Several slow slip events beneath the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, have been inferred from transient displacements in daily GPS positions. To search for smaller events that may be close to the noise level in the GPS time series, we compare displacement fields on Kilauea's south flank with displacement patterns in previously identified slow slip events. Matching displacement patterns are found for several new candidate events, although displacements are much smaller than previously identified events. One of the candidates, 29 May 2000, is coincident with a microearthquake swarm, as are all of the previously identified slow slip events. The microearthquakes follow the onset of slow slip, implying that they are triggered by stress changes during slip. The new slow slip event brings the total number of events on Kilauea, between 1997 and 2007, to eight, the smallest having MW = 5.3, and the largest having MW = 6.0. While the recurrence time between the four largest events is 2.11 ± 0.01 years, the repeat time for all eight events is 0.9 ± 0.6 years. We invert for the fault geometry and distribution of slip during the slow slip events. The optimal source depths of 5 km, assuming uniform slip dislocations in an elastic half‐space, are considerably shallower than the accompanying swarm earthquakes (6.5–8.5 km), which would place the earthquakes in a zone of decreased Coulomb stress. Inversions including the effects of topography and layered elastic structure in the forward models favor depths comparable to microearthquake depths, such that the earthquakes are located in a region of increased Coulomb stress. We also invert for time‐dependent fault slip directly from the 30 s GPS phase observations, constraining the source to the optimal uniform slip geometry. On the basis of these inversions, the larger events last between 1.5–2.2 days. The data are unable to resolve migration of slip along the fault. The temporal pattern of accompanying microearthquakes is consistent with the fault slip history assuming a seismicity rate theory based on rate and state‐friction, making the swarm earthquakes coshocks and aftershocks of the slow slip events.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008JB006074","usgsCitation":"Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Segall, P., and Miklius, A., 2009, Kilauea slow slip events: Identification, source inversions, and relation to seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 114, no. B6, B00A03; 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006074.","productDescription":"B00A03; 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.457.8252","text":"External Repository"},{"id":355906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.51123046874997,\n 18.760712758499565\n ],\n [\n -154.566650390625,\n 18.760712758499565\n ],\n [\n -154.566650390625,\n 20.416716988945712\n ],\n [\n -156.51123046874997,\n 20.416716988945712\n ],\n [\n -156.51123046874997,\n 18.760712758499565\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b9d5e4b0702d0e84523e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery-Brown, Emily K. emontgomery-brown@usgs.gov","contributorId":5300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery-Brown","given":"Emily","email":"emontgomery-brown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70230298,"text":"70230298 - 2009 - Monitoring suspended sediments and associated chemical constituents in urban environments: Lessons from the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA Water Quality Monitoring Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:46:08.76666","indexId":"70230298","displayToPublicDate":"2009-05-29T11:45:10","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2457,"text":"Journal of Soils and Sediments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring suspended sediments and associated chemical constituents in urban environments: Lessons from the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA Water Quality Monitoring Program","docAbstract":"The City of Atlanta, Georgia (COA) is part of the ninth largest metropolitan area in the USA and one of the fastest growing (e.g., >24% between 2000 and 2007). Since 2003, the US Geological Survey has been operating an extensive long-term water-quantity and water-quality monitoring network for the COA. The experience gained in operating this network has provided insights into the challenges as well as some solutions associated with determining urban effects on water quality, especially in terms of estimating the annual fluxes of suspended sediment, trace/major elements, and nutrients.
The majority (>90%) of the annual fluxes of suspended sediment and discharge (>60%) from the COA occur in conjunction with stormflow. Typically, stormflow averages ≤20% of the year. Normally, annual flux calculations employ a daily time-step; however, due to the “flashy” nature of the COA’s streams, this approach can produce substantial underestimates (from 25% to 64%). Greater accuracy requires time-steps as short as every 2 to 3 h. The annual fluxes of ≥75% of trace elements (e.g., Cu, Pb, Zn), major elements (e.g., Fe, Al), and total P occur in association with suspended sediment; in turn, ≥90% of the transport of these constituents occurs in conjunction with stormflow. With the possible exception of nitrogen, baseflow sediment-associated and both baseflow and stormflow dissolved contributions represent relatively insignificant portions of the total annual load; hence, nonpoint (diffuse) sources are the dominant contributors to the fluxes of almost all of these constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11368-009-0092-y","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 2009, Monitoring suspended sediments and associated chemical constituents in urban environments: Lessons from the city of Atlanta, Georgia, USA Water Quality Monitoring Program: Journal of Soils and Sediments, v. 9, p. 342-363, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-009-0092-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Atlanta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.605712890625,\n 33.58030298537655\n ],\n [\n -84.20745849609375,\n 33.58030298537655\n ],\n [\n -84.20745849609375,\n 33.947916898356404\n ],\n [\n -84.605712890625,\n 33.947916898356404\n ],\n [\n -84.605712890625,\n 33.58030298537655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97561,"text":"sir20095034 - 2009 - Development and Implementation of a Transport Method for the Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) based on the Godunov-Mixed Finite Element Method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"sir20095034","displayToPublicDate":"2009-05-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5034","title":"Development and Implementation of a Transport Method for the Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) based on the Godunov-Mixed Finite Element Method","docAbstract":"A model to simulate transport of materials in surface water and ground water has been developed to numerically approximate solutions to the advection-dispersion equation. This model, known as the Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE), uses an algorithm that incorporates a time-splitting technique where the advective part of the equation is solved separately from the dispersive part. An explicit finite-volume Godunov method is used to approximate the advective part, while a mixed-finite element technique is used to approximate the dispersive part. The dispersive part uses an implicit discretization, which allows it to run stably with a larger time step than the explicit advective step. The potential exists to develop algorithms that run several advective steps, and then one dispersive step that encompasses the time interval of the advective steps. Because the dispersive step is computationally most expensive, schemes can be implemented that are more computationally efficient than non-time-split algorithms. This technique enables scientists to solve problems with high grid Peclet numbers, such as transport problems with sharp solute fronts, without spurious oscillations in the numerical approximation to the solution and with virtually no artificial diffusion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"James, A.I., Jawitz, J.W., and Munoz-Carpena, R., 2009, Development and Implementation of a Transport Method for the Transport and Reaction Simulation Engine (TaRSE) based on the Godunov-Mixed Finite Element Method: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5034, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095034.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12703,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5034/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66728a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Andrew I.","contributorId":66724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jawitz, James W.","contributorId":66725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jawitz","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munoz-Carpena, Rafael","contributorId":66290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munoz-Carpena","given":"Rafael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97461,"text":"sir20095004 - 2009 - Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:27","indexId":"sir20095004","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5004","title":"Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05","docAbstract":"Restoring previously drained wetlands is a strategy currently being used to improve water quality and decrease nutrient loading into Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. In this 2003-05 study, ground- and surface-water quality and hydrologic conditions were characterized in the Wood River Wetland. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels, primarily as dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium (NH4) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), were high in surface waters. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations also were elevated in surface water, with median concentrations of 44 and 99 milligrams of carbon per liter (mg-C/L) in the North and South Units of the Wood River Wetland, respectively, reaching a maximum of 270 mg-C/L in the South Unit in late autumn. Artesian well water produced NH4 and SRP concentrations of about 6,000 micrograms per liter (ug/L), and concentrations of 36,500 ug-N/L NH4 and 4,110 ug-P/L SRP in one 26-28 ft deep piezometer well. Despite the high ammonium concentrations, the nitrate levels were moderate to low in wetland surface and ground waters. \r\n\r\nThe surface-water concentrations of NH4 and SRP increased in spring and summer, outpacing those for chloride (a conservative tracer), indicative of evapoconcentration. In-situ chamber experiments conducted in June and August 2005 indicated a positive flux of NH4 and SRP from the wetland sediments. Potential sources of NH4 and SRP include diffusion of nutrients from decomposed peat, decomposing aquatic vegetation, or upwelling ground water. In addition to these inputs, evapoconcentration raised surface-water solute concentrations to exceedingly high values by the end of summer. The increase was most pronounced in the South Unit, where specific conductance reached 2,500 uS/cm and median concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus reached 18,000-36,500 ug-N/L and about 18,000-26,000 ug-P/L, respectively. Water-column SRP and total phosphorus levels decreased during autumn and winter following inputs of irrigation water and precipitation, which have lower nutrient concentrations. The SRP concentrations, however, decreased faster than the dilution rate alone, possibly due to precipitation of phosphorus with iron, manganese, or calcium.\r\n\r\nThe high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus during the growing season give rise to a rich plant community in the wetland consisting of emergent and submergent macrophytes and algae including phytoplankton and benthic and epiphytic algae that have pronounced effects on dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH. Midday readings of surface-water DO during summer often were supersaturated (as much as 310 percent saturation) with elevated pH (as much as 9.2 units), indicative of high rates of photosynthesis. \r\n\r\nMinimum DO concentrations in the shallow ground-water piezometer wells were 0.4 mg/L in the North Unit and 0.8 mg/L in the South Unit during summer, which is probably low enough to support microbial denitrification. Denitrification was confirmed during in-situ experiments conducted at the sediment-water interface, but rates were low due to low background nitrate (NO3). Nevertheless, denitrification (and plant uptake) likely contribute to low nitrate levels. Another possible cause of low nitrate levels is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA), a microbial process that converts and decreases nitrate to ammonia. DNRA explains the excess ammonia production measured in the chambers treated with nitrate.\r\n\r\nSurface-water levels and standing surface-water volume in the Wood River Wetland reached a maximum in early spring, inundating 80-90 percent of the wetland. Surface-water levels and standing volume then declined reaching a minimum in August through November, when the South Unit was only 10 percent inundated and the North Unit was nearly dry. The shallow ground-water levels followed a trend similar to surface-water levels and indicated a strong upward gradient.\r\n\r\nA monthly water budget was developed individually for the North ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., Snyder, D.T., Duff, J.H., Triska, F.J., Lee, K.K., Avanzino, R.J., and Sobieszczyk, S., 2009, Hydrologic and Water-Quality Conditions During Restoration of the Wood River Wetland, Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon, 2003-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5004, x, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095004.","productDescription":"x, 67 p.","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12601,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5004/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.33333333333333,42 ], [ -122.33333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,43.083333333333336 ], [ -121.33333333333333,42 ], [ -122.33333333333333,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Kurt D. kdcar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Kurt D.","email":"kdcar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":302208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":302205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":302209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":302206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70179331,"text":"70179331 - 2009 - A spatial model to assess the effects of hydropower operations on Columbia River fall Chinook Salmon spawning habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T15:35:20","indexId":"70179331","displayToPublicDate":"2009-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spatial model to assess the effects of hydropower operations on Columbia River fall Chinook Salmon spawning habitat","docAbstract":"Priest Rapids Dam on the Columbia River produces large daily and hourly streamflow fluctuations throughout the Hanford Reach during the period when fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha are selecting spawning habitat, constructing redds, and actively engaged in spawning. Concern over the detrimental effects of these fluctuations prompted us to quantify the effects of variable flows on the amount and persistence of fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat in the Hanford Reach. Specifically, our goal was to develop a management tool capable of quantifying the effects of current and alternative hydrographs on predicted spawning habitat in a spatially explicit manner. Toward this goal, we modeled the water velocities and depths that fall Chinook salmon experienced during the 2004 spawning season, plus what they would probably have experienced under several alternative (i.e., synthetic) hydrographs, using both one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamic models. To estimate spawning habitat under existing or alternative hydrographs, we used cell-based modeling and logistic regression to construct and compare numerous spatial habitat models. We found that fall Chinook salmon were more likely to spawn at locations where velocities were persistently greater than 1 m/s and in areas where fluctuating water velocities were reduced. Simulations of alternative dam operations indicate that the quantity of spawning habitat is expected to increase as streamflow fluctuations are reduced during the spawning season. The spatial habitat models that we developed provide management agencies with a quantitative tool for predicting, in a spatially explicit manner, the effects of different flow regimes on fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat in the Hanford Reach. In addition to characterizing temporally varying habitat conditions, our research describes an analytical approach that could be applied in other highly variable aquatic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M08-053.1","usgsCitation":"Hatten, J.R., Tiffan, K.F., Anglin, D.R., Haeseker, S.L., Skalicky, J., and Schaller, H., 2009, A spatial model to assess the effects of hydropower operations on Columbia River fall Chinook Salmon spawning habitat: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1405, https://doi.org/10.1577/M08-053.1.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1405","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5864dd55e4b0cd2dabe7c1e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatten, James R. 0000-0003-4676-8093 jhatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-8093","contributorId":3431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatten","given":"James","email":"jhatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anglin, Donald R.","contributorId":177725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anglin","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeseker, Steven L.","contributorId":177726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haeseker","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":193,"text":"Columbia River Fisheries Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skalicky, Joseph J.","contributorId":91386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalicky","given":"Joseph J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schaller, Howard","contributorId":177727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaller","given":"Howard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70156081,"text":"70156081 - 2009 - Does mobility explain variation in colonisation and population recovery among stream fishes?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T11:24:42","indexId":"70156081","displayToPublicDate":"2009-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does mobility explain variation in colonisation and population recovery among stream fishes?","docAbstract":"1. Colonisation and population recovery are crucial to species persistence in environmentally variable ecosystems, but are poorly understood processes. After documenting movement rates for several species of stream fish, we predicted that this variable would influence colonisation rates more strongly than local abundance, per cent occupancy, body size and taxonomic family. We also predicted that populations of species with higher movement rates would recover more rapidly than species with lower movement rates and that assemblage structure would change accordingly.
\n2. To test these predictions, we removed fishes from a headwater and a mainstem creek in southwest Virginia and monitored colonisation over a 2-year period. Using an information–theoretic approach, we evaluated the relative plausibility of 15 alternative models containing different combinations of our predictor variables. Our best-supported model contained movement rate and abundance and was 41 times more likely to account for observed patterns in colonisation rates than the next-best model. Movement rate and abundance were both positively related to colonisation rates and explained 88% of the variation in colonisation rates among species.
\n3. Population recovery, measured as the per cent of initial abundance restored, was also positively associated with movement rate. One species recovered within 3 months, most recovered within 2 years, but two species still had not recovered after 2 years. Despite high variation in recovery, the removal had only a slight impact on assemblage structure because species that were abundant in pre-removal samples were also abundant in post-removal samples.
\n4. The significance of interspecific variation in colonisation and recovery rates has been underappreciated because of the widely documented recovery of stream fish assemblages following fish kills and small-scale experimental defaunations. Our results indicate that recovery of the overall assemblage does not imply recovery of each component species. Populations of species that are rare and less mobile will recover more slowly and will be more vulnerable to extinction in systems where chemical spills, hydrological alteration, extreme droughts and other impacts are frequent.
\nWe quantified the bycatch of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in Tennessee's shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) fishery by accompanying commercial fishers and monitoring their catch on five dates in spring 2007. Fishers were free to keep or discard any sturgeon they collected in their gillnets and trotlines and we were afforded the opportunity to collect meristic and morphometric data and tissue samples from discarded and harvested specimens. Fishers removed 327 live sturgeon from their gear in our presence, of which 93 were harvested; we also obtained the carcasses of 20 sturgeon that a fisher harvested out of our sight while we were on the water with another fisher. Two of the 113 harvested sturgeon were confirmed pallid sturgeon based on microsatellite DNA analyses. Additionally, fishers gave us five, live pallid sturgeon that they had removed from their gear. If the incidental harvest rate of pallid sturgeon (1.8% of all sturgeon harvested) was similar in the previous two commercial seasons, at least 169 adult pallid sturgeon were harvested by commercial fishers in the Tennessee waters of the Mississippi River in 2005-2007. If fishers altered their behavior because of our presence (i.e. if they were more conservative in what they harvested), the pallid sturgeon take was probably higher when they fished unaccompanied by observers. While retrieving a gill net set the previous day, a fisher we were accompanying retrieved a gillnet lost 2 days earlier; this ghost net caught 53 sturgeon whereby one fish was harvested but most fish were dead, including one confirmed pallid sturgeon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01183.x","usgsCitation":"Bettoli, P.W., Casto-Yerty, M., Scholten, G., and Heist, E., 2009, Bycatch of the endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in a commercial fishery for shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus): Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01183.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009105","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01183.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2afe4b0a92fa7e93bd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bettoli, Phillip William pbettoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"Phillip","email":"pbettoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casto-Yerty, M.","contributorId":68985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casto-Yerty","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholten, G.D.","contributorId":39184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholten","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heist, Edward J.","contributorId":44849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heist","given":"Edward J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207675,"text":"70207675 - 2009 - Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-03T12:25:24","indexId":"70207675","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-03T12:10:04","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5904,"text":"Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora","docAbstract":"A semi-quantitative thermochronological study, combining U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, has allowed assessment of the crystallization and cooling history of the Laramide Sierrita Blanca granite as well as the thermal effects resulting from the intrusion into the Mesoproterozoic host rocks (~1.1 Ga Murrieta granite).
The U-Pb zircon age discrepancy between two samples of the Sierrita Blanca granite (72.6 ± 1.2 Ma and 69.7 ± 1.0 Ma) could be explained by a process of faster magma cooling in the contact zone with the host Murrieta granite. However, that the Sierrita Blanca granitic unit was made up of multiple intrusions of similar compositions emplaced relatively close in time cannot be discarded. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of both biotite and K-feldspar for the granite collected close to the contact are also significantly older than the ages for the sample collected in a more internal zone of the intrusion. The initial cooling of the Sierrita Blanca granite was fairly fast and monotonous from the closure temperature of zircon to that of biotite (~36–32°C/Ma). Subsequently, the cooling of these Laramide rocks became relatively slow (~10–9°C/Ma) between the closure temperature of biotite and K-feldspar. These estimated cooling rates are similar, perhaps slightly slower, to the ones estimated for other Laramide granitoids in NW Mexico.
Three samples of the host Murrieta granite, collected at different distances from the Laramide intrusion, were dated by U-Pb zircon geochronology at ~1.1 Ga, reiterating that the U-Pb zircon systematics are quite resistant to thermal effects inflicted by intrusions like the one in the Sierrita Blanca. However, close inspection of the U-Pb zircon data suggests the presence of Pb loss for some of the zircons. This Pb-loss phenomenon is most pronounced in the zircons from the sample collected at the contact with the Sierrita Blanca intrusive where heat and/or hydrothermal fluids are released by the Laramide intrusion. It is important to note that away from the intrusion-host contact there is a gradual decrease of such thermal effects in the rocks until samples with zircons that show no effects of resetting as suggested by their total U-Pb zircon concordance. This thermal resetting is more prominent in the 40Ar/39Ar systematics of biotite and K-feldspar, since they are totally reset to Laramide ages, including the sample collected the farthest away from the contact. The estimation of post-resetting cooling of biotite and K-feldspar from the host rocks at ~18–15°C/Ma is, in a sense, coherent with the cooling estimates for the same minerals for the Sierrita Blanca granite. This suggests that the general cooling of the Sierrita Blanca after the Laramide intrusion was, for the most part, coherent for the entire area and ended, as expected, in the more internal zones of the Laramide intrusion. Lastly, it is important to point out that the Miocene magmatic pulse present in the Sierrita Blanca and adjacent areas has not caused any thermal disturbance to the Cretaceous or Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks studied in the area.
","language":"Spanish, English","publisher":"Institute of Geology, University of Mexico","publisherLocation":"Mexico City, Mexico","doi":"10.18268/BSGM2009v61n3a11","usgsCitation":"Enriquez-Castillo, M.A., Iriondo, A., Chavez-Cabello, G., and Kunk, M.J., 2009, Interacción termal entre magmas graníticos laramídicos y rocas encajonantes mesoproterozoicas: Historia de enfriamiento de intrusivos de la sierrita blanca, NW Sonora: Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana, v. 61, no. 3, p. 451-483, https://doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2009v61n3a11.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2009v61n3a11","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"Northwest Sonora","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.90625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -111.55517578125,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -111.55517578125,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Enriquez-Castillo, Monica A.","contributorId":221577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enriquez-Castillo","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iriondo, Alexander","contributorId":23619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iriondo","given":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chavez-Cabello, Gabriel","contributorId":221578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chavez-Cabello","given":"Gabriel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239188,"text":"70239188 - 2009 - Quaternary incision rates and drainage evolution of the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, western Colorado, as calibrated by the Lava Creek B ash","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T13:09:50.841845","indexId":"70239188","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-03T07:03:20","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary incision rates and drainage evolution of the Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers, western Colorado, as calibrated by the Lava Creek B ash","docAbstract":"The Quaternary erosional history of western Colorado is documented in terraces of the Colorado, Gunnison, and Uncompahgre Rivers that contain the Lava Creek B ash (0.64 Ma). This paper reports an important new ash locality that dates ca. 100-m-high river gravels associated with the paleo-confluence of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers upstream from Grand Junction. Provenance analysis reveals paleo-Gunnison River gravels (containing granite and gneiss clasts) and paleo-Uncompahgre River gravels (containing Uncompahgre Group quartzite and San Juan volcanic field rocks). The paleo-Uncompahgre River gravels are 3 m directly beneath Lava Creek B ash, and the areal distribution of terraces indicates that this area was the paleo-confluence between the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers. This confluence has shifted 11 km to the east since 0.64 Ma due to events related to stream piracy and drainage reorganization. Gunnison terrace straths near the paleo-confluence are estimated to be 106 m above the modern strath, giving an estimated incision rate of 165 m/Ma.
Because of excellent age and geologic control, this is one of the best incision-rate data points in the upper Colorado River system. It is similar to previously reported regional rates, but is substantially lower than upstream incision rates in the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River. This dated Gunnison River terrace anchors the projection of Lava Creek B-bearing Grand Mesa pediment surfaces (e.g., Petrie Mesa) to regional base level and helps constrain a regional reconstruction of the 0.64-Ma profile of the paleo-Gunnison River. This reconstruction shows dramatic differences in incision rate in the Gunnison River system since 0.64 Ma, and that a transient knickpoint migrated past Sawmill Mesa prior to 0.64 Ma. This incision data point has important implications for evaluating major Quaternary changes in the configuration of this part of the Rocky Mountain drainage system. It also provides evidence for a young, disequilibrium drainage system that is responding to base-level changes downstream driven by a stream capture event, which in turn may have been driven by tectonic or climatic perturbations.
Bioaccumulated toxic metals in tolerant biomonitors are indicators of metal bioavailability and can be calibrated against metal‐specific responses in sensitive species, thus creating a tool for defining dose–response for metals in a field setting. Dose–response curves that define metal toxicity in natural waters are rare. Demonstrating cause and effect under field conditions and integrated chemical measures of metal bioavailability from food and water is problematic. The total bioaccumulated metal concentration in any organism that is a net accumulator of the metal is informative about metal bioavailability summed across exposure routes. However, there is typically no one universal metal concentration that is indicative of toxicity, especially across species, largely because of interspecies differences in detoxification. Stressed organisms are also only present across a narrow range in the dose–response curve, limiting the use of singles species as both biomonitors and bioindicator of stress. Herein we show, in 3 field settings, that bioaccumulated Cu concentrations in a metal‐tolerant, riverine biomonitor (species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche spp.) can be calibrated against metal‐specific ecological responses across very wide ranges of contamination. Using the calibrated dose–response, we show that reduced abundance of species and individuals from particularly sensitive mayfly families (heptageniid mayflies) is more than 2‐fold more sensitive to bioavailable Cu than other traditional measures of stress like EPT or total number of benthic macroinvertebrate species. We propose that this field dose‐response curve be tested more widely for general application, and that calibrations against other stress responses be developed for biomonitors from lakes, estuaries, and coastal marine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., Cain, D.J., and Rainbow, P.S., 2009, Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 199-209, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2009-067.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-067.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd71e4b034bf6a7f8b4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, Daniel J. 0000-0002-3443-0493 djcain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-0493","contributorId":1784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Daniel","email":"djcain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rainbow, Philip S.","contributorId":83025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainbow","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70058740,"text":"70058740 - 2009 - Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T15:18:54","indexId":"70058740","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T15:03:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin","docAbstract":"Federal land management agencies have invested heavily in seeding vegetation for \nemergency stabilization and rehabilitation (ES&R) of non-forested lands. ES&R projects are \nimplemented to reduce post-fire dominance of non-native annual grasses, minimize probability \nof recurrent fire, quickly recover lost habitat for sensitive species, and ultimately result in plant \ncommunities with desirable characteristics including resistance to invasive species and resilience \nor ability to recover following disturbance. Land managers lack scientific evidence to verify \nwhether seeding non-forested lands achieves their desired long-term ES&R objectives. The \noverall objective of our investigation is to determine if ES&R projects increase perennial plant \ncover, improve community composition, decrease invasive annual plant cover and result in a \nmore desirable fuel structure relative to no treatment following fires while potentially providing \nhabitat for Greater Sage-Grouse, a species of management concern. In addition, we provide the \nlocations and baseline vegetation data for further studies relating to ES&R project impacts.
\nWe examined effects of seeding treatments (drill and broadcast) vs. no seeding on biotic \nand abiotic (bare ground and litter) variables for the dominant climate regimes and ecological \ntypes within the Great Basin. We attempted to determine seeding effectiveness to provide desired \nplant species cover while restricting non-native annual grass cover relative to post-treatment \nprecipitation, post-treatment grazing level and time-since-seeding. Seedings were randomly \nsampled from all known post-fire seedings that occurred in the four-state area of Idaho, Nevada, \nOregon and Utah. Sampling locations were stratified by major land resource area, precipitation, \nand loam-dominated soils to ensure an adequate spread of locations to provide inference of our \nfindings to similar lands throughout the Great Basin.
\nNearly 100 sites were located that contained an ES&R project. Of these sites, 61 were \nseeded by using a drill, 27 were broadcast aerially, and 12 had a combination of both. We \nrandomly sampled three burned and seeded, burned and unseeded, and unburned and unseeded \nlocations in the vicinity of the fire, each within the same ecological site. We measured foliar \ncover of all plant functional groups (perennial or annual, shrub, grass, forb, native or introduced), \nbiological soil crusts, and abiotic (bare soil and litter) variables using the line-point intercept \nprotocol. Fuel loads and horizontal fuel continuity were measured. We applied linear mixed \nmodels to response variables (cover and density of plant groups) relative to the dependent \nvariables (seeding treatments and precipitation/temperature relationships.
\nPost-fire strengths with native perennial grasses or shrubs in mixes did not increase density or cover of these groups significantly relative to unseeded, burned areas. Seeded non-native perennial grasses and the shrub Bassia prostrata were effective in providing more cover in aerial and drill seedings. Seeded non-native perennial grass cover increased with increased annual precipitation regardless of seeding type. Seeding native shrubs, particularly Artemisia tridentata, did not significantly increase shrub cover in burned areas. Cover of undesirable non-native annual grasses was lower in drill seedings relative to unseeded areas but only at higher elevations. Seeding effectiveness after wildfire is unpredictable in drier, low elevation environments, and our findings indicate management objectives are more likely met when focusing efforts on higher elevation or higher precipitation locations where establishment of perennial grasses is more likely. On sites where potential for invasion and dominance of non-native annuals is high, such as lower and drier sites, intensive methods of restoration that include invasive plant control before seeding may be required. Where establishment of native perennial plants is the goal, managers might consider using native-only seed mixtures, because we found that the non-native perennials typically used in Great Basin restoration efforts are selected for their competitive nature and may reduce establishment of less competitive native species. Although we attempted to include information on livestock grazing history after seedings, we were unable to extract sufficient data from files to address this topic that may play an additional role in understanding native plant abundance post-fire seeding.
\nEvaluation of drill and aerial seeding effects on fuel characteristics focused on two metrics that are standard inputs for fire behavior models, fuel load and fuel continuity. Fuel loads were evaluated separately for total fuel load biomass, and the individual components that sum to total biomass, namely herbaceous, shrub, shrub:herbaceous ratio, litter, 10-hour, and 100-hour fuel biomasses. Fuel continuity was evaluated using the following cover categories, total, annual grass, annual forb, perennial forb perennial grass, shrub, litter, vegetative interspace, and perennial interspace. Drill seeding did not affect fuel loads, except to reduce 10-hour fuels, probably due to mechanical destruction of dead and down fuels by the drill seeding equipment. Drill seeding did affect fuel continuity, specifically decreasing total plant cover by increasing perennial grass cover which suppressed annual grass and litter production resulting in a net decrease in continuity, but only at the elevations above approximately 1500m. Aerial seeding had no effect on any fuel load or fuel continuity category.
\nFor the Greater Sage-Grouse habitat study, we developed multi-scale empirical models of sage-grouse occupancy in 211 randomly located plots within a 40 million ha portion of the species’ range. We then used these models to predict sage-grouse habitat quality at 101 ES&R seeding projects. We compared conditions at restoration sites to published habitat guidelines. Sage-grouse occupancy was positively related to plot- and landscape-level dwarf sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula, A. nova, A. tripartita) and big sagebrush steppe, and negatively associated with non-native grass and human development. The predicted probability of sage-grouse occupancy at treated plots was low on average (0.07–0.09) and was not significantly different from burned areas that had not been treated. Restoration was more often successful at higher elevation sites with low annual temperatures, high spring precipitation, and high plant diversity. No plots seeded after fire (n=313) met all overstory guidelines for breeding habitats, but approximately 50% met understory guidelines, particularly for perennial grasses. This trend was similar for summer habitat. Ninety-eight percent of treated plots did not meet winter habitat guidelines. Restoration actions in burned areas did not increase the probability of meeting most guideline criteria. The probability of meeting guidelines was influenced by a latitudinal gradient, local climate, and topography. Post-fire seeding treatments in Great Basin sagebrush shrublands generally have not created high quality habitat for sage-grouse. Understory conditions are more likely to be adequate than those of overstory, but in unfavorable climates, establishing forbs and reducing cheatgrass dominance is unlikely. Reestablishing sagebrush cover will require more than 20 years using the restoration methods of the past two decades. Given current fire frequencies and restoration capabilities, protection of landscapes containing a mix of dwarf sagebrush and big sagebrush steppe, minimal human development, and low non-native plant cover may provide the best opportunity for conservation of sage-grouse habitats.
\nOur database of ES&R locations has used the Land Treatment Digital Library to archive data and location information regarding our study (see Pilliod and Welty 2013). This has contributed to two additional studies. One examined the potential spread of Bassia prostrata (aka Kochia prostrata; forage kochia) from ES&R project locations (Gray and Muir 2013). The second used remote sensing to determine the phenology of vegetation green-up on post-fire seeded sites (Sankey et al. 2013).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Pyke, D.A., Pilliod, D., Chambers, J., Brooks, M.L., and Grace, J., 2009, Fire rehabilitation effectiveness: a chronosequence approach for the Great Basin, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-053168","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286058,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.firescience.gov/JFSP_advanced_search_results_detail.cfm?jdbid=%24%26Z%27%3AT%20%20%20%0A"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Idaho;Oregon;Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.42,34.43 ], [ -121.42,44.82 ], [ -110.78,44.82 ], [ -110.78,34.43 ], [ -121.42,34.43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559437e4b0120853e8bf7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pilliod, David S.","contributorId":101760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":75889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, James 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":35642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70140581,"text":"70140581 - 2009 - Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:57:10","indexId":"70140581","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico","docAbstract":"The threshold between geochemical background and anomalies can be influenced by the methodology selected for its estimation. Environmental evaluations, particularly those conducted in mineralized areas, must consider this when trying to determinate the natural geochemical status of a study area, quantifying human impacts, or establishing soil restoration values for contaminated sites. Some methods in environmental geochemistry incorporate the premise that anomalies (natural or anthropogenic) and background data are characterized by their own probabilistic distributions. One of these methods uses exploratory data analysis (EDA) on regional geochemical data sets coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) to spatially understand the processes that influence the geochemical landscape in a technique that can be called a spatial data analysis (SDA). This EDA-SDA methodology was used to establish the regional background range from the area of Catorce-Matehuala in north-central Mexico. Probability plots of the data, particularly for those areas affected by human activities, show that the regional geochemical background population is composed of smaller subpopulations associated with factors such as soil type and parent material. This paper demonstrates that the EDA-SDA method offers more certainty in defining thresholds between geochemical background and anomaly than a numeric technique, making it a useful tool for regional geochemical landscape analysis and environmental geochemistry studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.022","usgsCitation":"Chipres, J., Castro-Larragoitia, J., and Monroy, M., 2009, Exploratory and spatial data analysis (EDA-SDA) for determining regional background levels and anomalies of potentially toxic elements in soils from Catorce-Matehuala, Mexico: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1579-1589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.022.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1579","endPage":"1589","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b9ae4b08de9379b3421","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chipres, J.A.","contributorId":139122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chipres","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castro-Larragoitia, J.","contributorId":139138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro-Larragoitia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monroy, M.G.","contributorId":139126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monroy","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70140579,"text":"70140579 - 2009 - A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T12:48:26","indexId":"70140579","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada","docAbstract":"An objective of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project is to provide relevant data concerning bioaccessible concentrations of elements in soil to government and other institutions undertaking environmental studies. A protocol was developed that employs a 1-g soil sample agitated overnight with 40 mL of reverse-osmosis de-ionized water for 20 h, and determination of 63 elements following three steps of centrifugation by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry the following day. Statistical summaries are presented for those 48 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, and pH) for which <20% of their data were reported as below the detection limit. The resulting data set contains analyses for 161 A-horizon soils collected along two transects, one along the 38th parallel across the USA and the other from northern Manitoba to the USA–Mexico border. The spatial distribution of three selected elements (Ca, Cu, and Pb) along the two transects is discussed in this paper both as absolute amounts liberated by the leach and expressed as a percentage of the total, or near-total, amounts determined for the elements. The Ca data reflect broad trends in soil parent materials, their weathering, and subsequent soil development. Calcium concentrations are generally found to be lower in the older soils of the eastern USA. The Cu data are higher in the eastern half of the USA, correlating with soil organic C, with which it is sequestered. The Pb data exhibit little regional variability due to natural sources, but are influenced by anthropogenic sources. Based on the Pb results, the percentage water-extractable data demonstrate promise as a tool for identifying anthropogenic components. The soil–water partition (distribution) coefficients, Kds (L/kg), were determined and their relevance to estimating bioaccessible amounts of elements to soil fauna and flora is discussed. Finally, a possible link between W concentrations in human urine and water-extractable W levels in Nevada soils is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014","usgsCitation":"Garrett, R.G., Hall, G., Vaive, J., and Pelchat, P., 2009, A water-leach procedure for estimating bioaccessibility of elements in soils from transects across the United States and Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1438-1453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.04.014.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1453","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":297861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b23e4b08de9379b3270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, Robert G.","contributorId":31481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaive, J.E.","contributorId":139136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaive","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pelchat, P.","contributorId":139137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pelchat","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243702,"text":"70243702 - 2009 - Coral reefs and ocean acidification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T17:57:53.270246","indexId":"70243702","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:40:47","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2929,"text":"Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral reefs and ocean acidification","docAbstract":"Coral reefs were one of the first ecosystems to be recognized as vulnerable to ocean acidification. To date, most scientific investigations into the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs have been related to the reefs’ unique ability to produce voluminous amounts of calcium carbonate. It has been estimated that the main reef-building organisms, corals and calcifying macroalgae, will calcify 10–50% less relative to pre-industrial rates by the middle of this century. This decreased calcification is likely to affect their ability to function within the ecosystem and will almost certainly affect the workings of the ecosystem itself. However, ocean acidification affects not only the organisms, but also the reefs they build. The decline in calcium carbonate production, coupled with an increase in calcium carbonate dissolution, will diminish reef building and the benefits that reefs provide, such as high structural complexity that supports biodiversity on reefs, and breakwater effects that protect shorelines and create quiet habitats for other ecosystems, such as mangroves and seagrass beds. The focus on calcification in reefs is warranted, but the responses of many other organisms, such as fish, noncalcifying algae, and seagrasses, to name a few, deserve a close look as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Oceanography Society","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2009.101","usgsCitation":"Kleypas, J.A., and Yates, K.K., 2009, Coral reefs and ocean acidification: Oceanography, v. 22, no. 4, p. 108-117, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.101.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"117","ipdsId":"IP-018200","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476110,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.101","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":417170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleypas, Joan A.","contributorId":305494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kleypas","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":66231,"text":"NCAR, Climate & Glob. Dynamics","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yates, Kimberly K 0000-0001-8764-0358","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-0358","contributorId":305493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046919,"text":"70046919 - 2009 - Search without Boundaries Using Simple APIs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-16T13:40:27","indexId":"70046919","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1316,"text":"Computers in Libraries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search without Boundaries Using Simple APIs","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Library, where the author serves as the digital services librarian, is increasingly challenged to make it easier for users to find information from many heterogeneous information sources. Information is scattered throughout different software applications (i.e., library catalog, federated search engine, link resolver, and vendor websites), and each specializes in one thing. How could the library integrate the functionalities of one application with another and provide a single point of entry for users to search across? To improve the user experience, the library launched an effort to integrate the federated search engine into the library's intranet website. The result is a simple search box that leverages the federated search engine's built-in application programming interfaces (APIs). In this article, the author describes how this project demonstrated the power of APIs and their potential to be used by other enterprise search portals inside or outside of the library.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers in Libraries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"publisher":"Information Today, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Tong, Q., 2009, Search without Boundaries Using Simple APIs: Computers in Libraries, v. 29, no. 6, p. 26-30.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-013203","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274756,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/jun09/index.shtml"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51e66b6ce4b017be1ba347c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tong, Qi htong@usgs.gov","contributorId":3331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tong","given":"Qi","email":"htong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":480626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047345,"text":"70047345 - 2009 - Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T13:52:14.791006","indexId":"70047345","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T11:56:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17176,"text":"Gap Analysis Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis","docAbstract":"Natural resources support all of our social and economic activities, as well as our biological existence. Humans have little control over most of the physical, biological, and sociological conditions dictating the status and capacity of natural resources in any particular area. However, the most rapid and threatening influences on natural resources typically are anthropogenic overuse and degradation. In addition, living natural resources (i.e., organisms) do not respect political boundaries, but are aware of their optimal habitat and environmental conditions. Most organisms have wider spatial ranges than the jurisdictional boundaries of environmental agencies that deal with them; even within those jurisdictions, information is patchy and disconnected. Planning and projecting effects of ecological management are difficult, because many organisms, habitat conditions, and interactions are involved. Conservation and responsible resource use involves wise management and manipulation of the aspects of the environment and biological communities that can be effectively changed. Tools and data sets that provide new insights and analysis capabilities can enhance the ability of resource managers to make wise decisions and plan effective, long-term management strategies. Aquatic gap analysis has been developed to provide those benefits. Gap analysis is more than just the assessment of the match or mis-match (i.e., gaps) between habitats of ecological value and areas with an appropriate level of environmental protection (e.g., refuges, parks, preserves), as the name suggests. Rather, a Gap Analysis project is a process which leads to an organized database of georeferenced information and previously available tools to examine conservation and other ecological issues; it provides a geographic analysis platform that serves as a foundation for aquatic ecological studies. This analytical tool box allows one to conduct assessments of all habitat elements within an area of interest. Aquatic gap analysis naturally focuses on aquatic habitats. The analytical tools are largely based on specification of the species-habitat relations for the system and organism group of interest (Morrison et al. 2003; McKenna et al. 2006; Steen et al. 2006; Sowa et al. 2007). The Great Lakes Regional Aquatic Gap Analysis (GLGap) project focuses primarily on lotic habitat of the U.S. Great Lakes drainage basin and associated states and has been developed to address fish and fisheries issues. These tools are unique because they allow us to address problems at a range of scales from the region to the stream segment and include the ability to predict species specific occurrence or abundance for most of the fish species in the study area. The results and types of questions that can be addressed provide better global understanding of the ecological context within which specific natural resources fit (e.g., neighboring environments and resources, and large and small scale processes). The geographic analysis platform consists of broad and flexible geospatial tools (and associated data) with many potential applications. The objectives of this article are to provide a brief overview of GLGap methods and analysis tools, and demonstrate conservation and planning applications of those data and tools. Although there are many potential applications, we will highlight just three: (1) support for the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture (EBTJV), (2) Aquatic Life classification in Wisconsin, and (3) an educational tool that makes use of Google Earth (use of trade or product names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government) and Internet accessibility.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Idaho","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., Steen, P.J., Lyons, J., and Stewart, J.S., 2009, Applications of a broad-spectrum tool for conservation and fisheries analysis: Aquatic gap analysis: Gap Analysis Bulletin, no. 16, p. 44-51.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-006153","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278010,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gap.uidaho.edu/bulletins/16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"524162e3e4b0ec672f073ad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr. 0000-0002-1428-7597 jemckenna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7597","contributorId":627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jemckenna@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, Paul J.","contributorId":12342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, John","contributorId":244472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":16117,"text":"Wisconsin DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":481767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Jana S. 0000-0002-8121-1373 jsstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8121-1373","contributorId":539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jana","email":"jsstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70230294,"text":"70230294 - 2009 - Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:25:16.225578","indexId":"70230294","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T10:43:06","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to modeling weathered regolith","docAbstract":"Sustainable soils are a requirement for maintaining human civilizations (Carter and Dale 1974; Lal 1989). However, as the “most complicated biomaterial on the planet” (Young and Crawford 2004), soils represent one of the most difficult systems to understand and model with respect to chemical, physical, and biological coupling over time (Fig. 1).
Despite the complexity of these interactions, certain patterns in soil properties and development are universally observed and have been used in soil science as a means for classification. Elemental, mineralogical, or isotopic concentrations in soils plotted versus depth beneath the land surface comprise such patterns. Soil depth profiles are often reported for solid soil materials, and, less frequently, for solutes in soil pore waters. These profiles cross a large range in spatial scales that traditionally have been studied by different disciplines. For example, shallow, biologically active horizons are commonly defined as the soil zone in agronomic studies whereas the mobile layer of the regolith is referred to as soil in geomorphological studies. In contrast, many geochemical studies target chemical weathering to tens or even hundreds of meters in depth, sometimes extending the definition of “soils” to include the entire regolith down to parent bedrock or alluvium.
Soil profiles also exhibit a large range in temporal scales (Amundson 2004; Brantley 2008b). Solid-state profiles document chemical and mineralogical changes integrated over the time scales of evolution of regolith from protolith. This “geologic time” can vary from tens to hundreds of years for weathered material developed on moraines deposited by active glaciers (Anderson et al. 1997), to millions or possibly hundreds of millions of years of regolith evolution as documented in laterites and bauxites on stable cratons (Nahon 1986). In contrast, solute profiles reflect much shorter time scales corresponding to the residence time of the soil water which commonly ranges from days to decades (Stonestrom et al. 1998). Factors impacting soil minerals can therefore be related to geologically old processes while those impacting pore waters are related to contemporary processes.
We first discuss a geochemical frame work for modeling soil profiles, including a simple scheme that depends on the extent of enrichment or depletion. Such profiles are comprised of reaction fronts affected by chemical, hydrologic, geologic and biologic processes that control soil evolution. We then present a hierarchy of models that have been used to interpret both solid state and solute compositions in regolith. The more simple approaches to model depletion in soils, using analytical models, are first described. The most elementary of these is a linear model that calculates rate constants from the slopes of either solid or solute weathering gradients: these rate constants represent lumped parameters that describe weathering in terms of an integrated reaction rate. Two other analytical models are then presented that have been used to fit solid state elemental profiles with exponential and sigmoidal functions. All of these analytical approaches are derived for models of soils as containing a limited number of components, phases, and species.
At a more complex level, numerical models are then presented to elucidate how kinetic and transport parameters as well as chemical, hydrologic, and physical soil data can be incorporated. We consider two forms of these models, first relatively simple spreadsheet calculators and then more sophisticated multi-component, multi-phase reactive-transport numerical codes. Our treatment of reactive transport modeling is relatively cursory, in recognition of the treatment in the chapter by Steefel and Maher (2009, this volume). Because these models incorporate more phases, components, and species than the other approaches and explicitly model the more fundamental reaction mechanisms involved, they generally have a greater need for parameterization. In our conclusion section, we discuss how this hierarchy of approaches can yield generalizations about soils that are often complementary.
With phase inversion, one can estimate subsurface velocities using the phases of first-arriving waves, which are the frequency-domain equivalents of the traveltimes. Phase inversion is modified to make it suitable for processing traveltimes from near-surface refraction surveys. The modifications include parameterizing the model, correcting the observed phases, and selecting the complex frequency. This modified phase inversion is compared to traveltime tomography. For two comparisons using computer-simulated traveltimes, the difference between the estimated and correct models, the residual mean, and the residual standard deviation are smaller for the phase inversion than they are for the traveltime tomography. For a comparison using field data from an S-wave refraction survey, both methods estimate models that are consistent with the known geology. Nonetheless, the phase-inversion model includes small-scale features in the bedrock that are geologically plausible; the residual mean and the residual standard deviation are smaller for the phase inversion than they are for the traveltime tomography.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1190/1.3196857","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., 2009, A comparison of phase inversion and traveltime tomography for processing near-surface refraction traveltimes: Geophysical Journal, v. 74, no. 6, p. WCB11-WCB24, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3196857.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"WCB11","endPage":"WCB24","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10cd72e4b034bf6a7f8b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":747656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70037420,"text":"70037420 - 2009 - Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T11:03:46","indexId":"70037420","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems","docAbstract":"Alligators and crocodiles integrate biological impacts of hydrological operations, affecting them at all life stages through three key aspects of Everglades ecology: (1) food webs, (2) diversity and productivity, and (3) freshwater flow. Responses of crocodilians are directly related to suitability of environmental conditions and hydrologic change. Correlations between biological responses and environmental conditions contribute to an understanding of species' status and trends over time. Positive or negative trends of crocodilian populations relative to hydrologic changes permit assessment of positive or negative trends in restoration.
\nThe crocodilian indicator uses monitoring parameters (performance measures) that have been shown to be both effective and efficient in tracking trends. The alligator component uses relative density (reported as an encounter rate), body condition, and occupancy rates of alligator holes; the crocodile component uses juvenile growth and hatchling survival. We hypothesize that these parameters are correlated with hydrologic conditions including depth, duration, timing, spatial extent and water quality. Salinity is a critical parameter in estuarine habitats. Assessments of parameters defined for crocodilian performance measures support these hypotheses.
\nAlligators and crocodiles are the charismatic megafauna of the Everglades. They are both keystone and flagship species to which the public can relate. In addition, the parameters used to track trends are easy to understand. They provide answers to the following questions: How has the number of alligators or crocodiles changed? Are the animals fatter or thinner than they should be? Are the animals in the places (in terms of habitat and geography) where they should be?
\nAs surely as there is no other Everglades, no other single species defines the Everglades as does the American alligator. The Everglades is the only place in the world where both alligators and crocodiles exist. Crocodilians clearly respond to changes in hydrologic parameters of management interest. These relationships are easy to communicate and mean something to managers, decision makers, and the public. Having crocodilians on the list of system-wide, general indicators provides us with one of the most powerful tools we have to communicate progress of ecosystem restoration in Greater Everglades ecosystems to diverse audiences.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.06.008","issn":"1470160X","usgsCitation":"Mazzotti, F., Best, G.R., Brandt, L., Cherkiss, M.S., Jeffery, B.M., and Rice, K.G., 2009, Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems: Ecological Indicators, v. 9, no. 6 SUPPL., p. S137-S149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.06.008.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S137","endPage":"S149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217265,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.06.008"},{"id":245197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.393156,25.842687 ], [ -81.393156,25.873513 ], [ -81.379211,25.873513 ], [ -81.379211,25.842687 ], [ -81.393156,25.842687 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"6 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e96ce4b0c8380cd4828d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mazzotti, Frank J.","contributorId":100018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazzotti","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, G. Ronnie ronnie_best@usgs.gov","contributorId":4282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.","email":"ronnie_best@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ronnie","affiliations":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":460970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":18608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherkiss, Michael S. 0000-0002-7802-6791 mcherkiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-6791","contributorId":4571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherkiss","given":"Michael","email":"mcherkiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":460971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jeffery, Brian M.","contributorId":16511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jeffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":460972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rice, Kenneth G. 0000-0001-8282-1088 krice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Kenneth","email":"krice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":460969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036949,"text":"70036949 - 2009 - Morphology of late Quaternary submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T10:00:17","indexId":"70036949","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology of late Quaternary submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","docAbstract":"The nearly complete coverage of the U.S. Atlantic continental slope and rise by multibeam bathymetry and backscatter imagery provides an opportunity to reevaluate the distribution of submarine landslides along the margin and reassess the controls on their formation. Landslides can be divided into two categories based on their source areas: those sourced in submarine canyons and those sourced on the open continental slope and rise. Landslide distribution is in part controlled by the Quaternary history of the margin. They cover 33% of the continental slope and rise of the glacially influenced New England margin, 16% of the sea floor offshore of the fluvially dominated Middle Atlantic margin, and 13% of the sea floor south of Cape Hatteras. The headwall scarps of open-slope sourced landslides occur mostly on the lower slope and upper rise while they occur mostly on the upper slope in the canyon-sourced ones. The deposits from both landslide categories are generally thin (mostly 20-40??m thick) and comprised primarily of Quaternary material, but the volumes of the open-slope sourced landslide deposits can be larger (1-392??km3) than the canyon-sourced ones (1-10??km3). The largest failures are located seaward of shelf-edge deltas along the southern New England margin and near salt domes that breach the sea floor south of Cape Hatteras. The spatial distribution of landslides indicates that earthquakes associated with rebound of the glaciated part of the margin or earthquakes associated with salt domes were probably the primary triggering mechanism although other processes may have pre-conditioned sediments for failure. The largest failures and those that have the potential to generate the largest tsunamis are the open-slope sourced landslides.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.009","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Chaytor, J., ten Brink, U., and Buczkowski, B., 2009, Morphology of late Quaternary submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin: Marine Geology, v. 264, no. 1-2, p. 4-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.009.","startPage":"4","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476296,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/2966","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217693,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.009"},{"id":245653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e57e4b0c8380cd7098c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaytor, J.D.","contributorId":80936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaytor","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buczkowski, B.","contributorId":101123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buczkowski","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037486,"text":"70037486 - 2009 - A case study of two M~5 mainshocks in Anza, California: Is the footprint of an aftershock sequence larger than we think?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T09:21:46","indexId":"70037486","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A case study of two M~5 mainshocks in Anza, California: Is the footprint of an aftershock sequence larger than we think?","docAbstract":"It has been traditionally held that aftershocks occur within one to two fault lengths of the mainshock. Here we demonstrate that this perception has been shaped by the sensitivity of seismic networks. The 31 October 2001 Mw 5.0 and 12 June 2005 Mw 5.2 Anza mainshocks in southern California occurred in the middle of the densely instrumented ANZA seismic network and thus were unusually well recorded. For the June 2005 event, aftershocks as small as M 0.0 could be observed stretching for at least 50 km along the San Jacinto fault even though the mainshock fault was only ∼4.5 km long. It was hypothesized that an observed aseismic slipping patch produced a spatially extended aftershock-triggering source, presumably slowing the decay of aftershock density with distance and leading to a broader aftershock zone. We find, however, the decay of aftershock density with distance for both Anza sequences to be similar to that observed elsewhere in California. This indicates there is no need for an additional triggering mechanism and suggests that given widespread dense instrumentation, aftershock sequences would routinely have footprints much larger than currently expected. Despite the large 2005 aftershock zone, we find that the probability that the 2005 Anza mainshock triggered the M 4.9 Yucaipa mainshock, which occurred 4.2 days later and 72 km away, to be only 14%±1%. This probability is a strong function of the time delay; had the earthquakes been separated by only an hour, the probability of triggering would have been 89%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120080268","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Fritts, K.R., and Kilb, D., 2009, A case study of two M~5 mainshocks in Anza, California: Is the footprint of an aftershock sequence larger than we think?: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, no. 5, p. 2721-2735, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080268.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2721","endPage":"2735","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Anza","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.90414428710936,\n 33.268546361901954\n ],\n [\n -116.90414428710936,\n 33.72890830547334\n ],\n [\n -116.31637573242188,\n 33.72890830547334\n ],\n [\n -116.31637573242188,\n 33.268546361901954\n ],\n [\n -116.90414428710936,\n 33.268546361901954\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551a75b3e4b032384278348e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, Karen R. krfritts@usgs.gov","contributorId":378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"Karen","email":"krfritts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":461283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037462,"text":"70037462 - 2009 - Multiple dendrochronological responses to the eruption of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T10:35:44","indexId":"70037462","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1377,"text":"Dendrochronologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple dendrochronological responses to the eruption of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California","docAbstract":"Two dendrochronological properties – ring width and ring chemistry – were investigated in trees near Cinder Cone in Lassen Volcanic National Park, northeastern California, for the purpose of re-evaluating the date of its eruption. Cinder Cone is thought to have erupted in AD 1666 based on ring-width evidence, but interpreting ring-width changes alone is not straightforward because many forest disturbances can cause changes in ring width. Old Jeffrey pines growing in Cinder Cone tephra and elsewhere for control comparison were sampled. Trees growing in tephra show synchronous ring-width changes at AD 1666, but this ring-width signal could be considered ambiguous for dating the eruption because changes in ring width can be caused by other events. Trees growing in tephra also show changes in ring phosphorus, sulfur, and sodium during the late 1660s, but inter-tree variability in dendrochemical signals makes dating the eruption from ring chemistry alone difficult. The combination of dendrochemistry and ring-width signals improves confidence in dating the eruption of Cinder Cone over the analysis of just one ring-growth property. These results are similar to another case study using dendrochronology of ring width and ring chemistry at Parícutin, Michoacán, Mexico, a cinder cone that erupted beginning in 1943. In both cases, combining analysis with ring width and ring chemistry improved confidence in the dendro-dating of the eruptions.","largerWorkTitle":"Dendrochronologia","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.dendro.2009.09.001","issn":"11257865","usgsCitation":"Sheppard, P., Ort, M., Anderson, K., Clynne, M., and May, E., 2009, Multiple dendrochronological responses to the eruption of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: Dendrochronologia, v. 27, no. 3, p. 213-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.09.001.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":616,"text":"Volcano Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.578953,40.406151 ], [ -121.578953,40.58861 ], [ -121.245508,40.58861 ], [ -121.245508,40.406151 ], [ -121.578953,40.406151 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6064e4b0c8380cd71411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheppard, P.R.","contributorId":53198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ort, M.H.","contributorId":25957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ort","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, K.C.","contributorId":25005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, E.M.","contributorId":101117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037456,"text":"70037456 - 2009 - Shifts in lake N: P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T16:15:09","indexId":"70037456","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in lake N: P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition","docAbstract":"Human activities have more than doubled the amount of nitrogen (N) circulating in the biosphere. One major pathway of this anthropogenic N input into ecosystems has been increased regional deposition from the atmosphere. Here we show that atmospheric N deposition increased the stoichiometric ratio of N and phosphorus (P) in lakes in Norway, Sweden, and Colorado, United States, and, as a result, patterns of ecological nutrient limitation were shifted. Under low N deposition, phytoplankton growth is generally N-limited; however, in high-N deposition lakes, phytoplankton growth is consistently P-limited. Continued anthropogenic amplification of the global N cycle will further alter ecological processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, trophic dynamics, and biological diversity, in the world's lakes, even in lakes far from direct human disturbance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1176199","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Elser, J., Andersen, T., Baron, J., Bergstrom, A., Jansson, M., Kyle, M., Nydick, K., Steger, L., and Hessen, D., 2009, Shifts in lake N: P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Science, v. 326, no. 5954, p. 835-837, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176199.","startPage":"835","endPage":"837","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217415,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1176199"},{"id":245361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"5954","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e71e4b08c986b318940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elser, J.J.","contributorId":64919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elser","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, T.","contributorId":95305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergstrom, A.-K.","contributorId":74987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"A.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jansson, M.","contributorId":100224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jansson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kyle, M.","contributorId":44764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Steger, L.","contributorId":57696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hessen, D.O.","contributorId":42812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hessen","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70037453,"text":"70037453 - 2009 - Developing consistent Landsat data sets for large area applications: the MRLC 2001 protocol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T13:05:08","indexId":"70037453","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1940,"text":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing consistent Landsat data sets for large area applications: the MRLC 2001 protocol","docAbstract":"One of the major efforts in large area land cover mapping over the last two decades was the completion of two U.S. National Land Cover Data sets (NLCD), developed with nominal 1992 and 2001 Landsat imagery under the auspices of the MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. Following the successful generation of NLCD 1992, a second generation MRLC initiative was launched with two primary goals: (1) to develop a consistent Landsat imagery data set for the U.S. and (2) to develop a second generation National Land Cover Database (NLCD 2001). One of the key enhancements was the formulation of an image preprocessing protocol and implementation of a consistent image processing method. The core data set of the NLCD 2001 database consists of Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images. This letter details the procedures for processing the original ETM+ images and more recent scenes added to the database. NLCD 2001 products include Anderson Level II land cover classes, percent tree canopy, and percent urban imperviousness at 30-m resolution derived from Landsat imagery. The products are freely available for download to the general public from the MRLC Consortium Web site at http://www.mrlc.gov.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2009.2025244","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Huang, C., Yang, L., Homer, C.G., and Larson, C., 2009, Developing consistent Landsat data sets for large area applications: the MRLC 2001 protocol: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 6, no. 4, p. 777-781, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2025244.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"781","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217386,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2009.2025244"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a000fe4b0c8380cd4f575","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan","contributorId":25378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larson, C.","contributorId":32357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}