Oil and gas exploration and production at marine sites has generated concern over potential environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of spent drilling muds and cuttings. This concern has led to a broad array of publicly and privately sponsored research. This report described a cooperative modeling effort designed to focus information resulting from this research through construction of explicit equations that simulate the potential impacts of discharge drilling fluids (muds) and cuttings on marine communities. The model is the result of collaboration among more than 30 scientists. The principal cooperating organizations were the E.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Minerals Management Service, the Offshore Operators Committee, and the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.
\nThe overall simulation model can be conceptualized as three connected submodels: Discharge and Plume Fate, Sediment Redistribution, and Benthic Community Effects. On each day of simulation, these submodels are executed in sequence, with flows of information between submodels. The Benthic Community Effects submodel can be further divided into sections that calculate mortality due to burial, mortality due to toxicity, mortality due to resuspension disturbance, and growth of the community.
\nThe model represents a series of seven discrete 1-m2 plots at specified distances along a transect in one direction away from a discharge point. It consists of coupled difference equations for which parameter values can easily be set to evaluate different conditions or to examine the sensitivity of output to various assumptions. Sets of parameter values were developed to represent four general cases or scenarios: (1) a shallow (5 m), cold environment with ice cover during a substantial fraction of the year, such as might be encountered in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska; (2) a shallow (20 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; (3) a deeper (80 m), temperate environment, such as might be encountered in the Gulf of Mexico; and (4) a very deep (1,000 m) environment, such as might be encountered on the Atlantic slope.
\nThe focus of the modeling effort was on the connection of a reasonable representation of physical fate to the biological responses of populations, rather than on highly detailed representations of individual processes. For example, the calculations of physical fate are not as detailed as those in the recently published model of Brandsma et al. (1983). The value of the model described herein is in the broad scope of processes that are explicitly represented and linked together. The model cannot be considered to produce reliable predictions of the quantitative impacts of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings on biological populations at a particular site. Limitations of the model in predicting integrated fate and effects can be traced to three general areas: level of refinement of the algorithms used in the model; lack of understanding of the processes determining fate and effects; and parameter and data values.
\nDespite the limitations, several qualitative conclusions concerning both potential impacts and the importance of various remaining data gaps can be drawn from the modeling effort. These include:
\n(1) Simple, unequivocal conclusions about fate and effects across geographical regions and drilling operations are difficult, if not misleading, due to the large amount of variability in characteristics of discharged materials (e.g., oil content and toxicity), discharge conditions (e.g., duration of drilling operations), physical environments (e.g., water depth, current direction, and sediment disturbance regimes), and biological communities (e.g., intrinsic growth rates). Different combinations of these characteristics can result in substantial differences in simulated environmental fate and biological effects. For examples, simulated recovery in some high-energy environments occurs within months after the cessation of discharge operations, even at heavily impacted sites, whereas simulated recover in some low-energy environments takes years at heavily impacted sites.
\n<2) Considerable difficulties remain in the reliable extrapolation of results from laboratory toxicity experiments to predictions of population effects in the field.
\n(3) The volume of material discharged and duration of operations in the production drilling operations simulated by the model are sufficient to produce substantial simulated biological impacts at some plots, both in terms of differences from a control plot during the period of discharge operations, and in terms of the recovery period following the perturbations.
\nEvaluation of the significance of potential effects involves the following factors:
\n• Definition of a specific spatial and temporal reference frame (e.g., What is the natural variation? Is 1 year to be considered a \"long\" or \"short\" time? Is 50 m to be considered a \"large\" or \"trivial\" distance?
\n• Consideration of rare or unique resources and particularly sensitive biotic assemblages.
\n• Consideration of the potential for long term, cumulative effects.
\nSome of these aspects are clearly beyond the scope of this modeling efforts (e.g., the model does not simulate the long term fate of resuspended material). The model does, however, contain an internal \"reference frame\" by comparison to simulated behavior at a control plot. The model, in general, simulates substantial \"natural\" variation at the reference or control plots, both over time, due to sediment disturbance events in medium to high energy environments, and over space, due to geographically varying conditions, such as water depth and current regime.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Andrews, A.K., Hamilton, D.B., Roelle, J.E., and Shoemaker, T.G., 1984, A workshop model simulating fate and effect of drilling muds and cuttings on benthic communities, 189 p.","productDescription":"189 p.","numberOfPages":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fc2e4b03334187188f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, Austin K.","contributorId":85516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shoemaker, Thomas G.","contributorId":19491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175964,"text":"wri844188D - 1984 - Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188D","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":30188,"text":"wri844188 - 1984 - Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","indexId":"wri844188","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:13:22","indexId":"wri844188D","displayToPublicDate":"1984-04-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4188","chapter":"D","title":"Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","docAbstract":"Recent investigations suggest that dispersion in aquifers is scale dependent and a function of the heterogeneity of aquifer materials. Theoretical stochastic studies indicate that determining hydraulic-conductivity variability in three dimensions is important in analyzing the dispersion process. Even though field methods are available to approximate hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions, the methods are not generally used because of high cost of field equipment and because measurement and analysis techniques are cumbersome and time consuming.
The hypothesis of this study is that field-determined values of dispersivity are scale dependent and that they may be described as a function of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions. The objectives of the study at the Bemidji research site are to (1) determine hydraulic conductivity of the porous media in three dimensions, (2) determine field values of dispersivity and its scale dependence on hydraulic conductivity, and (3) develop and apply a computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system for field use in comprehensive determination of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity.
Plans for this investigation involve a variety of methods of analysis. Hydraulic conductivity will be determined separately in the horizontal and vertical planes of the hydraulic-conductivity ellipsoid. Field values of dispersivity will be determined by single-well and doublet-well injection or withdrawal tests with tracers. A computerized data-collection, storage, and analysis system to measure pressure, flow rate, tracer concentrations, and temperature will be designed for field testing. Real-time computer programs will be used to analyze field data. The initial methods of analysis will be utilized to meet the objectives of the study.
Preliminary field data indicate the aquifer underlying the Bemidji site is vertically heterogeneous, cross-bedded outwash. Preliminary analysis of the flow field around a hypothetical doublet-well tracer test indicates that the location of the wells can affect the field value of dispersivity. Preliminary analysis also indicates that different values of dispersivity may result from anisotropic conditions in tests in which observation wells are located at equal radial distances from either the injection or withdrawal well.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri844188D","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1984, Determination of hydraulic conductivity in three dimensions and its relation to dispersivity: Chapter D in Ground-water contamination by crude oil at the Bemidji, Minnesota, research site; US Geological Survey Toxic Waste--ground-water contamination study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4188, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844188D.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57bd73b9e4b03fd6b7df2c87"} ,{"id":70207800,"text":"70207800 - 1984 - Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T14:52:23.573871","indexId":"70207800","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-13T11:31:22","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75","docAbstract":"The section recovered at Site 530 (Holes 53OA and 530B) consists of eight sedimentary units and one basalt unit. The composition of the basalt recovered in Hole 53OA is distinct from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) but is similar to that of Hawaiian tholeiites and basalt from the central part of Walvis Ridge. Throughout most of its history, the southern Angola Basin received large volumes of redeposited material in the form of turbidites and, most recently, debris-flow deposits. Most of this material was derived from Walvis Ridge to the south, but thickness trends of acoustic units suggest that some of the sediment was derived from the African continental margin to the east.
The basal sedimentary unit (Albian to Santonian) at Site 530 contains 262 beds of black shale that are interbedded with green and red claystone. Black shale makes up less than 10% of the total section, but in two cores of early Turonian age, black shale beds compose about 50% of the section. The black shales contain up to 19% organic carbon (average of about 5%) that is mainly of autochthonous marine origin but with significant contributions from terrigenous organic matter. The origin of these more- and less-reduced interbedded lithologies with varying amounts and types of organic matter, and variable amounts of pelagic, hemipelagic, and turbiditic sediment is complex and cannot be explained by any one simple process. Many factors affecting the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters of the Angola Basin varied throughout the middle Cretaceous to produce bottom-water conditions that fluctuated between mildly oxic and oxygen-deficient, but most of the time bottom-waters and sediment-interstitial waters were sufficiently oxic to permit the accumulation of red oxidized sediment.
A relatively complete sedimentary record of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary was recovered within a sequence of mudstone and marlstone turbidites in Hole 530A. There is a significant increase in the concentration of iridium above background levels at the boundary. High concentrations of many other elements also occur within the same stratigraphic interval as the iridium anomaly. Furthermore, there is a marked decrease in CaCO3 in the Tertiary strata above the iridium anomaly which suggests that the production of shallow-water carbonate also may have been affected by whatever caused elevated concentrations of iridium and other elements. These observations are consistent with the asteroid-impact theory proposed to explain the worldwide occurrence of an iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
The Cenozoic history of the Angola Basin was controlled mainly by (1) restriction of bottom-water flow from the south by Walvis Ridge; (2) development of glaciation on Antarctica; (3) opening of circulation passages in the southern oceans; (4) rapid turnover of cold, nutrient-rich waters that resulted in high productivity of diatoms; (5) influx of terrigenous sediment mainly by turbidity currents; and (6) production and preservation of carbonate sediment. The most distinctive Cenozoic event recorded in the section at Site 530 is the beginning of extensive glaciation on Anarctica and concomitant initiation of modern thermohaline bottom-water circulation that is manifested as a middle Eocene to middle Oligocene unconformity or compressed section accompanied by a drastic decrease in accumulation of CaCO3. Diatom abundances in HPC cores from Walvis Ridge (Site 532) and Angola Basin (Hole 53OB) indicate that Benguela upwelling in these areas began in the late Miocene, reached a peak in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, and declined thereafter. Short-term variations in sediment composition at Site 532 are manifested as cyclic variations in concentrations of clay, CaCO3, and organic carbon with average periodicities of about 30-60 k.y. The main variability that produced the cycles probably was the influx of terrigenous clastic material which diluted the CaCO3. The sediment at Site 532 also contains several percent organic carbon that is dominantly of marine origin, but with significant terrigenous components.
Data from multichannel seismic, gravity, and magnetic surveys were used to define the regional stratigraphic and structural evolution of Walvis Ridge and adjacent Cape and Angola basins. Six structural provinces are recognized, four on Walvis Ridge and two additional provinces that correspond to the Cape and Angola basins. The two eastern structural provinces on Walvis Ridge are underlain by continental crust. The two western structural provinces are underlain by oceanic basement. Two main directions of faults are evident in seismic profiles, one trending N 10° and one trending N 60°. The N 60° trend corresponds to the general orientation of the northern and southern flanks of Walvis Ridge as well as to the dominant direction of fracture zones.
During the first phase of separation of Africa from South America (ca. 120-130 m.y. ago), a voluminous mass of volcanics was emplaced simultaneous with the emplacement of basalt in the Parana Basin of Brazil and the Kaokoveld Region of South Africa. This period of volcanism also formed the series of seaward-dipping internal basement reflectors that are characteristic of the two structural provinces of Walvis Ridge. A system of fault blocks developed in the brittle upper part of the newly formed crust. During the second phase of rifting, which ended before late Aptian, more tilted fault blocks were created in the upper brittle stratified continental crust. Magnetic lineations in basement rocks in the Angola and Cape basins in the vicinity of Walvis Ridge are not distinct but suggest that oceanic crust began to be emplaced between 120 and 112 m.y. ago (Barremian to early Aptian). At least part of the oceanic crust of the central plateau of eastern Walvis Ridge (structural province 3) may have been emplaced before any oceanic crust formed in the adjacent basins. A ridge jump occurred during the late Aptian to early Albian in the southern part of the Angola Basin which translated the previously formed oceanic crust and its overlying evaporite deposits on the South American side. Several ridge jumps occurred on both sides of Walvis Ridge during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary to produce a 500-km-long segment of mid-ocean ridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Hay, W., and Sibuet, J., 1984, Geologic evolution, sedimentation, and paleoenvironments of the Angola Basin and adjacent Walvis Ridge: Synthesis of results of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 75: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 75, p. 509-544, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.75.109.1984","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Locations of dredge CH 18-DR06 and DSDP drill sites","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ],\n [\n 16.89697265625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -17.035777250427184\n ],\n [\n 9.31640625,\n -24.986058021167594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, W.W.","contributorId":221650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hay","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28140,"text":"UC Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibuet, Jean-Claude","contributorId":221651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sibuet","given":"Jean-Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28495,"text":"wri834178 - 1984 - Availability of water from the alluvial aquifer in part of the Green River Valley, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T21:05:50.735452","indexId":"wri834178","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4178","title":"Availability of water from the alluvial aquifer in part of the Green River Valley, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe plans (1982) to build a fish hatchery in part of a 1.56-square-mile area in the Green River valley, Washington, and use groundwater to operate it. Groundwater data were collected in the area and used in a U.S. Geological Survey two-dimensional groundwater-flow model calibrated to simulate the groundwater-flow system in the study area. Measured water levels in the alluvial aquifer were simulated to within 1 foot at 7 of 12 observation wells, and within 2 feet at all 12 wells. When pumping from the aquifer was simulated with the model, it was found that all water pumped from wells was derived from induced leakage from the Green River into the alluvium and reduced leakage through the alluvium to the Green River. Pumping from the alluvium may also reduce the flow of a tributary to the Green River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834178","usgsCitation":"Lum, W.E., Alvord, R.C., and Drost, B., 1984, Availability of water from the alluvial aquifer in part of the Green River Valley, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4178, iii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834178.","productDescription":"iii, 40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415383,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35827.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4178/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Green River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.0970,\n 47.296\n ],\n [\n -122.0970,\n 47.269\n ],\n [\n -122.037,\n 47.269\n ],\n [\n -122.037,\n 47.296\n ],\n [\n -122.0970,\n 47.296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d64a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lum, W. E. II","contributorId":81504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"W.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alvord, R. C.","contributorId":65866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvord","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drost, B. W.","contributorId":38526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"B. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8913,"text":"ofr84454 - 1984 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:17:30.451514","indexId":"ofr84454","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-454","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 335 streamgaging sites are presented in this two volume report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 31 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. A brief station description is given describing the physical and operational features for each gaging station. Following the station description are tables of monthly and annual flow statistics, flood frequency data, low-flow and high-flow frequency data, and flow-duration information. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84454","usgsCitation":"Friday, J., and Miller, S.J., 1984, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-454, Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84454.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416685,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36520,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 46.08638618051495\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46.08638618051495\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 41.97364185360769\n ],\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 41.97364185360769\n ],\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 46.08638618051495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e19f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friday, John","contributorId":19160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friday","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S. J.","contributorId":54198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17255,"text":"ofr83146 - 1983 - Hydrology of area 54, northern Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T19:52:02.712546","indexId":"ofr83146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-146","title":"Hydrology of area 54, northern Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"A nationwide need for information characterizing hydrologic conditions in mined and potential mine areas has become paramount with the enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. This report, one in a series covering the coal provinces nationwide, presents information thematically by describing single hydrologic topics through the use of brief texts and accompanying maps, graphs, or other illustrations. The summation of the topical discussions provides a description of the hydrology of the area. Area 54, in north-central Colorado and south-central Wyoming, is 1 of 20 hydrologic reporting areas of the Northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces. Part of the Southern Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin physiographic provinces, the 8,380-square-mile area is one of contrasting geology, topography, and climate. This results in contrasting hydrologic characteristics. The major streams, the North Platte, Laramie, and Medicine Bow Rivers, and their principal tributaries, all head in granitic mountains and flow into and through sedimentary basins between the mountain ranges. Relief averages 2,000 to 3,000 feet. Precipitation in the mountains may exceed 40 inches annually, much of it during the winter, which produces deep snowpacks. Snowmelt in spring and summer provides most streamflow. Precipitation in the basins averages 10 to 16 inches annually, insufficient for sustained streamflow; thus, streams originating in the basins are ephemeral. Streamflow quality is best in the mountains where dissolved-solids concentrations generally are least. These concentrations increase as streams flow through sedimentary basins. The increases are mainly natural, but some may be due to irrigation in and adjacent to the flood plains. In the North Platte River, dissolved-solids concentrations are usually less than 300 milligrams per liter; in the Laramie and the Medicine Bow Rivers, the concentrations may average 500 to 850 milligrams per liter. However, water-quality stations on the Laramie and the Medicine Bow Rivers are farther removed from the mountain sources than the stations in the North Platte drainage. Because of the semiarid climate of the basins, soils are not adequately leached. Consequently, flow in ephemeral streams usually has a larger concentration of dissolved solids than that in perennial streams, averaging 1,000 to 1,600 milligrams per liter. Aquifers containing usable ground water are combined into three groups: (1) consolidated and unconsolidated non-coal-bearing Quaternary and Upper Tertiary deposits, (2) Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and (3) Lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks containing coal. These aquifers are used for municipal, domestic, irrigation, and stock supplies. Well yields range from about 5 to 1,000 gallons per minute, and depend on type of aquifer, saturated thickness, and degree of fracturing. The best quality ground water usually comes from the non-coal-bearing Quaternary and Upper Tertiary rocks or the Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks; often it is dominated by calcium and bicarbonate ions. The coal-bearing formations have a large variability in water chemistry; dominant ions may be bicarbonate or sulfate and sodium, calcium, or magnesium. Dissolved-solids concentrations are generally larger than in the former two groups. The U.S. Geological Survey operates a network of hydrologic stations to observe the streamflow and groundwater conditions. This network currently includes 31 surface-water stations and 35 observation wells; information is available for many other sites observed in the past. Data available include rate of flow, water levels, and water quality; much of the data are available in published reports or from computer storage through the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) or the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE). Five formations of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary age contain coal.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83146","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., Daddow, P.D., and Craig, G.S., 1983, Hydrology of area 54, northern Great Plains, and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-146, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83146.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46401,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":405717,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13909.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Area 54","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.433,\n 40.32\n ],\n [\n -105.459,\n 40.32\n ],\n [\n -105.459,\n 42.224\n ],\n [\n -107.433,\n 42.224\n ],\n [\n -107.433,\n 40.32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daddow, P. D.","contributorId":54613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daddow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craig, G. S.","contributorId":91515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27056,"text":"wri8230 - 1983 - Hydrogeology of a landfill, Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:09:52","indexId":"wri8230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-30","title":"Hydrogeology of a landfill, Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"The Pinellas County landfill site is on a flat, coastal area characterized by a high water table is subject to tidal flooding. Altitudes within the study area range from 8 to 12 feet above sea level. Three geohydrologic units underlie the landfill site: a surficial aquifer about 19 feet thick composed of sand and shells; a confining bed about 35 feet thick composed of marl and clay; and the Floridan aquifer composed of limestone. The rate of lateral movement of ground water away from the site is about 1.2 feet per year; however, the rate of movement along the boundary of the landfill cells is about 20 feet per year. Vertical movement through the confining layer is about 0.005 foot per year. Landfill operations have not altered surface-water quality. Leachate migration downward into the Floridan aquifer is not indicated, but data do indicate leachate is migrating from the oldest section of the landfill site through the surficial aquifer. Peaks in concentration of selected chemical parameters and flow-rate analysis of water from trenches indicate the possibility of slug-flow leachate. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri8230","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, M., 1983, Hydrogeology of a landfill, Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-30, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8230.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276455,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0030/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624eae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Mario Jr.","contributorId":77155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Mario","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11229,"text":"ofr83533 - 1983 - A statistical summary of data from the U.S. Geological Survey's national water quality networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:35","indexId":"ofr83533","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-533","title":"A statistical summary of data from the U.S. Geological Survey's national water quality networks","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey Operates two nationwide networks to monitor water quality, the National Hydrologic Bench-Mark Network and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN). The Bench-Mark network is composed of 51 stations in small drainage basins which are as close as possible to their natural state, with no human influence and little likelihood of future development. Stations in the NASQAN program are located to monitor flow from accounting units (subregional drainage basins) which collectively encompass the entire land surface of the nation. Data collected at both networks include streamflow, concentrations of major inorganic constituents, nutrients, and trace metals. The goals of the two water quality sampling programs include the determination of mean constituent concentrations and transport rates as well as the analysis of long-term trends in those variables. This report presents a station-by-station statistical summary of data from the two networks for the period 1974 through 1981. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83533","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., and Alexander, R.B., 1983, A statistical summary of data from the U.S. Geological Survey's national water quality networks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-533, 20 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83533.","productDescription":"20 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0533/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0533/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55177,"text":"wdrHI822 - 1983 - Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1982: Volume 2. Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T16:00:30.006584","indexId":"wdrHI822","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"HI-82-2","title":"Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1982: Volume 2. Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and American Samoa","docAbstract":"Volume 2 of water resources data for the 1982 water year for other Pacific areas consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; stage of a lake and a reservoir; and water levels and water quality in wells. This report contains discharge records for 43 gaging stations; stage only record for 2 gaging stations; water quality for 1 gaging station, 36 partial-record stations; water temperature for 42 gaging stations; and water levels for 14 observation wells and water quality for 52 ground-water sites. Also included are 43 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Governments and Federal agencies in other Pacific areas.
This map report is one of a series of geologic and hydrologic maps covering all or parts of the States within the Basin and Range province of the western United States, resulting from work under the U.S. Geological Survey's program for geologic and hydrologic evaluation of the Basin and Range province to identify potentially suitable regions for future study relative to isolation of high-level nuclear waste (Bedinger, Sargent, and Reed, 1984) .
The map report on the ash-flow tuffs of Trans-Pecos Texas was prepared from published maps and reports and from recent work in progress by geologists of the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, and was compiled utilizing the project guidelines of Sargent and Bedinger (1984). The map shows the outcrops and localities of measured thicknesses of the ash-flow tuffs that resulted from silicic volcanism 38 to 28 million years ago (Henry and McDowell, 1982). Locally, however, some thin, inadequately studied tuffs of limited distribution have been excluded from the map. Such tuffs are reported in the \"lower rhyolite\" in the Eagle Mountains (Underwood, 1963), in the southern Davis Mountains (Parker, 1977), within parts of the Shely Group and Morita Ranch Formation in the Chinati Mountains (Cepeda and Henry, 1983) , and in the Rawls Formation in the Bofecillos Mountains (McKnight, 1969). The distribution of most ash-flow tuffs in the northern Davis and Wylie Mountains is not well known. The Chambers Tuff, largely tuffaceous sedimentary rocks, is reported to contain several ash-flow tuffs (Walton, 1972), but their distribution is poorly documented. Metamorphosed ash-flow tuffs of Precambrian age in the Thunderbird Group in the Franklin Mountains (Thomann, 1981) and in the Carrizo Mountain Group near Van Horn (Rudnick , 1983) were not included on the map. In some areas studied in reconnaissance, the definitive lithology of some volcanic units described as lava flows or tuffs has not been determined.
In the Description of Map Units, the general location, caldera source and volume of tuff, isotopic age, if available, lithologic data, and the reference sources for each geologic unit are described. The nomenclature of the geologic units is from published reports and does not necessarily conform to U.S. Geological Survey usage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834121E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology","usgsCitation":"1983, Map showing outcrops of ash-flow tuffs, Basin and Range Province and vicinity, Trans-Pecos Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4121, Report: 8 p.; 3 Plates: 52.69 x 26.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834121E.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 3 Plates: 52.69 x 26.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349225,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4121e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":349226,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4121e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":349227,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4121e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4121e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4121e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -102,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4890","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Henry, Christopher D.","contributorId":36556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Christopher D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723108,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Gail L.","contributorId":200706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723109,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7074,"text":"ofr83638 - 1983 - Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:59","indexId":"ofr83638","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-638","title":"Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The southwestern Arabian Shield is composed of uplifted Proterozoic metamorphic and plutonic rocks. The Shield is bordered on the southwest by Cenozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Red Sea paar and on the east by the Arabian Platform, an area of basin sedimentation throughout Phanerozoic time. The Shield appears to have been formed by successive episodes of island arc volcanism and sea-floor spreading, followed by several cycles of compressive tectonism and metamorphism. An interpretation and synthesis of a deep-refraction seismic profile from the Riyadh area to the Farasan Islands, and regional gravity, aeromagnetic, heat flow, and surface geologic data have yielded a self-consistent regional-scale model of the crust and upper mantle for this area. \r\n\r\nThe model consists of two 20 km-thick layers of crust with an average compressional wave velocity in the upper crust of about 6.3 km/s and an average velocity in the lower. crust of about 7.0 km/s. This crust thins abruptly to less than 20 km near the southwestern end of the profile where Precambrian outcrops abut the Cenozoic rocks and to 8 km beneath the Farasan Islands. The data over the coastal plain and Red Sea shelf areas are fit satisfactorily by an oceanic crustal model. A major lateral velocity inhomogeneity in the crust is inferred about 25 km northeast of Sabhah and is supported by surface geologic evidence. \r\n\r\nThe major velocity discontinuities occur at about the same depth across the entire Shield and are interpreted to indicate horizontal metamorphic stratification of the Precambrian crust. Several lateral inhomogenities in both the upper and lower .crust of the . Shield are interpreted, to indicate bulk compositional variations. \r\n\r\nThe subcrustal portion of the model is composed of a hot, low-density lithosphere beneath the Red Sea which is systematically cooler and denser to the northeast. This model provides a mechanism which explains the observed topographic uplift, regional gravity pattern, heat flow, and mantle compressional wave velocities. Such a lithosphere could be produced by upwelling of hot asthenosphere beneath the Red Sea which then flows laterally beneath the lithosphere of the Arabian Plate.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83638","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., Blank, H., Mooney, W.D., and Healy, J.H., 1983, Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-638, ii, 55 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83638.","productDescription":"ii, 55 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0638/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34400,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0638/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f432","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blank, H. R.","contributorId":50516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, W. D.","contributorId":72376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10503,"text":"ofr83752 - 1983 - Preliminary stage-discharge relations for Tombigbee River at Aliceville lock and dam, near Pickensville, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T21:15:20.1968","indexId":"ofr83752","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-752","title":"Preliminary stage-discharge relations for Tombigbee River at Aliceville lock and dam, near Pickensville, Alabama","docAbstract":"The construction of Aliceville lock and dam and other related channel alterations, completed in 1979, has resulted in changes to the stage-discharge relations in the vicinity. The scarcity of current-meter measurements, coupled with backwater conditions, makes definition of a single stage-discharge relation impossible. However, limit curves can be defined that \r\n\r\nwould encompass such a relation. Backwater is defined as water backed up or retarded in its course as compared with water flowing under normal or natural conditions. This results in a rise in stage above normal water level while the discharge remains unaffected. Backwater is usually caused by temporary obstruction(s) to flow downstream. Backwater at Aliceville Dam results from a variety of river conditions. Some of these conditions are large tributary inflow, return of flood plain flows to the main channel during recessions, and operations at Gainesville Dam during low flows. The discharges obtained from 26 current-meter measurements, along with computed discharges through the dam, are plotted versus stage. The plot illustrates, by the scatter of data points, the variations in backwater. Curves are drawn to envelope the extreme plot patterns showing possible ranges of several feet in stage for any given discharge. The upper end of the curves were extrapolated based on the results of a step-backwater analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83752","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.H., and Ming, C.O., 1983, Preliminary stage-discharge relations for Tombigbee River at Aliceville lock and dam, near Pickensville, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-752, Report: iv, 11 p.; 3 Plates: 17.51 × 10.68 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83752.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 11 p.; 3 Plates: 17.51 × 10.68 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":38356,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0752/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38355,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0752/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38358,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0752/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":38357,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0752/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110629,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75703.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"75703"},{"id":144636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0752/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Pickensville","otherGeospatial":"Tombigbee River at Aliceville lock and dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.3,\n 32.8222\n ],\n [\n -88.1472,\n 32.8222\n ],\n [\n -88.1472,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -88.3,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -88.3,\n 32.8222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, G. H.","contributorId":48186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ming, C. O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9198,"text":"ofr82349 - 1983 - Hydrologic characteristics of lagoons at San Juan, Puerto Rico, during an October 1974 tidal cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr82349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-349","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of lagoons at San Juan, Puerto Rico, during an October 1974 tidal cycle","docAbstract":"Flow and water-quality changes were studied during a period of intense rainfall in the San Juan Lagoon system. The study covered a 25-hour period beginning 0900 hours 22 October, 1974. Precipitation during the study period averaged 70 millimeters. Sampling stations were located at Boca de Cangrejos, the main ocean outlet; Canal Pinones between Laguna de Pinones and Laguna La Torrecilla; Canal Suarez between Laguna San Jose, connects to Laguna La Torrecilla; and Cano de Martin Pena between Laguna San Jose and Bahia de San Juan. In addition water-elevation recording gages were installed at each lagoon. \r\n\r\nWater samples from the canal stations were analyzed for organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus species, and suspended sediment. Specific-conductance measurements were used with the chemical data to estimate the runoff contributions of nutrients. \r\n\r\nRunoff into the lagoon, system during the study period was about 2.8 million cubic meters, or about 70 percent of the average precipitation. The runoff contributed chemical loadings to the lagoons of 95,000 kilograms total-organic carbon; 2,700 kilograms of total phosphorus; and 10,000 kilograms of total Khjeldhal nitrogen. A comparison with a prior study during which there was no significant rain, show that dry-period loadings are less than 10 percent of the wet-period loadings. At the end of the study period the system had not reached equilibrium, and the lagoons retained 80 percent of the water inflows from 50 to 90 percent of the chemical loads. Nearly 95 percent of the water outflows occurred at the Boca de Cangrejos sea outlet. The three lagoons and interconnecting canals form a very complex hydraulic system that is difficult to study using traditional techniques. A model of the system will facilitate management to improve the quality of water in the lagoons.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82349","usgsCitation":"Gómez-Gómez, F., and Ellis, S.R., 1983, Hydrologic characteristics of lagoons at San Juan, Puerto Rico, during an October 1974 tidal cycle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-349, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82349.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0349/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0349/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611568","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, S. R.","contributorId":103278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11566,"text":"ofr83532 - 1983 - Water and streambed-material data, Eagle Creek watershed, Indiana, August 1980, October and December 1982, and April 1983; updating of U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 83-215","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:42","indexId":"ofr83532","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-532","title":"Water and streambed-material data, Eagle Creek watershed, Indiana, August 1980, October and December 1982, and April 1983; updating of U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 83-215","docAbstract":"Water-quality surveys within the Eagle Creek watershed were done by the U.S. Geological Survey in August 1980, October and December 1982 and April 1983 in cooperation with the city of Indianapolis, Department of Public Works. Streambed-material and water samples were collected from Finley and Eagle Creek and was analyzed for selected metals, insecticides, and acid-extractable and base-neutral-extractable compounds. Water samples also were analyzed for volatile organic compounds. The 1982-83 surveys represent different flow conditions. This report lists all the data collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey but does not interpret any of the results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83532","usgsCitation":"Wangsness, D.J., 1983, Water and streambed-material data, Eagle Creek watershed, Indiana, August 1980, October and December 1982, and April 1983; updating of U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 83-215: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-532, vi, 57 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83532.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0532/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0532/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa34a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wangsness, David J.","contributorId":81475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wangsness","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}