{"pageNumber":"2149","pageRowStart":"53700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68909,"records":[{"id":5221689,"text":"5221689 - 1981 - Acute toxicities of toxaphene and endrin to larvae of seven species of amphibians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:52","indexId":"5221689","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3611,"text":"Toxicology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicities of toxaphene and endrin to larvae of seven species of amphibians","docAbstract":"Seven species of amphibian larvae were exposed to toxaphene and endrin in a continuous-flow dosing system to determine differences in sensitivity to the two compounds, EC50 and LC50 estimates varied from those for Rana sphenocephala by no more than one order of magnitude when calculated on the basis of intended concentrations. Removal of pesticides from water by the test animals was significant and it makes interpretation of results difficult. Continuous-flow toxicity tests conflict with the adaptations of amphibian larvae for static water; use of such tests for amphibians requires further evaluation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicology Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0378-4274(81)90122-3","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., and Swineford, D.M., 1981, Acute toxicities of toxaphene and endrin to larvae of seven species of amphibians: Toxicology Letters, v. 8, no. 6, p. 331-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(81)90122-3.","productDescription":"331-336","startPage":"331","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18082,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(81)90122-3","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221698,"text":"5221698 - 1981 - Iatrogenic salt poisoning in captive sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:39","indexId":"5221698","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iatrogenic salt poisoning in captive sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Salt poisoning developed in captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) when sea salt was added to normal drinking water to produce a sodium chloride concentration of 1%. Two of 18 cranes died and 2 were euthanatized when moribund. Muscle weakness, paresis, dyspnea, and depression were observed. Brain and serum sodium, serum uric acid,:and plasma osmolality values were abnormally  high. Lesions were those of visceral gout, renal tubular necrosis, nephrosis, and skeletal muscle.necrosis.  ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Sileo, L., and Fleming, W.J., 1981, Iatrogenic salt poisoning in captive sandhill cranes: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 179, no. 11, p. 1211-1213.","productDescription":"1211-1213","startPage":"1211","endPage":"1213","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"179","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5221705,"text":"5221705 - 1981 - Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T13:00:42.223352","indexId":"5221705","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method","docAbstract":"1. Thirteen mixed-species heronries (10 in Florida, two in Virginia, one in North Carolina) were studied in 1980 as part of a project begun in 1979 aimed at evaluating the 'flight-line' census method..2. Standardized counts of Snowy and Cattle Egrets, Louisiana and Little Blue Herons flying to and from the nesting colony were made for three hr periods, followed by a nest count of the colony.  3.Significant differences were found in the flight rates (number of birds per nest x hour) of the four species at the Chincoteague colony. However, when Cattle Egrets and Louisiana Herons were compared at all 13 colonies, their respective flight rates were in opposite rank to those at Chincoteague. Colony differences, then, may mask species differences.  4. A linear regression model showed a strong fit (R2=0.92) between the hourly flight number (3 hr means) and the nest number, but point estimates (single colony) had very large confidence limits. A given colony might be over-or underestimated by a factor of 2, using the regression equation as a predictive model.  5. A more appropriate application of the method would be to determine regionwide (e.g., state), rather than colony-specific, population estimates. 'Total' estimates for all (n= 13) colonies were within 10% of the actual nest number.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521120","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1981, Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 4, p. 91-95, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521120.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5223131,"text":"5223131 - 1981 - Marine turtles of the Galapagos Islands and adjacent areas of the eastern Pacific on the basis of observations made by J.R. Slevin 1905-1906","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-10T16:57:17.220224","indexId":"5223131","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine turtles of the Galapagos Islands and adjacent areas of the eastern Pacific on the basis of observations made by J.R. Slevin 1905-1906","docAbstract":"The field notes of J. R. Slevin written during the expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands in 1905-1096 contain previously unavailable data on the marine turtles of the eastern Pacific. 'Land basking' by green turtles in Galapagos was predominately, if not exclusively, a female behavior. These terrestrial emergences were not concentrated in the major reproductive season of Galapagos turtles. Female Chelonia were also collected on shore during daylight hours on Socorro Island southwest of Baja California, Mexico. Chelonia, green turtles, were observed to feed on seaweed, the leaves and shoots of mangrove trees, and the leaves of another unidentified shoreline shrub. Comparative data on the gonads of dark and yellow turtles indicated that the latter did not breed in Galapagos during Slevin's stay. Lepidochelys olivacea, the olive ridley, was recorded in Galapagos waters and fed on fish eggs","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1563432","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., 1981, Marine turtles of the Galapagos Islands and adjacent areas of the eastern Pacific on the basis of observations made by J.R. Slevin 1905-1906: Journal of Herpetology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.2307/1563432.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eca1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221688,"text":"5221688 - 1981 - Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-21T19:22:48","indexId":"5221688","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78","docAbstract":"One egg from each of 114 red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) nests in 1977 and 92 nests in 1978 was collected and later analyzed for organochlorines, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated styrenes (PCSs). and metals.  One egg was also collected from each of the dabbling duck nests located:  Twenty-nine of these eggs were analyzed for organochlorines and metals in 1977; 10 eggs were analyzed in 1978.  All merganser eggs contained DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dieldrin; all but one egg collected in 1978 contained DDT.   DDE and PCB levels had declined since 1975 to a geometric mean of 7.4 ppm DDE and 20 ppm PCBs in 1977 and 7.6 ppm DDE and 19 ppm PCBs in 1978.  Dieldrin residues in eggs had not declined from 1975 Ievels; the geometric mean was 0.78 ppm in 1977 and 0.76 ppm in 1978. Other organochlorines were present at low levels. Mercury residues averaged >0,50 ppm in merganser eggs and had not declined since 1975. Other metals were present at low levels.  Dabbling ducks generally had much lower organochlorine and Hg residues than mergansers;  DDE and PCBs were the only organochlorines present in the majority of eggs.  Geometric means of PCBs and DDE in dabbling duck eggs did not exceed 2.0 ppm and 1.0 ppm, respectively.  PBBs and PCSs were detected only in a few merganser eggs, at low levels.  Eggshell thickness for red-breasted merganser eggs averaged 0.359 mm in 1977 and 0.355 mm in 1978, which is only 2%-3% below pre-1946 thicknesses.  Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggshell thicknesses averaged 0.331 mm in 1977 and 0.337 mm in 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Federal Working Group on Pest Management","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Haseltine, S.D., Heinz, G.H., Reichel, W.L., and Moore, J.F., 1981, Organochlorine and metal residues in eggs of waterfowl nesting on islands in Lake Michigan off Door County, Wisconsin, 1977-78: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 15, no. 2, p. 90-97.","productDescription":"90-97","startPage":"90","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267907,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26097172"},{"id":193888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haseltine, S. D.","contributorId":80219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haseltine","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichel, W. L.","contributorId":50482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, John F.","contributorId":30185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70039431,"text":"70039431 - 1981 - APSRS state-base graphics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:51","indexId":"70039431","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T12:11:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"APSRS state-base graphics","docAbstract":"The National Cartographic Information Center (NCIC) is the information branch of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Mapping Division. In order to organize and distribute information about U.S. aerial photography coverage and to help eliminate aerial mapping duplication by tracking individual aerial projects, NCIC developed the Aerial Photography Summary Record System (APSRS). APSRS's principal products are State-Base Graphics (SBG), graphic indexes that show the coverage of conventional aerial photography projects over each State.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039431","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Mapping Division","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, APSRS state-base graphics, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039431.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261570,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039431/report.pdf"},{"id":261571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039431/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,23 ], [ -154.66666666666666,16.916666666666668 ], [ -162,16.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e632e4b0c8380cd47239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":78994,"text":"wdrKY811 - 1981 - Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"wdrKY811","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KY-81-1","title":"Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wdrKY811","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Kentucky, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report KY-81-1, 675 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrKY811.","productDescription":"675 p.","temporalStart":"1980-10-01","temporalEnd":"1981-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012122,"text":"70012122 - 1981 - Rock-weathering rates as functions of time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T15:51:36.787099","indexId":"70012122","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-weathering rates as functions of time","docAbstract":"<p><span>The scarcity of documented numerical relations between rock weathering and time has led to a common assumption that rates of weathering are linear. This assumption has been strengthened by studies that have calculated long-term average rates. However, little theoretical or empirical evidence exists to support linear rates for most chemical-weathering processes, with the exception of congruent dissolution processes. The few previous studies of rock-weathering rates that contain quantitative documentation of the relation between chemical weathering and time suggest that the rates of most weathering processes decrease with time. Recent studies of weathering rinds on basaltic and andesitic stones in glacial deposits in the western United States also clearly demonstrate that rock-weathering processes slow with time. Some weathering processes appear to conform to exponential functions of time, such as the square-root time function for hydration of volcanic glass, which conforms to the theoretical predictions of diffusion kinetics. However, weathering of mineralogically heterogeneous rocks involves complex physical and chemical processes that generally can be expressed only empirically, commonly by way of logarithmic time functions. Incongruent dissolution and other weathering processes produce residues, which are commonly used as measures of weathering. These residues appear to slow movement of water to unaltered material and impede chemical transport away from it. If weathering residues impede weathering processes then rates of weathering and rates of residue production are inversely proportional to some function of the residue thickness. This results in simple mathematical analogs for weathering that imply nonlinear time functions. The rate of weathering becomes constant only when an equilibrium thickness of the residue is reached. Because weathering residues are relatively stable chemically, and because physical removal of residues below the ground surface is slight, many weathering features require considerable time to reach constant rates of change. For weathering rinds on volcanic stones in the western United States, this time is at least 0.5 my.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90029-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., 1981, Rock-weathering rates as functions of time: Quaternary Research, v. 15, no. 3, p. 250-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90029-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae0de4b0c8380cd87001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012046,"text":"70012046 - 1981 - The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:02:22.249868","indexId":"70012046","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York","docAbstract":"<p>Information from 240 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles has been analyzed to show the bathymetric and subsurface configuration of southern Lake George in the southeastern corner of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Three units have been identified and sampled in 13 piston cores as long as 7 m and 4 grab samples; they are glacial drift, glaciolacustrine nonorganic clay, and Holocene lake mud rich in organic material. Three deep bedrock basins controlled glacial, glaciolacustrine, and postglacial deposition within the lake. Glaciolacustrine clay is more than 30 m thick in these basins but is generally absent in water depths less than 20 m. An unconformity separates glaciolacustrine clay from overlying Holocene mud in water depths less than 30 m, but the contact is conformable and transitional in deeper water. The unconformity may have originated from subaqueous or subaerial erosion during a low stage of lake level which probably occurred between 10,000 and 700 yr B.P. Holocene lake mud is thin to absent in the shallower waters separating the three basins, but reaches 15-m thickness near the entrance to The Narrows. A new radiocarbon date of 6950 ?? 60 yr B.P. was obtained from a wood fragment which was found in the Holocene lake mud. We found no clear evidence of postglacial tectonic disturbances of the lake sediments although recent releveling profiles suggest that the Adirondack Mountains are undergoing contemporary uplift.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90113-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Ferrebee, W., Knebel, H., Wold, R.J., and Isachsen, Y., 1981, The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York: Quaternary Research, v. 15, no. 1, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90113-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Lake George","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.58110291869816,\n              43.64789990422335\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.65171439763611,\n              43.59794917156913\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.73046377244945,\n              43.4200697402982\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.68460262645145,\n              43.41015708936362\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.6220769860821,\n              43.43945453274753\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5869490296089,\n              43.54116883508024\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.46973033302903,\n              43.67093261922244\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.41074368762041,\n              43.816434774484236\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.43157011614562,\n              43.85257349011786\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.48697151047823,\n              43.78925842675548\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58110291869816,\n              43.64789990422335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb004e4b08c986b324b89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrebee, W.M.","contributorId":45312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrebee","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wold, R. J.","contributorId":59503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wold","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Isachsen, Y.W.","contributorId":100528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isachsen","given":"Y.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70012044,"text":"70012044 - 1981 - Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T16:09:41.203229","indexId":"70012044","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Direct tracing of beds during excavation in May 1973, confirmed that the artifact-bearing layers at Hueyatlaco underlie 10 m of fine-grained, water-laid deposits that constitute part of the wide-spread Valsequillo gravels. Dissection of these deposits by the adjacent Río Atoyac has reached a depth of 50 m. The stratigraphic section at Hueyatlaco includes four distinctive tephra units. The oldest one occupies a small channel in a series of cut-and-fill stream deposits that have yielded bifacial tools. It lies more than a meter above flat-lying, fine-grained beds from which edge-retouched tools have been recovered. The three other tephra units occur higher in the section.</span></p><p><span>Fission-track ages on zircon phenocrysts from two of the younger tephra layers (370,000 ± 200,000 and 600,000 ± 340,000 yr, 2σ) agree with concordant uranium-series dates for a camel pelvis that was found associated with bifacial tools at Hueyatlaco (245,000 ± 40,000 yr by&nbsp;<sup>230</sup>Th and &gt; 180,000 yr by&nbsp;<sup>231</sup>Pa). These dates are compatible with the depth of burial and subsequent dissection of the Hueyatlaco deposits, as well as with the degree of hydration of volcanic glass shards and with the extent of etching of heavy-mineral phenocrysts from within the tephra layers.</span></p><p><span>These findings suggest to us that further search for archaeological remains in deposits as old as those at Hueyatlaco would be warranted.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(81)90124-1","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Steen-McIntyre, V., Fryxell, R., and Malde, H., 1981, Geologic evidence for age of deposits at Hueyatlaco archeological site, Vasequillo, Mexico: Quaternary Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(81)90124-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Vasequillo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.29516517583532,\n              18.987841319589492\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.29516517583532,\n              18.91375802729796\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.18568714858003,\n              18.91375802729796\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.18568714858003,\n              18.987841319589492\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.29516517583532,\n              18.987841319589492\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1959e4b0c8380cd5596c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steen-McIntyre, V.","contributorId":75019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen-McIntyre","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryxell, R.","contributorId":28369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryxell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malde, H.E.","contributorId":65863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malde","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011753,"text":"70011753 - 1981 - The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T23:14:42.593139","indexId":"70011753","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Eocene/Oligocene boundary in Europe is marked by major discontinuities in all environments: the “Grande Coupure” in continental mammals; the elimination of semitropical elements from high-latitude floras; the virtually complete replacement of the shallow-marine malacofauna; and an extraordinary downslope excursion of carbonate deposition in deep-ocean basins (drop in the CCD). These phenomena collectively represent the “Terminal Eocene Event” (TEE). In the Carpathian Mountains, the TEE is manifested in the thin but regionally persistent&nbsp;</span><i>Globigerina</i><span>&nbsp;Marl, a calcareous unit containing abundant cool-water microplankton that occurs within very thick, siliceous, bathyal flysch sequences. In southern Poland, the marl is of very latest Eocene age, within planktonic foraminifera zone P17, calcareous nannoplankton zone NP19/20, and the zone of the dinoflagellate&nbsp;</span><i>Rhomdodinium perforatum</i><span>. Zircons from bentonites bracketing the marl are dated by fission-track analysis; at Polany, two underlying bentonites are 41.7 and 39.8 Ma, and at Znamirowice two overlying bentonites are 34.6 and 28.9 Ma, in sequence. This accords with glauconite K/Ar ages in Western Europe by which the Eo/Oligocene boundary age is estimated at 37–38 Ma. Global correlations indicate that the TEE corresponds to a major glacio-eustatic regression with a duration of about 0.5 Ma, in which a large Antarctic ice cap was formed, the ocean circulation was permanently changed to the psychrospheric condition, and world climate shifted irreversibly towards the modern state.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90111-5","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Van Couvering, J.A., Aubry, M., Berggren, W., Bujak, J., Naeser, C.W., and Wieser, T., 1981, The terminal Eocene event and the Polish connection: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 321-362, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90111-5.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"362","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221251,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Poland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              14.337657367927704,\n              54.012571323156635\n            ],\n            [\n              14.337657367927704,\n              49.28513872073813\n            ],\n            [\n              24.006473984938538,\n              49.28513872073813\n            ],\n            [\n              24.006473984938538,\n              54.012571323156635\n            ],\n            [\n              14.337657367927704,\n              54.012571323156635\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0eee4b08c986b325132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Couvering, J. A.","contributorId":78469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Couvering","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, M.-P.","contributorId":100121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubry","given":"M.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berggren, W.A.","contributorId":65601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berggren","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bujak, J.P.","contributorId":49928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bujak","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wieser, T.","contributorId":107430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieser","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70011777,"text":"70011777 - 1981 - Late Cenozoic marine deposition in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain related to tectonism and global climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T23:07:35.293923","indexId":"70011777","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic marine deposition in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain related to tectonism and global climate","docAbstract":"<p><span>Major hiatuses in upper Cenozoic marine deposits in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain are recognized on the basis of molluscan faunal changes at erosional unconformities. These hiatuses generally coincided with periods of global cooling and ice sheet formation. Such hiatuses provide information to supplement global climatic data. Major hiatuses are recognized within the early Miocene (23-20 m.y. ago), at the end of the middle Miocene (∼ 11-10 m.y. ago), at the end of the late Miocene (∼6.5-5 m.y. ago), at the end of the early Pliocene (∼4.0–2.5 m.y. ago), at the end of the late Pliocene (∼1.9 or 1.8 m.y. ago), within the Pleistocene (∼1.1-0.5 m.y. ago) and several times within the last 0.4 m.y.</span></p><p><span>Estimates of the amount of water contained in ice sheets at different times in the Pliocene and Pleistocene facilitate calculation of probable minimum sea levels on the Coastal Plain during different high stands of the sea. The altitudes of dated shoreline deposits in the Atlantic Coastal Plain show that the amount of uplift in the Cape Fear area has averaged at least 1.3 cm per 1000 years since the beginning of Pliocene time. The Coastal Plain of Georgia has apparently experienced relatively little vertical deformation during this same time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90059-6","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Blackwelder, B.W., 1981, Late Cenozoic marine deposition in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain related to tectonism and global climate: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 34, p. 87-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90059-6.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"United States Atlantic Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.63516713277578,\n              39.650707375103764\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.16936296799359,\n              37.273701106278935\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.45253436033947,\n              30.376169794098267\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.35086636430762,\n              25.113521234758892\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.84964037392687,\n              25.176580493302453\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.22618513239509,\n              36.42652595452515\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6355614431913,\n              38.51737901406466\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.63516713277578,\n              39.650707375103764\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44c6e4b0c8380cd66d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwelder, B. W.","contributorId":104136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwelder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011834,"text":"70011834 - 1981 - Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T22:59:15.637184","indexId":"70011834","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Eocene Willwood Formation of northwest Wyoming is a 700 m thick accumulation of alluvial floodplain and channel mudstones and sandstones, nearly all of which show paleopedogenic modifications. Pedogenesis of Willwood sandstones is indicated by taproot and vertebrate and invertebrate bioturbation, early local cementation by calcium carbonate, and thin illuviation cutans on clastic grains. Pedogenesis in Willwood mudstones is indicated by plant bioturbation, insect and other invertebrate burrow casts and lebensspuren; free iron, aluminum, and manganese mobilization, including hydromorphic gleying; sesquioxide and calcareous glaebule formation in lower parts of the solum; presence of clay-rich and organic carbon-rich zones; and well differentiated epipedons and albic and spodic horizons. Probable A horizons are also locally well developed. </p><p>Occurrence of variegated paleosol units in thick floodplain mudstone deposits and their association with thin, lenticular, and unconnected fluvial sandstones in the Willwood Formation of the central and southeast Bighorn Basin suggest that these soils formed during times of rapid sediment accumulation. The tabular geometry and lateral persistence of soil units as well as the absence of catenization indicate that Willwood floodplains were broad and essentially featureless. </p><p>All Willwood paleosols were developed on alluvial parent materials and are complex in that B horizons of younger paleosols were commonly superimposed upon and mask properties of suspected A and B horizons of the next older paleosols. The soils appear to be wet varieties of the Spodosol and Entisol groups (aquods and ferrods, and aquents, respectively), though thick, superposed and less mottled red, purple, and yellow paleosols resemble some ultisols. Most Willwood paleosols resemble warm temperate to subtropical alluvial soils that form today under alternating wet and dry conditions and (or) fluctuating water tables. The up-section decrease in frequency of gley mottles, increase in numerical proportion and thickness of red versus orange coloration, and increase in abundance of calcrete glaebules indicate better drained soils and probably drier climate in late Willwood time. This drying is believed to be related to creation of rain shadows and spacing of rainfall (but not necessarily decrease in absolute rainfall) due to progressive tectonic structural elevation of the mountainous margins of the Bighorn Basin.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1981, Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 34, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"northwest Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.27505184504837,\n              44.99057640111633\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.27505184504837,\n              43.52185648052293\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.05063593252248,\n              43.52185648052293\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.05063593252248,\n              44.99057640111633\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.27505184504837,\n              44.99057640111633\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a6ae4b0c8380cd68d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, T. M.","contributorId":106858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010438,"text":"70010438 - 1981 - Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T15:46:01.700175","indexId":"70010438","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ore deposits form under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions, but those precipitating from hot, aqueous fluids—i.e. the hydrothermal deposits—form generally below 700°C and at pressures of only 1 or 2 kbar or less. Natural aqueous fluids in rocks may extract metal and sulfur from a variety of rock types or may acquire them as a residual heritage from a crystallizing silicate magma. Ore-forming hydrothermal fluids never appear as hot springs (except in deep, submarine situations) because they boil, mix with surface waters, and cool, thereby losing their ore-bearing ability before reaching the surface.</span></p><p><span>Mineral systems function as chemical buffers and indicators just as buffers and indicators function in a chemical laboratory. By reading the record written in the buffer/indicator assemblages of minerals one can reconstruct many aspects of the former chemical environment. By studying the record of changing conditions one may deduce information regarding the processes functioning to create the succession of chemical environments and the ore deposits they represent.</span></p><p><span>The example of the OH vein at Creede, Colorado, shows a pH buffered by the K-feldspar + muscovite + quartz assemblage and the covariation of S<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;and O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;buffered by the assemblage chlorite + pyrite + quartz. Boiling of the ore fluid led to its oxidation to hematite-bearing assemblages and simultaneously produced an intensely altered, sericitic capping over the vein in response to the condensation of vapors bearing acidic components. The solubility of metals as calculated from experimental and theoretical studies of mineral solubility appears too low by at least one or two powers of ten to explain the mineralization at Creede.</span></p><p><span>In contrast to Creede where the mineral stabilities all point to a relatively consistent chemistry, the Mississippi Valley type deposits present a puzzle of conflicting chemical clues that are impossible to reconcile with any single equilibrium situation. Thus we must seriously consider metastable equilibria; those most likely involve redox disequilibrium among the sulfur species in solution and perhaps also involve organic compounds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0079-1946(81)90024-0","issn":"00791946","usgsCitation":"Barton, P.B., 1981, Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 13-14, p. 509-528, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(81)90024-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7aeee4b0c8380cd79180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, P. B. Jr.","contributorId":23683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010310,"text":"70010310 - 1981 - Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T15:49:15.067889","indexId":"70010310","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most natural minerals have formed from a fluid phase such as a silicate melt or a saline aqueous solution. Fluid inclusions are tiny volumes of such fluids that were trapped within the growing crystals. These inclusions can provide valuable but sometimes ambiguous data on the temperature, pressure, and composition of these fluids, many of which are not available from any other source. They also provide “visual autoclaves” in which it is possible to watch, through the microscope, the actual phase changes take place as the inclusions are heated.</span></p><p><span>This paper reviews the methods of study and the results obtained, mainly on inclusions formed from highly concentrated solutions, at temperatures ≥500°C. Many such fluids have formed as a result of immiscibility with silicate melt in igneous or high-temperature metamorphic rocks. These include fluids consisting of CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, or hydrosaline melts that were &lt;50% H<sub>2</sub>O. From the fluid inclusion evidence it is clear that a boiling, very hot, very saline fluid was present during the formation of most of the porphyry copper deposits in the world. Similarly, from the inclusion evidence it is clear that early (common) pegmatites formed from essentially silicate melts and that the late, rare-element-bearing and chamber-type pegmatites formed from a hydrosaline melt or a more dilute water solution. The evidence on whether this change in composition from early to late solutions was generally continuous or involved immiscibility is not as clear.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0079-1946(81)90004-5","issn":"00791946","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1981, Natural occurrence and significance of fluids indicating high pressure and temperature: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 13-14, p. 9-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(81)90004-5.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6348e4b0c8380cd723db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":48662,"text":"ofr8167 - 1981 - Floods in the English River basin, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T14:51:02","indexId":"ofr8167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-67","title":"Floods in the English River basin, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Information describing floods is essential for proper planning, design, and operation of bridges and other structures&nbsp;on or over streams and their flood plains. This report provides information on flood stages and discharges, flood magnitude and frequency, bench mark data, and flood profiles for the English River and some of its tributaries. It covers the English River, the North English River to near&nbsp;Guernsey, the south Eaglish River to Barnes City and the lower reaches of the Biddle English and Deep Rivers</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr8167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Highway Research Board, the Highway Division and the Iowa Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., and Riddle, D., 1981, Floods in the English River basin, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-67, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8167.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0067/report.pdf"},{"id":287221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"English River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.773161,41.423635 ], [ -91.773161,41.511706 ], [ -91.637326,41.511706 ], [ -91.637326,41.423635 ], [ -91.773161,41.423635 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riddle, D.E.","contributorId":6930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":37161,"text":"rp138 - 1981 - Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-02T11:43:18","indexId":"rp138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"138","title":"Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been interested in migratory birds, especially waterfowl, in Mexico for many years, An early period of cooperation in waterfowl administration was culminated in 1937 with the final ratification of the Convention Between the United States and the United Mexican States for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, usually referred to as the Migratory Bird Treat.</p><p>Management of waterfowl on this continent is primarily carried out by hunting regulations. Current information on the status of each species must be obtained each year to serve as a basis for any needed modifications in the regulations. In the United States and Canada, wildlife biologists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service annually make the surveys to obtain this basic information. But the Government of Mexico has made no comparable surveys. Mexicans are not interested in hunting waterfowl to the extent that citizens of the United States and Canada are. As a consequence, Mexico's Department of Game emphasizes activities other than waterfowl management.</p><p>Waterfowl, especially ducks, winter in or migrate through Mexico in large numbers, so it is obvious that and continental surveys of the winter population should include Mexico. Some general investigations of waterfowl distribution there were made in 1926 and earlier by E. A. Goldman. He was familiar with much of Mexico because he and E. W. Nelson studied mammals and biota there for many years. In the 1930's, because of the greater emphasis on waterfowl conservation and management, more detailed surveys were made of the continental breeding and wintering populations. One of these activities was designated as the midwinter, or January, inventory.</p><p>In the early 1940's the senior author, who had been the Central Flyaway Biologist since 1937, recommended that the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico be included in the coverage of the midwinter waterfowl inventory. This was arranged in 1947, and the first aerial coverage, which only included coastal localities, was made in January-February of that year. The information obtained confirmed the value and advisability of including the Mexican wintering grounds in the annual survey; beginning in 1951 the wintering grounds in the Mexican highlands also were included. The surveys of Mexico were continued, except in 1957, through 1965; after 1965 they were greatly reduced.</p><p>Ground reconnaissance and surveys had begun in Mexico with the preliminary work of Goldman in 1926, but quantitative studies were not started until 1937. The ground surveys continued at intervals in various parts of the Republic until 1960. Ground surveys are invaluable for such purposes as securing ecological information, specimens of birds and plants, and historical data about the areas from local residents, but the only satisfactory method of obtaining accurate quantitative information on waterfowl populations and their distribution is by airplane. Consequently, the major emphasis since 1947 has been on the annual aerial surveys. Ground studies were made much less frequently and were carried out mainly to obtain correlative information on the waterfowl foods available, the ecology of habitats, and for liaison with wildlife officials and biologists in Mexico.</p><p>An important reason for the surveys of the waterfowl wintering grounds in Mexico was to determine their adequacy for the population of birds using them, and their potential to accommodate additional waterfowl if the wintering grounds in the United States became inadequate and larger flights entered Mexico. Other advantages included providing accurate information to hunters and other interested persons in the United States regarding the waterfowl shooting in Mexico, and determining the current status of these birds and their habitats in that country. Some of these findings were previously summarized by us (Saunders and Saunders 1949; Saunders 1964).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Saunders, G.B., and Saunders, D.C., 1981, Waterfowl and their wintering grounds in Mexico, 1937-64: Resource Publication 138, vi, 151 p.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p.","numberOfPages":"160","temporalStart":"1937-01-01","temporalEnd":"1964-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290220,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/37161/report.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ba6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, George B.","contributorId":56285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saunders, Dorothy Chapman","contributorId":82980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"Chapman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12259,"text":"ofr811186 - 1981 - Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of Kings and Queens counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:41","indexId":"ofr811186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1186","title":"Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of Kings and Queens counties, New York","docAbstract":"Western Long Island 's ground-water resources are being considered for redevelopment as a supplemental source of public water supply. The ground-water reservoir in Kings and Queens Counties had supplied an average of more than 120 million gallons per day for industrial and public water supply from 1904 to 1947. However, deterioration of groundwater quality from induced encroachment of salty ground-water caused the total cessation of pumping for public supply in Kings County in 1947 and in western Queens County in 1974. This investigation was designed to make a preliminary evaluation of the present groundwater quality and to review hydrologic information pertinent to the formulation of an appropriate development plan. Detailed hydrogeologic mapping was done to define the geometry of the ground-water system. The history of ground-water development and the consequent responses of ground-water levels and quantity were summarized. A well network was established to monitor ground-water levels and ground-water quality in Kings and Queens Counties. The distribution of chloride and nitrate in ground-water was used to identify contamination from salt-water intrusion and surface sources. A limited source of potable ground-water is available in the Magothy-Jameco and Lloyd aquifers; however, an accurate estimate of the quantity of water available or a draft rate suitable for maintaining a useable ground-water quality is undetermined. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811186","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H., Soren, J., Posner, A., and Shernoff, P., 1981, Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of Kings and Queens counties, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1186, 64 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811186.","productDescription":"64 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soren, Julian","contributorId":54184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soren","given":"Julian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Posner, Alex","contributorId":18376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Posner","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shernoff, P. K.","contributorId":22779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shernoff","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":46430,"text":"ofr81333 - 1981 - Map of water table in Graham County, northwestern Kansas, March 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T08:23:27","indexId":"ofr81333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-333","title":"Map of water table in Graham County, northwestern Kansas, March 1979","docAbstract":"<p>A map of the water table in Graham County, prepared in collaboration with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, provides current (1980) information on water levels in the unconsolidated deposits. Graham County, an area of 900 square miles in northwestern Kansas, is within the rolling, moderately to well-dissected terrain on the eastern edge of the High Plains. &nbsp;The eastward-flowing South Fork Solomon River separates the county into nearly equal parts.</p><p>The principal source of water for domestic, stock, municipal, and irrigation use if from wells in the shallow unconsolidated deposits. The aquifers occur chiefly in the Ogallala Formation of Miocene age and in deposits of Quaternary age. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81333","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J.M., 1981, Map of water table in Graham County, northwestern Kansas, March 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-333, 23.85 x 20.34 inches., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81333.","productDescription":"23.85 x 20.34 inches.","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0333/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Graham County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.6019,39.5672],[-99.6024,39.4806],[-99.6035,39.3949],[-99.6039,39.3074],[-99.6044,39.2194],[-99.6054,39.1329],[-99.7027,39.1329],[-99.7157,39.1323],[-99.8142,39.1322],[-99.8279,39.132],[-99.9251,39.1323],[-99.9388,39.1326],[-100.0355,39.1324],[-100.0521,39.1326],[-100.1488,39.1318],[-100.1642,39.1321],[-100.1638,39.2187],[-100.1635,39.3062],[-100.1637,39.3927],[-100.1639,39.4793],[-100.1635,39.5673],[-100.0788,39.5675],[-100.0507,39.5674],[-99.9642,39.5671],[-99.9373,39.5669],[-99.852,39.5665],[-99.8251,39.5668],[-99.7398,39.5672],[-99.7135,39.567],[-99.6282,39.5674],[-99.6019,39.5672]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Graham\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6586b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":47135,"text":"ofr811054 - 1981 - Flood of May 5 and 6, 1981, Mobile, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"ofr811054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1054","title":"Flood of May 5 and 6, 1981, Mobile, Alabama","docAbstract":"Heavy and intense rainfall in the late evening and early morning hours, May 5 and 6, 1981, caused widespread flooding along streams and low-lying areas in the port city of Mobile, Ala. More than 12 inches of rain fell between 6 p.m. May 5, and 3 a.m. May 6. Damage caused by flooding was estimated by the Mobile Department of Public Works to be millions of dollars. Maximum water surface elevations on streams in the area were 2 to 3 feet higher than those that occurred during a similar flood in April 1980. The approximate extent of flooding delineated on maps using flood profiles obtained by field surveys will provide a basis for formulating effective flood plain zoning that could minimize existing and future flood problems. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr811054","usgsCitation":"Ming, C.O., and Nelson, G.H., 1981, Flood of May 5 and 6, 1981, Mobile, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1054, 3 maps and 2 data sheets ;103 x 82 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811054.","productDescription":"3 maps and 2 data sheets ;103 x 82 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":84145,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1054/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84146,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1054/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84147,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1054/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84148,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1054/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfa71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ming, C. O.","contributorId":9266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, G. H.","contributorId":48186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46588,"text":"ofr801288 - 1981 - Generalized thickness of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-21T20:33:51.041678","indexId":"ofr801288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-1288","title":"Generalized thickness of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District","docAbstract":"<p>This map report presents the thickness of the Floridan aquifer in the Southwest Florida Water Management District. The Floridan aquifer ranges in thickness from 600 feet in the northern part of the District to 2,400 feet in the southern part. It is composed chiefly of limestone and dolomite beds that range in age from early Miocene to middle Eocene. For this investigation, the formations considered to be part of the Floridan aquifer are: Lake City and Avon Park Limestones of middle Eocene age; Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age; Suwannee Limestone of Oligocene age; and permeable parts of the Tampa Limestone and Hawthorn Formation of Miocene age that are in hydrologic contact with the rest of the aquifer.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr801288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., and Garbade, J., 1981, Generalized thickness of the Floridan aquifer, Southwest Florida Water Management District: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1288, 1 Plate: 27.93 x 36.71 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr801288.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.93 x 36.71 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1288/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/1288/report.thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Southwest Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              26.931865156388916\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.243896484375,\n              26.931865156388916\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.243896484375,\n              29.458731185355344\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              29.458731185355344\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              26.931865156388916\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolansky, R. M.","contributorId":89163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolansky","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbade, J.M.","contributorId":13683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbade","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57438,"text":"wdrOR802 - 1981 - Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1980--Volume 2. Western Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-24T21:48:53.322572","indexId":"wdrOR802","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OR-80-2","title":"Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1980--Volume 2. Western Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOR802","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1980--Volume 2. Western Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OR-80-2, xiii, 491 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOR802.","productDescription":"xiii, 491 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/or-80-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/or-80-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"40\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oregon\",\"nation\":\"USA  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Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":46898,"text":"ofr811022 - 1981 - Geohydrology of the valley-fill aquifer in the Cortland-Homer-Preble area, Cortland and Onondaga counties, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:41","indexId":"ofr811022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1022","title":"Geohydrology of the valley-fill aquifer in the Cortland-Homer-Preble area, Cortland and Onondaga counties, New York","docAbstract":"This report is the first in a seies of 11 map sets depicting geohydrologic conditions in selected aquifers in upstate New York. Geohydrologic data are compiled on seven maps at 1:24,000 scale. Together, the maps provide the first comprehensive treatment of the principal aquifer in western Cortland County. The set depicts surficial geology, geologic sections, soil permeability, water-table altitude, aqufier thickness, estimated well yield, and land use. The maps are designed to help planners evaluate underground waste-disposal practices. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr811022","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., and Brooks, T., 1981, Geohydrology of the valley-fill aquifer in the Cortland-Homer-Preble area, Cortland and Onondaga counties, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1022, 6 maps and 7 sections on 7 sheets ;122 x 73 cm. folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811022.","productDescription":"6 maps and 7 sections on 7 sheets ;122 x 73 cm. folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83790,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83791,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83792,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83793,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83794,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83795,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83796,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1022/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S. tsmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"tsmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":234280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, T.D.","contributorId":47373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57496,"text":"wdrMN801 - 1981 - Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1980--Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:50","indexId":"wdrMN801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-80-1","title":"Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1980--Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN801","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1980--Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-80-1, 234 p., 7 Fig., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN801.","productDescription":"234 p., 7 Fig.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/mn-80-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88265,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1980/mn-80-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcdff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38158,"text":"ofr8173 - 1981 - Effects of residential wastewater treatment systems on ground-water quality in west-central Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:25:17","indexId":"ofr8173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-73","title":"Effects of residential wastewater treatment systems on ground-water quality in west-central Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The use of residential wastewater-treatment systems in Evergreen Meadows, Marshdale, and Herzman Mesa, Colo., has degraded ground-water quality to some extent in each community. Age of community; average lot size; slope of land surface; composition, permeability, and thickness of surficial material; density, size , and orientation of fractures; maintenance of wastewater-treatment systems; and presence of animals are factors possibly contributing to the degradation of ground-water quality. When compared with effluent from aeration-treatment tanks, effluent fom septic-treatment tanks is characterized by greater biochemical oxygen demand and greater concentrations of detergents. When compared with effluent from septic-treatment tanks, effluent from aeration-treatment tanks is characterized by greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and dissolved solids. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8173","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.C., Hillier, D.E., Nickum, E., and Dorrance, W., 1981, Effects of residential wastewater treatment systems on ground-water quality in west-central Jefferson County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-73, v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8173.","productDescription":"v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284494,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1073/plate-1.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5701e4b0b290850f73d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Dennis C.","contributorId":95473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillier, D. E.","contributorId":78386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nickum, Edward","contributorId":27119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickum","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dorrance, W.G.","contributorId":59499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorrance","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}