In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Sweetwater Authority, began a study to monitor water, air, and sediment at the Sweetwater and Loveland Reservoirs in San Diego County, California. The study includes regular sampling of water and air at Sweetwater Reservoir for chemical constituents, including volatile organic compounds (VOC), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pesticides, and major and trace elements.
The purpose of this study is to monitor changes in contaminant composition and concentration during the construction and operation of State Route 125. To accomplish this, the study was divided into two phases. Phase One sampling (water years 1998–2004) determined baseline conditions for the detection frequency and the concentrations of target compounds in air and water. Phase Two sampling (starting water year 2005) continues at selected monitoring sites during and after construction of State Route 125 to assess the chemical impact this roadway alignment may have on water quality in the reservoir. Water samples were collected for VOCs and pesticides at Loveland Reservoir during Phase One and will be collected during Phase Two for comparison purposes. Air samples collected to monitor changes in VOCs, PAHs, and pesticides were analyzed by adapting methods used to analyze water samples. Bed-sediment samples have been and will be collected three times during the study; at the beginning of Phase One, at the start of Phase Two, and near the end of the study.
In addition to the ongoing data collection, several special studies were initiated to assess the occurrence of specific chemicals of concern, such as trace metals, anthropogenic indicator compounds, and pharmaceuticals. This report describes the study design, and the sampling and analytical methods, and presents data from water and air samples collected during the fourth and fifth years of Phase One of the study (October 2001 to September 2003). Data collected during the first three years has been previously published.
Three types of quality-control samples were used in this study: blanks, spikes, and replicates. Blanks and spikes are used to estimate result bias, and replicates are used to estimate result variability. Additionally, surrogate compounds were added at the laboratory to samples of VOCs, PAHs, pesticides, anthropogenic indicator compounds, and pharmaceuticals to monitor sample-specific performance of the analytical method.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sweetwater Authority","usgsCitation":"Mendez, G.O., Foreman, W., Morita, A., and Majewski, M.S., 2008, Water- and air-quality monitoring of Sweetwater Reservoir watershed, San Diego County, California — Phase one results continued, 2001-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 347, viii, 157 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds347.","productDescription":"viii, 157 p.","temporalStart":"2001-10-01","temporalEnd":"2003-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404398,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_85266.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":12059,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/347/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":341833,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/347/pdf/ds347.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Sweetwater Reservoir watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.1231,\n 32.6167\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.6167\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 32.9667\n ],\n [\n -117.1231,\n 32.9667\n ],\n [\n -117.1231,\n 32.6167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687ca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":300984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":300983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morita, Andrew 0000-0002-8120-996X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-996X","contributorId":52292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morita","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97077,"text":"sir20085194 - 2008 - Hydrologic Analysis and Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow at State Highway 17 crossing the Gasconade River near Waynesville, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"sir20085194","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5194","title":"Hydrologic Analysis and Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow at State Highway 17 crossing the Gasconade River near Waynesville, Missouri","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation, the U.S. Geological Survey determined hydrologic and hydraulic parameters for the Gasconade River at the site of a proposed bridge replacement and highway realignment of State Highway 17 near Waynesville, Missouri. Information from a discontinued streamflow-gaging station on the Gasconade River near Waynesville was used to determine streamflow statistics for analysis of the 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year floods at the site. Analysis of the streamflow-gaging stations on the Gasconade River upstream and downstream from Waynesville indicate that flood peaks attenuate between the upstream gaging station near Hazelgreen and the Waynesville gaging station, such that the peak discharge observed on the Gasconade River near Waynesville will be equal to or only slightly greater (7 percent or less) than that observed near Hazelgreen.\r\n\r\nA flood event occurred on the Gasconade River in March 2008, and a flood measurement was obtained near the peak at State Highway 17. The elevation of high-water marks from that event indicated it was the highest measured flood on record with a measured discharge of 95,400 cubic feet per second, and a water-surface elevation of 766.18 feet near the location of the Waynesville gaging station. The measurements obtained for the March flood resulted in a shift of the original stage-discharge relation for the Waynesville gaging station, and the streamflow statistics were modified based on the new data.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional hydrodynamic flow model was used to simulate flow conditions on the Gasconade River in the vicinity of State Highway 17. A model was developed that represents existing (2008) conditions on State Highway 17 (the 'model of existing conditions'), and was calibrated to the floods of March 20, 2008, December 4, 1982, and April 14, 1945. Modifications were made to the model of existing conditions to create a model that represents conditions along the same reach of the Gasconade River with preliminary proposed replacement bridges and realignment of State Highway 17 (the 'model of proposed conditions'). The models of existing and proposed conditions were used to simulate the 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence floods, as well as the March 20, 2008 flood.\r\n\r\nResults from the model of proposed conditions show that the proposed replacement structures and realignment of State Highway 17 will result in additional backwater upstream from State Highway 17 ranging from approximately 0.18 foot for the 25-year flood to 0.32 foot for the 500-year flood. Velocity magnitudes in the proposed overflow structures were greater than in the existing structures [by as much as 4.9 feet per second in the left (west) overflow structure for the 500-year flood], and shallow, high-velocity flow occurs at the upstream edges of the abutments of the proposed overflow structures in the 100- and 500-year floods where flow overtops parts of the existing road embankment that will be left in place in the proposed scenario. Velocity magnitude in the main channel of the model of proposed conditions increased by a maximum of 1.2 feet per second over the model of existing conditions, with the maximum occurring approximately 1,500 feet downstream from existing main channel structure J-802.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2008, Hydrologic Analysis and Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow at State Highway 17 crossing the Gasconade River near Waynesville, Missouri (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5194, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085194.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","temporalStart":"2008-03-20","temporalEnd":"2008-03-20","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12054,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.28333333333333,37.81666666666667 ], [ -92.28333333333333,37.9 ], [ -92.18333333333334,37.9 ], [ -92.18333333333334,37.81666666666667 ], [ -92.28333333333333,37.81666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4939","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97079,"text":"sir20085151 - 2008 - Variation in biotic assemblages and stream-habitat data with sampling strategy and method in tidal segments of Highland and Marchand Bayous, Galveston County, Texas, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T12:51:43","indexId":"sir20085151","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5151","title":"Variation in biotic assemblages and stream-habitat data with sampling strategy and method in tidal segments of Highland and Marchand Bayous, Galveston County, Texas, 2007","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Galveston Bay Estuary Program under the authority of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, did a study in 2007 to assess the variation in biotic assemblages (benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities) and stream-habitat data with sampling strategy and method in tidal segments of Highland Bayou and Marchand Bayou in Galveston County. Data were collected once in spring and once in summer 2007 from four stream sites (reaches) (short names Hitchcock, Fairwood, Bayou Dr, and Texas City) of Highland Bayou and from one reach (short name Marchand) in Marchand Bayou. Only stream-habitat data from summer 2007 samples were used for this report. Additional samples were collected at the Hitchcock, Fairwood, and Bayou Dr reaches (multisample reaches) during summer 2007 to evaluate variation resulting from sampling intensity and location. Graphical analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate community data using a multidimensional scaling technique indicates there are taxonomic differences between the spring and summer samples. Seasonal differences in communities primarily were related to decreases in the abundance of chironomids and polychaetes in summer samples. Multivariate Analysis of Similarities tests of additional summer 2007 benthic macroinvertebrate samples from Hitchcock, Fairwood, and Bayou Dr indicated significant taxonomic differences between the sampling locations at all three reaches. In general, the deepwater samples had the smallest numbers for benthic macroinvertebrate taxa richness and abundance. Graphical analysis of species-level fish data indicates no consistent seasonal difference in fish taxa across reaches. Increased seining intensity at the multisample reaches did not result in a statistically significant difference in fish communities. Increased seining resulted in some changes in taxa richness and community diversity metrics. Diversity increases associated with increased electrofishing intensity were relatively consistent across the two multisample electrofishing reaches (Hitchcock and Fairwood). Differences in the physical characteristics of the Highland and Marchand Bayou reaches are largely the result of the differences in channel gradient and position in the drainage network or watershed of each reach. No trees were observed on the bank adjacent to the five transects at either the Bayou Dr or Texas City reaches. Riparian vegetation at the more downstream Fairwood, Bayou Dr, and Texas City reaches was dominated by less-woody and more-herbaceous shrubs, and grasses and forbs, than at the more upstream Hitchcock and Marchand reaches. The width of the vegetation buffer was variable among all reaches and appeared to be more related to the extent of anthropogenic development in the riparian zone rather than to natural changes in the riparian buffer. Four additional transects per reach were sampled for habitat variables at Hitchcock, Fairwood, and Bayou Dr. Medians of most stream-habitat variables changed with increased sampling intensity (addition of two and four transects to the standard five transects), although none of the differences in medians were statistically significant. All habitat quality index values for the five reaches scored in the intermediate category. Increasing sampling intensity did not change the habitat quality index score for any of the reaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085151","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Galveston Bay Estuary Program under the authority of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Mabe, J.A., and Moring, J., 2008, Variation in biotic assemblages and stream-habitat data with sampling strategy and method in tidal segments of Highland and Marchand Bayous, Galveston County, Texas, 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5151, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085151.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5151.jpg"},{"id":327659,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5151/pdf/sir2008-5151.pdf","size":"11.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12056,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5151/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.16666666666667,29.25 ], [ -95.16666666666667,29.5 ], [ -94.83333333333333,29.5 ], [ -94.83333333333333,29.25 ], [ -95.16666666666667,29.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b9e4b07f02db5cda32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mabe, Jeffrey A.","contributorId":65565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":53372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J. Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97076,"text":"fs20083087 - 2008 - Protecting Black-Footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs against sylvatic plague","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:03:32","indexId":"fs20083087","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3087","displayTitle":"Protecting Black-Footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs Against Sylvatic Plague","title":"Protecting Black-Footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs against sylvatic plague","docAbstract":"Scientists at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC), in collaboration with colleagues at other federal agencies and the University of Wisconsin, are developing and testing vaccines that can be used to protect black-footed ferrets and prairie dogs against plague. The black-footed ferret is commonly regarded as the most endangered mammal in North America, and sylvatic plague is a major impediment to its recovery. The three prairie dog species (Gunnison's, black-tailed, and white-tailed prairie dogs), upon which the ferret depends for food and whose burrows they use for shelter, have been drastically reduced from historical levels, resulting in the near extinction of the ferret. All three species are considered 'at risk' and have been petitioned for listing as 'threatened' or 'endangered' by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Additionally, the Utah prairie dog is listed as threatened and the Mexican prairie dog is considered endangered in Mexico. Like the black-footed ferret, all five prairie dog species are highly susceptible to plague and regularly experience outbreaks with devastating losses. Controlling plague outbreaks in prairie dogs and ferrets is a vital concern for ongoing recovery programs and conservation efforts for both species.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083087","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T.E., 2008, Protecting Black-Footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs against sylvatic plague (Version 2.0: May 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3087, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083087.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3087.jpg"},{"id":12053,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3087/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":346406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3087/pdf/SylvaticPlagueFactsheet_BrHeadings.pdf","text":"Report","size":"704 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 2.0: May 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97075,"text":"ofr20081292 - 2008 - Landslides Mapped from LIDAR Imagery, Kitsap County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"ofr20081292","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1292","title":"Landslides Mapped from LIDAR Imagery, Kitsap County, Washington","docAbstract":"Landslides are a recurring problem on hillslopes throughout the Puget Lowland, Washington, but can be difficult to identify in the densely forested terrain. However, digital terrain models of the bare-earth surface derived from LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) data express topographic details sufficiently well to identify landslides. Landslides and escarpments were mapped using LIDAR imagery and field checked (when permissible and accessible) throughout Kitsap County. We relied almost entirely on derivatives of LIDAR data for our mapping, including topographic-contour, slope, and hill-shaded relief maps. Each mapped landslide was assigned a level of 'high' or 'moderate' confidence based on the LIDAR characteristics and on field observations.\r\n\r\nA total of 231 landslides were identified representing 0.8 percent of the land area of Kitsap County. Shallow debris topples along the coastal bluffs and large (>10,000 m2) landslide complexes are the most common types of landslides. The smallest deposit mapped covers an area of 252 m2, while the largest covers 0.5 km2. Previous mapping efforts that relied solely on field and photogrammetric methods identified only 57 percent of the landslides mapped by LIDAR (61 percent high confidence and 39 percent moderate confidence), although nine landslides previously identified were not mapped during this study. The remaining 43 percent identified using LIDAR have 13 percent high confidence and 87 percent moderate confidence. Coastal areas are especially susceptible to landsliding; 67 percent of the landslide area that we mapped lies within 500 meters of the present coastline. The remaining 33 percent are located along drainages farther inland.\r\n\r\nThe LIDAR data we used for mapping have some limitations including (1) rounding of the interface area between low slope surfaces and vertical faces (that is, along the edges of steep escarpments) which results in scarps being mapped too far headward (one or two meters), (2) incorrect laser-distance measurements resulting in inaccurate elevation values, (3) removal of valid ground elevations, (4) false ground roughness, and (5) faceted surface texture. Several of these limitations are introduced by algorithms in the processing software that are designed to remove non-ground elevations from LIDAR data. Despite these limitations, the algorithm-enhanced LIDAR imagery does effectively 'remove' vegetation that obscures many landslides, and is therefore a valuable tool for landslide inventories and investigations in heavily vegetated regions such as the Puget Lowland.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081292","usgsCitation":"McKenna, J., Lidke, D.J., and Coe, J.A., 2008, Landslides Mapped from LIDAR Imagery, Kitsap County, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1292, Report: 81 p.; Map Sheet: 42 x 56 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081292.","productDescription":"Report: 81 p.; Map Sheet: 42 x 56 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12052,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.08333333333333,47.3675 ], [ -123.08333333333333,48 ], [ -122.36749999999999,48 ], [ -122.36749999999999,47.3675 ], [ -123.08333333333333,47.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab82f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenna, Jonathan P.","contributorId":6915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"Jonathan P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidke, David J. 0000-0003-4668-1617 dlidke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-1617","contributorId":1211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"David","email":"dlidke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97071,"text":"sim2832 - 2008 - Geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon, including the database for the geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T20:55:07.332027","indexId":"sim2832","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2832","title":"Geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon, including the database for the geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon","docAbstract":"Crater Lake partly fills one of the most spectacular calderas of the world, an 8-by-10-km basin more than 1 km deep formed by collapse of the volcano known as Mount Mazama (fig. 1) during a rapid series of explosive eruptions about 7,700 years ago. Having a maximum depth of 594 m, Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States. Crater Lake National Park, dedicated in 1902, encompasses 645 km2 of pristine forested and alpine terrain, including the lake itself, virtually all of Mount Mazama, and most of the area of the geologic map. The geology of the area was first described in detail by Diller and Patton (1902) and later by Williams (1942), whose vivid account led to international recognition of Crater Lake as the classic collapse caldera. Because of excellent preservation and access, Mount Mazama, Crater Lake caldera, and the deposits formed by the climactic eruption constitute a natural laboratory for study of volcanic and magmatic processes. For example, the climactic ejecta are renowned among volcanologists as evidence for systematic compositional zonation within a subterranean magma chamber. Mount Mazama's climactic eruption also is important as the source of the widespread Mazama ash, a useful Holocene stratigraphic marker throughout the Pacific Northwest, adjacent Canada, and offshore. A detailed bathymetric survey of the floor of Crater Lake in 2000 (Bacon and others, 2002) provides a unique record of postcaldera eruptions, the interplay between volcanism and filling of the lake, and sediment transport within this closed basin. Knowledge of the geology and eruptive history of the Mount Mazama edifice, greatly enhanced by the caldera wall exposures, gives exceptional insight into how large volcanoes of magmatic arcs grow and evolve. Lastly, the many smaller volcanoes of the High Cascades beyond the limits of Mount Mazama are a source of information on the flux of mantle-derived magma through the region. General principles of magmatic and eruptive processes revealed by the present study have been incorporated not only in scientific investigations elsewhere, but in the practical evaluation of hazards (Bacon and others, 1997b) and geothermal resources (Bacon and Nathenson, 1996) in the Crater Lake region. In addition to papers in scientific journals, field trip guides, and the hazard and geothermal reports, the major product of this long-term study of Mount Mazama is the geologic map. The map is unusual because it portrays bedrock (outcrop), surficial, and lake floor geology. Caldera wall geology is depicted in detail on the accompanying geologic panoramas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim2832","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C.R., Ramsey, D.W., and Dutton, D., 2008, Geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon, including the database for the geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2832, Report: 45 p.; 4 Sheets: 57.33 x 44.54 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2832.","productDescription":"Report: 45 p.; 4 Sheets: 57.33 x 44.54 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110796,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_85260.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"85260"},{"id":195177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12048,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2832/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake Caldera, Mount Mazama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19025776613219,\n 43.00002418023956\n ],\n [\n -122.19025776613219,\n 42.896253450911416\n ],\n [\n -122.03507028277001,\n 42.896253450911416\n ],\n [\n -122.03507028277001,\n 43.00002418023956\n ],\n [\n -122.19025776613219,\n 43.00002418023956\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":884262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dutton, Dillon R","contributorId":291996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dutton","given":"Dillon R","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97073,"text":"gip81 - 2008 - EarthNow!","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:24","indexId":"gip81","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81","title":"EarthNow!","docAbstract":"EarthNow! displays live or recent acquisitions from the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites as they pass over North America. When these satellites pass within range of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, data imagery is downloaded and displayed in near-real time. When the satellites are out of range of the South Dakota ground station at the EROS Center, recent acquisitions are displayed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/gip81","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, EarthNow! (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 81, 2 p. (4 x 9 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/gip81.","productDescription":"2 p. (4 x 9 inches)","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_81.jpg"},{"id":12050,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/81/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628e2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97074,"text":"gip82 - 2008 - See Your State From Space!","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"gip82","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82","title":"See Your State From Space!","docAbstract":"Each of the 50 States in the United States is beautiful in its own way. That beauty can be seen from a unique perspective using satellite images taken from high above the Earth. These State images were created from multiple satellite images stitched together into one seamless image for each State. Names of major cities, administrative boundaries, and State flags have been added.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/gip82","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, See Your State From Space! (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 82, 2 p. (4 x 9 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/gip82.","productDescription":"2 p. 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Mapping of geologic formations and coal beds was conducted at a scale of 1:24,000 and compiled at a scale of 1:100,000. Emphasis was placed on coal-bearing strata of the China Butte and Overland Members of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation. Surface stratigraphic sections were measured and described and well logs were examined to determine the lateral continuity of individual coal beds; the coal-bed stratigraphy is shown on correlation diagrams. A structure contour and overburden map constructed on the uppermost coal bed in the China Butte Member is also provided.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3053","usgsCitation":"Hettinger, R.D., Honey, J., Ellis, M., Barclay, C., and East, J., 2008, Geologic map of upper cretaceous and tertiary strata and coal stratigraphy of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation, Rawlins-Little Snake River area, south-central Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3053, 3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 48.5 x 42.5 inches, Sheet 2: 51.5 x 42.5 inches, Sheet 3: 69 x 34.5 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3053.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: Sheet 1: 48.5 x 42.5 inches, Sheet 2: 51.5 x 42.5 inches, Sheet 3: 69 x 34.5 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12049,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110795,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_85239.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"85239"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a85c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hettinger, R. D.","contributorId":92283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hettinger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Honey, J.G.","contributorId":79915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honey","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, M.S.","contributorId":64301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barclay, C.S.V.","contributorId":41523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"C.S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"East, J.A. 0000-0003-4226-9174","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-9174","contributorId":9367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70236407,"text":"70236407 - 2008 - Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T15:18:23.721891","indexId":"70236407","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T10:09:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone","docAbstract":"A key question in earthquake hazard analysis is whether individual faults within fault zones represent independent seismic sources. For the Seattle fault zone, an upper plate structure within the Cascadia convergent margin, evaluating seismic hazard requires understanding how north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults, which generate late Holocene fault scarps, interact with the north-vergent master-ramp thrust and overlying backthrust of the fault zone. A regional uplift at A.D. 900–930 involved an earthquake that nucleated at depth and included slip on both the master-ramp thrust and the back-thrust. This earthquake also included slip on some of the <6-km-deep north-side-up, bedding-plane reverse faults. At locales where the north-side-up reverse faults intersect the Puget Sound coast, an earthquake a few centuries earlier than the A.D. 900–930 regional uplift only uplifted areas within hundreds of meters north of the reverse faults. We infer that the bedding-plane reverse faults are seismogenic because shore platforms near the reverse faults have been abruptly uplifted during earthquakes when other shorelines in the Seattle fault zone were unaffected. Faults of the Seattle fault zone therefore can both produce regional uplift earthquakes, with or without surface displacement on the reverse faults, and produce earthquakes that rupture the bedding-plane reverse faults causing fault scarps and uplift localized to hundreds of meters north of these faults. This latter type of earthquake has occurred at least twice and perhaps three times in the late Holocene, and all these earthquakes preceded the regional coseismic uplift of A.D. 900–930. To account for the paleoseismic observations, we propose that the Seattle fault zone is a wedge thrust, with the leading edge being a fault-bend, wedge thrust fold. The active axial surface of the wedge thrust fold is pinned at the tip of the wedge, and a steeply north-dipping sequence of Tertiary sediment forms the south limb of the wedge thrust fold. Some of these steeply north-dipping, bedding-plane surfaces are seismogenic reverse faults that produce scarps. Earthquakes on the wedge thrust produce the regional coseismic uplift events, and earthquakes within the fault-bend fold cause the local uplift earthquakes. Thus, bedding-plane faults can rupture during earthquakes when the wedge thrust does not rupture but instead continues to accumulate seismic energy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B26282.1","usgsCitation":"Kelsey, H., Sherrod, B.L., Nelson, A.R., and Brocher, T.M., 2008, Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone: GSA Bulletin, v. 120, no. 11-12, p. 1581-1597, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26282.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1581","endPage":"1597","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406232,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Seattle fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 47.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelsey, Harvey","contributorId":206283,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelsey","given":"Harvey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, Brian L. 0000-0002-4492-8631 bsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-8631","contributorId":2834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Brian","email":"bsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70228809,"text":"70228809 - 2008 - Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T15:56:57.273918","indexId":"70228809","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T09:51:26","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic","docAbstract":"Arctic climate change from the Paleocene epoch to the present is reconstructed with the objective of assessing its recent and future impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic. A recurring theme in Earth's paleoclimate record is the importance of the Arctic atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere in regulating global climate on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A second recurring theme in this record is the importance of freshwater export from the Arctic in regulating global- to basin-scale ocean circulation patterns and climate. Since the 1970s, historically unprecedented changes have been observed in the Arctic as climate warming has increased precipitation, river discharge, and glacial as well as sea-ice melting. In addition, modal shifts in the atmosphere have altered Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and the export of freshwater into the North Atlantic. The combination of these processes has resulted in variable patterns of freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean and the emergence of salinity anomalies that have periodically freshened waters in the North Atlantic. Since the early 1990s, changes in Arctic Ocean circulation patterns and freshwater export have been associated with two types of ecological responses in the North Atlantic. The first of these responses has been an ongoing series of biogeographic range expansions by boreal plankton, including renewal of the trans-Arctic exchanges of Pacific species with the Atlantic. The second response was a dramatic regime shift in the shelf ecosystems of the Northwest Atlantic that occurred during the early 1990s. This regime shift resulted from freshening and stratification of the shelf waters, which in turn could be linked to changes in the abundances and seasonal cycles of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher trophic-level consumer populations. It is predicted that the recently observed ecological responses to Arctic climate change in the North Atlantic will continue into the near future if current trends in sea ice, freshwater export, and surface ocean salinity continue. It is more difficult to predict ecological responses to abrupt climate change in the more distant future as tipping points in the Earth's climate system are exceeded.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/07-0550.1","usgsCitation":"Greene, C.H., Pershing, A., Cronin, T.M., and Ceci, N., 2008, Arctic climate change and its impacts on the ecology of the North Atlantic: Ecology, v. 89, no. sp11, p. S24-S38, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0550.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S24","endPage":"S38","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0550.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic, North Atlantic","volume":"89","issue":"sp11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Charles H.","contributorId":279865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pershing, Andrew J.","contributorId":260600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pershing","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[{"id":52611,"text":"GMRI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ceci, Nicole","contributorId":279866,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ceci","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216715,"text":"70216715 - 2008 - Slopes fail, debris flows in extremis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T16:04:06.502385","indexId":"70216715","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T09:49:13","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3449,"text":"Southwest Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slopes fail, debris flows in extremis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona-SAHRA","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., Magirl, C.S., Griffiths, P.G., Youberg, A.M., and Pearthree, P.A., 2008, Slopes fail, debris flows in extremis: Southwest Hydrology, v. 7, no. 6.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":380921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V7_N6/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Santa Catalina Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -109.083251953125,\n 32.16631295696736\n ],\n [\n -109.083251953125,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 32.16631295696736\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":187755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":805963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Youberg, Ann M. 0000-0002-2005-3674","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-3674","contributorId":172609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Youberg","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":805964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearthree, Philip A 0000-0001-7676-8145","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-8145","contributorId":220713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearthree","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":34160,"text":"Arizona Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":805965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180249,"text":"70180249 - 2008 - Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T11:52:00","indexId":"70180249","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1601,"text":"Evolutionary Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus","docAbstract":"To investigate the evolution of clinal variation in an invasive plant, we compared cold hardiness in the introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix chinensis, and hybrids) and the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoidessubsp. monilifera). In a shadehouse in Colorado (41°N), we grew plants collected along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States (29–48°N). On 17 occasions between September 2005 and June 2006, we determined killing temperatures using freeze-induced electrolyte leakage and direct observation. In midwinter, cottonwood survived cooling to −70°C, while saltcedar was killed at −33 to −47°C. Frost sensitivity, therefore, may limit northward expansion of saltcedar in North America. Both species demonstrated inherited latitudinal variation in cold hardiness. For example, from September through January killing temperatures for saltcedar from 29.18°N were 5–21°C higher than those for saltcedar from 47.60°N, and on September 26 and October 11, killing temperatures for cottonwood from 33.06°N were >43°C higher than those for cottonwood from 47.60°N. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci showed that southern saltcedars are more closely related to T. chinensis while northern plants are more closely related to T. ramosissima. Hybridization may have introduced the genetic variability necessary for rapid evolution of the cline in saltcedar cold hardiness.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00044.x","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., Roelle, J.E., Gaskin, J.F., Pepper, A.E., and Manhart, J.R., 2008, Latitudinal variation in cold hardiness in introduced Tamarix and native Populus: Evolutionary Applications, v. 1, no. 4, p. 598-607, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00044.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"598","endPage":"607","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00044.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":334041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1977e4b0ad67323f97ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaskin, John F.","contributorId":39307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaskin","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pepper, Alan E.","contributorId":178758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pepper","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Manhart, James R.","contributorId":178760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179519,"text":"70179519 - 2008 - Effects of environmental factors on incubation patterns of Greater Sage-Grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:18:35","indexId":"70179519","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of environmental factors on incubation patterns of Greater Sage-Grouse","docAbstract":"Birds in which only one sex incubates the eggs are often faced with a direct conflict between foraging to meet metabolic needs and incubation. Knowledge of environmental and ecological factors that shape life-history strategies of incubation is limited. We used continuous videography to make precise measurements of female Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) incubation constancy (percentage of time spent at the nest in a 24-hour period) and recess duration. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate incubation patterns in relation to grouse age, timing of incubation, raven abundance, microhabitat, weather, and food availability. Overall, sage-grouse females showed an incubation constancy of 96% and a distinctive bimodal distribution of brief incubation recesses that peaked at sunset and 30 min prior to sunrise. Grouse typically returned to their nests during low light conditions. Incubation constancy of yearlings was lower than that of adults, particularly in the later stages of incubation. Yearlings spent more time away from nests later in the morning and earlier in the evening compared to adults. Video images revealed that nearly all predation events by Common Ravens (Corvus corax), the most frequently recorded predator at sage-grouse nests, took place during mornings and evenings after sunrise and before sunset, respectively. These were the times of the day when sage-grouse typically returned from incubation recesses. Recess duration was negatively related to raven abundance. We found evidence that incubation constancy increased with greater visual obstruction, usually from vegetation, of nests. An understanding of how incubation patterns relate to environmental factors will help managers make decisions aimed at increasing productivity through successful incubation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/cond.2008.8579","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., and Delehanty, D., 2008, Effects of environmental factors on incubation patterns of Greater Sage-Grouse: The Condor, v. 110, no. 4, p. 627-638, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8579.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"638","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.8579","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e182ee4b0f5ce109fcb11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delehanty, David J.","contributorId":86683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delehanty","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97066,"text":"ofr20081300 - 2008 - Results of Gravity Fieldwork Conducted in March 2008 in the Moapa Valley Region of Clark County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081300","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1300","title":"Results of Gravity Fieldwork Conducted in March 2008 in the Moapa Valley Region of Clark County, Nevada","docAbstract":"In March 2008, we collected gravity data along 12 traverses across newly-mapped faults in the Moapa Valley region of Clark County, Nevada. In areas crossed by these faults, the traverses provide better definition of the gravity field and, thus, the density structure, than prior gravity observations. Access problems prohibited complete gravity coverage along all of the planned gravity traverses, and we added and adjusted the locations of traverses to maximize our data collection. Most of the traverses exhibit isostatic gravity anomalies that have gradients characteristic of exposed or buried faults, including several of the newly-mapped faults.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081300","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA)","usgsCitation":"Scheirer, D., and Andreasen, A.D., 2008, Results of Gravity Fieldwork Conducted in March 2008 in the Moapa Valley Region of Clark County, Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1300, Report: v, 35 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081300.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-03-01","temporalEnd":"2008-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12042,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1300/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,36.25 ], [ -115,37 ], [ -114,37 ], [ -114,36.25 ], [ -115,36.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scheirer, Daniel S. dscheirer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheirer","given":"Daniel S.","email":"dscheirer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, Arne Dossing","contributorId":98832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"Arne","email":"","middleInitial":"Dossing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97065,"text":"ofr20081323 - 2008 - Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"ofr20081323","displayToPublicDate":"2008-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1323","title":"Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande","docAbstract":"San Acacia Dam is located in a reach of the Rio Grande that has been designated as critical habitat for two endangered species, the Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus). Under present operations, the Rio Grande upstream from the dam is used to convey irrigation water to the Socorro main canal at San Acacia Dam. In order to increase operational flexibility and improve irrigation delivery efficiency, the 'Bernardo Siphon' has been proposed to intercept up to 150 cubic feet per second from the Lower San Juan Riverside Drain on the east side of the Rio Grande and transport it under the river into a drainage canal on the west side. Irrigation deliveries to the Socorro main canal would be conveyed by way of the drainage canal rather than the Rio Grande. The objective of this study was to provide the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) and other stakeholders with a tool to evaluate the effects of different operational modes of the Bernardo siphon on habitat for H. amarus and E. t. extimus in this section of river.\r\n\r\nWe used a two-dimensional hydraulic simulation model to simulate hydraulic conditions for a range of discharges at three study sites in the Rio Grande between the proposed siphon location and San Acacia Dam. Suitable habitat characteristics were defined for H. amarus by consensus of a panel of experts and for E. t. extimus on the basis of a study conducted in 2003 by BOR. Habitat suitability maps for each targeted life stage and simulated discharge were constructed using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) and the results compiled into tables relating discharge to areas of suitable habitat. A separate analysis was conducted to calculate an index of connectivity among habitat patches at low flows. A hydrologic model was constructed to synthesize flows, by reach, without the siphon, which was used as a baseline for comparison with similarly-synthesized discharges with the siphon under different operating rules. Results from the hydrologic time series were combined with the discharge-habitat relations to develop habitat time series models, statistics, and scoring metrics for comparisons of alternative rules of operation for the Bernardo siphon.\r\n\r\nSuitable habitat for H. amarus was defined as areas having suitable hydraulic conditions alone and as areas having suitable hydraulics in association with large woody debris. Suitable hydraulic habitat for adults was maximized at discharges between 40 and 80 cubic feet per second, and declined rapidly at discharges larger than 150 cubic feet per second. When large woody debris was included in the definition of suitable habitat, discharges between 40 and 200 cubic feet per second provided maximum suitable habitat for adults. Juvenile hydraulic habitat was maximized at discharges between 20 and 80 cubic feet per second, and hydraulic habitat associated with large woody debris was largest at flows between 40 and 150 cubic feet per second. Nesting habitat area for E. t. extimus increased monotonically at discharges larger than 5 ft3/s, but decreased rapidly below that flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081323","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., Waddle, T.J., and Spears, J.M., 2008, Streamflow and Endangered Species Habitat in the Lower Isleta Reach of the Middle Rio Grande (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1323, xii, 177 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081323.","productDescription":"xii, 177 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12041,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1323/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,31.5 ], [ -109,36 ], [ -104.5,36 ], [ -104.5,31.5 ], [ -109,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spears, J. Mark","contributorId":81946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}