The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the International Boundary and Water Commission - U.S. and Mexican Sections, the National Park Service, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, the Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales in Mexico, the Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Canon de Santa Elena in Mexico, and the Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Maderas del Carmen in Mexico, collected samples of stream water, streambed sediment, and mine tailings during August 2002 for a study to determine whether trace elements from abandoned mines in the area in and around Big Bend National Park have affected the water and sediment quality in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin of the United States and Mexico. Samples were collected from eight sites on the main stem of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, four Rio Grande/Rio Bravo tributary sites downstream from abandoned mines or mine-tailing sites, and 11 mine-tailing sites. Mines in the area were operated to produce fluorite, germanium, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc during the late 1800s through at least the late 1970s. Moderate (relatively neutral) pHs in stream-water samples collected at the 12 Rio Grande/Rio Bravo main-stem and tributary sites indicate that water is well mixed, diluted, and buffered with respect to the solubility of trace elements. The highest sulfate concentrations were in water samples from tributaries draining the Terlingua mining district. Only the sample from the Rough Run Draw site exceeded the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards general-use protection criterion for sulfate. All chloride and dissolved solids concentrations in water samples were less than the general-use protection criteria. Aluminum, copper, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were detected in all water samples for which each element was analyzed. Cadmium, chromium, and lead were detected in samples less frequently, and silver was not detected in any of the samples. None of the sample concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, nickel, selenium, and zinc exceeded the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards criteria for aquatic life-use protection or human health. The only trace elements detected in the water samples at concentrations exceeding the Texas Surface Water Quality Standards criterion for human health (fish consumption use) was lead at one site and mercury at 10 of 12 sites. Relatively high mercury concentrations distributed throughout the area might indicate sources of mercury in addition to abandoned mining areas. Streambed-sediment samples were collected from 12 sites and analyzed for 44 major and trace elements. In general, the trace elements detected in streambed-sediment samples were low in concentration, interpreted as consistent with background concentrations. Concentrations at two sites, however, were elevated compared to Texas Commission on Environmental Quality criteria. Concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, silver, and zinc in the sample from San Carlos Creek downstream from La Esperanza (San Carlos) Mine exceeded the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality screening levels for sediment. The sample from Rough Run Draw, downstream from the Study Butte Mine, also showed elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead, but these concentrations were much lower than those in the San Carlos Creek sample and did not exceed screening levels. Elevated concentrations of multiple trace elements in streambed-sediment samples from San Carlos Creek and Rough Run Draw indicate that San Carlos Creek, and probably Rough Run Draw, have been adversely affected by mining activities. Fourteen mine-tailing samples from 11 mines were analyzed for 25 major and trace elements. All trace elements except selenium and thallium were detected in one or more samples. The highest lead concentrations were detected in tailings samples from the Boquillas, Puerto Rico, La Esperanza (San Carlos), and Tres Marias Mines, as might be expected because the tailings ar
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Boundary and Water Commission; National Park Service; Texas Commission on Environmental Quality; Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Mexico; Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Canon de Santa Elena, Mexico; and Area de Proteccion de Flora y Fauna Maderas del Carmen, Mexico","usgsCitation":"Lambert, R.B., Kolbe, C.M., and Belzer, W., 2008, Quality of water and sediment in streams affected by historical mining, and quality of Mine Tailings, in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin, Big Bend Area of the United States and Mexico, August 2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5032, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085032.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-08-01","temporalEnd":"2002-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20085032.gif"},{"id":11527,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,28.25 ], [ -104,30.5 ], [ -101.08333333333333,30.5 ], [ -101.08333333333333,28.25 ], [ -104,28.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655107","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolbe, Christine M.","contributorId":79919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolbe","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belzer, Wayne","contributorId":93141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belzer","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85829,"text":"sir20085017 - 2008 - Potential for bed-material entrainment in selected streams of the Edwards Plateau - Edwards, Kimble, and Real Counties, Texas, and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T13:12:40","indexId":"sir20085017","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5017","title":"Potential for bed-material entrainment in selected streams of the Edwards Plateau - Edwards, Kimble, and Real Counties, Texas, and vicinity","docAbstract":"The Texas Department of Transportation spends considerable money for maintenance and replacement of low-water crossings of streams in the Edwards Plateau in Central Texas as a result of damages caused in part by the transport of cobble- and gravel-sized bed material. An investigation of the problem at low-water crossings was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, and in collaboration with Texas Tech University, Lamar University, and the University of Houston. The bed-material entrainment problem for low-water crossings occurs at two spatial scales - watershed scale and channel-reach scale. First, the relative abundance and activity of cobble- and gravel-sized bed material along a given channel reach becomes greater with increasingly steeper watershed slopes. Second, the stresses required to mobilize bed material at a location can be attributed to reach-scale hydraulic factors, including channel geometry and particle size. The frequency of entrainment generally increases with downstream distance, as a result of decreasing particle size and increased flood magnitudes. An average of 1 year occurs between flows that initially entrain bed material as large as the median particle size, and an average of 1.5 years occurs between flows that completely entrain bed material as large as the median particle size. The Froude numbers associated with initial and complete entrainment of bed material up to the median particle size approximately are 0.40 and 0.45, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., and Asquith, W.H., 2008, Potential for bed-material entrainment in selected streams of the Edwards Plateau - Edwards, Kimble, and Real Counties, Texas, and vicinity (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5017, viii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085017.","productDescription":"viii, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327668,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5017/pdf/sir2008-5017.pdf","size":"75.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11524,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,29.25 ], [ -101,31 ], [ -99,31 ], [ -99,29.25 ], [ -101,29.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Franklin T.","contributorId":67476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85831,"text":"ofr20081216 - 2008 - A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr20081216","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1216","title":"A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"A vegetation database of the riparian vegetation located within the Colorado River ecosystem (CRE), a subsection of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and the western boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, was constructed using four-band image mosaics acquired in May 2002. A digital line scanner was flown over the Colorado River corridor in Arizona by ISTAR Americas, using a Leica ADS-40 digital camera to acquire a digital surface model and four-band image mosaics (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) for vegetation mapping. The primary objective of this mapping project was to develop a digital inventory map of vegetation to enable patch- and landscape-scale change detection, and to establish randomized sampling points for ground surveys of terrestrial fauna (principally, but not exclusively, birds). The vegetation base map was constructed through a combination of ground surveys to identify vegetation classes, image processing, and automated supervised classification procedures. Analysis of the imagery and subsequent supervised classification involved multiple steps to evaluate band quality, band ratios, and vegetation texture and density. Identification of vegetation classes involved collection of cover data throughout the river corridor and subsequent analysis using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). \r\n\r\nVegetation was classified into six vegetation classes, following the National Vegetation Classification Standard, based on cover dominance. This analysis indicated that total area covered by all vegetation within the CRE was 3,346 ha. Considering the six vegetation classes, the sparse shrub (SS) class accounted for the greatest amount of vegetation (627 ha) followed by Pluchea (PLSE) and Tamarix (TARA) at 494 and 366 ha, respectively. The wetland (WTLD) and Prosopis-Acacia (PRGL) classes both had similar areal cover values (227 and 213 ha, respectively). Baccharis-Salix (BAXX) was the least represented at 94 ha. Accuracy assessment of the supervised classification determined that accuracies varied among vegetation classes from 90% to 49%. Causes for low accuracies were similar spectral signatures among vegetation classes. Fuzzy accuracy assessment improved classification accuracies such that Federal mapping standards of 80% accuracies for all classes were met. \r\n\r\nThe scale used to quantify vegetation adequately meets the needs of the stakeholder group. Increasing the scale to meet the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-National Park Service (NPS)National Mapping Program's minimum mapping unit of 0.5 ha is unwarranted because this scale would reduce the resolution of some classes (e.g., seep willow/coyote willow would likely be combined with tamarisk). While this would undoubtedly improve classification accuracies, it would not provide the community-level information about vegetation change that would benefit stakeholders. The identification of vegetation classes should follow NPS mapping approaches to complement the national effort and should incorporate the alternative analysis for community identification that is being incorporated into newer NPS mapping efforts. National Vegetation Classification is followed in this report for association- to formation-level categories. \r\n\r\nAccuracies could be improved by including more environmental variables such as stage elevation in the classification process and incorporating object-based classification methods. Another approach that may address the heterogeneous species issue and classification is to use spectral mixing analysis to estimate the fractional cover of species within each pixel and better quantify the cover of individual species that compose a cover class. Varying flights to capture vegetation at different times of the year might also help separate some vegetation classes, though the cost may be prohibitive. Lastly, photointerpretation instead of automated mapping could be tried. Photointerpretation would likely not improve accuracies in this case, howev","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081216","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pinnacle Mapping Technologies, Inc. and Northern Arizona University","usgsCitation":"Ralston, B., Davis, P.A., Weber, R.M., and Rundall, J.M., 2008, A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1216, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081216.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1216/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1500000","projection":"Stateplane, Arizona Central Zone, NAD 1983","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,35 ], [ -114.5,37.5 ], [ -111,37.5 ], [ -111,35 ], [ -114.5,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd496ee4b0b290850ef2a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralston, Barbara E.","contributorId":89848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralston","given":"Barbara E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, Robert M. rweber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Robert","email":"rweber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rundall, Jill M.","contributorId":44251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundall","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70258645,"text":"70258645 - 2008 - Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T14:03:50.105201","indexId":"70258645","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-09T08:57:15","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the water balance and a major consumptive use of irrigation water and precipitation on cropland. Numerous energy balance (EB) algorithms have been developed to make use of remote sensing data to estimate ET regionally. However, a review of different ET mapping algorithms shows that most EB models are complex to use and may not be suitable for operational ET remote sensing. Efforts are being made to simplify procedures to estimate regional ET mainly through the scaling of reference ET. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) is one such method. In this study, the SSEB approach was applied to six Landsat TM images covering a major portion of the Southern High Plains (parts of the Texas Panhandle and northeastern New Mexico) that were acquired during the 2007 cropping season. Performance of the SSEB was evaluated by comparing estimated ET with measured daily ET from four large monolithic lysimeters, with each lysimeter located in the center of a 210 by 225 m field at the USDA_ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Tex. [350 11' N, 1020 06' W; 1,170 m elevation MSL]. Results indicated that the SSEB can provide ET estimates with reasonable accuracy for the Bushland location. However, more evaluation is needed for different agroclimatological conditions in the region.
","conferenceTitle":"Annual International Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 29-July 2, 2008","conferenceLocation":"Providence, RI","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.24610","usgsCitation":"Gowda, P.H., Senay, G.B., Colaizzi, P.D., and Howell, T.A., 2008, Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating actual ET: An evaluation with lysimeter data, Annual International Meeting, Providence, RI, June 29-July 2, 2008, 083651, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.24610.","productDescription":"083651","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gowda, Prasanna H.","contributorId":127439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gowda","given":"Prasanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6758,"text":"USDA-ARS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":913525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":913526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colaizzi, Paul D.","contributorId":344335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colaizzi","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, Terry A.","contributorId":344336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howell","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":913528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70236324,"text":"70236324 - 2008 - Seismic monitoring to assess performance of structures In near‐real time: Recent progress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T13:25:24.930371","indexId":"70236324","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-08T11:57:15","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic monitoring to assess performance of structures In near‐real time: Recent progress","docAbstract":"A dataset of site conditions at 101 Italian ground motion stations with recorded motions has been compiled that includes geologic characteristics and seismic velocities. Geologic characterization is derived principally from local geologic investigations by ENEL that include detailed mapping and cross sections. For sites lacking such detailed geologic characterization, the geology maps of the by Servizio Geologico d'Italia are used. Seismic velocities are extracted from the literature and the files of consulting engineers, geologists and public agencies for 33 sites. Data sources utilized include post earthquake site investigations (Friuli and Irpinia events), microzonation studies, and miscellaneous investigations performed by researchers or consulting engineers/geologists. Additional seismic velocities are measured by the authors using the controlled source spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method for 18 sites that recorded the 1997–1998 Umbria Marche earthquake sequence. The compiled velocity measurements provide data for 51 of the 101 sites. For the remaining sites, the average seismic velocity in the upper 30 m
The Gogebic iron range is an elongate belt of Paleoproterozoic strata extending from the west shore of Lake Gogebic in the upper peninsula of Michigan for about 125 km westward into northern Wisconsin. It is one of six major informally named iron ranges in the Lake Superior region and produced about 325 million tons of direct-shipping ore between 1887 and 1967. A significant resource of concentrating-grade ore remains in the western and eastern parts of the range.
The iron range forms a broad, gently southward-opening arc where the central part of the range exposes rocks that were deposited somewhat north of the eastern and western parts. A fundamental boundary marking both the tectonic setting of deposition and the later deformation within the Penokean orogen lies fortuitously in an east-west direction along the range so that the central part of the range preserves sediments deposited north of that boundary, whereas the eastern and western parts of the range were deposited south of the boundary. Thus, the central part of the range provides a record of sedimentation and very mild deformation in a part of the Penokean orogen farthest from the interior of the orogen to the south. The eastern and western parts of the range, in contrast, exhibit a depositional and deformational style typical of parts closer to the interior of the orogen. A second fortuitous feature of the iron range is that the entire area was tilted from 40° to 90° northward by Mesoproterozoic deformation so that the map view offers an oblique cross section of the Paleoproterozoic sedimentary sequence and structures. Together, these features make the Gogebic iron range a unique area in which to observe (1) the lateral transition from deposition on a stable platform to deposition in a tectonically and volcanically active region, and (2) the transition from essentially undeformed Paleoproterozoic strata to their folded and faulted equivalents.
Paleoproterozoic strata in the Gogebic iron range are part of the Marquette Range Supergroup. They were deposited unconformably on Neoarchean rocks consisting of a diverse volcanic suite (the Ramsay Formation) which was intruded by granitic rocks of the Puritan Quartz Monzonite. The Marquette Range Supergroup in this region consists of a basal sequence of orthoquartzite (Sunday Quartzite) and dolomite (Bad River Dolomite), both of which are part of the Chocolay Group. The group is preserved only in the eastern and western parts of the range but was probably present throughout before the erosion interval that separated it from the overlying Menominee Group. The Menominee Group consists of basal clastic rocks (Palms Formation) that grade upward into the Ironwood Iron-Formation, which is the principal iron-bearing unit of the range. The Ironwood interfingers with the Emperor Volcanic Complex in the eastern part of the range and with volcanic rocks and gabbro in the western part of the range. The Ironwood is overlain unconformably by the Tyler Formation in the central and western parts of the range and by the Tyler’s equivalent, the Copps Formation, in the eastern part of the range.
Strata in the central part of the iron range are entirely sedimentary. Deposition occurred in a relatively stable tectonic setting, at least until the deposition of the Tyler Formation. The Tyler consists largely of turbidites deposited in a foreland basin in advance of accreting volcanic arcs to the south. Penokean deformation in the central part of the range was very minor; the evidence of deformation consists of steep faults with small offsets and a few bedding-parallel faults that also have small offsets and that are recognized only in mine workings. In both the eastern and western parts of the iron range, abrupt facies changes mark a passage into a more tectonically and volcanically active belt. These relationships are especially well displayed in the east where a graben, the Presque Isle trough, began to subside during deposition of the Ironwood Iron-Formation. The thickness of the Ironwood increases into the graben and its internal stratigraphy also changes. The most prominent changes in the graben are the presence of a thick volcanic unit, the Emperor Volcanic Complex of the Menominee Group, and comagmatic gabbro sills that interfinger with the Ironwood. In the western part of the range, volcanic rocks and comagmatic gabbro sills are also present in the Ironwood, but a graben that is equivalent to the Presque Isle trough is not evident.
Penokean structures are well developed in both the eastern and western parts of the iron range. They consist of folds ranging from outcrop to regional scale and thrust faults which, in places, either repeated the section or detached it from Neoarchean basement. The sharp transition from the little-deformed central part of the range to the more intensely deformed eastern and western parts coincides closely with the earlier developed transition from the stable sedimentary setting in the central part to the tectonically active sedimentation in the east and west parts. The extensional structures that formed during sedimentation may have helped to control the extent of later Penokean compressional structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1730","isbn":"9781411319172","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W.F., LaBerge, G.L., Klasner, J.S., and Schulz, K.J., 2008, The Gogebic Iron Range — A sample of the northern margin of the Penokean fold and thrust belt: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1730, Report: vi, 44 p.; 1 Plate: 58 x 42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1730.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 44 p.; 1 Plate: 58 x 42 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1730.gif"},{"id":392961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83963.htm"},{"id":11512,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1730/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Gogebic Iron Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c458","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBerge, Gene L.","contributorId":58281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBerge","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klasner, John S.","contributorId":46591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85824,"text":"fs20083057 - 2008 - Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC) Coral Reef Research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"fs20083057","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3057","title":"Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC) Coral Reef Research","docAbstract":"Coral reefs provide important ecosystem services such as shoreline protection and the support of lucrative industries including fisheries and tourism. Such ecosystem services are being compromised as reefs decline due to coral disease, climate change, overfishing, and pollution. There is a need for focused, integrated science to understand the complex ecological interactions and effects of these many stressors and to provide information that will effectively guide policies and best management practices to preserve and restore these important resources.\r\n\r\nThe U.S. Geological Survey Florida Integrated Science Center (USGS-FISC) is conducting a coordinated Coral Reef Research Project beginning in 2009. Specific research topics are aimed at addressing priorities identified in the 'Strategic Science for Coral Ecosystems 2007-2011' document (U.S. Geological Survey, 2007).\r\n\r\nPlanned research will include a blend of historical, monitoring, and process studies aimed at improving our understanding of the development, current status and function, and likely future changes in coral ecosystems. Topics such as habitat characterization and distribution, coral disease, and trends in biogenic calcification are major themes of understanding reef structure, ecological integrity, and responses to global change.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083057","usgsCitation":"Poore, D., 2008, Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC) Coral Reef Research: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3057, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083057.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3057.jpg"},{"id":11518,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df5f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, D.Z.","contributorId":42300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85825,"text":"ofr20081207 - 2008 - Interpretation of Borehole Geophysical Logs at Area C, Former Naval Air Warfare Center, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T09:39:01","indexId":"ofr20081207","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1207","title":"Interpretation of Borehole Geophysical Logs at Area C, Former Naval Air Warfare Center, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2007","docAbstract":"This study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Navy at Area C of the former Naval Air Warfare Center in Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pa., in support of hydrogeological investigations conducted by the Navy to address ground-water contamination in the Stockton Formation. Borehole geophysical logs were collected, heatpulse-flowmeter measurements were made, and borehole television surveys were run in seven boreholes ranging from 31 to 75 feet deep. Caliper logs and borehole television surveys were used to identify fractures and the location of possible water-bearing zones. Heatpulse-flowmeter measurements were used to identify fractures that were water-bearing zones. Natural-gamma and single-point-resistance logs were used to correlate lithology across the area. Elevated concentrations of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) were measured in water samples from wells with water-bearing zones in the interval of the aquifer where monitor well HN-23A is screened. Water samples from wells with water-bearing zones above or below this interval had substantially lower concentrations of PCE. Wells screened in this interval yielded less than 0.5 gallon per minute, indicating that the interval has low permeability; this may account for the small areal extent and slow migration of PCE. ","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2008, Interpretation of Borehole Geophysical Logs at Area C, Former Naval Air Warfare Center, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1207, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081207.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.1,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.1,40.233333333333334 ], [ -75.01666666666667,40.233333333333334 ], [ -75.01666666666667,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.1,40.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85823,"text":"fs20083058 - 2008 - Coral Diseases Following Massive Bleaching in 2005 Cause 60 Percent Decline in Coral Cover and Mortality of the Threatened Species, Acropora Palmata, on Reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"fs20083058","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3058","title":"Coral Diseases Following Massive Bleaching in 2005 Cause 60 Percent Decline in Coral Cover and Mortality of the Threatened Species, Acropora Palmata, on Reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"Record-high seawater temperatures and calm seas in the summer of 2005 led to the most severe coral bleaching (greater than 90 percent bleached coral cover) ever observed in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) (figs. 1 and 2). All but a few coral species bleached, including the threatened species, Acropora palmata. Bleaching was seen from the surface to depths over 20 meters.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083058","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C.S., 2008, Coral Diseases Following Massive Bleaching in 2005 Cause 60 Percent Decline in Coral Cover and Mortality of the Threatened Species, Acropora Palmata, on Reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3058, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083058.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"2","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":155,"text":"Caribbean Field Station","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3058.jpg"},{"id":11517,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.5,17.5 ], [ -67.5,18.75 ], [ -64.5,18.75 ], [ -64.5,17.5 ], [ -67.5,17.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, Caroline S. 0000-0001-9056-6961 caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":3126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Caroline","email":"caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85816,"text":"ofr20081227 - 2008 - Using the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory LT-MDL to Evaluate and Analyze Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"ofr20081227","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1227","title":"Using the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory LT-MDL to Evaluate and Analyze Data","docAbstract":"A long-term method detection level (LT-MDL) and laboratory reporting level (LRL) are used by the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) when reporting results from most chemical analyses of water samples. Changing to this method provided data users with additional information about their data and often resulted in more reported values in the low concentration range. Before this method was implemented, many of these values would have been censored.\r\n\r\nThe use of the LT-MDL and LRL presents some challenges for the data user. Interpreting data in the low concentration range increases the need for adequate quality assurance because even small contamination or recovery problems can be relatively large compared to concentrations near the LT-MDL and LRL. In addition, the definition of the LT-MDL, as well as the inclusion of low values, can result in complex data sets with multiple censoring levels and reported values that are less than a censoring level. Improper interpretation or statistical manipulation of low-range results in these data sets can result in bias and incorrect conclusions.\r\n\r\nThis document is designed to help data users use and interpret data reported with the LTMDL/ LRL method. The calculation and application of the LT-MDL and LRL are described. This document shows how to extract statistical information from the LT-MDL and LRL and how to use that information in USGS investigations, such as assessing the quality of field data, interpreting field data, and planning data collection for new projects. A set of 19 detailed examples are included in this document to help data users think about their data and properly interpret lowrange data without introducing bias. Although this document is not meant to be a comprehensive resource of statistical methods, several useful methods of analyzing censored data are demonstrated, including Regression on Order Statistics and Kaplan-Meier Estimation. These two statistical methods handle complex censored data sets without resorting to substitution, thereby avoiding a common source of bias and inaccuracy.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081227","usgsCitation":"Bonn, B.A., 2008, Using the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory LT-MDL to Evaluate and Analyze Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1227, iv, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081227.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11510,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1227/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602e2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonn, Bernadine A.","contributorId":105707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonn","given":"Bernadine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85817,"text":"ds340 - 2008 - Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47584,"text":"wri20034245 - 2003 - Estimated Ground-Water Withdrawals from the Death Valley Regional Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-98","indexId":"wri20034245","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated Ground-Water Withdrawals from the Death Valley Regional Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-98"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":85817,"text":"ds340 - 2008 - Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","indexId":"ds340","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ds340","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"340","title":"Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003","docAbstract":"Ground-water withdrawal estimates from 1913 through 2003 for the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system are compiled in an electronic database to support a regional, three-dimensional, transient ground-water flow model. This database updates a previously published database that compiled estimates of ground-water withdrawals for 1913-1998. The same methodology is used to construct each database. Primary differences between the 2 databases are an additional 5 years of ground-water withdrawal data, well locations in the updated database are restricted to Death Valley regional ground-water flow system model boundary, and application rates are from 0 to 1.5 feet per year lower than original estimates. The lower application rates result from revised estimates of crop consumptive use, which are based on updated estimates of potential evapotranspiration. In 2003, about 55,700 acre-feet of ground water was pumped in the DVRFS, of which 69 percent was used for irrigation, 13 percent for domestic, and 18 percent for public supply, commercial, and mining activities.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds340","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Site Office, under Interagency Agreement, DE-AI52-07NA28100, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and Nye County","usgsCitation":"Moreo, M.T., and Justet, L., 2008, Update to the Ground-Water Withdrawals Database for the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System, Nevada and California, 1913-2003 (Supersedes WRI 2003-4245): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 340, Report: iv, 10 p.; ZIP, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds340.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; ZIP","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1913-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11511,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/340/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,35 ], [ -118,38.5 ], [ -114.5,38.5 ], [ -114.5,35 ], [ -118,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Supersedes WRI 2003-4245","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreo, Michael T. 0000-0002-9122-6958 mtmoreo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-6958","contributorId":2363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreo","given":"Michael","email":"mtmoreo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Justet, Leigh ljustet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justet","given":"Leigh","email":"ljustet@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85815,"text":"ofr20081215 - 2008 - Winds, Waves, Tides, and the Resulting Flow Patterns and Fluxes of Water, Sediment, and Coral Larvae off West Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:46","indexId":"ofr20081215","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1215","title":"Winds, Waves, Tides, and the Resulting Flow Patterns and Fluxes of Water, Sediment, and Coral Larvae off West Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A series of recent studies has focused on the flow patterns and particle fluxes along the coast of West Maui, Hawaii, USA, from Honolua south to Puumana. From those studies a relatively good understanding has emerged of the physical processes that influence the relative amount of suspended sediment in nearshore waters and the circulation patterns that transport sediment and coral larvae along the coast and between islands. This report is a synthesis of our existing knowledge on the nature of flow and transport off West Maui.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081215","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., and Field, M.E., 2008, Winds, Waves, Tides, and the Resulting Flow Patterns and Fluxes of Water, Sediment, and Coral Larvae off West Maui, Hawaii (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1215, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081215.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11509,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.83333333333334,20.833333333333332 ], [ -156.83333333333334,21.083333333333332 ], [ -156.58333333333334,21.083333333333332 ], [ -156.58333333333334,20.833333333333332 ], [ -156.83333333333334,20.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e29e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85813,"text":"ofr20081125 - 2008 - Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T15:51:45.26653","indexId":"ofr20081125","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1125","title":"Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology","docAbstract":"The geomorphology and vegetation of marsh-dominated coastal lowlands were mapped from airborne laser data points collected on the Gulf Coast of Florida near Cedar Key. Surface models were developed using low- and high-point filters to separate ground-surface and vegetation-canopy intercepts. In a non-automated process, the landscape was partitioned into functional landscape units to manage the modeling of key landscape features in discrete processing steps. The final digital ground surface-elevation model offers a faithful representation of topographic relief beneath canopies of tidal marsh and coastal forest. Bare-earth models approximate field-surveyed heights by + 0.17 m in the open marsh and + 0.22 m under thick marsh or forest canopy. The laser-derived digital surface models effectively delineate surface features of relatively inaccessible coastal habitats with a geographic coverage and vertical detail previously unavailable.
Coastal topographic details include tidal-creek tributaries, levees, modest topographic undulations in the intertidal zone, karst features, silviculture, and relict sand dunes under coastal-forest canopy. A combination of laser-derived ground-surface and canopy-height models and intensity values provided additional mapping capabilities to differentiate between tidal-marsh zones and forest types such as mesic flatwood, hydric hammock, and oak scrub. Additional derived products include fine-scale shoreline and topographic profiles. The derived products demonstrate the capability to identify areas of concern to resource managers and unique components of the coastal system from laser altimetry.
Because the very nature of a wetland system presents difficulties for access and data collection, airborne coverage from remote sensors has become an accepted alternative for monitoring wetland regions. Data acquisition with airborne laser represents a viable option for mapping coastal topography and for evaluating habitats and coastal change on marsh-dominated coasts. Such datasets can be instrumental in effective coastal-resource management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081125","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E.A., Harris, M.S., Shrestha, R.L., and Carter, W.E., 2008, Derivation of ground surface and vegetation in a coastal Florida wetland with airborne laser technology: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1125, Report: iv, 37 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081125.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 37 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":277,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center - St. Petersburg","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423275,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83770.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11507,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.25388074630841\n ],\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.125143239327585\n ],\n [\n -82.73007568031433,\n 29.125143239327585\n ],\n [\n -82.73007568031433,\n 29.25388074630841\n ],\n [\n -83.09166493511204,\n 29.25388074630841\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen A. eraabe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","email":"eraabe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Melanie S.","contributorId":26032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shrestha, Ramesh L.","contributorId":35835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrestha","given":"Ramesh","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, William E.","contributorId":18470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85814,"text":"ofr20081157 - 2008 - Mapping of Florida's coastal and marine resources: Setting priorities workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T12:05:07.967619","indexId":"ofr20081157","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1157","title":"Mapping of Florida's coastal and marine resources: Setting priorities workshop","docAbstract":"The importance of mapping habitats and bioregions as a means to improve resource management has become increasingly clear. Large areas of the waters surrounding Florida are unmapped or incompletely mapped, possibly hindering proper management and good decisionmaking. Mapping of these ecosystems is among the top priorities identified by the Florida Oceans and Coastal Council in their Annual Science Research Plan. However, lack of prioritization among the coastal and marine areas and lack of coordination of agency efforts impede efficient, cost–effective mapping.
A workshop on Mapping of Florida’s Coastal and Marine Resources was sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), and Southeastern Regional Partnership for Planning and Sustainability (SERPPAS). The workshop was held at the USGS Florida Integrated Science Center (FISC) in St. Petersburg, FL, on February 7-8, 2007. The workshop was designed to provide State, Federal, university, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) the opportunity to discuss their existing data coverage and create a prioritization of areas for new mapping data in Florida. Specific goals of the workshop were multifold, including to:
Over 90 invited participants representing more than 30 State and Federal agencies, universities, NGOs, and private industries played a large role in the success of this two-day workshop. State of Florida agency participants created a ranked priority order for mapping 13 different regions around Florida. The data needed for each of the 13 priority regions were outlined. A matrix considering State and Federal priorities was created, utilizing input from all agencies. The matrix showed overlapping interests of the entities and will allow for partnering and leveraging of resources.
The five most basic mapping needs were determined to be bathymetry, high-vertical resolution coastline for sea-level rise scenarios, shoreline change, subsurface geology, and benthic habitats at sufficient scale. There was a clear convergence on the need to coordinate mapping activities around the state. Suggestions for coordination included:
There was general consensus on the need to adopt a single habitat classification system and a strategy to accommodate existing systems smoothly. Unresolved aspects of the systems warrant that a separate workshop would be needed to work out details.
Participants recognized that the State priority list would necessarily be updated periodically. An annual review of priorities would facilitate information exchange, mapping activities updates, and re-allocation of funding among changing priorities.
It was recognized that mapping of State waters would take billions of dollars and in light of tightening budgets there was need for processes that could be used to appropriate or leverage monies for mapping and reduce data-collection costs. Fourteen different avenues were explored. There was a clear consensus that the linking of public to private partnerships to support mapping was imperative, and ways to achieve this were discussed.
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ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-01T11:38:40.964441","indexId":"ofr20081217","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1217","displayTitle":"Annotated Definitions of Selected Geomorphic Terms and Related Terms of Hydrology, Sedimentology, Soil Science and Ecology","title":"Annotated definitions of selected geomorphic terms and related terms of hydrology, sedimentology, soil science and ecology","docAbstract":"No astract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Office of Surface Water, U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., 2008, Annotated definitions of selected geomorphic terms and related terms of hydrology, sedimentology, soil science and ecology: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1217, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081217.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11506,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c0fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85809,"text":"fs20083047 - 2008 - Bed-material entrainment and associated transportation infrastructure problems in streams of the Edwards Plateau, central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T13:14:10","indexId":"fs20083047","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3047","title":"Bed-material entrainment and associated transportation infrastructure problems in streams of the Edwards Plateau, central Texas","docAbstract":"The Texas Department of Transportation commonly builds and maintains low-water crossings (LWCs) over streams in the Edwards Plateau in Central Texas. LWCs are low-height structures, typically constructed of concrete and asphalt, that provide acceptable passage over seasonal rivers or streams with relatively low normal-depth flow. They are designed to accommodate flow by roadway overtopping during high-flow events. The streams of the Edwards Plateau are characterized by cobble- and gravel-sized bed material and highly variable flow regimes. Low base flows that occur most of the time occasionally are interrupted by severe floods. The floods entrain and transport substantial loads of bed material in the stream channels. As a result, LWCs over streams in the Edwards Plateau are bombarded and abraded by bed material during floods and periodically must be maintained or even replaced.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., and Asquith, W.H., 2008, Bed-material entrainment and associated transportation infrastructure problems in streams of the Edwards Plateau, central Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3047, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083047.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3047.jpg"},{"id":11502,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327669,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3047/pdf/fs2008-3047.pdf","size":"3.04 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101,29.25 ], [ -101,31 ], [ -99,31 ], [ -99,29.25 ], [ -101,29.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63df0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Franklin T.","contributorId":67476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70000421,"text":"70000421 - 2008 - Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:16:46.748703","indexId":"70000421","displayToPublicDate":"2008-07-01T23:09:23","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry","docAbstract":"Holocene debris flows do not occur uniformly on the Colorado Plateau province of North America. Debris flows occur in specific areas of the plateau, resulting in general from the combination of steep topography, intense convective precipitation, abundant poorly sorted material not stabilized by vegetation, and the exposure of certain fine-grained bedrock units in cliffs or in colluvium beneath those cliffs. In Grand and Cataract Canyons, fine-grained bedrock that produces debris flows contains primarily single-layer clays—notably illite and kaolinite—and has low multilayer clay content. This clay-mineral suite also occurs in the colluvium that produces debris flows as well as in debris-flow deposits, although unconsolidated deposits have less illite than the source bedrock. We investigate the relation between the clay mineralogy and major-cation chemistry of fine-grained bedrock units and the occurrence of debris flows on the entire Colorado Plateau. We determined that 85 mapped fine-grained bedrock units potentially could produce debris flows, and we analyzed clay mineralogy and major-cation concentration of 52 of the most widely distributed units, particularly those exposed in steep topography. Fine-grained bedrock units that produce debris flows contained an average of 71% kaolinite and illite and 5% montmorillonite and have a higher concentration of potassium and magnesium than nonproducing units, which have an average of 51% montmorillonite and a higher concentration of sodium. We used multivariate statistics to discriminate fine-grained bedrock units with the potential to produce debris flows, and we used digital-elevation models and mapped distribution of debris-flow producing units to derive a map that predicts potential occurrence of Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B26055.1","usgsCitation":"Webb, R.H., Griffiths, P.G., and Rudd, L.P., 2008, Holocene debris flows on the Colorado Plateau: The influence of clay mineralogy and chemistry: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, no. 7-8, p. 1010-1020, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26055.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1010","endPage":"1020","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.985107421875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -105.391845703125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -106.94091796875,\n 39.18969082109678\n ],\n [\n -107.81982421874999,\n 40.48038142908172\n ],\n [\n -109.22607421875,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -110.819091796875,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -111.412353515625,\n 38.77978137804918\n ],\n [\n -113.0712890625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -113.70849609375,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -114.114990234375,\n 35.03899204678081\n ],\n [\n -112.97241210937499,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -109.62158203125,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -106.80908203125,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -105.985107421875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":345703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rudd, L. P.","contributorId":78446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudd","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":345702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}