Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) occur in shallow coastal habitats and can be highly visible on the sea surface. They generally rest in groups and their detection depends on factors that include sea conditions, viewing platform, observer technique and skill, distance, habitat and group size. While visible on the surface, they are difficult to see while diving and may dive in response to an approaching survey platform. We developed and tested an aerial survey method that uses intensive searches within portions of strip transects to adjust for availability and sightability biases. Correction factors are estimated independently for each survey and observer. In tests of our method using shore-based observers, we estimated detection probabilities of 0.52-0.72 in standard strip-transects and 0.96 in intensive searches. We used the survey method in Prince William Sound, Alaska to estimate a sea otter population size of 9,092 (SE = 1422). The new method represents an improvement over various aspects of previous methods, but additional development and testing will be required prior to its broad application.
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1999 - Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70186547,"text":"70186547 - 1999 - Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","indexId":"70186547","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70180186,"text":"70180186 - 1999 - Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","indexId":"70180186","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70180186,"text":"70180186 - 1999 - Marine mammal survey and assessment methods","indexId":"70180186","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Marine mammal survey and assessment methods"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T16:04:24","indexId":"70186547","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of aerial survey procedures for estimating polar bear density: Results of pilot studies in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears mandate that boundaries and sizes of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations be known so they can be managed at optimum sustainable levels. However, data to estimate polar bear numbers for the Chukchi/Bering Sea and Beaufort Sea populations in Alaska are limited. We evaluated aerial line transect methodology for assessing the size of these Alaskan polar bear populations during pilot studies in spring 1987 and summer 1994. In April and May 1987 we flew 12.239 km of transect lines in the northern Bering, Chukchi, and western Beaufort seas. In June 1994 we flew 6.244 km of transect lines in a primary survey unit using a helicopter, and 5,701 km of transect lines in a secondary survey unit using a fixed-wing aircraft in the Beaufort Sea. We examined visibility bias in aerial transect surveys, double counts by independent observers, single-season mark-resight methods, the suitability of using polar bear sign to stratify the study area, and adaptive sampling methods. Fifteen polar bear groups were observed during the 1987 study. Probability of detecting bears decreased with increasing perpendicular distance from the transect line, and probability of detecting polar bear groups likely increased with increasing group size. We estimated population density in high density areas to be 446 km2/bear. In 1994, 15 polar bear groups were observed by independent front and rear seat observers on transect lines in the primary survey unit. Density estimates ranged from 284 km2/bear to 197 km2/bear depending on the model selected. Low polar bear numbers scattered over large areas of polar ice in 1987 indicated that spring is a poor time to conduct aerial surveys. Based on the 1994 survey we determined that ship-based helicopter or land-based fixed-wing aerial surveys conducted at the ice-edge in late summer-early fall may produce robust density estimates for polar bear populations in the Chukchi/Bering and Beaufort seas.
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Yet, in the past century, many populations have been greatly diminished and some are now extinct-the result of a combination of factors, including habitat loss and degradation, overfishing, natural variability in salmon production, negative effects of artificial propagation, and weaknesses in institutional and regulatory structures. We argue that a major shift is required, from the egocentric environmental approach (wherein each part of the ecosystem is managed as a unit) to the ecocentric ecosystem approach (wherein all parts are integrated for management). A management framework is proposed that contains-for each management unit such as a watershed-four elements: management goals; management objectives, ecosystem indicators; and a coordinated action plan. We also describe the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy, a consultative process for developing an ecosystem-based approach toward achieving sustainable Pacific salmon and steelhead populations and fisheries. This book is one of three important underpinnings of the Strategy; the other two are the Strategy itself and a manual being developed to guide community-based programs embracing the principles of sustainable fisheries. This book contains important historical perspectives as well as numerous innovative ideas for moving toward ecosystem-oriented, sustainable management of Pacific salmon and steelhead.
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Throughout their range, salmon and steelhead populations are being adversely affected by human activities. Without coordinated, effective, and timely action, the future of the Pacific salmon resource is most certainly in doubt. To address the challenges that are currently facing salmon management, concerned citizens representing a diverse array of government agencies and non-governmental organizations have agreed to cooperate in the development of a Sustainable Fisheries Strategy for west coast salmon and steelhead populations. The Strategy builds on the contents of this book, resulting from the Sustainable Fisheries Conference and subsequent community- and watershed-based citizen forums. This chapter presents the key elements of the Strategy including a common vision for the future, a series of guiding principles, and specific strategies for supporting sustainable fisheries. As such, the Strategy embraces an ecosystem-based approach to managing human activities, rather than the traditional egocentric approach to managing salmonid populations and associated habitats. A system of community-based, watershed-oriented councils, including all stakeholders and agency representatives, is proposed for effective transition to ecosystem-based salmon and steelhead management. It is our hope that everyone involved in Pacific salmon management will embrace both the spirit and the specific elements of the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy as we face the difficult challenges ahead.
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Abstracts and summaries are included for the references we have seen and those provided electronically by others. Abstracts written by the original authors are within quotation marks; abstracts not in quotation marks were written by the compilers of this bibliography
For each reference, we provide keywords. For references obtained electronically, we used the keywords provided by others. References we were not able to review personally may contain information on additional subjects about sand lance not mentioned in the index.
The keywords have been further organized into taxonomic, geographic, subject, and predator indexes. For the taxonomic and predator indexes, we used the scientific or common name provided by the authors. No attempt was made to combine synonyms. For references in which no scientific name was provided, we used the most likely taxon.
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Most observations were made from the island; additional observations were made during transportation to and from the island. Data were collected on the presence and numbers of all seabirds observed. Detailed information on breeding chronology and productivity were also collected for glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens), pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba), black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), and black oystercatchers (Haemantopus bachmani).
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: High altitude revegetation workshop No. 13; Information series no. 89","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"High Altitude Revegetation Workshop no. 13","conferenceDate":"4-6 March, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Water Resources Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Densmore, R.V., and Karle, K.F., 1999, Stream restoration at Denali National Park and Preserve, in Proceedings: High altitude revegetation workshop No. 13; Information series no. 89, Fort Collins, CO, 4-6 March, 1998, p. 174-187.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"174","endPage":"187","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cwi.colostate.edu/publications.asp","linkHelpText":"This publication is findable using the Search function"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park and Preserve, Glen creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.51779683618753\n ],\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.58\n ],\n [\n -150.6778335571289,\n 63.58\n ],\n [\n -150.6778335571289,\n 63.51779683618753\n ],\n [\n -150.7866668701172,\n 63.51779683618753\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc804e4b02ff32c6856e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Roseann V.","contributorId":24022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Roseann","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karle, Kenneth F.","contributorId":37461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karle","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021958,"text":"70021958 - 1999 - Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T18:14:23.383954","indexId":"70021958","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada","docAbstract":"Anadromous northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma support a summer subsistence fishery in Beaufort Sea coastal waters. These same waters coincide with areas of oil and gas exploration and development. The purpose of this study was to assess variation in stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from sites along 400 km of Beaufort Sea coast. Mixed‐stock analyses (MSA) of allozyme data were used to compare collections from four sites (Endicott near Prudhoe Bay, Mikkelsen Bay, and Kaktovik in Alaska and Phillips Bay in Canada) and to assess variation in stock contributions among summer months and between 1987 and 1988. The MSA estimates for individual stocks were summed into estimates for three stock groups: western stocks from the area near Sagavarnirktok River and Prudhoe Bay (SAG), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge stocks (Arctic Refuge), and Canadian stocks. The MSA of Endicott samples taken in 1987 and 1988 did not differ among months in terms of contributions from local SAG stocks (range, 71–95%). Contributions from nonlocal (>100 km distant) Canadian and Arctic Refuge stocks were not different from zero in 1987, but contributions from Canadian stocks were so in July (17%) and August (20%) but not in September of 1988. Thus, stock contributions to Endicott collections were different between 1987 and 1988. Samples from the Kaktovik area in 1988 were different between months in terms of contributions from nonlocal SAG stocks (July, 7%; August, 27%). Significant contributions to these samples were made both months by Canadian (25% and 17%) and local Arctic Refuge stocks (68% and 56%). Among the four coastal sites, local stocks typically contributed most to collections; however, every site had collections that contained significant contributions from nonlocal stocks. The MSA estimates clearly revealed the movement of Dolly Varden between U.S. and Canada coastal waters. If local stocks are affected by oil and gas development activities, distant subsistence fisheries along the coast could also be affected.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0049:SOODVC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Krueger, C., Wilmot, R., and Everett, R., 1999, Stock origins of Dolly Varden collected from Beaufort Sea coastal sites of Arctic Alaska and Canada: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 1, p. 49-57, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0049:SOODVC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Kaktovik, Mikkelsen Bay, Phillips Bay, Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 71.33199231177122\n ],\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 68.92852198639318\n ],\n [\n -136.5522082329044,\n 68.92852198639318\n ],\n [\n -136.5522082329044,\n 71.33199231177122\n ],\n [\n -157.34302882846796,\n 71.33199231177122\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9857e4b08c986b31bfa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilmot, R.L.","contributorId":97662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmot","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Everett, R.J.","contributorId":42740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188700,"text":"70188700 - 1999 - Turnagain Arm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T13:33:23","indexId":"70188700","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Turnagain Arm","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Institute of Professional Geologists Annual Meeting Field Trip","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Professional Geologists","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., and Dilley, L., 1999, Turnagain Arm, chap. of American Institute of Professional Geologists Annual Meeting Field Trip, v. 36, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Turnagain Arm","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.0897216796875,\n 61.19356635954457\n ],\n [\n -150.435791015625,\n 61.0954790195121\n ],\n [\n -150.4632568359375,\n 61.01572481397616\n ],\n [\n -150.31494140625,\n 60.89571668586482\n ],\n [\n -150.172119140625,\n 60.847586595361314\n ],\n [\n -149.94689941406247,\n 60.82617214713064\n ],\n [\n -149.87548828125,\n 60.847586595361314\n ],\n [\n -149.7821044921875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -149.644775390625,\n 60.8502623930218\n ],\n [\n -149.337158203125,\n 60.82617214713064\n ],\n [\n -149.1888427734375,\n 60.834204246024875\n ],\n [\n -149.0570068359375,\n 60.780618803458935\n ],\n [\n -148.8922119140625,\n 60.81813803084084\n ],\n [\n -148.9691162109375,\n 60.906402410842425\n ],\n [\n -149.04052734375,\n 60.96244374734495\n ],\n [\n -149.1558837890625,\n 60.994423108456154\n ],\n [\n -149.35363769531247,\n 60.99974987461457\n ],\n [\n -149.5404052734375,\n 61.018386522468596\n ],\n [\n -149.732666015625,\n 61.090168316050516\n ],\n [\n -150.0897216796875,\n 61.19356635954457\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b5e4b062508e382b8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilley, L. 0000-0002-6960-1125","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-1125","contributorId":139457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dilley","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2002023,"text":"2002023 - 1999 - Annotated bibliography","indexId":"2002023","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Annotated bibliography"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70187538,"text":"70187538 - 1999 - Biology of the genus Ammodytes, the sand lances","indexId":"70187538","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Biology of the genus Ammodytes, the sand lances"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":70187539,"text":"70187539 - 1999 - Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations","indexId":"70187539","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance as cornerstone prey for predator populations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70187537,"text":"70187537 - 1999 - Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","indexId":"70187537","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T12:26:39","indexId":"70187537","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":73,"text":"Research Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"PNW-RP-521","title":"Sand lance: A review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"Six species of sand lance (Ammodytes) in temperate and boreal regions are currently recognized. Sand lance can occupy a wide range of environmental conditions, but all appear to be dormant predominantly in winter, and one species is in summer also. They lack a swim bladder and spend much of their time buried in specific substrates. Copepods are the primary food. Spawning usually occurs in fall or winter (although some species also spawn in spring), eggs are demersal, and larvae may hatch at times of low food abundance. Sand lance usually occur in schools and are regarded as a relatively high-quality forage fish.
Sand lance constitute a major prey for at least some populations of over 100 species of consumer, including 40 species of birds, 12 species of marine mammals, 45 species of fishes, and some invertebrates. Variation in the availability of sand lance (and other forage fishes) can have major effects on the breeding success and survival of their predators. Commercial fishing and other pressures on sand lance populations potentially have ramifying effects on many species of wildlife.
The bibliography contains over 1,700 references on the family Ammodytidae, with an emphasis on the genus Ammodytes. Keywords are provided for each reference and have been further organized into taxonomic, geographic, subject, and predator indexes.
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US Geological Survey glacier fieldwork in Alaska includes repetitious measurements, corrections for leaning or bending stakes, an ability to reliably measure seasonal snow as deep as 10 m, absolute identification of summer surfaces in the accumulation area, and annual evaluation of internal accumulation, internal ablation, and glacier‐thickness changes.
Prescribed field measurement and note‐taking techniques help eliminate field errors and expedite the interpretative process. In the office, field notes are transferred to computerized spreadsheets for analysis, release on the World Wide Web, and archival storage. The spreadsheets have error traps to help eliminate notetaking and transcription errors. Rigorous error analysis ends when mass‐balance measurements are extrapolated and integrated with area to determine glacier and basin mass balances. Unassessable errors in the glacier and basin mass‐balance data reduce the value of the data set for correlations with climate change indices.
The minimum glacier mass‐balance program has at least three measurement sites on a glacier and the measurements must include the seasonal components of mass balance as well as the annual balance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1111/1468-0459.00105","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Trabant, D., and March, R., 1999, Mass-balance measurements in Alaska and suggestions for simplified observation programs: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 81, no. 4, p. 777-789, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00105.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"789","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a525be4b0c8380cd6c35e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021505,"text":"70021505 - 1999 - Distribution and diurnal behavior of Steller's Eiders wintering on the Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-21T00:13:27.297953","indexId":"70021505","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and diurnal behavior of Steller's Eiders wintering on the Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"We studied the distribution and activities of adult Steller's Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) during winter and spring on a deep-water embayment and a shallow lagoon along the Alaska Peninsula from September 1980 to May 1981. During the remigial molt, eiders were observed on Izembek Lagoon but not on Cold Bay. Following the flightless period, Izembek Lagoon continued to support 63-100% of eiders encountered during surveys. As ice cover on Izembek Lagoon increased, the number of birds decreased on Izembek Lagoon but increased on Cold Bay, suggesting that some eiders disperse to nearshore, deep-water habitats in close proximity to Izembek Lagoon during severe weather. Diurnal activity budgets indicated that the amount of time resting or engaged in aggression and alert activities was similar among locations, seasons, tidal stages, and sexes. In contrast, time spent foraging differed among seasons and locations but did not differ among tidal stages or sexes. Although time spent foraging was similar during winter and spring on Izembek Lagoon, eiders on Cold Bay foraged more during winter compared to spring. Synchronous diving was the dominant foraging strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1370204","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Laubhan, M., and Metzner, K., 1999, Distribution and diurnal behavior of Steller's Eiders wintering on the Alaska Peninsula: Condor, v. 101, no. 3, p. 694-698, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370204.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"698","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479549,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1370204","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0289e4b0c8380cd500b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laubhan, M.K.","contributorId":40542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubhan","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzner, K.A.","contributorId":21715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzner","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021250,"text":"70021250 - 1999 - Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:34:53","indexId":"70021250","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska","docAbstract":"Nearshore and shelf fish communities were studied in three areas of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: the Barren Islands (oceanic and well-mixed waters), Kachemak Bay (mixed oceanic waters with significant freshwater runoff), and Chisik Island (estuarine waters). Fish were sampled with beach seines (n=413 sets) and midwater trawls (n=39 sets). We found that lower Cook Inlet supported a diverse nearshore fish community of at least 52 species. Fifty of these species were caught in Kachemak Bay, 24 at Chisik Island, and 12 at the Barren Islands. Pacific sand lance dominated Barren Islands and Kachemak Bay nearshore habitats, comprising 99% and 71% of total individuals, respectively. The nearshore Chisik Island fish community was not dominated by any one species; instead it exhibited higher diversity. These spatial differences appeared linked to local oceanographic regimes and sediment influx. Analysis of historical data revealed that the nearshore Kachemak Bay fish community changed significantly between 1976 and 1996, showing increased diversity and abundance in several taxa, notably gadids, salmonids, pleuronectids, and sculpins. Decadal differences appeared to be related to large-scale climate changes in the North Pacific. Catches of most taxa peaked in May-August, and were low during other months of the year. Several species were present for only part of the summer. Species composition of seine catches differed significantly between consecutive high and low tides, but not between consecutive sets or years. Midwater trawls took 26 species, 14 of which were present in Kachemak Bay, 19 near Chisik Island, and 7 at the Barren Islands. Community structures in shelf and nearshore waters were similar: diversity was high and abundance low at Chisik Island, whereas a few abundant species dominated at both Kachemak Bay and the Barren Islands. In addition, the low fish abundance near Chisik Island appeared to be related to declining seabird numbers at this colony.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Piatt, J.F., Kettle, A.B., and Abookire, A.A., 1999, Temporal and geographic variation in fish communities of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska: Fishery Bulletin, v. 97, no. 4, p. 962-977.","startPage":"962","endPage":"977","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336338,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/974/974toc.htm","text":"Fishery Bulletin: Volume 97, Issue 4"}],"volume":"97","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4e9e4b08c986b320675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kettle, Arthur B.","contributorId":98064,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kettle","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021245,"text":"70021245 - 1999 - Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:45:35","indexId":"70021245","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift","docAbstract":"A shift in ocean climate during the late 1970s triggered a reorganization of community structure in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem, as evidenced in changing catch composition on long-term (1953 to 1997) small-mesh trawl surveys. Forage species such as pandalid shrimp and capelin declined because of recruitment failure and predation, and populations have not yet recovered. Total trawl catch biomass declined >50% and remained low through the 1980s. In contrast, recruitment of high trophic-level groundfish improved during the 1980s, yielding a >250% increase in catch biomass during the 1990s. This trophic reorganization apparently had negative effects on piscivorous sea birds and marine mammals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps189117","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 189, p. 117-123, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps189117.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","volume":"189","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80ae4b0c8380cd4ce43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, P.J.","contributorId":83058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":389189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021197,"text":"70021197 - 1999 - Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T13:44:58","indexId":"70021197","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present major- and trace- element geochemical data for 27 amphibolites and six greenstones from three structural packages in the Yukon-Tanana Upland of east-central Alaska: the Lake George assemblage (LG) of Devono-Mississippian augen gneiss, quartz-mica schist, quartzite, and amphibolite; the Taylor Mountain assemblage (TM) of mafic schist and gneiss, marble, quartzite, and metachert; and the Seventymile terrane of greenstone, serpentinized peridotite, and Mississippian to Late Triassic metasedimentary rocks. Most LG amphibolites have relatively high Nb, TiO2, Zr, and light rare earth element contents, indicative of an alkalic to tholeiitic, within-plate basalt origin. The within-plate affinities of the LG amphibolites suggest that their basaltic parent magmas developed in an extensional setting and support a correlation of these metamorphosed continental-margin rocks with less metamorphosed counterparts across the Tintina fault in the Selwyn Basin of the Canadian Cordillera. TM amphibolites have a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition, low normalized abundances of Nb and Ta relative to Th and La, and Ti/V values of <20, all indicative of a volcanic-arc origin. Limited results from Seventymile greenstones indicate a tholeiitic or calc-alkalic composition and intermediate to high Ti/V values (27-48), consistent with either a within-plate or an ocean-floor basalt origin. Y-La-Nb proportions in both TM and Seventymile metabasalts indicate the proximity of the arc and marginal basin to continental crust. The arc geochemistry of TM amphibolites is consistent with a model in which the TM assemblage includes arc rocks generated above a west-dipping subduction zone outboard of the North American continental margin in mid-Paleozoic through Triassic time. The ocean-floor or within-plate basalt geochemistry of the Seventymile greenstones supports the correlation of the Seventymile terrane with the Slide Mountain terrane in Canada and the hypothesis that these oceanic rocks originated in a basin between the continental margin and an arc to the west.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e99-077","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., and Cooper, K., 1999, Trace-element geochemistry of metabasaltic rocks from the Yukon-Tanana Upland and implications for the origin of tectonic assemblages in east-central Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, no. 10, p. 1671-1695, https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-077.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1671","endPage":"1695","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana Upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb681e4b08c986b326cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, K.M.","contributorId":91886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021178,"text":"70021178 - 1999 - Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T11:15:43.720458","indexId":"70021178","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra","docAbstract":"Three 60 m long, 2·8 m high snowfences have been erected to study long-term effects of changing winter snow conditions on arctic and alpine tundra. This paper describes the experimental design and short-term effects. Open-top fiberglass warming chambers are placed along the experimental snow gradients and in controls areas outside the fences; each warming plot is paired with an unwarmed plot. The purpose of the experiment is to examine short- and long-term changes to the integrated physical-biological systems under simultaneous changes of winter snow regime and summer temperature, as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research network and the International Tundra Experiment. The sites were at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, a temperate high altitude site in the Colorado Rockies, and Toolik Lake, Alaska, a high-latitude site. Initial results indicate that although experimental designs are essentially identical at the arctic and alpine sites, experimental effects are different. The drift at Niwot Ridge lasts much longer than do the Toolik Lake drifts, so that the Niwot Ridge fence affects both summer and winter conditions, whereas the Toolik Lake fence affects primarily winter conditions. The temperature experiment also differs in effect between the sites. Although the average temperature increase at the two sites is similar (daily increase 1·5 °C at Toolik and 1·9 °C at Niwot Ridge), at Toolik Lake there is only minor diurnal variation, whereas at Niwot Ridge the daytime increases are extreme on sunny days (as much as 7–10 °C), and minimum nighttime temperatures in the chambers are often slightly cooler than ambient (by about 1 °C). The experimental drifts resulted in wintertime increases in temperature and CO2 flux. Temperatures under the deep drifts were much more consistent and warmer than in control areas, and at Niwot Ridge remained very close to 0 °C all winter. These increased temperatures were likely responsible for observed increases in system carbon loss. Initial changes to the aboveground biotic system included an increase in growth in response to both snow and warming, despite a reduced growing season. This is expected to be a transient response that will eventually be replaced by reduced growth. At least one species, Kobresia myosuroides, had almost completely died at Niwot Ridge three years after fence construction, whereas other species were increasing. We expect in both the short- and long-term to see the strongest effects of snow at the Niwot Ridge site, and stronger effects of temperature at Toolik Lake.
Rainbow trout native to the McCloud River, California, USA (Oncorhynchus mykiss stonei) are thought to represent a relic, nonanadromous trout adapted to harsh, fragmented environments. These fish, commonly named McCloud River ‘redband’ trout, survive in their most primitive form in a small, spring-fed stream, Sheepheaven Creek, in the upper McCloud River drainage. Turn-of-the-century fisheries records document both coastal anadromous steelhead and freshwater resident trout within the McCloud River drainage. The phylogenetic position of the McCloud River redband trout within O. mykiss has been debated for over 50 years. Based on phenotypic evidence, these fish were first reported as ‘southern Sierra golden trout’ by Wales in 1939. Behnke (1970) considered them a relic subspecies of nonanadromous, fine-scaled trout. Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA evidence suggested a coastal lineage. In this study, we examined within- and among-basin genetic associations for Sheepheaven Creek redband trout using 11 microsatellite loci. Within-basin analyses supported unique genetic characteristics in Sheepheaven Creek’s trout in comparisons with other McCloud River rainbow trout. Microsatellite data supported significant independence between Sheepheaven Creek fish and hatchery rainbow trout. Inter-basin genetic distance analyses positioned Sheepheaven Creek fish with samples collected from Lassen Creek, a geographically proximate stream containing inland redband trout. California’s redband trout shared a close genetic association with Little Kern River golden trout (O.m. whitei) and isolated rainbow trout from Rio Santo Domingo, Baja, Mexico (O.m. nelsoni), suggesting a vicariant distribution of microsatellite diversity throughout the southern range of this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00817.x","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Crow, K., and Fountain, M.C., 1999, Microsatellite diversity and conservation of a relic trout population: McCloud River redband trout: Molecular Ecology, v. 8, no. S1, p. S129-S142, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00817.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"S129","endPage":"S142","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Baja California, California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McCloud River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.2,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -124.5,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 39.842286020743394\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -115.81787109375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 31.74685416292141\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -124.2,\n 43.8503744993026\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a1e4b0c8380cd6d6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, K.D.","contributorId":48724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fountain, Monique C.","contributorId":18528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"Monique","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020878,"text":"70020878 - 1999 - Detrital zircon geochronology of the Adams Argillite and Nation River Formation, east-central Alaska, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T00:20:33.333297","indexId":"70020878","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detrital zircon geochronology of the Adams Argillite and Nation River Formation, east-central Alaska, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The Cambrian Adams Argillite and the Devonian Nation River Formation are two sandstone-bearing units within a remarkably complete Paleozoic stratigraphic section in east-central Alaska. These strata, now foreshortened and fault-bounded, were originally contiguous with miogeoclinal strata to the east that formed as a passive-margin sequence along the northwestern margin of the North American continent. Seventy-five detrital zircon grains from the Adams Argillite and the Nation River Formation were analyzed in an effort to provide constraints on the original sources of the grains, and to generate a detrital zircon reference for miogeoclinal strata in the northern Cordillera. Thirty-five single zircon grains from a quartzite in the Adams Argillite yield dominant age clusters of 1047-1094 (n = 6), 1801-1868 (n = 10), and 2564-2687 (n = 5) Ma. Forty zircons extracted from a sandstone in the Nation River Formation yield clusters primarily of 424-434 (n = 6), 1815-1838 (n = 6), 1874-1921 (n = 7), and 2653-2771 (n = 4) Ma. The Early Proterozoic and Archean grains in both units probably originated in basement rocks in a broad region of the Canadian Shield. In contrast, the original igneous sources for mid-Proterozoic grains in the Adams Argillite and approximately 430 Ma grains in the Nation River Formation are more difficult to identify. Possible original sources for the mid-Proterozoic grains include: (1) the Grenville Province of eastern Laurentia, (2) the Pearya terrane along the Arctic margin, and (3) mid-Proterozoic igneous rocks that may have been widespread along or outboard of the Cordilleran margin. The approximately 430 Ma grains may have originated in: (1) arc-type sources along the Cordilleran margin, (2) the Caledonian orogen, or (3) a landmass, such as Pearya, Siberia, or crustal fragments now in northern Asia, that resided outboard of the Innuitian orogen during mid-Paleozoic time.
Seabirds are prominent and highly visible components of marine ecosystems that will be affected by global climate change. The Bering Sea region is particularly important to seabirds; populations there are larger and more diverse than in any similar region in North America—over 90% of seabirds breeding in the continental United States are found in this region. Seabirds, so named because they spend at least 80% of their lives at sea, are dependent upon marine resources for food. As prey availability changes in response to climatically driven factors such as surface sea temperature and extent of sea ice, so will populations of seabirds be affected.
Seabirds are valued as indicators of healthy marine ecosystems and provide a “vicarious use value” or existence value—people appreciate and value seabirds simply because they are there and enjoy them through venues such as pictures, nature programs, and written accounts without ever directly observing seabirds in their native environment. A direct measure of this value is demonstrated by Federal legislation that established specific national wildlife refuges to protect seabirds and international treaty obligations that provide additional protection for seabirds. Seabirds are also an important subsistence resource for many who live within the Bering Sea region. Furthermore, the rich knowledge base about seabirds makes them a valuable resource as indicator species for measurement of change in the marine environment. Understanding this latter relationship is particularly important for seabirds as they can be dramatically affected by development-related activities (e.g., oil spills, fishing); understanding the population effects due to climatic change is critical to interpreting the actual effects of specific human activities or events.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Assessing the consequences of climate change for Alaska and the Bering Sea region","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on the Consequences of Climate Change for Alaska and the Bering Sea Region","conferenceDate":"October 29–30, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Center for Global Change and Arctic System Research","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","usgsCitation":"Meehan, R., Byrd, G.V., Divoky, G.J., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Implications of climate change for Alaska's seabirds, in Assessing the consequences of climate change for Alaska and the Bering Sea region, Fairbanks, AK, October 29–30, 1998, p. 75-89.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.besis.uaf.edu/besis-oct98-report/besis-oct98-report.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673545e4b0d1f9f05dd7f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Weller, Gunter","contributorId":113764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weller","given":"Gunter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704533,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Patricia A.","contributorId":113425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Patricia A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704534,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrd, G. Vernon","contributorId":88416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrd","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vernon","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Divoky, George J.","contributorId":100912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Divoky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189673,"text":"70189673 - 1999 - Working group on future trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T16:14:08","indexId":"70189673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Working group on future trends","docAbstract":"This working group did not divide into subgroups, and its report consists of a unified document in a format somewhat different than those of the other working groups. The group considered four major topics: (1) projected \"new\" contaminants of future concern; (2) future trends with contaminants currently known to be issues for marine mammals; (3) future needs to improve and insure consistency of sample collection and analyses; and (4) future management needs.
The problems of persistent organic pollutants will remain well into the foreseeable future. A general decline in levels of persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment is not anticipated. there is every likelihood that the environmental trends of halogenated organic compounds, such as polybromated diphenyl ethers and chlorinated paraffins, will parallel production trends, as demonstrated with well known chemical contaminants such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). While the environmental levels of some compounds may be slowly declining, many are still within the ranges where subtle toxic effects are to be anticipated. Trends in contaminants must be placed in a regional context, and rates and directions of change are often region-specific. For example, in the Southern Hemisphere the concentrations of PCBs appear to be increasing. The rates of change of many contaminants in the Southern hemisphere are poorly known, and this region may be at future risk.
Much of the research on contaminants and marine mammals has focused on the problem of persistent organochloride chemicals such as PCBs and DDT, which are a continuing and global problem. Potential problems caused by other persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative substances (PTBSs) cannot currently be addressed due to the lack of basic information on their production, use, exposure, and effects (Environmental Protection Agency 1998). It is currently estimated that there are roughly 2400 lipophilic and persistent chemicals, of which 390 are PTBSs. In order to prevent long-term pollution from these largely unknown chemicals, chemical industries should disclose basic information on such compounds, and this information should be made widely available. This will require enhanced international cooperation, preferably within the existing framework of chemical contaminant programs, such as the Existing Chemicals Program of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1991) and the Program on persistent Organic Pollutants of the United National Environmental Programme (1998).
Monitoring studies are essential to the description and understanding of pollutants. It is necessary to exploit existing analytical techniques to identify as many anthropogenic compounds as possible in marine mammal tissues in order to expand the identification of existing and new chemicals that accumulate in, and pose threats to, these species.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and persistent ocean contaminants: Proceedings of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Marine Mammal Commission Workshop","conferenceDate":"October 12-15, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Keystone, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Mammal Commission","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York, 1999, Working group on future trends, in Marine mammals and persistent ocean contaminants: Proceedings of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Keystone, CO, October 12-15, 1998, p. 78-86.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fe0e4b0d1f9f065ab22","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"O'Shea, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":78071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, Randall R.","contributorId":40260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, Alison Kirk","contributorId":149427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":20313,"text":"Marine Mammal Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York","contributorId":128452,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Working Group Members: Fair, Geraci (Leader), Goldberg, Jarman, Kucklick (Rapporteur), Krahn, Muir, Norstrom, Phinney, Tanabe, van Leeuwen, York","id":705741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32255,"text":"ofr9653 - 1999 - Preliminary geologic map of northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T15:16:24.523591","indexId":"ofr9653","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-53","title":"Preliminary geologic map of northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9653","usgsCitation":"Karl, S.M., 1999, Preliminary geologic map of northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-53, Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 36.30 x 35.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9653.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 36.30 x 35.74 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397815,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40027.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401986,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0053/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"63360","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Chicagof Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.833,\n 57.75\n ],\n [\n -134.917,\n 57.75\n ],\n [\n -134.917,\n 58.167\n ],\n [\n -135.833,\n 58.167\n ],\n [\n -135.833,\n 57.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}