magma cooling and oxidation. At high temperature, sulfur is partitioned between andesitic melt and sulfides (Ni-pyrrhotite). Magma cooling, oxidation and hydration resulted in exsolution of a S–Cl–H<sub>2</sub>O vapor phase at the S-solubility minimum near the sulfide–sulfate redox boundary. Primary magmatic sulfide (pyrrhotite) and xenocrystic sulfide grains (pyrite), recycled together with olivines and pyroxenes from old mafic intrusives, were replaced by Cu-rich phases (chalcopyrite, cubanite) and, partially, by Ba–Sr sulfate. Sulfides degassed and transformed into residual spongy magnetite in response to fS<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>drop during final magma ascent and decompression. Our research suggests that a complete evaluation of the sulfur budget at Pinatubo must take into account the en route S assimilation from the country rocks. Moreover, this study shows that the efficiency of sulfur transfer between mafic recharges and injected magmas is controlled by the extent and rate of mingling, hydrous flushing and melt oxidation. Vigorous mixing/mingling and transformation of the magmatic recharge into a spray of small enclaves is required in order to efficiently strip their primary S-content that otherwise remains locked in the sulfides. Hydrous flushing increases the magma oxidation state of the recharges and modifies their<span>&nbsp;</span><i>primary</i><span>&nbsp;</span>volatile concentrations that cannot be recovered by the study of late-formed mineral phases and melt inclusions. Conversely, S stored in both late-formed Cu-rich sulfides and interstitial rhyolitic melt represents the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>pre-eruptive</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sulfur budget immediately available for release from mafic enclaves during their decompression.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.025","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Di, M.A., Pallister, J.S., Villemant, B., Newhall, C., Semet, M., Martinez, M., and Mariet, C., 2008, Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and dacite magma in the Mt. Pinatubo reservoir: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 175, no. 4, p. 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.025.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"540","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18726,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.025"}],"volume":"175","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db6812de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Di, Muro A.","contributorId":51004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di","given":"Muro","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Villemant, B.","contributorId":85309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villemant","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newhall, Chris","contributorId":9417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Semet, M.","contributorId":37875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semet","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martinez, M.","contributorId":49910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mariet, C.","contributorId":30739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariet","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70000185,"text":"70000185 - 2008 - 50,000 years of vegetation and climate history on the Colorado Plateau, Utah and Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-01T10:37:44","indexId":"70000185","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"50,000 years of vegetation and climate history on the Colorado Plateau, Utah and Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Sixty packrat middens were collected in Canyonlands and Grand Canyon National Parks, and these series include sites north of areas that produced previous detailed series from the Colorado Plateau. The exceptionally long time series obtained from each of three sites (&gt;&nbsp;48,000 <sup>14</sup>C yr BP to present) include some of the oldest middens yet discovered. Most middens contain a typical late-Wisconsinan glaciation mixture of mesic and xeric taxa, evidence that plant species responded to climate change by range adjustments of elevational distribution based on individual criteria. Differences in elevational range from today for trees and shrubs ranged from no apparent change to as much as 1200&nbsp;m difference. The oldest middens from Canyonlands NP, however, differ in containing strictly xeric assemblages, including middens incorporating needles of Arizona single-leaf pinyon, far north of its current distribution. Similar-aged middens from the eastern end of Grand Canyon NP contain plants more typical of glacial climates, but also contain fossils of one-seed juniper near its current northern limit in Arizona. Holocene middens reveal the development of modern vegetation assemblages on the Colorado Plateau, recording departures of mesic taxa from low elevation sites, and the arrival of modern dominant components much later.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2008.04.006","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Coats, L.L., Cole, K.L., and Mead, J.I., 2008, 50,000 years of vegetation and climate history on the Colorado Plateau, Utah and Arizona, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 70, no. 2, p. 322-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.04.006.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"322","endPage":"338","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18714,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.04.006"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands Park, Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.69775390625,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.69775390625,\n              36.90597988519294\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.51123046875,\n              36.90597988519294\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.51123046875,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.69775390625,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.2642822265625,\n              37.88569271818349\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.2642822265625,\n              38.4514377951069\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.47601318359375,\n              38.4514377951069\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.47601318359375,\n              37.88569271818349\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.2642822265625,\n              37.88569271818349\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"554200ace4b0a658d793b285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coats, Larry L.","contributorId":72504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coats","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Kenneth L.","contributorId":48533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mead, Jim I.","contributorId":87067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mead","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000225,"text":"70000225 - 2008 - The roles of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal mush remobilization and volatile-melt interactions in the genesis of a young basalt-peralkaline rhyolite suite, the greater Olkaria volcanic complex, Kenya Rift valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000225","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roles of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal mush remobilization and volatile-melt interactions in the genesis of a young basalt-peralkaline rhyolite suite, the greater Olkaria volcanic complex, Kenya Rift valley","docAbstract":"The Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex is a young (???20 ka) multi-centred lava and dome field dominated by the eruption of peralkaline rhyolites. Basaltic and trachytic magmas have been erupted peripherally to the complex and also form, with mugearites and benmoreites, an extensive suite of magmatic inclusions in the rhyolites. The eruptive rocks commonly represent mixed magmas and the magmatic inclusions are themselves two-, three- or four-component mixes. All rock types may carry xenocrysts of alkali feldspar, and less commonly plagioclase, derived from magma mixing and by remobilization of crystal mushes and/or plutonic rocks. Xenoliths in the range gabbro-syenite are common in the lavas and magmatic inclusions, the more salic varieties sometimes containing silicic glass representing partial melts and ranging in composition from anorthite ?? corundum- to acmite-normative. The peralkaline varieties are broadly similar, in major element terms, to the eruptive peralkaline rhyolites. The basalt-trachyte suite formed by a combination of fractional crystallization, magma mixing and resorption of earlier-formed crystals. Matrix glass in metaluminous trachytes has a peralkaline rhyolitic composition, indicating that the eruptive rhyolites may have formed by fractional crystallization of trachyte. Anomalous trace element enrichments (e.g. ??? 2000 ppm Y in a benmoreite) and negative Ce anomalies may have resulted from various Na- and K-enriched fluids evolving from melts of intermediate composition and either being lost from the system or enriched in other parts of the reservoirs. A small group of nepheline-normative, usually peralkaline, magmatic inclusions was formed by fluid transfer between peralkaline rhyolitic and benmoreitic magmas. The plumbing system of the complex consists of several independent reservoirs and conduits, repeatedly recharged by batches of mafic magma, with ubiquitous magma mixing. ?? The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egn036","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Belkin, H., Fitton, J., Rogers, N., Nejbert, K., Tindle, A., and Marshall, A., 2008, The roles of fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal mush remobilization and volatile-melt interactions in the genesis of a young basalt-peralkaline rhyolite suite, the greater Olkaria volcanic complex, Kenya Rift valley: Journal of Petrology, v. 49, no. 8, p. 1515-1547, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn036.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1547","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476582,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn036"}],"volume":"49","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640d7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitton, J.G.","contributorId":58002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitton","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rogers, N.W.","contributorId":83650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"N.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nejbert, K.","contributorId":18492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nejbert","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tindle, A.G.","contributorId":83651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindle","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Marshall, A.S.","contributorId":92788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70000221,"text":"70000221 - 2008 - Agreement evaluation of AVHRR and MODIS 16-day composite NDVI data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:38:05","indexId":"70000221","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agreement evaluation of AVHRR and MODIS 16-day composite NDVI data sets","docAbstract":"Satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data have been used extensively to detect and monitor vegetation conditions at regional and global levels. A combination of NDVI data sets derived from AVHRR and MODIS can be used to construct a long NDVI time series that may also be extended to VIIRS. Comparative analysis of NDVI data derived from AVHRR and MODIS is critical to understanding the data continuity through the time series. In this study, the AVHRR and MODIS 16-day composite NDVI products were compared using regression and agreement analysis methods. The analysis shows a high agreement between the AVHRR-NDVI and MODIS-NDVI observed from 2002 and 2003 for the conterminous United States, but the difference between the two data sets is appreciable. Twenty per cent of the total difference between the two data sets is due to systematic difference, with the remainder due to unsystematic difference. The systematic difference can be eliminated with a linear regression-based transformation between two data sets, and the unsystematic difference can be reduced partially by applying spatial filters to the data. We conclude that the continuity of NDVI time series from AVHRR to MODIS is satisfactory, but a linear transformation between the two sets is recommended.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160801927194","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Ji, L., Gallo, K.P., Eidenshink, J.C., and Dwyer, J.L., 2008, Agreement evaluation of AVHRR and MODIS 16-day composite NDVI data sets: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 29, no. 16, p. 4839-4861, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160801927194.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"4839","endPage":"4861","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18729,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160801927194"}],"volume":"29","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":2832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":345145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gallo, Kevin P. kgallo@usgs.gov","contributorId":4200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kevin","email":"kgallo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eidenshink, Jeffery C. eidenshink@usgs.gov","contributorId":1352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"Jeffery","email":"eidenshink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":345142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896 dwyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":3481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"dwyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":345144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70000220,"text":"70000220 - 2008 - Phase shift from a coral to a corallimorph-dominated reef associated with a shipwreck on Palmyra atoll","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-20T15:04:03","indexId":"70000220","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:25","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phase shift from a coral to a corallimorph-dominated reef associated with a shipwreck on Palmyra atoll","docAbstract":"<p>Coral reefs can undergo relatively rapid changes in the dominant biota, a phenomenon referred to as phase shift. Various reasons have been proposed to explain this phenomenon including increased human disturbance, pollution, or changes in coral reef biota that serve a major ecological function such as depletion of grazers. However, pinpointing the actual factors potentially responsible can be problematic. Here we show a phase shift from coral to the corallimorpharian Rhodactis howesii associated with a long line vessel that wrecked in 1991 on an isolated atoll (Palmyra) in the central Pacific Ocean. We documented high densities of R. howesii near the ship that progressively decreased with distance from the ship whereas R. howesii were rare to absent in other parts of the atoll. We also confirmed high densities of R. howesii around several buoys recently installed on the atoll in 2001. This is the first time that a phase shift on a coral leef has been unambiguously associated with man-made structures. This association was made, in part, because of the remoteness of Palmyra and its recent history of minimal human habitation or impact. Phase shifts can have long-term negative ramification for coral reefs, and eradication of organisms responsible for phase shifts in marine ecosystems can be difficult, particularly if such organisms cover a large area. The extensive R. howesii invasion and subsequent loss of coral reef habitat at Palmyra also highlights the importance of rapid removal of shipwrecks on corals reefs to mitigate the potential of reef overgrowth by invasives.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"PLoS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0002989","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Aeby, G., and Maragos, J., 2008, Phase shift from a coral to a corallimorph-dominated reef associated with a shipwreck on Palmyra atoll: PLoS ONE, v. 3, no. 8, e2989; 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002989.","productDescription":"e2989; 5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476485,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002989","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18728,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002989"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Palmyra Atoll","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.12018013000488,\n              5.897712886098604\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.1010398864746,\n              5.898737401709217\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0877361297607,\n              5.8997619154270815\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.07039833068848,\n              5.901896312925506\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0578670501709,\n              5.900530299473203\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.05100059509277,\n              5.89557847249885\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.04241752624512,\n              5.890370468862985\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0366668701172,\n              5.885845442443525\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.03512191772458,\n              5.881235000276239\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.03452110290527,\n              5.875599963510307\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.03434944152832,\n              5.86842801605592\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.03563690185547,\n              5.864927389137947\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.04224586486816,\n              5.8645004819129625\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0655918121338,\n              5.864756626287151\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.073917388916,\n              5.866976539269172\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.08593368530273,\n              5.866208108852331\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.10816383361816,\n              5.864073574361272\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.11297035217285,\n              5.864927389137947\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.1175193786621,\n              5.888662916053492\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.12018013000488,\n              5.897712886098604\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":34078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aeby, G.S.","contributorId":56624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aeby","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maragos, J.E.","contributorId":100509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maragos","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000006,"text":"70000006 - 2008 - Anatomy of a shoreface sand ridge revisited using foraminifera: False Cape Shoals, Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:33","indexId":"70000006","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy of a shoreface sand ridge revisited using foraminifera: False Cape Shoals, Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf","docAbstract":"Certain details regarding the origin and evolution of shelf sand ridges remain elusive. Knowledge of their internal stratigraphy and microfossil distribution is necessary to define the origin and to determine the processes that modify sand ridges. Fourteen vibracores from False Cape Shoal A, a well-developed shoreface-attached sand ridge on the Virginia/North Carolina inner continental shelf, were examined to document the internal stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal assemblages, as well as to reconstruct the depositional environments recorded in down-core sediments. Seven sedimentary and foraminiferal facies correspond to the following stratigraphic units: fossiliferous silt, barren sand, clay to sandy clay, laminated and bioturbated sand, poorly sorted massive sand, fine clean sand, and poorly sorted clay to gravel. The units represent a Pleistocene estuary and shoreface, a Holocene estuary, ebb tidal delta, modern shelf, modern shoreface, and swale fill, respectively. The succession of depositional environments reflects a Pleistocene sea-level highstand and subsequent regression followed by the Holocene transgression in which barrier island/spit systems formed along the Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf ???5.2 ka and migrated landward and an ebb tidal delta that was deposited, reworked, and covered by shelf sand.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2008.06.002","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., and McBride, R., 2008, Anatomy of a shoreface sand ridge revisited using foraminifera: False Cape Shoals, Virginia/North Carolina inner shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 28, no. 17, p. 2428-2441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.06.002.","startPage":"2428","endPage":"2441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.06.002"},{"id":203678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c305","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBride, R.A.","contributorId":13257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70000005,"text":"70000005 - 2008 - Groundwater discharge along a channelized Coastal Plain stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T09:36:34","indexId":"70000005","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater discharge along a channelized Coastal Plain stream","docAbstract":"In the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA, streams have commonly been artificially channelized for flood control and agricultural drainage. However, groundwater discharge along such streams has received relatively little attention. Using a combination of stream- and spring-flow measurements, spring temperature measurements, temperature profiling along the stream-bed, and geologic mapping, we delineated zones of diffuse and focused discharge along Little Bayou Creek, a channelized, first-order perennial stream in western Kentucky. Seasonal variability in groundwater discharge mimics hydraulic-head fluctuations in a nearby monitoring well and spring-discharge fluctuations elsewhere in the region, and is likely to reflect seasonal variability in recharge. Diffuse discharge occurs where the stream is incised into the semi-confined regional gravel aquifer, which is comprised of the Mounds Gravel. Focused discharge occurs upstream where the channel appears to have intersected preferential pathways within the confining unit. Seasonal fluctuations in discharge from individual springs are repressed where piping results in bank collapse. Thereby, focused discharge can contribute to the morphological evolution of the stream channel. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.026","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"LaSage, D., Sexton, J.L., Mukherjee, A., Fryar, A., and Greb, S., 2008, Groundwater discharge along a channelized Coastal Plain stream: Journal of Hydrology, v. 360, no. 1-4, p. 252-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.026.","startPage":"252","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476499,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1233167","text":"External Repository"},{"id":203722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18624,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.026"}],"volume":"360","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db65a043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaSage, D.M.","contributorId":98024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaSage","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sexton, Joshua L.","contributorId":19685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sexton","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mukherjee, A.","contributorId":82832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukherjee","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fryar, A.E.","contributorId":59928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryar","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000024,"text":"70000024 - 2008 - Biogenic origin of coalbed gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T12:48:22","indexId":"70000024","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogenic origin of coalbed gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p>New coal-gas exploration and production in northern Louisiana and south-central Mississippi, Gulf of Mexico Basin, is focused on the Wilcox Group (Paleocene–Eocene), where the depth to targeted subbituminous C to high volatile C bituminous coal beds ranges from 300 to 1680&nbsp;m, and individual coal beds have a maximum thickness of about 6&nbsp;m. Total gas content (generally excluding residual gas) of the coal beds ranges from less than 0.37&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g (as-analyzed or raw basis; 1.2&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g, dry, ash free basis, daf) at depths less than 400&nbsp;m, to greater than 7.3&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g (as-analyzed basis; 8.76&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g, daf) in deeper (&gt;&nbsp;1,500&nbsp;m) parts of the basin. About 20 Wilcox coal-gas wells in northern Louisiana produce from 200 to 6485&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of gas/day and cumulative gas production from these wells is approximately 25&nbsp;million m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(as of December, 2006). U.S. Geological Survey assessment of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas resources in the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, including northern and south-central Mississippi, indicates that coal beds of the Wilcox Group contain an estimated mean total 109.3&nbsp;million m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(3.86&nbsp;trillion ft<sup>3</sup>) of producible natural gas.</p><p>To determine the origin of the Wilcox Group coal gases in northern Louisiana, samples of gas, water, and oil were collected from Wilcox coal and sandstone reservoirs and from under- and overlying Late Cretaceous and Eocene carbonate and sandstone reservoirs. Isotopic data from Wilcox coal-gas samples have an average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>CH4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>value of −&nbsp;62.6‰ VPDB (relative to Vienna Peedee Belemnite) and an average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i>D<sub>CH4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>value of −&nbsp;199.9‰ VSMOW (relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water). Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>CO2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>range from −&nbsp;25.4 to 3.42‰ VPDB. Produced Wilcox saline water collected from oil, conventional gas, and coalbed gas wells have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i>D<sub>H2O</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that range from −&nbsp;27.3 to −&nbsp;18.0‰ VSMOW. These data suggest that the coal gases primarily are generated in saline formation water by bacterial reduction of CO<sub>2</sub>. Shallow (&lt;&nbsp;150&nbsp;m) Wilcox coal beds containing freshwater have little or no biogenic gas.</p><p>Molecular and isotopic analyses of gas samples collected from conventional gas and oil wells suggests that both biogenic and thermogenic gases are present in and adjacent to the Wilcox intervals that contain biogenic coal gases. Oil, probably sourced from thermally mature, down-structural-dip parts of the Wilcox Group, is produced from sandstones within the coal-bearing interval. Gas chromatograms of C<sub>10+</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>saturated hydrocarbons from Wilcox oils show a depletion of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>n</i>-alkanes probably resulting from biodegradation of the oil. Isotopic composition of the gases associated with the oils is of mixed themogenic and biogenic origin (average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C<sub>CH4</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;−&nbsp;44.4‰ VPDB, and average<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i>D<sub>CH4</sub>&nbsp;=&nbsp;−&nbsp;182.4‰ VSMOW).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.009","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Breland, F.C., and Hackley, P.C., 2008, Biogenic origin of coalbed gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, U.S.A: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 119-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.05.009.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breland, F. Clayton Jr.","contributorId":43842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breland","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clayton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000025,"text":"70000025 - 2008 - Variability of geochemical properties in a microbially dominated coalbed gas system from the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000025","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of geochemical properties in a microbially dominated coalbed gas system from the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin, USA","docAbstract":"This study outlines gas characteristics along the southeastern margins of the Illinois Basin and evaluates regional versus local gas variations in Seelyville and Springfield coal beds. Our findings suggest that high permeability and shallow (100-250??m) depths of these Indiana coals allowed inoculation with methanogenic microbial consortia, thus leading to widespread microbial methane generation along the eastern marginal part of the Illinois Basin. Low maturity coals in the Illinois Basin with a vitrinite reflectance Ro ~ 0.6% contain significant amounts of coal gas (~ 3??m3/t, 96??scf/t) with ??? 97??vol.% microbial methane. The amount of coal gas can vary significantly within a coal seam both in a vertical seam section as well as laterally from location to location. Therefore sampling of an entire core section is required for accurate estimates of coal gas reserves. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2008.02.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Strapoc, D., Mastalerz, M., Schimmelmann, A., Drobniak, A., and Hedges, S., 2008, Variability of geochemical properties in a microbially dominated coalbed gas system from the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 98-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.02.002.","startPage":"98","endPage":"110","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18632,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.02.002"},{"id":203765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68583e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strapoc, D.","contributorId":42693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strapoc","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schimmelmann, A.","contributorId":28348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schimmelmann","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drobniak, A.","contributorId":11748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobniak","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hedges, S.","contributorId":25684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedges","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000036,"text":"70000036 - 2008 - Galileo observations of volcanic plumes on Io","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-06T14:50:02","indexId":"70000036","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo observations of volcanic plumes on Io","docAbstract":"<p><span>Io's volcanic plumes erupt in a dazzling variety of sizes, shapes, colors and opacities. In general, the plumes fall into two classes, representing distinct source gas temperatures. Most of the Galileo imaging observations were of the smaller, more numerous Prometheus-type plumes that are produced when hot flows of silicate lava impinge on volatile surface ices of SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Few detections were made of the giant, Pele-type plumes that vent high temperature, sulfur-rich gases from the interior of Io; this was partly because of the insensitivity of Galileo's camera to ultraviolet wavelengths. Both gas and dust spout from plumes of each class. Favorably located gas plumes were detected during eclipse, when Io was in Jupiter's shadow. Dense dust columns were imaged in daylight above several Prometheus-type eruptions, reaching heights typically less than 100 km. Comparisons between eclipse observations, sunlit images, and the record of surface changes show that these optically thick dust columns are much smaller in stature than the corresponding gas plumes but are adequate to produce the observed surface deposits. Mie scattering calculations suggest that these conspicuous dust plumes are made up of coarse grained &ldquo;ash&rdquo; particles with radii on the order of 100 nm, and total masses on the order of 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;kg per plume. Long exposure images of Thor in sunlight show a faint outer envelope apparently populated by particles small enough to be carried along with the gas flow, perhaps formed by condensation of sulfurous &ldquo;snowflakes&rdquo; as suggested by the plasma instrumentation aboard Galileo as it flew through Thor's plume [Frank, L.A., Paterson, W.R., 2002. J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.) 107,&nbsp;</span><span id=\"\" class=\"interref\" data-locatortype=\"doi\" data-locatorkey=\"10.1029/2002JA009240\"><a class=\"cExLink\" href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009240\" target=\"externObjLink\" data-url=\"/science/RedirectURL?_method=externObjLink&amp;_locator=doi&amp;_cdi=272593&amp;_issn=00191035&amp;_origin=article&amp;_zone=art_page&amp;_targetURL=http%253A%252F%252Fdx.doi.org%252F10.1029%252F2002JA009240\" data-itrprs=\"Y\">doi:10.1029/2002JA009240</a></span><span>. 31-1]. If so, the total mass of these fine, nearly invisible particles may be comparable to the mass of the gas, and could account for much of Io's rapid resurfacing.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.005","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., and McMillan, M., 2008, Galileo observations of volcanic plumes on Io: Icarus, v. 197, no. 2, p. 505-518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.005.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"518","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Io","volume":"197","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b140e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.E.","contributorId":67636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMillan, M.T.","contributorId":34634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70000060,"text":"70000060 - 2008 - Geochemical controls of elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Ester Dome, Fairbanks district, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:29:53","indexId":"70000060","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical controls of elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Ester Dome, Fairbanks district, Alaska","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id18\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id19\"><p id=\"simple-para.0075\">Ester Dome, an upland area near Fairbanks, Alaska, was chosen for a detailed hydrogeochemical study because of the previously reported elevated arsenic in groundwater, and the presence of a large set of wells amenable to detailed sampling. Ester Dome lies within the Fairbanks mining district, where gold-bearing quartz veins, typically containing 2–3&nbsp;vol.% sulfide minerals (arsenopyrite, stibnite, and pyrite), have been mined both underground and in open cuts. Gold-bearing veins on Ester Dome occur in shear zones and the sulfide minerals in these veins have been crushed to fine-grained material by syn- or post-mineralization movement. Groundwater at Ester Dome is circumneutral, Ca–HCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>to Ca–SO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>type, and ranges from dilute (specific conductance of 48&nbsp;µS/cm) to more concentrated (specific conductance as high as 2070&nbsp;µS/cm). In general, solute concentrations increase down hydrologic gradient. Redox species indicate that the groundwaters range from oxic to sub-oxic (low dissolved oxygen, Fe(III) reduction, no SO<sub>4</sub>reduction). Waters with the highest Fe concentrations, as high as 10.7&nbsp;mg/L, are the most anoxic. Dissolved As concentrations range from &lt;&nbsp;1 to 1160&nbsp;µg/L, with a median value of 146&nbsp;µg/L. Arsenic concentrations are not correlated with specific conductance or Fe concentrations, suggesting that neither groundwater residence time, nor reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides, control the arsenic chemistry. Furthermore, As concentrations do not covary with other constituents that form anions and oxyanions in solution (e.g., HCO<sub>3</sub>, Mo, F, or U) such that desorption of arsenic from clays or oxides also does not control arsenic mobility. Oxidation of arsenopyrite and dissolution of scorodite, in the near-surface environment appears to be the primary control of dissolved As in this upland area. More specifically, the elevated As concentrations are spatially associated with sulfidized shear zones and localities of gold-bearing quartz veins. Consistent with this interpretation, elevated dissolved Sb concentrations (as high as 59&nbsp;µg/L), also correlated with occurrences of hypogene sulfide minerals, were measured in samples with high dissolved As concentrations.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.06.020","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Mueller, S.H., Goldfarb, R., Nordstrom, D.K., and Youcha, E.K., 2008, Geochemical controls of elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater, Ester Dome, Fairbanks district, Alaska: Chemical Geology, v. 255, no. 1-2, p. 160-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.06.020.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.06.020"}],"volume":"255","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae4ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, S. H.","contributorId":10487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Youcha, E. K.","contributorId":77226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youcha","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000004,"text":"70000004 - 2008 - Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70000004","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3594,"text":"Theriogenology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)","docAbstract":"The objective was to validate a high-sensitivity chemiluminescent assay of serum progesterone concentrations for pregnancy diagnosis in manatees. Assay analytical sensitivity was 0.1 ng/mL, with mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 9.7 and 9.2%, respectively, and accuracy had a mean adjusted R2 of 0.98. Methods comparison (relative to Siemen's Coat-A-Count RIA) demonstrated r = 0.98, Deming regression slope of 0.95, and an intercept of 0.01. Based on ROC analysis, a progesterone concentration ???0.4 ng/mL was indicative of pregnancy. Assay results were not significantly altered by two freeze-thaw cycles of samples. Characteristic progesterone concentrations during pregnancy were Months 1-4 (1.7-4.7 ng/mL), 5-8 (???1.0 ng/mL), and 10 and 11 (0.3-0.5 ng/mL), whereas two late-pregnant females with impending abortion had progesterone concentrations of 0.1 ng/mL. Among pregnant females, maximum progesterone concentrations occurred in autumn (3.9 ?? 1.8 ng/mL), and were greater during all seasons than concentrations in non-pregnant females (0.1-0.2 ng/mL). Progesterone concentrations were also significantly higher in pregnant females than in non-pregnant females and males. This highly sensitive, specific, and diagnostic assay will be valuable for monitoring pregnancy and abortion in manatees. ?? 2008 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Theriogenology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.024","issn":"0093691X","usgsCitation":"Tripp, K., Verstegen, J., Deutsch, C.J., Bonde, R., Rodriguez, M., Morales, B., Schmitt, D., and Harr, K., 2008, Validation of a serum immunoassay to measure progesterone and diagnose pregnancy in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): Theriogenology, v. 70, no. 7, p. 1030-1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.024.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1040","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":18623,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.024"},{"id":203310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tripp, K.M.","contributorId":64774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verstegen, J.P.","contributorId":9751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstegen","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deutsch, C. J.","contributorId":79826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deutsch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, M.","contributorId":20051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morales, B.","contributorId":91973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morales","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schmitt, D.L.","contributorId":21263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Harr, K.E.","contributorId":102023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harr","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70000125,"text":"70000125 - 2008 - Anomalous cold in the Pangaean tropics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:37","indexId":"70000125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anomalous cold in the Pangaean tropics","docAbstract":"The late Paleozoic archives the greatest glaciation of the Phanerozoic. Whereas high-latitude Gondwanan strata preserve widespread evidence for continental ice, the Permo-Carboniferous tropics have long been considered analogous to today's: warm and shielded from the highlatitude cold. Here, we report on glacial and periglacial indicators that record episodes of freezing continental temperatures in western equatorial Pangaea. An exhumed glacial valley and associated deposits record direct evidence for glaciation that extended to low paleoelevations in the ancestral Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, the Permo-Carboniferous archives the only known occurrence of widespread tropical loess in Earth's history; the volume, chemistry, and provenance of this loess(ite) is most consistent with glacial derivation. Together with emerging indicators for cold elsewhere in low-latitude Pangaea, these results suggest that tropical climate was not buffered from the high latitudes and may record glacial-interglacial climate shifts of very large magnitude. Coupled climate-ice sheet model simulations demonstrate that low atmospheric CO2 and solar luminosity alone cannot account for such cold, and that other factors must be considered in attempting to explain this 'best-known' analogue to our present Earth. ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G24822A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Soreghan, G., Soreghan, M.J., Poulsen, C., Young, R., Eble, C., Sweet, D., and Davogustto, O., 2008, Anomalous cold in the Pangaean tropics: Geology, v. 36, no. 8, p. 659-662, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24822A.1.","startPage":"659","endPage":"662","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18677,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G24822A.1"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soreghan, G.S.","contributorId":30735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soreghan","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soreghan, M. J.","contributorId":40331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soreghan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poulsen, C.J.","contributorId":52698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulsen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, R.A.","contributorId":87567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sweet, D.E.","contributorId":95995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweet","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davogustto, O.C.","contributorId":48685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davogustto","given":"O.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70000122,"text":"70000122 - 2008 - Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000122","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation","docAbstract":"High-resolution electron microprobe maps show the distribution of Ti, Al, Ca, K, and Fe among quartz growth zones revealed by scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) from 12 hydrothermal ore deposits formed between ???100 and e1750 ??C. The maps clearly show the relationships between trace elements and CL intensity in quartz. Among all samples, no single trace element consistently correlates with variations in CL intensity. However in vein quartz from five porphyry-Cu (Mo-Au) deposits, CL intensity always correlates positively with Ti concentrations, suggesting that Ti is a CL activator in quartz formed at >400 ??C. Ti concentrations in most rutile-bearing vein quartz from porphyry copper deposits indicate reasonable formation temperatures of <750 ??C using the TitaniQ geothermometer. Titanium concentrations of <10 ppm in all veins that formed at temperatures <350 ??C suggest broad correlation between Ti concentrations and temperature of quartz precipitation. In quartz from most deposits formed at <350 ??C, bimodal Al concentrations exist wherein some growth bands contain <50 ppm and others contain >2000 ppm, but in high-temperature quartz, Al concentrations are consistently in the range of several hundred ppm. Aluminum concentrations in quartz refl ect the Al solubility in hydrothermal fluids, which is strongly dependent on pH. Aluminum concentrations in quartz therefore reflect fluctuations in pH that may drive metal-sulfide precipitation in hydrothermal systems. ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G24580A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Rusk, B., Lowers, H., and Reed, M., 2008, Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation: Geology, v. 36, no. 7, p. 547-550, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24580A.1.","startPage":"547","endPage":"550","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18675,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G24580A.1"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1c66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rusk, B.G.","contributorId":48667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusk","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, H.A. 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":31843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"H.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000133,"text":"70000133 - 2008 - Performance of a prototype surface collector for juvenile salmonids at Bonneville dam's first powerhouse on the Columbia River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of a prototype surface collector for juvenile salmonids at Bonneville dam's first powerhouse on the Columbia River, Oregon","docAbstract":"During April-July 2000, we radio-tagged and released juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to evaluate a prototype surface flow bypass at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The mock bypass, called a prototype surface collector (PSC), had six vertical slot entrances that were each 6 m wide and 12 m deep. The PSC was retrofitted to the upstream face of Bonneville Dam's First Powerhouse. Our objectives were to: (1) assess species-specific differences in movement patterns and behaviour of fish within 6 m of the face of the PSC, (2) estimate the efficiency and effectiveness of the PSC and (3) evaluate factors affecting the performance of the PSC. We found that 60-72% of the fish, depending on species, detected within 6 m of the PSC entered it. Of the fish that passed the First Powerhouse at turbines 1-6, 79-83% entered the PSC. Diel period was a significant contributor to PSC performance for all species, and day of year was a significant contributor to PSC performance for subyearling Chinook salmon. The PSC was twice as effective (%fish/%flow) as the spillway, passing 2.5:1 steelhead and subyearling Chinook salmon and 2.4:1 yearling Chinook salmon per unit of water. If fully implemented, the PSC would increase the percentage of fish that pass the First Powerhouse through non-turbine routes from 65-77% (without the PSC) to 76-85% (with the PSC), depending on species. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"River Research and Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/rra.1113","issn":"15351459","usgsCitation":"Evans, S., Adams, N., Rondorf, D., Plumb, J., and Ebberts, B., 2008, Performance of a prototype surface collector for juvenile salmonids at Bonneville dam's first powerhouse on the Columbia River, Oregon: River Research and Applications, v. 24, no. 7, p. 960-974, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1113.","startPage":"960","endPage":"974","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1113"}],"volume":"24","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-03-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, S.D.","contributorId":69282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":93175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plumb, J.M.","contributorId":37870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ebberts, B.D.","contributorId":72916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebberts","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000124,"text":"70000124 - 2008 - Two-phase Neogene extension in the northwestern basin and range recorded in a single thermochronology sample","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:36","indexId":"70000124","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-phase Neogene extension in the northwestern basin and range recorded in a single thermochronology sample","docAbstract":"We use a combination of apatite 4He/3He, (U-Th)/ He, and fission-track thermochronology to date slip on the Surprise Valley fault in northeastern California by analyzing a single sample from the Warner Range in the footwall of the fault. This sample, a granitic clast from a conglomerate, yielded a fission-track age of 11.6 ?? 2.8 Ma and a (U-Th)/He age of 3.02 ?? 0.52 Ma. Geologic relationships indicate that this sample was buried to a depth of ???3.3 km prior to exhumation during slip on the Surprise Valley fault. Fission-track age and length data indicate that the sample was fully reset (&gt;120 ??C) prior to exhumation, which began sometime after 14 Ma. A single aliquot of nine apatite grains was step-heated for 4He/3He analysis; modeling of the resulting 4He distribution indicates that cooling from <80 ??C to ???20 ??C occurred between 3 and 1 Ma. Interconsistent time-temperature (t-T) solutions to the combined 4He/3He, (U-Th)/He, and fission-track data require two distinct periods of cooling, consistent with non-continuous slip on the Surprise Valley fault. Early cooling and fault slip took place between 14 and 8 Ma, followed by more recent fault slip ca. 3 Ma. This timing is consistent with both local geologic relationships and with the regional timing of faulting along the western margin of the Basin and Range Province. These data demonstrate the resolving power of combined fission-track, (U-Th)/He, and 4He/3He thermochronometric data to extract low-temperature t-T information from a single sample close to Earth's surface. ?? 2008 The Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G24897A.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Colgan, J., Shuster, D., and Reiners, P., 2008, Two-phase Neogene extension in the northwestern basin and range recorded in a single thermochronology sample: Geology, v. 36, no. 8, p. 631-634, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24897A.1.","startPage":"631","endPage":"634","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18676,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G24897A.1"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a3ee4b07f02db61f8ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colgan, J.P.","contributorId":71678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shuster, D.L.","contributorId":14096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuster","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reiners, P.W.","contributorId":34241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiners","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70000128,"text":"70000128 - 2008 - Evaluating regional patterns in nitrate sources to watersheds in national parks of the Rocky Mountains using nitrate isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:03:57","indexId":"70000128","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating regional patterns in nitrate sources to watersheds in national parks of the Rocky Mountains using nitrate isotopes","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the Rocky Mountains, there is uncertainty about the source areas and emission types that contribute to nitrate (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) deposition, which can adversely affect sensitive aquatic habitats of high-elevation watersheds. Regional patterns in NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> deposition sources were evaluated using NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> isotopes in five National Parks, including 37 lakes and 7 precipitation sites. Results indicate that lake NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> ranged from detection limit to 38 μeq/L, δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) ranged from −5.7 to +21.3‰, and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) ranged from −6.6 to +4.6‰. δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in precipitation ranged from +71 to +78‰. δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in precipitation and lakes overlap; however, δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in precipitation is more depleted than δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in lakes, ranging from −5.5 to −2.0‰. δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) values are significantly related (</span><i>p</i><span> &lt; 0.05) to wet deposition of inorganic N, sulfate, and acidity, suggesting that spatial variability of δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) over the Rocky Mountains may be related to source areas of these solutes. Regional patterns show that NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> and δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) are more enriched in lakes and precipitation from the southern Rockies and at higher elevations compared to the northern Rockies. The correspondence of high NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> and enriched δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in precipitation with high NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>and enriched δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) in lakes, suggests that deposition of inorganic N in wetfall may affect the amount of NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> in lakes through a combination of direct and indirect processes such as enhanced nitrification.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es800739e","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Nanus, L., Williams, M., Campbell, K., Elliott, E., and Kendall, C., 2008, Evaluating regional patterns in nitrate sources to watersheds in national parks of the Rocky Mountains using nitrate isotopes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, no. 17, p. 6487-6493, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800739e.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"6487","endPage":"6493","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18680,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800739e"}],"volume":"42","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686561","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nanus, L.","contributorId":83239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, M.W.","contributorId":15565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":344922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elliott, E.M.","contributorId":78064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70000118,"text":"70000118 - 2008 - Wave climate, sediment supply and the depth of the sand-mud transition: A global survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:35","indexId":"70000118","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:24","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave climate, sediment supply and the depth of the sand-mud transition: A global survey","docAbstract":"The influences of wave climate and sediment supply on the depths of sand-mud transitions (hSMT) are investigated. Depths of sand-mud transitions (SMT) are based on published granulometric data from surface samples gathered from 14 sites in different wave-dominated coastal environments with fluvial input, including high energy (Columbia, Eel, Russian, San Lorenzo, Copper, and Nepean rivers), moderate energy (Ebro, Nile, Santa Clara, Tseng-wen and Kao-ping rivers), and low energy (Po, Pescara and Tronto rivers) regimes. Geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mud percent are compiled from samples along shore-normal transects, and significant correlation is found between these two textural descriptors. Nominally, the SMT is defined as the transition from GMD > 63????m to < 63????m. The correlation between mud percent and GMD permits an alternative, complementary definition of the SMT as the transition from < 25% mud to > 25% mud. This dual definition is applied to the 14 systems, and hSMT is tabulated for each system. Correlation is found between hSMT and the depth at which wave-induced bottom shear stress equals the critical erosion shear stress of the largest mud particles and also between hSMT and significant wave height. Lack of correlation between hSMT and sediment load of nearby rivers indicates either that the influence of sediment supply on depth of the sand-mud transition is small or is not adequately represented in this study. Shelf width and slope do not correlate with residuals from a formalized linear relationship between hSMT and significant wave height. The relationship between hSMT and wave climate is useful for calibration of numerical models of erosion and deposition in wave-dominated coastal environments, for prediction of seabed properties in remote or inaccessible areas, and for reconstruction of paleodepth based on facies changes from sand to mud in ancient rocks. ?? 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.005","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"George, D., and Hill, P., 2008, Wave climate, sediment supply and the depth of the sand-mud transition: A global survey: Marine Geology, v. 254, no. 3-4, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.005.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18674,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.005"}],"volume":"254","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687cff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, D.A.","contributorId":43897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, P.S.","contributorId":48683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}