{"pageNumber":"2156","pageRowStart":"53875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":82140,"text":"sir20075207 - 2008 - Synthesis of the Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System and Delineation of a Major Avon Park Permeable Zone in Central and Southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sir20075207","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5207","title":"Synthesis of the Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System and Delineation of a Major Avon Park Permeable Zone in Central and Southern Florida","docAbstract":"The carbonate Floridan aquifer system of central and southern Florida (south of a latitude of about 29 degrees north) is an invaluable resource with a complex framework that has previously been mapped and managed primarily in a subregional context according to geopolitical boundaries. As interest and use of the Floridan aquifer system in this area increase, a consistent regional hydrogeologic framework is needed for effective management across these boundaries.\r\n      This study synthesizes previous studies on the Floridan aquifer system and introduces a new regional hydrogeologic conceptual framework, linking physical relations between central and southern Florida and between the west and east coastal areas. The differences in hydrogeologic nomenclature and interpretation across the study area from previous studies were identified and resolved. The Floridan aquifer system consists of the Upper Floridan aquifer, middle confining unit, and Lower Floridan aquifer. This study introduces and delineates a new major, regional productive zone or subaquifer, referred to as the Avon Park permeable zone. This zone is contained within the middle confining unit and synthesizes an extensive zone that has been referred to differently in different parts of the study area in previous studies. The name of this zone derives from the description of this zone as the ?Avon Park highly permeable zone? in west-central Florida in a previous study. Additionally, this zone has been identified previously in southeastern Florida as the ?middle Floridan aquifer.?\r\n      An approximately correlative or approximate time-stratigraphic framework was developed and was used to provide guidance in the identification and determination of aquifers, subaquifers, and confining units within the Floridan aquifer system and to determine their structural relations. Two stratigraphic marker horizons within the Floridan aquifer system and a marker unit near the top of the aquifer system were delineated or mapped. The marker horizons are correlative points in the stratigraphic section rather than a unit with upper and lower boundaries. The two marker horizons and the marker unit originated from previous studies, wherein they were based on lithology and correlation of geophysical log signatures observed in boreholes. The depths of these marker horizons and the marker unit were extended throughout the study area by correlation of natural gamma-ray logs between wells. The Floridan aquifer system includes, in ascending order, the upper part of the Cedar Keys Formation, Oldsmar Formation, Avon Park Formation, Ocala Limestone, Suwannee Limestone, and in some areas the lower part of the Hawthorn Group. The first marker horizon is in the lower part of the aquifer system near the top of the Oldsmar Formation and is associated with the top of distinctive glauconitic limestone beds that are present in some regions; the second marker horizon is near the middle of the aquifer system in the middle part of the Avon Park Formation. The marker unit lies at the top of a basal unit in the Hawthorn Group and provides a stratigraphic constraint for the top of the Floridan aquifer system. The marker horizons do not have distinguishing lithologic characteristics or a characteristic gamma-ray log pattern in all areas but are still thought to be valid because of correlation of the entire section and correlation of all sufficiently deep wells with gamma-ray logs.\r\n      The Avon Park permeable zone is contained entirely within the Avon Park Formation; its position within the section is either near the middle Avon Park marker horizon or within a thick part of the section that extends several hundred feet above the marker horizon. This subaquifer is present over most of the study area and characteristically consists of thick units of dolostone and interbedded limestone, and limestone in its upper part. Permeability is primarily associated with fracturing. This subaquifer is well developed in west-cen","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Richardson, E., 2008, Synthesis of the Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System and Delineation of a Major Avon Park Permeable Zone in Central and Southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5207, Report: vi, 60 p.; Appendixes; 4 Plates; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075207.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 60 p.; Appendixes; 4 Plates; Also available on CD-ROM","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5207.jpg"},{"id":11420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.25,24.5 ], [ -83.25,29 ], [ -79.75,29 ], [ -79.75,24.5 ], [ -83.25,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Emily 0000-0003-2696-8266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2696-8266","contributorId":87644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Emily","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82138,"text":"sir20085080 - 2008 - Estimated Loads of Suspended Sediment and Selected Trace Elements Transported through Milltown Reservoir in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, Water Years 2004-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"sir20085080","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5080","title":"Estimated Loads of Suspended Sediment and Selected Trace Elements Transported through Milltown Reservoir in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, Water Years 2004-07","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to present estimated daily and annual loads of suspended sediment and selected trace elements for water years 2004-07 at two sites upstream and one site downstream from Milltown Reservoir. Milltown Reservoir is a National Priorities List Superfund site in the upper Clark Fork basin of western Montana where sediments enriched in trace elements from historical mining and ore processing have been deposited since the construction of Milltown Dam in 1907. The estimated loads were used to quantify annual net gains and losses (mass balance) of suspended sediment and trace elements within Milltown Reservoir before and after June 1, 2006, which was the start of Stage 1 of a permanent drawdown of the reservoir in preparation for removal of Milltown Dam. This study was done in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\r\n\r\nDaily loads of suspended sediment were estimated for water years 2004-07 by using either high-frequency sampling as part of daily sediment monitoring or regression equations relating suspended-sediment discharge to streamflow. Daily loads of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc were estimated by using regression equations relating trace-element discharge to suspended-sediment discharge. Regression equations were developed from data for eriodic water-quality samples collected during water years 2004-07. The equations were applied to daily records of either streamflow or suspended-sediment discharge to produce estimated daily loads.\r\n\r\nVariations in daily suspended-sediment and trace-element loads generally coincided with variations in streamflow. For most of the period before June 1, 2006, differences in daily loads transported to and from Milltown Reservoir were minor or indicated small amounts of deposition; however, losses of suspended sediment and trace elements from the reservoir occurred during temporary drawdowns in July-August 2004 and October-December 2005. After the start of Stage 1 of the permanent drawdown on June 1, 2006, losses of suspended sediment and trace elements from the reservoir persisted for all streamflow conditions during the entire interval of the Stage 1 drawdown (June 1, 2006-September 30, 2007) within the study period.\r\n\r\nEstimated daily loads of suspended sediment and trace elements were summed for each year to produce estimated annual loads used to determine the annual net gains (deposition) or losses (erosion) of each constituent within Milltown Reservoir during water years 2004-07. During water year 2004, there was an annual net gain of suspended sediment in the reservoir. The annual net gains and losses of trace elements were inconsistent in water year 2004, with gains occurring for arsenic ad iron, but losses occurring for cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc. In water year 2005, there were annual net gains of suspended sediment and all the trace elements within the reservoir. In water year 2006, there were annual net losses of all constituents from the reservoir, likely as the result of sediment erosion from the reservoir during both a temporary drawdown in October-December 2005 and Stage 1 of the permanent drawdown that continued after June 1, 2006. In water year 2007, when the Stage 1 drawdown was in effect for the entire year, there were large annual net losses of suspended sediment and trace elements from the reservoir. The annual net losses of constituents from Milltown Reservoir in water year 2007 were the largest of any year during the 2004-07 study period. In water year 2007, the annual net loss of suspended sediment from the reservoir was 130,000 tons, which was more than double (about 222 percent) the combined inflow to the reservoir. The largest annual net losses of trace elements in water year 2007, in percent of the combined inflow to the reservoir, occurred for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc-about 190 percent for cadmium, 170 percent for copper, 150 percent for lead, and 238 p","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lambing, J.H., and Sando, S.K., 2008, Estimated Loads of Suspended Sediment and Selected Trace Elements Transported through Milltown Reservoir in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, Water Years 2004-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5080, vi, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085080.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2007-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,45.75 ], [ -114.5,47 ], [ -112,47 ], [ -112,45.75 ], [ -114.5,45.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambing, John H.","contributorId":64272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sando, Steven K. 0000-0003-1206-1030 sksando@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1030","contributorId":1016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Steven","email":"sksando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82139,"text":"sir20085006 - 2008 - Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:16","indexId":"sir20085006","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5006","title":"Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone","docAbstract":"This report documents the computer program INFIL3.0, which is a grid-based, distributed-parameter, deterministic water-balance watershed model that calculates the temporal and spatial distribution of daily net infiltration of water across the lower boundary of the root zone. The bottom of the root zone is the estimated maximum depth below ground surface affected by evapotranspiration. In many field applications, net infiltration below the bottom of the root zone can be assumed to equal net recharge to an underlying water-table aquifer. The daily water balance simulated by INFIL3.0 includes precipitation as either rain or snow; snowfall accumulation, sublimation, and snowmelt; infiltration into the root zone; evapotranspiration from the root zone; drainage and water-content redistribution within the root-zone profile; surface-water runoff from, and run-on to, adjacent grid cells; and net infiltration across the bottom of the root zone.\r\n\r\nThe water-balance model uses daily climate records of precipitation and air temperature and a spatially distributed representation of drainage-basin characteristics defined by topography, geology, soils, and vegetation to simulate daily net infiltration at all locations, including stream channels with intermittent streamflow in response to runoff from rain and snowmelt. The model does not simulate streamflow originating as ground-water discharge. Drainage-basin characteristics are represented in the model by a set of spatially distributed input variables uniquely assigned to\r\neach grid cell of a model grid.\r\n\r\nThe report provides a description of the conceptual model of net infiltration on which the INFIL3.0 computer code is based and a detailed discussion of the methods by which INFIL3.0 simulates the net-infiltration process. The report also includes instructions for preparing input files necessary for an INFIL3.0 simulation, a description of the output files that are created as part of an INFIL3.0 simulation, and a sample problem that illustrates application of the code to a field setting. Brief descriptions of the main program routine and of each of the modules and subroutines of the INFIL3.0 code, as well as definitions of the variables used in each subroutine, are provided in an appendix.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085006","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Documentation of Computer Program INFIL3.0 - A Distributed-Parameter Watershed Model to Estimate Net Infiltration Below the Root Zone: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5006, viii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085006.","productDescription":"viii, 99 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11419,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e418","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":82142,"text":"fs20083036 - 2008 - Assessment of undiscovered biogenic gas resources, North-central Montana Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:56:03","indexId":"fs20083036","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3036","title":"Assessment of undiscovered biogenic gas resources, North-central Montana Province","docAbstract":"Application of a geology-based assessment methodology by the U.S. Geological Survey resulted in an estimated mean of 6,192 billion cubic feet of shallow biogenic (continuous) undiscovered gas in the North-Central Montana Province. Oil, gas, and natural gas liquids in conventional accumulations were not assessed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20083036","usgsCitation":"Ridgley, J.L., Anna, L.O., Condon, S.M., Fishman, N.S., Hester, T.C., Lillis, P.G., Rowan, E.L., Charpentier, R., Cook, T.A., Crovelli, R.A., Klett, T.R., and Schenk, C.J., 2008, Assessment of undiscovered biogenic gas resources, North-central Montana Province (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3036, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083036.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3036.jpg"},{"id":11424,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3036/","text":"Index page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":357781,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3036/pdf/FS08-3036_508.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"North-Central Montana Province","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,44 ], [ -114.5,49 ], [ -103,49 ], [ -103,44 ], [ -114.5,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486ce4b07f02db50b31e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgley, Jennie L. ridgley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgley","given":"Jennie","email":"ridgley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":746352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anna, Lawrence O.","contributorId":107318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anna","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Condon, Steven M.","contributorId":95464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hester, Timothy C.","contributorId":21995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lillis, Paul G. 0000-0002-7508-1699 plillis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1699","contributorId":1817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillis","given":"Paul","email":"plillis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Charpentier, Ronald charpentier@usgs.gov","contributorId":150415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charpentier","given":"Ronald","email":"charpentier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cook, Troy A.","contributorId":52519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Crovelli, Robert A.","contributorId":92242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Klett, Timothy R. 0000-0001-9779-1168 tklett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-1168","contributorId":150416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"Timothy","email":"tklett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":82136,"text":"ofr20081142 - 2008 - Uranium-Lead Zircon Ages and Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Selected Plutonic Rocks from Western Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081142","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1142","title":"Uranium-Lead Zircon Ages and Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Selected Plutonic Rocks from Western Idaho","docAbstract":"Across the Salmon River suture in western Idaho, where allochthonous Permian to Cretaceous oceanic rocks are juxtaposed against Proterozoic North American rocks, a wide variety of plutonic rocks are exposed. Available data indicate much variation in composition, source, and structural state of these plutons. The plutonic rocks were long described as the western border zone of the Cretaceous Idaho batholith but limited pre-existing age data indicate more complicated origins. Because the affinity and age of the plutonic rocks cannot be reliably determined from field relations, TIMS U-Pb dating in conjunction with Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic studies of selected plutons across the suture in western Idaho were undertaken. The data indicate three general groups of plutons including (1) those that intruded the island arc terranes during the Triassic and Jurassic, those that intruded near the western edge of oceanic rocks along the suture in the Early Cretaceous, and the plutons of the Idaho batholith that intruded Proterozoic North American rocks in the Late Cretaceous. Plutons that intruded Proterozoic North American rocks commonly include xenocrystic zircons and in several cases, ages could not be determined. The least radiogenic Sr and most radiogenic Nd are found among the Blue Mountains superterrane island arc samples. Suture-zone plutons have isotopic characteristics that span the range between Idaho batholith and island arc samples but mostly follow island arc signatures. Plutons of the Idaho batholith have the most radiogenic initial Pb and Sr ratios and the least radiogenic Nd of the samples analyzed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081142","usgsCitation":"Unruh, D., Lund, K., Kuntz, M., and Snee, L., 2008, Uranium-Lead Zircon Ages and Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotope Geochemistry of Selected Plutonic Rocks from Western Idaho (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1142, ii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081142.","productDescription":"ii, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11416,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1142/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,44.5 ], [ -117,47 ], [ -114,47 ], [ -114,44.5 ], [ -117,44.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605422","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unruh, Daniel M.","contributorId":96291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"Daniel M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuntz, Mel A. 0000-0001-8828-5474","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-5474","contributorId":6446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuntz","given":"Mel A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70210604,"text":"70210604 - 2008 - Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T17:57:30.283714","indexId":"70210604","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T14:09:39","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H<sub>2</sub>S initiation","title":"Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) is known to catalyze thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) by hydrocarbons (HC), but the reaction mechanism remains unclear. To understand the mechanism of this catalytic reaction, a series of isothermal gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 330&nbsp;°C for 24&nbsp;h under a constant confining pressure of 24.1&nbsp;MPa. The reactants used were saturated HC (sulfur-free) and CaSO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in the presence of variable H<sub>2</sub>S partial pressures at three different pH conditions. The experimental results showed that the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in</i>-<i>situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>pH of the aqueous solution (herein,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in</i>-<i>situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>pH refers to the calculated pH of aqueous solution under the experimental conditions) can significantly affect the rate of the TSR reaction. A substantial increase in the TSR reaction rate was recorded with a decrease in the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in</i>-<i>situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>pH value of the aqueous solution involved. A positive correlation between the rate of TSR and the initial partial pressure of H<sub>2</sub>S occurred under acidic conditions (at<span>&nbsp;</span><i>pH</i><span>&nbsp;</span>∼3–3.5). However, sulfate reduction at pH ∼5.0 was undetectable even at high initial H<sub>2</sub>S concentrations. To investigate whether the reaction of H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>(aq)</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mmultiscripts is=&quot;true&quot;><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mtext is=&quot;true&quot;>HSO</mtext></mrow><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mn is=&quot;true&quot;>4</mn></mrow><none is=&quot;true&quot; /><none is=&quot;true&quot; /><mrow is=&quot;true&quot;><mo is=&quot;true&quot;>-</mo></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HSO4-</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>occurs at pH ∼3, an additional series of isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments was conducted with CaSO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and variable H<sub>2</sub>S partial pressures in the absence of HC at the same experimental temperature and pressure conditions. CaSO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>reduction was not measurable in the absence of paraffin even with high H<sub>2</sub>S pressure and acidic conditions. These experimental observations indicate that the formation of organosulfur intermediates from H<sub>2</sub>S reacting with hydrocarbons may play a significant role in sulfate reduction under our experimental conditions rather than the formation of elemental sulfur from H<sub>2</sub>S reacting with sulfate as has been suggested previously (Toland W. G. (1960) Oxidation of organic compounds with aqueous sulphate.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</i><span>&nbsp;</span><strong>82</strong>, 1911–1916).</p><p>Quantification of labile organosulfur compounds (LSC), such as thiols and sulfides, was performed on the products of the reaction of H<sub>2</sub>S and HC from a series of gold-tube non-isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments conducted at about pH 3 from 300 to 370&nbsp;°C and a 0.1-°C/h heating rate. Incorporation of sulfur into HC resulted in an appreciable amount of thiol and sulfide formation. The rate of LSC formation positively correlated with the initial H<sub>2</sub>S pressure. Thus, we propose that the LSC produced from H<sub>2</sub>S reaction with HC are most likely the reactive intermediates for H<sub>2</sub>S initiation of sulfate reduction. We further propose a three-step reaction scheme of sulfate reduction by HC under reservoir conditions, and discuss the geological implications of our experimental findings with regard to the effect of formation water and oil chemistry, in particular LSC content.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.036","usgsCitation":"Zhang, T., Amrani, A., Ellis, G., Ma, Q., Tang, Y., and Applegate, D., 2008, Experimental investigation on thermochemical sulfate reduction by H2S initiation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 14, p. 3518-3530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.036.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3518","endPage":"3530","ipdsId":"IP-002979","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":225224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[{"id":29860,"text":"CA Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Applegate, David 0000-0001-5570-3449 applegate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-3449","contributorId":225222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"David","email":"applegate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":790782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70210603,"text":"70210603 - 2008 - The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T18:03:11.510387","indexId":"70210603","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T11:49:03","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>The reduction of sulfate to sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide, commonly referred to as thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), is an important abiotic alteration process that most commonly occurs in hot carbonate petroleum reservoirs. In the present study we focus on the role that organic labile sulfur compounds play in increasing the rate of TSR. A series of gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted with&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>-octane and CaSO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;in the presence of reduced sulfur (e.g. H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S, S°, organic S) at temperatures of 330 and 356</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>°C under a constant confining pressure. The in-situ pH was buffered to 3.5 (∼6.3 at room temperature) with talc and silica. For comparison, three types of oil with different total S and labile S contents were reacted under similar conditions. The results show that the initial presence of organic or inorganic sulfur compounds increases the rate of TSR. However, organic sulfur compounds, such as 1-pentanethiol or diethyldisulfide, were significantly more effective in increasing the rate of TSR than H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S or elemental sulfur (on a mole S basis). The increase in rate is achieved at relatively low concentrations of 1-pentanethiol, less than 1</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>wt% of the total&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>-octane, which is comparable to the concentration of organic S that is common in many oils (∼0.3</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>wt%). We examined several potential reaction mechanisms to explain the observed reactivity of organic LSC. First, the release of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S from the thermal degradation of thiols was discounted as an important mechanism due to the significantly greater reactivity of thiol compared to an equivalent amount of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S. Second, we considered the generation of olefines in association with the elimination of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S during thermal degradation of thiols because olefines are much more reactive than&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>-alkanes during TSR. In our experiments, olefines increased the rate of TSR, but were less effective than 1-pentanethiol and other organic LSC. Third, the thermal decomposition of organic LSC creates free-radicals that in turn might initiate a radical chain-reaction that creates more reactive species. Experiments involving radical initiators, such as diethyldisulfide and benzyldisulfide, did not show an increase in reactivity compared to 1-pentanethiol. Therefore, we conclude that none of these can sufficiently explain our observations of the initial stages of TSR; they may, however, be important in the later stages. In order to gain greater insight into the potential mechanism for the observed reactivity of these organic sulfur compounds during TSR, we applied density functional theory-based molecular modeling techniques to our system. The results of these calculations indicate that 1-pentanethiol or its thermal degradation products may directly react with sulfate and reduce the activation energy required to rupture the first S–O bond through the formation of a sulfate ester. This study demonstrates the importance of labile sulfur compounds in reducing the onset timing and temperature of TSR. It is therefore essential that labile sulfur concentrations are taken into consideration when trying to make accurate predictions of TSR kinetics and the potential for H</span><sub>2</sub><span>S accumulation in petroleum reservoirs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.022","usgsCitation":"Amrani, A., Ellis, G., Zhang, T., Ma, Q., and Tang, Y., 2008, The role of labile sulfur compounds in thermal chemical sulfate reduction: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 12, p. 2960-2972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.022.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2960","endPage":"2972","ipdsId":"IP-003056","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":49258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":41078,"text":"Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":41076,"text":"Power, Environmental, and Energy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70210602,"text":"70210602 - 2008 - Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T18:01:10.33029","indexId":"70210602","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T11:42:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"<p>The abiotic, thermochemically controlled reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide coupled with the oxidation of hydrocarbons, is termed thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), and is an important alteration process that affects petroleum accumulations in nature. Although TSR is commonly observed in high-temperature carbonate reservoirs, it has proven difficult to simulate in the laboratory under conditions resembling nature. The present study was designed to evaluate the relative reactivities of various sulfate species in order to provide greater insight into the mechanism of TSR and potentially to fill the gap between laboratory experimental data and geological observations. Accordingly, quantum mechanics density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the activation energy required to reach a potential transition state for various aqueous systems involving simple hydrocarbons and different sulfate species. The entire reaction process that results in the reduction of sulfate to sulfide is far too complex to be modeled entirely; therefore, we examined what is believed to be the rate limiting step, namely, the reduction of sulfate S(VI) to sulfite S(IV). The results of the study show that water-solvated sulfate anions<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></span></span><sup><span>&nbsp;</span></sup>are very stable due to their symmetrical molecular structure and spherical electronic distributions. Consequently, in the absence of catalysis, the reactivity of<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>is expected to be extremely low. However, both the protonation of sulfate to form bisulfate anions (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span></span></span>) and the formation of metal-sulfate contact ion-pairs could effectively destabilize the sulfate molecular structure, thereby making it more reactive.</p><p>Previous reports of experimental simulations of TSR generally have involved the use of acidic solutions that contain elevated concentrations of&nbsp;<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\">\"<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>relative to<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></span></span>. However, in formation waters typically encountered in petroleum reservoirs, the concentration of&nbsp;<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span></span></span><sup><span>&nbsp;</span></sup>is likely to be significantly lower than the levels used in the laboratory, with most of the dissolved sulfate occurring as<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></span></span>, aqueous calcium sulfate ([CaSO<sub>4</sub>]<sub>(aq)</sub>), and aqueous magnesium sulfate ([MgSO<sub>4</sub>]<sub>(aq)</sub>). Our calculations indicate that TSR reactions that occur in natural environments are most likely to involve bisulfate ions (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-8-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span></span></span>) and/or magnesium sulfate contact ion-pairs ([MgSO<sub>4</sub>]<sub>CIP</sub>) rather than ‘free’ sulfate ions (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span></span></span>) or solvated sulfate ion-pairs, and that water chemistry likely plays a significant role in controlling the rate of TSR.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061","usgsCitation":"Ma, Q., Ellis, G.S., Amrani, A., Zhang, T., and Tang, Y., 2008, Theoretical study on the reactivity of sulfate species with hydrocarbons: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 72, no. 18, p. 4565-4576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.061.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4565","endPage":"4576","ipdsId":"IP-002841","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, Qisheng","contributorId":225212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Qisheng","affiliations":[{"id":41076,"text":"Power, Environmental, and Energy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amrani, Alon","contributorId":225213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amrani","given":"Alon","affiliations":[{"id":41077,"text":"Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":225214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[{"id":41078,"text":"Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tang, Yongchun","contributorId":225215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Yongchun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":82135,"text":"sir20075194 - 2008 - Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T21:29:20.751557","indexId":"sir20075194","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5194","title":"Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water in the upper aquifer of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system historically has been the principal source of public-supply and self-supplied industrial water use in north-central Puerto Rico. Development of the aquifer for these two major water-use categories began in about 1930; however, withdrawals did not become an important water-supply source for sustaining local development until the 1960s. Ground-water withdrawals averaged about 6 million gallons per day from 1948 to the mid-1960s and peaked at about 33 million gallons per day in the 1980s. Withdrawals have since declined, averaging about 11.5 million gallons per day in 2002. Aquifer contamination by industrial chemical spills and by nitrates from agricultural and domestic sources initially reduced pumpage for public-supply use within localized areas, leading eventually to increased withdrawals at unaffected well fields.</p><p>The long-term effect of unconstrained ground-water withdrawals has been a regional thinning of the freshwater lens in an area encompassing 50,600 acres between the Río Grande de Manatí and Río de la Plata, generally north of latitude 18º25’. The effects of aquifer overdraft have been documented in the regional thinning of the freshwater lens, with an increase in dissolved-solids concentration in ground-water wells. Dissolved-solids concentration in public-supply wells were generally between 250 and 350 milligrams per liter during the 1960s, but increased to greater than 500 milligrams per liter in virtually all of the wells by 2000.</p><p>Depletion of fresh ground water was estimated at 282,000 acre-feet: 103,000 acre-feet in the Río Grande de Manatí to Río Cibuco area between 1960 and 1995, and 179,000 acre-feet in the Río Cibuco to Río de la Plata area between 1960 and 1992. Thus, aquifer freshwater volume depletion below mean sea level datum may have contributed as much as 38 percent (7.5 million gallons per day) of the 20-million gallons per day average withdrawal rate during the stated time periods. The calculated depletion of aquifer freshwater volume is equivalent to an average long-term rate of 8,400 acre-feet per year. Aquifer withdrawals can be anticipated to decline to about 10 million gallons per day by 2010 at the projected trend of well closures. The lost supply would have to be compensated from surface-water sources because the part of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system south of latitude 18º25’, although less vulnerable to saline-water encroachment, is not as productive.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Gómez-Gómez, F., 2008, Estimation of the change in freshwater volume in the North Coast Limestone upper aquifer of Puerto Rico in the Rio Grande de Manati-Rio de la Plata area between 1960 and 1990 and Implications on public-supply water availability: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5194, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075194.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":428024,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83723.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.77507067114715,\n              18.52202854335087\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.77507067114715,\n              18.315609298791372\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.07976072624878,\n              18.315609298791372\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.07976072624878,\n              18.52202854335087\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.77507067114715,\n              18.52202854335087\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":82134,"text":"sim3014 - 2008 - Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"sim3014","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3014","title":"Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007","docAbstract":"The most widely used aquifer for industry and public supply in the Mississippi embayment in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee is the Sparta-Memphis aquifer. Decades of pumping from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer have affected ground-water levels throughout the Mississippi embayment. Regional assessments of water-level data from the aquifer are important to document regional water-level conditions and to develop a broad view of the effects of ground-water development and management on the sustainability and availability of the region's water supply. This information is useful to identify areas of water-level declines, identify cumulative areal declines that may cross State boundaries, evaluate the effectiveness of ground-water management strategies practiced in different States, and identify areas with substantial data gaps that may preclude effective management of ground-water resources.\r\n\r\nA ground-water flow model of the northern Mississippi embayment is being developed by the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study (MERAS) to aid in answering questions about ground-water availability and sustainability. The MERAS study area covers parts of eight states including Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee and covers approximately 70,000 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources measured water levels in wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the spring of 2007 to assist in the MERAS model calibration and to document regional water-level conditions. Measurements by the USGS and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources were done in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission; the Arkansas Geological Survey; Memphis Light, Gas and Water; Shelby County, Tennessee; and the city of Germantown, Tennessee. \r\n\r\nIn 2005, total water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in the Mississippi embayment was about 540 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Water use from the Sparta-Memphis aquifer was about 170 Mgal/d in Arkansas, about 68 Mgal/d in Louisiana, about 97 Mgal/d in Mississippi, and about 205 Mgal/d in Tennessee. \r\n\r\nThe author acknowledges, with great appreciation, the efforts of the personnel in the U.S. Geological Survey Water Science Centers of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee, and the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality Office of Land and Water Resources that participated in the planning, water-level measurement, data evaluation, and review of the potentiometric-surface map. Without the contribution of data and the technical assistance of their staffs, this report would not have been completed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources Program, Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Arkansas Geological Survey, Memphis Light, Gas and Water, Shelby County, Tennessee, and the City of Germantown, Tennessee","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T., 2008, Potentiometric Surface in the Sparta-Memphis Aquifer of the Mississippi Embayment, Spring 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3014, Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3014.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 35 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110773,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83719.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83719"},{"id":195223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.25,30.5 ], [ -94.25,37 ], [ -87.5,37 ], [ -87.5,30.5 ], [ -94.25,30.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, T.P.","contributorId":56300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":82129,"text":"sim2985 - 2008 - Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:33","indexId":"sim2985","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2985","title":"Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Geologic cross section E-E' is the first in a series of cross sections planned by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to document and improve understanding of the geologic framework and petroleum systems of the Appalachian basin. Cross section E-E' provides a regional view of the structural and stratigraphic framework of the basin from the Findlay arch in northwestern Ohio to the Valley and Ridge province in eastern West Virginia, a distance of approximately 380 miles (mi) (fig. 1, on sheet 1). Cross section E-E' updates earlier geologic cross sections through the central Appalachian basin by Renfro and Feray (1970), Bennison (1978), and Bally and Snelson (1980) and a stratigraphic cross section by Colton (1970). Although other published cross sections through parts of the basin show more structural detail (for example, Shumaker, 1985; Kulander and Dean, 1986) and stratigraphic detail (for example, Ryder, 1992; de Witt and others, 1993; Hettinger, 2001), these other cross sections are of more limited extent geographically and stratigraphically.\r\n\r\nAlthough specific petroleum systems in the Appalachian basin are not identified on the cross section, many of their key elements (such as source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, and traps) can be inferred from lithologic units, unconformities, and geologic structures shown on the cross section. Other aspects of petroleum systems (such as the timing of petroleum generation and preferred migration pathways) may be evaluated by burial history, thermal history, and fluid flow models based on information shown on the cross section.\r\n\r\nCross section E-E' lacks the detail to illustrate key elements of coal systems (such as paleoclimate, coal quality, and coal rank), but it does provide a general framework (stratigraphic units and general rock types) for the coal-bearing section. Also, cross section E-E' may be used as a reconnaissance tool to identify plausible geologic structures and strata for the subsurface storage of liquid waste (for example, Colton, 1961; Lloyd and Reid, 1990) or for the sequestration of carbon dioxide (for example, Smith and others, 2002; Lucier and others, 2006).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2985","isbn":"9781411320093","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Swezey, C., Crangle, R., and Trippi, M.H., 2008, Geologic Cross Section E-E' through the Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2985, Pamphlet: iv, 48 p.; 2 Sheets: Sheet 1 - 67 x 45 inches, Sheet 2 - 69 x 40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2985.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 48 p.; 2 Sheets: Sheet 1 - 67 x 45 inches, Sheet 2 - 69 x 40 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110774,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83722.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83722"},{"id":194194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2985/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a86d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swezey, Christopher S.","contributorId":52640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swezey","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crangle, Robert D. Jr.","contributorId":102948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crangle","given":"Robert D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":82127,"text":"ofr20081185 - 2008 - Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"ofr20081185","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1185","title":"Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007","docAbstract":"In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, Watercourse Engineering, and the Bureau of Reclamation began a project to construct and calibrate a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the 21-mile reach of the Klamath River from Link River Dam to Keno Dam. To provide a basis for this work, data collection and experimental work were planned for 2007 and 2008. This report documents sampling and analytical methods and presents data from the first year of work. To determine water velocities and discharge, a series of cross-sectional acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements were made on the mainstem and four canals on May 30 and September 19, 2007. Water quality was sampled weekly at five mainstem sites and five tributaries from early April through early November, 2007. Constituents reported here include field parameters (water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, specific conductance); total nitrogen and phosphorus; particulate carbon and nitrogen; filtered orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, ammonia, organic carbon, iron, silica, and alkalinity; specific UV absorbance at 254 nm; phytoplankton and zooplankton enumeration and species identification; and bacterial abundance and morphological subgroups.\r\n\r\nThe ADCP measurements conducted in good weather conditions in May showed that four major canals accounted for most changes in discharge along the mainstem on that day. Direction of velocity at measured locations was fairly homogeneous across the channel, while velocities were generally lowest near the bottom, and highest near surface, ranging from 0.0 to 0.8 ft/s. Measurements in September, made in windy conditions, raised questions about the effect of wind on flow.\r\n\r\nMost nutrient and carbon concentrations were lowest in spring, increased and remained elevated in summer, and decreased in fall. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and nitrite had a different seasonal cycle and were below detection or at low concentration in summer. Many nutrient and carbon concentrations were similar at the top and bottom of the water column, though ammonia and particulate carbon showed more variability in summer. Averaged over the season, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen decreased in the downstream direction, while ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations increased in the downstream direction.\r\n\r\nAt most sites, bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton populations reached their maximums in summer. Large bacterial cells made up most of the bacteria biovolume, though cocci were the most numerous bacteria type. The cocci were smaller than the filter pore sizes used to separate dissolved from particulate matter in this study. Phytoplankton biovolumes were dominated by the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae most of the sampling season, though a spring diatom bloom occurred. Phytoplankton biovolumes were generally highest at the upstream Link River and Railroad Bridge sites and decreased in the downstream direction. Zooplankton populations were dominated by copepods in early spring, and by cladocerans and rotifers in summer, with rotifers more common farther downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A.B., Deas, M., Asbill, J., Kirshtein, J.D., Butler, K.D., Stewart, M.A., Wellman, R.W., and Vaughn, J., 2008, Klamath River Water Quality and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1185, viii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081185.","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-05-30","temporalEnd":"2007-09-19","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11403,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,42 ], [ -122,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42.333333333333336 ], [ -121.75,42 ], [ -122,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":56317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett","email":"annett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deas, Michael L.","contributorId":98830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deas","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asbill, Jessica","contributorId":79575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asbill","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirshtein, Julie D.","contributorId":26033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirshtein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butler, Kenna D. kebutler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Kenna","email":"kebutler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stewart, Marc A. 0000-0003-1140-6316 mastewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-6316","contributorId":2277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Marc","email":"mastewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wellman, Roy W.","contributorId":78834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vaughn, Jennifer","contributorId":33009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79681,"text":"ofr20071019 - 2007 - Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006","indexId":"ofr20071019","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","indexId":"sir20085062","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T21:46:38.563071","indexId":"sir20085062","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5062","title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Forests of the Apalachicola River floodplain had shorter flood durations, were drier in composition, and had 17 percent fewer trees in 2004 than in 1976. The change to drier forest composition is expected to continue for at least 80&nbsp;more years. Floodplain drying was caused by large declines in river levels resulting from erosion of the river channel after 1954 and from decreased flows in spring and summer&nbsp;months since the 1970s. Water-level declines have been greatest at low and&nbsp;medium flows, which are the&nbsp;most common flows (occurring about 80 percent of the time). Water levels have remained relatively unchanged during large floods which continue to occur about three times per decade.</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A&nbsp;study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey compared temporal changes in hydrologic conditions, forest composition, forest characteristics, and individual species of trees, as well as estimated the potential for change in composition of floodplain forests in the nontidal reach of the Apalachicola River. The&nbsp;study was conducted with the cooperation of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Northwest Florida Water Management District. Forest composition and field observations from studies conducted in 1976-1984 (termed “1976 data”) were used as baseline data for comparison with data from plots sampled in 2004-2006 (“2004 data”).</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Flood durations were shorter in all periods subsequent to 1923-1976. The&nbsp;periods of record used to calculate flood durations for forest data were subsets of the complete record available (1923-2004). At sampled plots in all forest types and reaches combined, flood durations changed an average of&nbsp;more than 70 percent toward the baseline flood duration of the next drier forest type. For all forest types, changes in flood durations toward the next drier type were greatest in the upper reach (95.9 percent) and least in the lower reach (42.0 percent).</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All forests are expected to be 38.2 percent drier in species composition by 2085, the year when the&nbsp;median age of surviving 2004 subcanopy trees will reach the&nbsp;median age (99 years) of the 2004 large canopy trees. The&nbsp;change will be greatest for forests in the upper reach (45.0 percent). Forest composition changes from pre-1954 to 2085 were calculated using Floodplain Indices from 1976 and 2004 tree-size classes and replicate plots.</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Species composition in high bottomland hardwood forests is expected to continue to change, and some low bottomland hardwood forests are expected to become high bottomland hardwood forests. Organisms associated with floodplain forests will be affected by the changes in tree species, which will alter the timing of leaf-out, fruiting, and leaf-drop, the types of fruit and debris produced, and soil chemistry. Swamps will contain&nbsp;more bottomland hardwood species, but will also have an overall loss of tree density.</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The&nbsp;density of trees in swamps significantly decreased by 37 percent from 1976 to 2004. Of the estimated 4.3&nbsp;million (17 percent) fewer trees that existed in the nontidal floodplain in 2004 than in 1976, 3.3&nbsp;million trees belonged to four swamp species: popash, Ogeechee tupelo, water tupelo, and bald cypress. Water tupelo, the most important tree in the nontidal floodplain in terms of basal area and density, has declined in number of trees by nearly 20 percent since 1976. Ogeechee tupelo, the species valuable to the tupelo honey industry, has declined in number of trees by at least 44 percent.</span><br><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Greater hydrologic variability in recent years&nbsp;may be the reason swamps have had a large decrease in tree density. Drier conditions are detrimental for the growth of swamp species, and periodic large floods kill invading bottomland hardwood trees. The&nbsp;loss of canopy density in swamps&nbsp;may result in the swamp floor being exposed to&nbsp;more light with an increase in the amount of ground cover present, which in turn, would reduce tree replacement. The&nbsp;microclimate of the swamp floor would become warmer due to the decrease in shade and inundation. Soils would become dehydrated&nbsp;more quickly in dry periods and debris would decompose&nbsp;more quickly. A&nbsp;loss of tree density in swamps would lead to a decrease in tree and leaf litter biomass, which would have additional effects on swamp organisms. The&nbsp;loss of litter would result in a loss of substrate for benthic organisms in the floodplain and, ultimately, in the downstream waters of the river and estuary.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Northwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Darst, M.R., and Light, H.M., 2008, Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida (Supersedes OFR 2007-1019): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5062, viii, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085062.","productDescription":"viii, 81 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423589,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83724.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11402,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River floodplain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.75206993245337,\n              30.711861177613017\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2451013832418,\n              30.711861177613017\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2451013832418,\n              29.684334769636592\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.75206993245337,\n              29.684334769636592\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.75206993245337,\n              30.711861177613017\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Supersedes OFR 2007-1019","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82130,"text":"ofr20081177 - 2008 - Yellow-billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado River and Its Tributaries, 2007 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081177","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1177","title":"Yellow-billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado River and Its Tributaries, 2007 Annual Report","docAbstract":"This 2007 annual report details the second season of a 2-year study documenting western yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) distribution, abundance, and habitat use throughout the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program boundary area. We conducted cuckoo surveys at 40 sites within 14 areas, between 11 June and 9 September 2007. The 169 surveys across all sites yielded 163 yellow-billed cuckoo detections. Cuckoos were detected at 25 of the 40 sites, primarily at the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) study area (n = 139 detections; 85 percent of all detections). Detections declined slightly through the cuckoo breeding season, with most detections occurring in the first and second survey periods (n = 92; 54 percent). We detected breeding activity only at the Bill Williams River NWR, where we confirmed 27 breeding events, including two nesting observations. However, the breeding status of most detected birds was unknown. \r\n\r\nWe used playback broadcast recordings to survey for yellow-billed cuckoos. Compared to simple point counts or surveys, this method increases the number of detections of this secretive, elusive species. It has long been suspected that cuckoos have a fairly low response rate, and that the standard survey method of using broadcast recordings might fail to detect all birds present in an area. In 2007, we found that the majority (84 percent) of cuckoo detections were solicited through broadcast at all study sites. The number of solicited detections was highest during the first survey period and declined as the breeding season progressed, while the number of unsolicited detections (cuckoos heard calling before broadcast was initiated) remained fairly constant through the first, second, and third survey periods. The majority (66 percent) of cuckoo detections, solicited or unsolicited, were aural, 23 percent were both heard and seen, and 11 percent were visual detections only. We also found that 50 percent of all responses by cuckoos were evenly split between the first and second broadcasts at sites with >10 detections, while 45 percent of responses occurred after a single broadcast at the sites with <10 detections. \r\n\r\nWe refined our collection of vegetation data in 2007 and found that across the entire study area the dominant tree species were tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and cottonwood (Populus spp.). The smallest size class (<8 cm diameter at breast height) trees were the most common and were dominated by tamarisk, but cottonwood and willows were well represented in the larger size classes. Sites that were occupied by yellow-billed cuckoos generally had higher canopies, denser cover in the upper layers of the canopy, and sparse shrub layers compared to unoccupied sites that consistently had higher densities of woody species. As most occupied sites were within the Bill Williams River NWR and most unoccupied sites were at Grand Canyon National Park/Lake Mead National Recreation Area, vegetation characteristics at these study areas drove the cuckoo distribution patterns we observed in 2007. However, there was a range of habitat conditions in locations that were used by yellow-billed cuckoos across the entire lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program study area. \r\n\r\nWe measured microclimate variables (temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture) at occupied and unoccupied sites, and found that, across the entire study area, occupied sites were consistently cooler during the day and more humid during the day and night compared to unoccupied sites, but that soil moisture did not differ between occupied and unoccupied sites. While most cuckoo detections occurred at Bill Williams River NWR, with generally cooler and more humid conditions, cuckoos were also detected at study areas that had hotter and dryer microclimate conditions. We did not find any relationship of canopy cover characteristics to temperature or soil moisture, suggesting ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081177","collaboration":"Funded by Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.J., Durst, S., Calvo, C.M., Stewart, L., Sogge, M.K., Bland, G., and Arundel, T.R., 2008, Yellow-billed Cuckoo Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Use Along the Lower Colorado River and Its Tributaries, 2007 Annual Report (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1177, vi, 274 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081177.","productDescription":"vi, 274 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-06-11","temporalEnd":"2007-09-09","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,32 ], [ -114.5,38 ], [ -113.5,38 ], [ -113.5,32 ], [ -114.5,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df8f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Matthew J. mjjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Matthew","email":"mjjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":27989,"text":"Colorado Plateau Research Station, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":295820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durst, Scott L.","contributorId":94746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durst","given":"Scott L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvo, Christopher M.","contributorId":36643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvo","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Laura","contributorId":49887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bland, Geoffrey","contributorId":9735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bland","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arundel, Terry R. tarundel@usgs.gov","contributorId":5034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arundel","given":"Terry","email":"tarundel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":82128,"text":"sim3007 - 2008 - Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:45","indexId":"sim3007","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3007","title":"Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California","docAbstract":"A sonar survey that produced unprecedented high-resolution images of the sea floor in northern Monterey Bay was conducted in 2005 and 2006. The survey, performed over 14 days by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), consisted of 172 tracklines and over 300 million soundings and covered an area of 12.2 km2 (4.7 mi2). The goals of this survey were to collect high-resolution bathymetry (depth to the sea floor) and acoustic backscatter data (amount of sound energy bounced back from the sea floor, which provides information on sea-floor hardness and texture) from the inner continental shelf. These data will provide a baseline for future change analyses, geologic mapping, sediment- and contaminant-transport studies, benthic-habitat delineation, and numerical modeling efforts. The survey shows that the inner shelf in this area is extremely varied in nature, encompassing flat sandy areas, faults, boulder fields, and complex bedrock ridges that support rich marine ecosystems. Furthermore, many of these complex bedrock ridges form the ?reefs? that result in a number of California?s classic surf breaks. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim3007","isbn":"9781411320925","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Golden, N., and Finlayson, D.P., 2008, Views of the Sea Floor in Northern Monterey Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3007, Map Sheet: 48 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3007.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 48 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110775,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83733.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"83733"},{"id":195461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11407,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,36.75 ], [ -122.25,37 ], [ -121.75,37 ], [ -121.75,36.75 ], [ -122.25,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68582b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E.","contributorId":58356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":82125,"text":"ds344 - 2008 - Archive of Sediment Data Collected from Sandy Point to Belle Pass, Louisiana, 1983 through 2000 (Vibracore Surveys:  00SCC, CR83, P86, and USACE Borehole Cores)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:42","indexId":"ds344","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"344","title":"Archive of Sediment Data Collected from Sandy Point to Belle Pass, Louisiana, 1983 through 2000 (Vibracore Surveys:  00SCC, CR83, P86, and USACE Borehole Cores)","docAbstract":"This CD-ROM publication was prepared by an agency of the U.S. Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds344","usgsCitation":"Dreher, C.A., Flocks, J.G., Ferina, N.F., and Kulp, M., 2008, Archive of Sediment Data Collected from Sandy Point to Belle Pass, Louisiana, 1983 through 2000 (Vibracore Surveys:  00SCC, CR83, P86, and USACE Borehole Cores): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 344, Available online and on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds344.","productDescription":"Available online and on CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"2000-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":276,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center - Coastal and Watershed Studies","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11399,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.33333333333333,29 ], [ -90.33333333333333,29.5 ], [ -89.33333333333333,29.5 ], [ -89.33333333333333,29 ], [ -90.33333333333333,29 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreher, Chandra A.","contributorId":71282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreher","given":"Chandra","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferina, Nick F.","contributorId":70501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferina","given":"Nick","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kulp, Mark A.","contributorId":16113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":82133,"text":"ofr20081178 - 2008 - Total selenium and selenium species in irrigation drain inflows to the Salton Sea, California, October 2007 and January 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T14:45:19","indexId":"ofr20081178","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1178","title":"Total selenium and selenium species in irrigation drain inflows to the Salton Sea, California, October 2007 and January 2008","docAbstract":"This report presents the results for two sampling periods (October 2007 and January 2008) during a 4-year monitoring program to characterize selenium concentrations in selected irrigation drains flowing into the Salton Sea, California. Total selenium, selenium species (selenite, selenate, organoselenium), and total suspended solids were determined in water samples, and total selenium was determined in sediment, detritus, and biota that included algae, plankton, midge larvae (family, Chironomidae), and two fish species?western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). In addition, sediments were analyzed for percent total organic carbon and particle size. Mean total selenium concentrations in water for both sampling periods ranged from 0.97 to 64.5 micrograms per liter, predominately as selenate, which is typical of waters where selenium is leached out of selenium-containing marine shales and associated soils under alkaline and oxidizing conditions. Total selenium concentrations (micrograms per gram dry weight) ranged as follows: algae, 0.95 to 5.99; plankton, 0.15 to 19.3; midges, 1.39 to 15.4; fish, 3.71 to 25.1; detritus, 0.85 to 21.7; sediment, 0.32 to 7.28.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081178","usgsCitation":"May, T.W., Walther, M., Saiki, M.K., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 2008, Total selenium and selenium species in irrigation drain inflows to the Salton Sea, California, October 2007 and January 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1178, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081178.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-01-31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334500,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1178/pdf/OFR2008-1178.pdf","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11412,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1178/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629acc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walther, Michael J. mwalther@usgs.gov","contributorId":2852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walther","given":"Michael J.","email":"mwalther@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":82132,"text":"ofr20081158 - 2008 - ShakeCast Manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"ofr20081158","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1158","title":"ShakeCast Manual","docAbstract":"ShakeCast is a freely available, post-earthquake situational awareness application that automatically retrieves earthquake shaking data from ShakeMap, compares intensity measures against users? facilities, and generates potential damage assessment notifications, facility damage maps, and other Web-based products for emergency managers and responders.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081158","usgsCitation":"Lin, K., and Wald, D.J., 2008, ShakeCast Manual (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1158, viii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081158.","productDescription":"viii, 90 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11411,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a13a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lin, Kuo-Wan","contributorId":38656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Kuo-Wan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82131,"text":"ofr20081134 - 2008 - Results of the chemical and isotopic analyses of sediment and ground water from alluvium of the Canadian River near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, part 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-14T20:08:14.930731","indexId":"ofr20081134","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1134","title":"Results of the chemical and isotopic analyses of sediment and ground water from alluvium of the Canadian River near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, part 2","docAbstract":"Analytical results on sediment and associated ground water from the Canadian River alluvium collected subsequent to those described in Breit and others (2005) are presented in this report. The data presented herein were collected primarily to evaluate the iron and sulfur species within the sediment at well sites IC 36, IC 54, and IC South located at the USGS Norman Landfill study site. Cored sediment and water samples were collected during October 2004 and April 2005. The 52 sediment samples collected by coring were analyzed to determine grain size, the abundance of extractable iron species, and the abundance of sulfur forms and their isotopic compositions. Ground water was collected from cluster wells that sampled ground water from 11 to 15 screened intervals at each of the three sites. The depth range of the wells overlapped the interval of cored sediment. Concentrations of major ions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium, and iron are reported with pH, specific conductance, and the isotopic composition of the water for the 75 water samples analyzed. Dissolved sulfate in selected water samples was analyzed to determine its sulfur and oxygen isotope composition.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081134","usgsCitation":"Breit, G.N., Tuttle, M.L., Cozzarelli, I.M., Berry, C.J., Christenson, S.C., and Jaeschke, J.B., 2008, Results of the chemical and isotopic analyses of sediment and ground water from alluvium of the Canadian River near a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma, part 2 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1134, vii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081134.","productDescription":"vii, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":588,"text":"Toxic Hydrology Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1134/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402170,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83717.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Cleveland County","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.50452041625977,\n              35.1924683950976\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4849510192871,\n              35.1924683950976\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4849510192871,\n              35.210422919327286\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.50452041625977,\n              35.210422919327286\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.50452041625977,\n              35.1924683950976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tuttle, Michele L.W. mtuttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":47839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Michele","email":"mtuttle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berry, Cyrus J. cjberry@usgs.gov","contributorId":946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Cyrus","email":"cjberry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jaeschke, Jeanne B. 0000-0002-6237-6164 jaeschke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-6164","contributorId":3876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeschke","given":"Jeanne","email":"jaeschke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":82123,"text":"sir20085047 - 2008 - Flood of May 2006 in York County, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"sir20085047","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5047","title":"Flood of May 2006 in York County, Maine","docAbstract":"A stalled low-pressure system over coastal New England on Mother's Day weekend, May 13-15, 2006, released rainfall in excess of 15 inches. This flood (sometimes referred to as the 'Mother's Day flood') caused widespread damage to homes, businesses, roads, and structures in southern Maine. The damage to public property in York County was estimated to be $7.5 million. As a result of these damages, a presidential disaster declaration was enacted on May 25, 2006, for York County, Maine. Peak-flow recurrence intervals for eight of the nine streams studied were calculated to be greater than 500 years. The peak-flow recurrence interval of the remaining stream was calculated to be between a 100-year and a 500-year interval.\r\n\r\nThis report provides a detailed description of the May 2006 flood in York County, Maine. Information is presented on peak streamflows and peak-flow recurrence intervals on nine streams, peak water-surface elevations for 80 high-water marks at 25 sites, hydrologic conditions before and after the flood, comparisons with published Flood Insurance Studies, and places the May 2006 flood in context with historical floods in York County.\r\n\r\nAt sites on several streams, differences were observed between peak flows published in the Flood Insurance Studies and those calculated for this study. The differences in the peak flows from the published Flood Insurance Studies and the flows calculated for this report are within an acceptable range for flows calculated at ungaged locations, with the exception of those for the Great Works River and Merriland River. For sites on the Mousam River, Blacksmith Brook, Ogunquit River, and Cape Neddick River, water-surface elevations from Flood Insurance Studies differed with documented water-surface elevations from the 2006 flood.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Stewart, G.J., and Kempf, J.P., 2008, Flood of May 2006 in York County, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5047, Report: vi, 19 p.; Plate: 34 x 44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085047.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 19 p.; Plate: 34 x 44 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.08333333333333,43 ], [ -71.08333333333333,44 ], [ -70.16666666666667,44 ], [ -70.16666666666667,43 ], [ -71.08333333333333,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68860b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Gregory J. gstewart@usgs.gov","contributorId":870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Gregory","email":"gstewart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kempf, Joshua P.","contributorId":35834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kempf","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82124,"text":"sir20085076 - 2008 - Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T13:24:16.101896","indexId":"sir20085076","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5076","title":"Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality","docAbstract":"<p>The three-dimensional numerical model UnTRIM was used to model hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, between mid-June and mid-September in 2005 and between mid-May and mid-October in 2006. Data from as many as six meteorological stations were used to generate a spatially interpolated wind field to use as a forcing function. Solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity data all were available at one or more sites. In general, because the available data for all inflows and outflows did not adequately close the water budget as calculated from lake elevation and stage-capacity information, a residual inflow or outflow was used to assure closure of the water budget.</p><p>Data used for calibration in 2005 included lake elevation at 3 water-level gages around the lake, water currents at 5 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sites, and temperature at 16 water-quality monitoring locations. The calibrated model accurately simulated the fluctuations of the surface of the lake caused by daily wind patterns. The use of a spatially variable surface wind interpolated from two sites on the lake and four sites on the shoreline generally resulted in more accurate simulation of the currents than the use of a spatially invariant surface wind as observed at only one site on the lake. The simulation of currents was most accurate at the deepest site (ADCP1, where the velocities were highest) using a spatially variable surface wind; the mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) for the depth-averaged speed over a 37-day simulation from July 26 to August 31, 2005, were 0.50 centimeter per second (cm/s) and 3.08 cm/s, respectively. Simulated currents at the remaining sites were less accurate and, in general, underestimated the measured currents. The maximum errors in simulated currents were at a site near the southern end of the trench at the mouth of Howard Bay (ADCP7), where the ME and RMSE in the depth-averaged speed were 3.02 and 4.38 cm/s, respectively. The range in ME of the temperature simulations over the same period was –0.94 to 0.73 degrees Celsius (°C), and the RMSE ranged from 0.43 to 1.12°C. The model adequately simulated periods of stratification in the deep trench when complete mixing did not occur for several days at a time.</p><p>The model was validated using boundary conditions and forcing functions from 2006 without changing any calibration parameters. A spatially variable wind was used. Data for the model validation periods in 2006 included lake elevation at 4 gages around the lake, currents collected at 2 ADCP sites, and temperature collected at 21 water-quality monitoring locations. Errors generally were larger than in 2005. ME and RMSE in the simulated velocity at ADCP1 were 2.30 cm/s and 3.88 cm/s, respectively, for the same 37-day simulation over which errors were computed for 2005. The ME in temperature over the same period ranged from –0.56 to 1.5°C and the RMSE ranged from 0.41 to 1.86°C.</p><p>Numerical experiments with conservative tracers were used to demonstrate the prevailing clockwise circulation patterns in the lake, and to show the influence of water from the deep trench located along the western shoreline of the lake on fish habitat in the northern part of the lake. Because water exiting the trench is split into two pathways, the numerical experiments indicate that bottom water from the trench has a stronger influence on water quality in the northern part of the lake, and surface water from the trench has a stronger influence on the southern part of the lake. This may be part of the explanation for why episodes of low dissolved oxygen tend to be more severe in the northern than in the southern part of the lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20085076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Wood, T.M., Cheng, R.T., Gartner, J.W., Hoilman, G.R., Lindenberg, M.K., and Wellman, R.E., 2008, Modeling hydrodynamics and heat transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and implications for water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5076, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085076.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411058,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83730.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.08333333333333,42.11666666666667 ], [ -122.08333333333333,42.61666666666667 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.61666666666667 ], [ -121.66666666666667,42.11666666666667 ], [ -122.08333333333333,42.11666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61126d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoilman, Gene R.","contributorId":78413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoilman","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindenberg, Mary K.","contributorId":40290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindenberg","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wellman, Roy E. 0000-0003-4460-8918 rwellman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-8918","contributorId":1706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Roy","email":"rwellman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":82121,"text":"ofr20081108 - 2008 - Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T10:54:56","indexId":"ofr20081108","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1108","title":"Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina","docAbstract":"This report presents an interpretation of the hydrocarbon source rock potential of the Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Deep River and Dan River basins, North Carolina, based on previously unpublished organic geochemistry data. The organic geochemical data, 87 samples from 28 drill holes, are from the Sanford sub-basin (Cumnock Formation) of the Deep River basin, and from the Dan River basin (Cow Branch Formation). The available organic geochemical data are biased, however, because many of the samples collected for analyses by industry were from drill holes that contained intrusive diabase dikes, sills, and sheets of early Mesozoic age. These intrusive rocks heated and metamorphosed the surrounding sediments and organic matter in the black shale and coal bed source rocks and, thus, masked the source rock potential that they would have had in an unaltered state. In places, heat from the intrusives generated over-mature vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) profiles and metamorphosed the coals to semi-anthracite, anthracite, and coke. The maximum burial depth of these coal beds is unknown, and depth of burial may also have contributed to elevated thermal maturation profiles. \r\n\r\nThe organic geochemistry data show that potential source rocks exist in the Sanford sub-basin and Dan River basin and that the sediments are gas prone rather than oil prone, although both types of hydrocarbons were generated. Total organic carbon (TOC) data for 56 of the samples are greater than the conservative 1.4% TOC threshold necessary for hydrocarbon expulsion. Both the Cow Branch Formation (Dan River basin) and the Cumnock Formation (Deep River basin, Sanford sub-basin) contain potential source rocks for oil, but they are more likely to have yielded natural gas. The organic material in these formations was derived primarily from terrestrial Type III woody (coaly) material and secondarily from lacustrine Type I (algal) material. Both the thermal alteration index (TAI) and vitrinite reflectance data (%Ro) indicate levels of thermal maturity suitable for generation of hydrocarbons.\r\n\r\nThe genetic potential of the source rocks in these Triassic basins is moderate to high and many source rock sections have at least some potential for hydrocarbon generation. Some data for the Cumnock Formation indicate a considerably higher source rock potential than the basin average, with S1 + S2 data in the mid-20 mg HC/g sample range, and some hydrocarbons have been generated. This implies that the genetic potential for all of these strata may have been higher prior to the igneous activity. However, the intergranular porosity and permeability of the Triassic strata are low, which makes fractured reservoirs more attractive as drilling targets.\r\n\r\nIn some places, gravity and magnetic surveys that are used to locate buried intrusive rock may identify local thermal sources that have facilitated gas generation. Alternatively, awareness of the distribution of large intrusive igneous bodies at depth may direct exploration into other areas, where thermal maturation is less than the limits of hydrocarbon destruction. Areas prospective for natural gas also contain large surficial clay resources and any gas discovered could be used as fuel for local industries that produce clay products (principally brick), as well as fuel for other local industries.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reid, J.C., and Milici, R.C., 2008, Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1108, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081108.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//of/2008/1108/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Dan River Basin, Deep River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.716552734375,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.848876953125,\n              36.518465989675875\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.05810546875,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              34.66032236481892\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6728515625,\n              34.8047829195724\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.782470703125,\n              34.82282272723702\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.716552734375,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":66799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milici, Robert C. rmilici@usgs.gov","contributorId":563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milici","given":"Robert","email":"rmilici@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":82118,"text":"ofr20081173 - 2008 - Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:42:20","indexId":"ofr20081173","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1173","title":"Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa","docAbstract":"The government of Mauritania is interested in how to maintain hydrologic balance to ensure a long-term stable water supply for minerals-related, domestic, and other purposes. Because of the many complicating and competing natural and anthropogenic factors, hydrologists will perform quantitative analysis with specific objectives and relevant computer models in mind. Whereas various computer models are available for studying water-resource priorities, the success of these models to provide reliable predictions largely depends on adequacy of the model-calibration process. Predictive analysis helps us evaluate the accuracy and uncertainty associated with simulated dependent variables of our calibrated model. In this report, the hydrologic modeling process is reviewed and a strategy summarized for future Mauritanian hydrologic modeling studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081173","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, the Mauritania Ministry of Mines and Industry, and Futures Group","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., 2008, Hydrologic modeling strategy for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1173, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081173.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341591,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1173/pdf/OF08-1173_508.pdf","text":"Report","size":"165.57 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":11392,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6142e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":82120,"text":"sir20085036 - 2008 - Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20085036","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5036","title":"Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006","docAbstract":"The reach of the Colorado River from the Gunnison River confluence to the Utah Border, and tributaries in the Grand Valley, are on the State of Colorado 303(d) list of impaired water bodies because the concentrations of dissolved selenium in these streams exceed the State of Colorado chronic standard of 4.6 micrograms per liter at the 85th percentile level. In response to concerns raised by a local watershed initiative about the issue of selenium in the Grand Valley, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Mesa County and the City of Grand Junction, developed a study to characterize and determine the sources of selenium and how these sources are related to changes in land use. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the methods and results of a study of concentrations and loads of selenium in three tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley. The study area consists of three subbasins, Persigo Wash, Adobe Creek, and Lewis Wash, each representing transitional agricultural to residential, agricultural, and residential land-use types, respectively. These subbasins represent different land-use types and the tributaries that drain each subbasin contribute moderate to high concentrations and loads of selenium to the Colorado River. Two synoptic-sampling events were conducted in each tributary to characterize variations in water quality during the nonirrigation season. Water samples were collected for analysis of dissolved selenium, total nitrogen, and total dissolved solids (salinity). Streamflow was measured by either the tracer-dilution or standard current-meter method. \r\n\r\nIn Persigo Wash selenium concentrations generally decreased or remained constant in a downstream direction whereas selenium loads increased. Effluent from the Persigo Wash wastewater treatment plant diluted selenium concentrations in Persigo Wash and increased the selenium load. The concentrations and loads of salinity and total nitrogen generally increased downstream in Persigo Wash. Concentrations and loads of selenium correlated well with concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (R2 = 0.80 and 0.83, respectively). Concentrations and loads of total nitrogen also correlated well with streamflow (R2 = 0.89 and 0.99, respectively). \r\n\r\nIn Adobe Creek concentrations and loads of selenium generally increased downstream. The largest selenium loads in Adobe Creek were observed between a 1.6-mile-long reach extending approximately from the Grand Valley Canal to the Main Line Grand Valley Canal, where selenium load increased 0.72 pounds per day. This reach accounted for about 81 percent of the total selenium load at the mouth of Adobe Creek (site AC1). Results from the synoptic sampling in Adobe Creek indicated that there was very little seasonal variation in selenium concentration during the nonirrigation season. Salinity concentrations were more variable than selenium concentrations during the nonirrigation season. The concentrations and loads of salinity and total nitrogen generally increased downstream. Concentrations and loads of selenium correlated well with concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (R2 = 0.89 and 0.98, respectively). Streamflow also was related to concentrations and loads of total nitrogen; results indicated a fair correlation for concentration (R2 = 0.51) and a good correlation for load (R2 = 0.95). \r\n\r\nIn Lewis Wash concentrations and loads of selenium generally increased downstream. Selenium concentrations measured in Lewis Wash were lower than those measured in Persigo Wash or Adobe Creek. Salinity concentrations were similar to those measured in Persigo Wash and Adobe Creek. Salinity concentrations were similar among sites during each synoptic-sampling event. Salinity loads in Lewis Wash were highest during the beginning of the nonirrigation season. Concentrations and loads of total nitrogen generally increased downstream. There was a fair correlation for selenium and total nitrogen concentration (R2 = 0.71). \r\n\r\nStep-trend analysis","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085036","isbn":"9781411321687","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Mesa County and the City of Grand Junction","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., 2008, Concentrations and Loads of Selenium in Selected Tributaries to the Colorado River in the Grand Valley, Western Colorado, 2004-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5036, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085036.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5036.jpg"},{"id":11394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.08333333333333,38.9 ], [ -109.08333333333333,39.4 ], [ -108.25,39.4 ], [ -108.25,38.9 ], [ -109.08333333333333,38.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":295783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":82119,"text":"ofr20081176 - 2008 - Reconnaissance study of water quality in the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:16:57","indexId":"ofr20081176","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1176","title":"Reconnaissance study of water quality in the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania","docAbstract":"The Aries River basin of western Romania has been subject to mining activities as far back as Roman times. Present mining activities are associated with the extraction and processing of various metals including Au, Cu, Pb, and Zn. To understand the effects of these mining activities on the environment, this study focused on three objectives: (1) establish a baseline set of physical parameters, and water- and sediment-associated concentrations of metals in river-valley floors and floodplains; (2) establish a baseline set of physical and chemical measurements of pore water and sediment in tailings; and (3) provide training in sediment and water sampling to personnel in the National Agency for Mineral Resources and the Rosia Poieni Mine. This report summarizes basin findings of physical parameters and chemistry (sediment and water), and ancillary data collected during the low-flow synoptic sampling of May 2006.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the World Bank, Romanian National Agency for Mineral Resources, and Futures Group","usgsCitation":"Friedel, M.J., Tindall, J.A., Sardan, D., Fey, D.L., and Poputa, G., 2008, Reconnaissance study of water quality in the mining-affected Aries River Basin, Romania (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1176, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081176.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11393,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Romania","otherGeospatial":"Aries River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              23.8348388671875,\n              46.74362499884437\n            ],\n            [\n              23.79364013671875,\n              46.78313532151751\n            ],\n            [\n              23.697509765625,\n              46.78313532151751\n            ],\n            [\n              23.5491943359375,\n              46.77184961467733\n            ],\n            [\n              23.4393310546875,\n              46.74550709985597\n            ],\n            [\n              23.258056640625,\n              46.69089949154197\n            ],\n            [\n              23.104248046875,\n              46.68336307047754\n            ],\n            [\n              22.920227050781246,\n              46.717268685073954\n            ],\n            [\n              22.76092529296875,\n              46.717268685073954\n            ],\n            [\n              22.5933837890625,\n              46.717268685073954\n            ],\n            [\n              22.53021240234375,\n              46.69089949154197\n            ],\n            [\n              22.48626708984375,\n              46.638122462379656\n            ],\n            [\n              22.48626708984375,\n              46.59661864884465\n            ],\n            [\n              22.510986328124996,\n              46.534303278597505\n            ],\n            [\n              22.54669189453125,\n              46.46813299215554\n            ],\n            [\n              22.598876953125,\n              46.413245172571244\n            ],\n            [\n              22.6483154296875,\n              46.36588370484979\n            ],\n            [\n              22.71148681640625,\n              46.32796494040746\n            ],\n            [\n              22.81585693359375,\n              46.28432584258847\n            ],\n            [\n              22.92572021484375,\n              46.23495279600417\n            ],\n            [\n              23.0108642578125,\n              46.172222978455395\n            ],\n            [\n              23.12347412109375,\n              46.10180436619509\n            ],\n            [\n              23.17840576171875,\n              46.07894655768008\n            ],\n            [\n              23.32672119140625,\n              46.10180436619509\n            ],\n            [\n              23.436584472656246,\n              46.16651671595163\n            ],\n            [\n              23.51348876953125,\n              46.23685258143992\n            ],\n            [\n              23.70849609375,\n              46.36588370484979\n            ],\n            [\n              23.82110595703125,\n              46.53997127029103\n            ],\n            [\n              23.812866210937496,\n              46.617374532060744\n            ],\n            [\n              23.8348388671875,\n              46.74362499884437\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedel, Michael J. 0000-0002-5060-3999 mfriedel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"Michael","email":"mfriedel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tindall, James A. 0000-0002-0940-1586 jtindall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-1586","contributorId":2529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tindall","given":"James","email":"jtindall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sardan, Daniel","contributorId":59125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sardan","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poputa, G.L.","contributorId":78021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poputa","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}