Ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are developed by employing a mixed-effects regression model to modify the Boore and others (2014) Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) project GMPEs. NGA-West2 addressed several key issues concerning GMPEs for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. However, the NGA-West2 input data do not include many earthquakes in extensional regimes, such as those occurring in Saudi Arabia. This deficiency is redressed by calculating a magnitude scaling of the new Saudi Arabia-specific GMPEs compared to those of Boore and others (2014). Furthermore, there is a clear difference in distance scaling for the Saudi Arabian GMPEs in comparison with the NGA-West2 GMPEs. This difference is especially significant at large distances and is mainly due to lower anelastic attenuation in the crystalline crust of western Saudi Arabia. Our empirical data demonstrate that the GMPEs presented here are in good agreement with observed earthquake ground motions in western Saudi Arabia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862O","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Kiuchi, R., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. O of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862O.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-129536","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/pp1862o.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-O"},{"id":423990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/coverthbo.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.75602070222271,\n 16.211495469022466\n ],\n [\n 44.958829363645094,\n 18.547056756745135\n ],\n [\n 37.40933785513795,\n 29.652243786014196\n ],\n [\n 34.965989081794106,\n 29.331606356788228\n ],\n [\n 34.66613879992957,\n 27.900404207046776\n ],\n [\n 40.467446295287004,\n 18.152186962033795\n ],\n [\n 42.75602070222271,\n 16.211495469022466\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Harrat Rahat is a Cenozoic volcanic field in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 150 kilometers east of the Red Sea, and is the site of the most recent eruption in the country (1256 C.E.; 654 in the year of the Hijra). The city of Al Madīnah lies at the north end of Harrat Rahat, and its volcanic and seismic risks are frequently reassessed. In 2009 C.E. an earthquake swarm at Harrat Lunayyir, 200 km west-northwest of Al Madīnah, produced significant shaking and some building damage in nearby communities, which prompted a revision of seismic hazard models for the region. A network of seismic stations on this volcanically active western side of the Arabia Plate was installed, and stations were also added in the tectonically active northern part of the country. Although regional earthquakes may be used to determine the crustal structure of the western Arabia Plate, such crustal models are hindered by insufficient numbers of earthquakes in the stable plate interior. Tomography studies can be used to infer material properties of the subsurface, such as presence of partial melt, and are beneficial for volcanic hazard assessments. We use ambient seismic noise to compute Rayleigh and Love surface-wave dispersion maps between 5 and 12 second periods for a subset of seismic stations within and near northern Harrat Rahat. The surface-wave maps are inverted to produce shear-wave velocities using a neighborhood algorithm and interpolated into a pseudo three-dimensional model. The distributions of surface-wave and shear-wave velocities are heterogenous, varying from ±3–8 percent. However, low velocities are not restricted to Harrat Rahat. We observed a difference between Rayleigh- and Love-wave velocities that extends north of the site of the 1256 C.E. eruption and coincides with a low gravity anomaly. We obtain a shear-wave velocity increase of 10–15 percent between 15- and 25-kilometers depth, which is consistent with the presence of a transition between the felsic upper crust and the mafic lower crust of the Arabian Shield. The average shear-wave velocities of the upper and lower crust are estimated to be 3.64 and 3.95 kilometers per second using Rayleigh waves and 3.53 and 4.16 kilometers per second using Love waves, which are in good agreement with the results of other geophysical surveys in this area. The modest magnitude of the low-velocity anomalies within the crust and their locations extending well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat indicate that they are not caused by a crustal magma chamber. If magma chambers exist, they are smaller than can be imaged with our seismological method (resolution corresponds to a 15-kilometer wavelength), deeper than 30 kilometers, or shallower than 5 kilometers with a small velocity contrast. The last possibility is discounted by weak-to-absent surface geothermal activity and by a lack of shallow seismicity that characterizes other areas with known shallow magmas, such as Hawaiʻi. We then expanded our work to the entire Arabian Shield with principally the same methodology to look at large-scale regional patterns. We found modest shear-wave velocity deviations on the order of only ±3 percent, which are within expected ranges for lithological variation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862N","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Civilini, F., Mooney, W.D., Savage, M.K., and Townend, J., 2023, Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. N of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862N.","productDescription":"vii, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118735","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/coverthbn.jpg"},{"id":423989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/pp1862n.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-N"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
As part of a joint Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project, we analyzed P-wave receiver functions from seismic stations covering most of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to map the thickness of the crust across the Arabia Plate. We present an update of crustal-thickness estimates and fill in gaps for the western Arabian Shield and the rifted margin at the Red Sea (the coastal plain), as well as the eastern Arabian Platform. We applied a conventional H-k stacking algorithm and included careful attention to stacking weights, two forms of sedimentary corrections for stations located on the Arabian Platform, and additional processing for noisy stations. We obtained useful results at 154 stations from 898 teleseismic events over a 2-year period from 1995–1997 (for non-SGS stations) and a 6-year period from 2008–2014 (for SGS stations). Average crustal thickness (that is, depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity [Moho] below the surface) beneath the Red Sea coastal plain (the rift margin) is 29 kilometers (km), beneath the volcanic fields (known in Arabic as harra [plural] or harrat [singular]) is 35 km, beneath the Arabian Shield (excluding harrats) is 37 km, and beneath the Arabian Platform is 38 km. Crustal thinning appears not to extend east of the rift escarpment, suggesting uniform extension that is no broader at depth than at the surface. In contrast to some previous claims that the Arabian Platform crust is thicker than that of the Arabian Shield, we find no statistically significant difference between their whole crustal thicknesses. However, the average subsedimentary crustal thickness (that is, the crystalline crust) for stations on the Arabian Platform is 34 km, 3 km thinner than the crust of the Arabian Shield. Individual station P-wave (pressure) velocity and S-wave (shear) velocity ratios (VP/VS) are highly variable for the Arabia Plate, ranging from 1.60 to 1.97 and averaging 1.75, with a standard deviation of 0.07. There are no statistically significant differences between VP/VS ratios of the different geologic regions of Saudi Arabia. Similar VP/VS ratios, coupled with similar crustal thicknesses for harrats and the Arabian Shield, indicate that Cenozoic magmatism has contributed negligibly to crustal growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862M","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Blanchette, A.R., Klemperer, S.L., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust, chap. M of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862M.","productDescription":"viii, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120996","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/pp1862m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/covrthbm.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Volcanism within the harrats (Arabic for “volcanic field”) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes at least one historical eruption occurring close to the holy city of Al Madīnah in 1256 C.E. As part of a volcanic- and seismic-hazard assessment of northern Harrat Rahat, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected to investigate the structural setting of the area, the presence or absence of melt within the crust, and the mantle-derived magmatic source. Collected MT data were modeled in both two dimensions, where anisotropy can be estimated, and three dimensions. Interpretation of the preferred resistivity model includes a shallow sediment-filled graben beneath northern Harrat Rahat lavas, a melt-free upper crust, and a region of decompression melting in the asthenosphere below 60–70 kilometers depth. Models in two dimensions image the lower crust as anisotropic, demonstrating that a series of elongate conductivity anomalies with a strike of N. 10° E. within the lower crust of the three-dimensional model are artifacts of inverting anisotropic data with an isotropic modeling algorithm. Careful examination of the resistivity models, in combination with regional geological and geophysical data, suggests an anisotropic lower crust that is free of large zones of melt. Azimuthal anisotropy in the lower crust extends well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat volcanic rocks, with a conductive direction oriented N. 10° E. and an anisotropy factor of 2–5 between the most and least conductive directions. Enhanced conductivity is likely caused by interconnected grain-boundary graphite, where the direction of anisotropy reflects either frozen-in fabric from the Neoproterozoic stabilization of the Arabian Shield or ductile deformation driven by channelized asthenospheric flow coupled with a thin rigid mantle lid. Asthenospheric melt is interpreted to transect the crust largely through diking, with limited melt storage and short residence times within the crustal column.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862L","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Peacock, J.R., Bedrosian, P.A., Al-Dhahry, M.K., Shareef, A., Feucht, D.W., Taylor, C.D., Bloss, B., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. L of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862L.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 111 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105223","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/covrthbl.jpg"},{"id":424020,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Bedrosian, P.A., Peacock, J.R., and Feucht, D.W., 2023, Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7.","linkHelpText":"Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016"},{"id":424019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/pp1862l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.5,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.5,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
New gravity data reveal a prominent negative anomaly along the main vent axis of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The gravity low continues north of the volcanic field onto exposures of Proterozoic rocks, indicating that the low is caused not only by the volcanic field (and possibly underlying Cenozoic sediments), but also the underlying Proterozoic basement. An inversion of the gravity field guided by analysis of aeromagnetic data indicates (1) a broad depression of the basement surface that is deeper along the main vent axis in the eastern part and in the southwest part of the volcanic field and (2) less dense basement beneath the vent axis. Low densities within the basement most likely arise from lithologic variations in the basement, predating Cenozoic volcanism, although our analysis does not rule out small volumes of partial melt and higher temperatures or extensive fracturing at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862K","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V.E., Ritzinger, B.T., Zahran, H.M., Shareef, A., and Al-Dhahry, M.K., 2023, Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data, chap. K of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862K.","productDescription":"Report: v, 18 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104531","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8","description":"Langenheim, V.E., 2018, Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8.","linkHelpText":"Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/covrthbk.jpg"},{"id":424017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/pp1862k.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Pleistocene and Holocene basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions. Evolved trachytes with Mg number <0.1 (Mg# = Mg/[Mg+Fe2+], molar) have relatively radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions indicating that they were influenced by contamination probably in the upper crust. Volcanic rocks with Mg# >0.1, consisting chiefly of alkali basalts but encompassing hawaiites, mugearites, and benmoreites, show a limited range in Hf, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions. Although the total Pb isotope variation is only 1 percent, the Pb isotope values correlate with Mg#, where the least radiogenic Pb is in samples with the lowest Mg#. The trend formed in Pb isotope space points toward an unradiogenic Pb composition that is similar to the Pb isotopic composition of lower crust of the Precambrian Arabian-Nubian Shields, as well as to feldspars and galena in the upper crust of the western Arabian Shield. This trend is interpreted as progressive but overall minor (no more than 5 weight percent) assimilation of shield rocks, or their partial melts, during fractional crystallization.
Isotopic compositions of the least evolved northern Harrat Rahat magmas are most similar among analyzed Arabian harrats to depleted spreading-ridge basalts of the active Red Sea rift, but isotopic values are displaced toward those of spreading-ridge basalts of the Gulf of Aden that are proximal to the site of the Afar mantle plume. The Pb isotopic compositions very near the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line indicate no discernable lithospheric contribution to yield the parental basalts of northern Harrat Rahat, and their isotopic compositions are consistent with derivation predominantly from depleted Northern Hemisphere asthenosphere with a subordinate (20–30 weight percent) component from the Afar mantle plume.
Trace-element variations show that appreciable portions of melting were in the garnet stability field, confirming the sub-lithospheric origin of the magmas, and that melting extents were low, accounting for the alkalic, trace-element-enriched character of the suite. The presence of possible Afar mantle beneath the western part of the Arabian Shield and its absence beneath the Red Sea rift may result from capture and channelized flow along high-relief structures incised into the base of the sub-continental lithosphere, as revealed by geophysical images.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862J","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Salters, V.J.M., Sachi-Kocher, A., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. J of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862J.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.: Data Release","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120604","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Salters, V.J.M., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK.","linkHelpText":"Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/pp1862j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/covrthbj.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are chiefly alkali basalts with subordinate transitional basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes. Geochemical and isotopic results indicate that crystallization-differentiation, mixing, and cumulate reassimilation within the magmatic system produced most of its compositional diversity, with only minor involvement of Neoproterozoic crust. With increasing evolution, crystal assemblages that separated from and drove basalt-to-hawaiite differentiation passed from (1) dunitic or troctolitic to (2) olivine gabbroic to (3) titanomagnetite-bearing olivine gabbroic, with typical hawaiites representing about 20 weight percent residual liquids from an estimated primary alkali basaltic parent. Crystallization-differentiation simulations for midcrustal pressures yield the closest compositional match to the basalt-hawaiite suite, and stagnation in the midcrustal area (near 20 kilometers [km] depth) may result from density trapping beneath the lower density upper continental crust. Least differentiated alkali basalts have fractionation-adjusted major-oxide compositions that are consistent with separation from the deeper parts (60–70 km) of the spinel-lherzolite stability field at pressures that are close to the local lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (60–80 km). Mantle potential temperature estimates are strongly sensitive to modeling approach, but potential temperatures (1,345–1,390 degrees Celsius [°C]) are not discernably greater than for midocean ridge basalts (MORB; 1,350–1,410 °C) if adherence to spinel-lherzolite melting relations is required. Inversion of the trace-element concentrations of the lesser fractionated basalts indicates a depleted mantle source, similar to MORB-source estimates, but one that is enriched in Sr and includes a greater relative proportion of melting in the garnet-peridotite stability field. These geochemical and thermal relations, as well as radiogenic isotopes, point to a dominantly depleted mantle asthenospheric source for Harrat Rahat basalts, admixed with subordinate materials either from the Afar mantle plume or an enriched MORB component in the ambient asthenosphere. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is shallower beneath the belt of major volcanic fields on the Arabia Plate, and restoration of rifting across the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden places the south end of this belt adjacent to the northern part of the Afar region, suggesting a once-continuous structure, possibly an arch, a weakness, or a discontinuity along the base of the lithosphere. Magma generation can be ascribed to focused upwelling and decompression melting, perhaps driven by a magmatic-feedback mechanism whereby basaltic intrusions into the deep lithosphere solidify as eclogites, causing lithospheric foundering and further asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting in a restricted region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862I","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Downs, D.T., Calvert, A.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Salters, V.J.M., Stelten, M.E., and Shawali, J., 2023, Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. I of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862I.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118554","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/covrthbi.jpg"},{"id":424011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/pp1862i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Paleomagnetic rock samples were collected from 173 drill sites in the Quaternary alkali basaltic volcanic field of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory measurements on these samples established that lava flows and vent complexes—identified and mapped from field characteristics, rock types, and compositions as products of single or temporally close eruptions—typically record single, or very similar, directions of remanent magnetization. Correlations defined through geologic mapping, spatial association, geochemistry, geochronology, and identical mean remanent directions indicate at least 16 brief episodes of temporally clustered eruptions. These episodes had durations of a few centuries or less. Anomalous remanent magnetic directions were found for at least 13 mapped lavas of northern Harrat Rahat, which demonstrate that they were acquired during brief geomagnetic cryptochrons during the Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron. These uncharacteristic directions enhance the opportunity to identify common eruptive episodes, and to better understand and evaluate assessments of eruption ages based on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Combining paleomagnetic and regional archaeomagnetic results for the youngest eruptions allows us to evaluate their historical age assignments and, in one case, refute a previously assigned provisional age.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862H","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Robinson, J.E., Sisson, T.W., Shawali, J., Hassan, K., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications, chap. H of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862H.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-124965","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/covrthbh.jpg"},{"id":423982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/pp1862h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Harrat Rahat volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 23.75\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.4,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Harrat Rahat is an alkali basalt, continental, intraplate volcanic field located within the central-western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The northern quarter of Harrat Rahat contains evolved volcanic products that achieve trachyte compositions (>60 weight percent SiO2). Within the Al Efairia volcanic center, pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits that reflect explosive trachyte volcanism (and minor exposed lava domes that reflect effusive trachyte eruptions) sit at the surface as the youngest expression of volcanic activity within this part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field. Five trachyte deposits emplaced explosively have been identified within the Al Efairia volcanic center based on geologic mapping, petrography, geochemistry, and paleomagnetism. These units are the trachytes of Um Rgaibah, Gura 5, Gura 4, Al Efairia, and Al Qayf, in descending stratigraphic order. Here, we present 14 40Ar/39Ar analyses from four of these units, which yield eruption ages of 4.2±5.2 thousand years (ka) for the trachyte of Um Rgaibah, 79.7±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 5, 84.3±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 4, and 88.0±1.8 ka for the trachyte of Al Efairia. The eruption age of the trachyte of Al Qayf has been constrained to between 410.3±3.4 and 418.8±1.9 ka using paleomagnetic correlations and 40Ar/39Ar ages from overlying and underlying intermediate composition lava flows. Most of these trachytes have distinct geochemical compositions, petrographic characteristics, and directions of remanent magnetization. The exceptions are for the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5, which overlap in their geochemical, petrographic, paleomagnetic, and geochronologic affinities. Based on these similarities, we interpret the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5 to have erupted during a closely spaced (a few decades) time interval from the same magma batch but from craters that are >2 kilometers (km) apart. The eruption of the trachyte of Al Efairia at 88.0±1.8 ka is the result of a different magma batch that erupted a few thousand years prior to the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5. The Al Efairia volcanic center is remarkably different from the Matan volcanic center located ~10 km to the north, which has also erupted young (<150 ka) trachytes. The Matan volcanic center has been shown to produce trachyte compositions only after eruption of basalt followed by intermediate lava flows, whereas only trachyte compositions have erupted within the Al Efairia volcanic center over this same time interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862G","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Dietterich, H.R., Champion, D.E., Mahood, G.A., Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Shawali, J., 2023, Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. G of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862G.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104558","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C","text":"USGS data release","description":"Downs, D.T., 2019, Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C.","linkHelpText":"Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/pp1862g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/covrthbg.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Al Efairia volcanic center, Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.133333\n ],\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.033333\n ],\n [\n 40.033333,\n 24.033333\n ],\n [\n 40.033333,\n 24.133333\n ],\n [\n 39.883333,\n 24.133333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
A fundamental goal of igneous petrology is to quantify the durations required to produce evolved magmas following influx of basalt into the crust. However, in many cases, complex field relations and (or) the presence of a long-lived magmatic system make it difficult to assess how basaltic inputs relate to more evolved magmas, therefore precluding calculation of meaningful timescales. Here we present field relations, geochemistry, 40Ar/39Ar ages, and 36Cl surface-exposure ages for volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center, located in the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These data document a systematic and repeated temporal progression from alkali basalt to trachyte for the youngest eruptive products. From ~155–17 thousand years ago, the following eruptive sequence occurred four times: (1) alkali basalt, (2) hawaiite, mugearite, or benmoreite, and (3) trachyte. We interpret each eruptive sequence to result from injection of basalt into the crust, and its subsequent differentiation and eruption of progressively evolved magmas. We use the interval time between successive eruptions within a given sequence to calculate the timespans required to produce trachyte from alkali basalt. Differentiation from alkali basalt to intermediate compositions (hawaiite, mugearite, and benmoreite) took ≤3 thousand years (k.y.) on average. Differentiation from intermediate compositions to trachyte took a maximum of 6.7±3.6 to 22.9±1.7 k.y. Thus, the total duration of differentiation was ~10–25 k.y. Timescales presented here are independent of the processes evoked to drive differentiation because they are based solely on the ages and compositions of eruptive products from a system characterized by a simple, repeated differentiation sequence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862F","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Downs, D.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Calvert, A.T., Sisson, T.W., Witter, M.R., Zahran, H.M., and Shawali, J., 2023, The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. F of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862F.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 56 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112196","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423987,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENRS8U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Electron microprobe data for plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel in volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center located within the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92FB6AQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ar isotope data for volcanic rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423984,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/pp1862f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1862F"},{"id":423983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/coverthbf.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.5,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 40.25,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Mafic volcanic fields are widespread, but few have erupted in historical times, providing limited observations of the magnitudes, dynamics, and timescales of lava flow emplacement in these settings. The Harrat Rahat volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia offers a good opportunity to study eruptions in such a setting, with a historical eruption in 1256 C.E. (654 in the year of the Hijra) and numerous well-preserved late Pleistocene lava flows. We combine historical observations and rheological and morphological analyses of the youngest flows with analytical models to reconstruct eruptive histories and lava flow emplacement conditions in Harrat Rahat. Petrologic analysis of samples for emplacement temperatures and crystallinities show cooling trends from vent to toe of ~1,140 to ~1,090 degrees Celsius (°C) at rates of 2 to 7 °C per kilometer, crystallinities increasing from 0.5 to 60 volume percent, and apparent viscosities increasing from 102 to 109 pascal seconds. High-resolution topographic data facilitate quantitative analysis of morphology and interpolation of preeruptive surfaces to measure flow thicknesses, channels, and levees, and enable calculation of eruptive volumes. Analytical models relating flow morphology to emplacement conditions are applied to estimate effusion rates. Within the suite of studied flows, minimum volume estimates range from 0.07 to 0.42 cubic kilometers dense rock equivalent, with effusion rates on the order of tens to hundreds of cubic meters per second and durations from 1 to 15 weeks. These integrated analyses quantify past lava flow emplacement conditions and dynamics in Harrat Rahat, improving our understanding and observations of fundamental parameters and controls of effusive eruptions in Harrat Rahat and other mafic volcanic fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862E","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Dietterich, H.R., Downs, D.T., and Stelten, M.E., 2023, Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields, chap. E of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862E.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-111360","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/coverthbe.jpg"},{"id":423980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/pp1862e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-E"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.2\n ],\n [\n 40,\n 24.2\n ],\n [\n 40,\n 24.6\n ],\n [\n 39.675,\n 24.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Harrat Rahat, one of several large, basalt-dominated volcanic fields in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a prime example of continental, intraplate volcanism. Excellent exposure makes this an outstanding site to investigate changing volcanic flux and composition through time. We present 93 40Ar/39Ar ages and 6 36Cl surface-exposure ages for volcanic deposits throughout northern Harrat Rahat that, integrated with a new geologic map, define 12 eruptive stages. Exposed volcanic deposits in the study area erupted less than 1.2 million years ago (Ma), and 214 of 234 identified eruptions occurred less than 570 thousand years ago (ka). Two eruptions were in the Holocene, including a historically described basaltic eruption in 1256 C.E. and a trachyte eruption newly recognized as Holocene (4.2±5.2 ka). An estimated approximately 82 cubic kilometers (km3; dense rock equivalent) of volcanic products can be documented as having erupted since 1.2 Ma, though this is a lower limit because of concealment of deposits older than 570 ka. Over the last 570 thousand years (k.y.), the average eruption rate was 0.14 cubic kilometers per thousand years (km3/k.y.), but volcanism was episodic with periods alternating between low (0.04–0.06 km3/k.y.) and high (0.1–0.3 km3/k.y.) effusion rates. Before 180 ka, eruptions vented from the volcanic field’s dominant eastern vent axis and from a subsidiary, diffuse, western vent axis. After 180 ka, volcanism focused along the eastern vent axis, and the composition of volcanism varied systematically along its length from basalt dominated in the north to trachyte dominated in the south. We hypothesize that these compositional variations younger than 180 k.y. reflect the growth of a mafic intrusive complex beneath the southern part of the vent axis, which led to the development of evolved magmas. Lastly, these new age data allow for a reassessment of the volcanic recurrence interval at northern Harrat Rahat. Based on available data, volcanism in northern Harrat Rahat over the last 180 k.y. is poorly described using a Poisson distribution with a single recurrence interval. Instead, data for northern Harrat Rahat are better described using a mixed exponential distribution that is applicable for volcanic systems characterized by two different eruptive states, where one state with a longer recurrence interval corresponding to periods of low eruption frequency and one state with a shorter recurrence interval corresponding to periods of high eruption frequency. The preferred model for northern Harrat Rahat over the last 180 k.y. uses a long recurrence interval of 4.0 k.y. and a short recurrence interval of 0.22 k.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862D","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Downs, D.T., Champion, D.E., Dietterich, H.R., Calvert, A.T., Sisson, T.W., Mahood, G.A., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years, chap. D of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862D.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112590","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423978,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92FB6AQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ar isotope data for volcanic rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423977,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/d/pp1862d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"pp 1862-D"},{"id":423976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/d/coverthbd.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 38.462137339848226,\n 25.895423004545833\n ],\n [\n 38.462137339848226,\n 22.346642935140807\n ],\n [\n 42.32932483984882,\n 22.346642935140807\n ],\n [\n 42.32932483984882,\n 25.895423004545833\n ],\n [\n 38.462137339848226,\n 25.895423004545833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
The northernmost part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field contains early Pleistocene to Holocene mafic eruptive products within the vicinity of the city of Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A detailed geologic investigation into the eruptive history of a 570 square kilometer (km2) area covering Al Madīnah and the surrounding area has yielded 33 mapped Quaternary volcanic units consisting of lava flows, scoria cones, and shield volcanoes. These eruptive products consist of continental, intraplate alkalic and minor transitional basalts, hawaiites, and a single mugearite that were emplaced from at least 1,014±14 thousand years ago (ka) to a single Holocene eruption in 1256 C.E. Lava flows are generally 10 to 15 kilometers (km) long (but can reach 23 km long), 1 to 3 km wide, and at least 10 meters thick. Most of the mapped units erupted episodically between 400 and 340 ka and 180 and 100 ka. Despite small individual volumes (less than 1 cubic kilometers dense rock equivalent), each unit represents eruption of a distinct magma batch that was strongly influenced by clinopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase fractionation. Some of these units are interpreted to have undergone magma mixing pre- and (or) syneruptively. Integrating eruption ages, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic data yields evidence that some eruptions were temporally and (or) spatially clustered. Aligned scoria cones and elongate vent edifices were constructed atop fissure vent systems that reflect the local stress field, which controls dike ascent through the middle and upper crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862C","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Champion, D.E., Dietterich, H.R., Hassan, K., and Shawali, J., 2023, Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. C of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862C.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 41 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104009","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423974,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/c/pp1862c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-C"},{"id":423973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/c/coverthbc.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 37.797830302240726,\n 26.450894948969335\n ],\n [\n 37.797830302240726,\n 23.09993673871402\n ],\n [\n 41.6650178022403,\n 23.09993673871402\n ],\n [\n 41.6650178022403,\n 26.450894948969335\n ],\n [\n 37.797830302240726,\n 26.450894948969335\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Active volcanic systems pose serious hazards to people and property including inundation and incineration by lava, blanketing by tephra (volcanic ash), exposure to noxious volcanic gases, and damage from shallow earthquakes triggered by ascending molten material (magma). To improve understanding of volcanism and associated seismicity on the western Arabia Plate, the Saudi Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a multi-year investigation of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field adjacent to the city of Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Project components included creation of a high-resolution digital topographic base; interpretation of eruptive history supported by detailed geologic mapping, paleomagnetism, and abundant high-precision geochronology of volcanic deposits; assessments of eruptive styles and volcanic hazards by physical volcanology; investigation of the origins of magmas in the mantle and of their differentiation in the crust revealed by chemical and isotopic petrology; gravity and magnetotelluric surveys to reveal crustal structures and to search for magma reservoirs; and regional and local seismic tomography and analyses of seismic hazards. Project results are presented in this Professional Paper as chapters written for technical scientific audiences. This initial chapter introduces the project and briefly summarizes results in plain language for readers who have more general backgrounds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862A","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., 2023, The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. A of Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862A.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-129221","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/a/pp1862a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-A"},{"id":423962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/a/coverthba.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Al Madīnah al Munawwarah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.0,\n 25.0\n ],\n [\n 39.0,\n 21.0\n ],\n [\n 41.0,\n 21.0\n ],\n [\n 41.0,\n 25.0\n ],\n [\n 39.0,\n 25.0\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Active volcanic systems pose serious hazards to people and property including inundation and incineration by lava, blanketing by tephra (volcanic ash), exposure to noxious volcanic gases, and damage from shallow earthquakes triggered by ascending molten material (magma). To improve understanding of volcanism and associated seismicity on the western Arabia Plate, the Saudi Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a multi-year investigation of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field adjacent to the city of Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Project components included creation of a high-resolution digital topographic base; interpretation of eruptive history supported by detailed geologic mapping, paleomagnetism, and abundant high-precision geochronology of volcanic deposits; assessments of eruptive styles and volcanic hazards by physical volcanology; investigation of the origins of magmas in the mantle and of their differentiation in the crust revealed by chemical and isotopic petrology; gravity and magnetotelluric surveys to reveal crustal structures and to search for magma reservoirs; and regional and local seismic tomography and analyses of seismic hazards. Project results are presented in this Professional Paper as chapters written for technical scientific audiences.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862","isbn":"978-1-4113-4542-3","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., 2023, Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 610 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 34.9622394137744,\n 29.478819133116573\n ],\n [\n 34.9622394137744,\n 16.574077394779195\n ],\n [\n 46.563801913774114,\n 16.574077394779195\n ],\n [\n 46.563801913774114,\n 29.478819133116573\n ],\n [\n 34.9622394137744,\n 29.478819133116573\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center - Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 910
Menlo Park, CA 94025
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Groundwater Project","doi":"10.21083/978-1-77470-040-2","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E.L., Taylor, C., Williams, J., and Paillet, F., 2023, Introduction to karst aquifers, xiii, 216 p., https://doi.org/10.21083/978-1-77470-040-2.","productDescription":"xiii, 216 p.","ipdsId":"IP-119689","costCenters":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441335,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.21083/978-1-77470-040-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":424177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":214542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":333028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles J.","affiliations":[{"id":40489,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, John 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":333029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70251312,"text":"70251312 - 2023 - Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:21:06.930854","indexId":"70251312","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T09:31:25","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Miller, T., Dennhardt, A.J., Field, M., Wittig, T., Mojica, E., Lanzone, M., Martell, M., Bailey, R.M., Berry, A., Dillard, R., Brandes, D., Brinker, D.F., Brown, B., Call, E.M., Cooper, J., Duerr, A.E., Farmer, C.J., Felton, S.K., Garvin, J., Gubler, R., Harding, S.R., Jones, M., Kelly, C.A., Kern, H., Kiogima, N., Koppie, C.A., Lemaitre, J., Maddox, M., Mehus, S., Merriman, J., Mitchell, A., Parsons, B., Patrick, E., Pennarola, N.P., Rheude, M., Rucker, C., Rush, S., Schmitz, R., Seltzer, H., Slabe, V.A., Soehren, E.C., and Wills, J., 2023, Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America, 81 p.","productDescription":"81 p.","ipdsId":"IP-157316","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://egewg.org/conservation-plan"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":894000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Tricia A.","contributorId":64790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Tricia 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Rightfully, the bald eagle has garnered much attention as a national symbol of the United States (US), nearly brought to extinction from widespread organochlorine pesticide use (e.g., DDT, dichloro- diphenyl- trichloroethane; Anderson 1972, Baril et al. 2015). Previously listed at the federal level as an endangered species downlisted in 1985 and removed from the list in 2007, the bald eagle has been studied extensively across its range, including 38 years of monitoring in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone; YNP). However, a second eagle species, equally magnificent and widely distributed throughout Earth’s northern hemisphere, also resides in YNP but has been relatively neglected in terms of scientific study. Unlike the bald eagle, the golden eagle does not have such conspicuous characteristics - instead it is dark brown throughout with brilliant golden feathers on the back of its head and neck, and subtle gray barring in the tail (Fig. 11.1). The golden eagle is, however, an iconic apex predator tied to human culture through spiritual beliefs, reverence, and, like many other predators, persecution as a result of misunderstanding.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Yellowstone's Birds- Diversity and Abundance in the World's First National Park","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Princeton University Press","isbn":"9780691217833","usgsCitation":"Haines, D.B., Smith, D., Katzner, T., and Dreitz, V.J., 2023, The haunting raptor: Yellowstone’s golden eagles, chap. of Yellowstone's Birds- Diversity and Abundance in the World's First National Park.","ipdsId":"IP-144794","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691217833/yellowstones-birds"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, David B.","contributorId":333828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haines","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":894006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Douglas W.","contributorId":179181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":894007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":894008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dreitz, Victoria J.","contributorId":333829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dreitz","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":894009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70250565,"text":"sir20235110 - 2023 - Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:04:03.266175","indexId":"sir20235110","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T09:26:16","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5110","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Stream Capture Related to Groundwater Pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","title":"Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Humboldt River Basin is the only river basin that is contained entirely within the State of Nevada. The effect of groundwater pumping on the Humboldt River is not well understood. Tools are needed to determine stream capture and manage groundwater pumping in the Humboldt River Basin. The objective of this study is to estimate capture and storage change caused by groundwater withdrawals in the lower Humboldt River Basin that can provide the Nevada State Engineer with data and information needed to manage groundwater and surface-water resources.
A numerical groundwater flow model was developed for the purpose of estimating stream capture from pre-2016 and future pumping as well as for any location of potential future pumping within the lower Humboldt River Basin. This model was developed using MODFLOW-NWT to represent the lower Humboldt River Basin hydrologic system, including Humboldt River; Rye Patch Reservoir; groundwater evapotranspiration; pumping from municipal, agricultural, mining, and domestic wells; and agricultural drains. Aquifer properties were calibrated using results from numerous single- and multi-well aquifer tests (Nadler, 2020) and through the process of model calibration.
Historical capture was estimated for 1960–2016 and predictive capture for the system was projected 100 years into the future (2017–2116) based on historical pumping patterns. Stream capture and drain capture are relatively low for the historical and predictive periods. During the historical period, increased pumping during dry years caused increased connections with capture sources and less water sourced to wells from aquifer storage. Storage and groundwater levels generally recovered during subsequent wet years. Overall, storage change has been the main source of water to wells in the lower Humboldt River Basin, followed by groundwater evapotranspiration capture. During the predictive period, pumping is projected to remain constant and capture 9 percent of stream water after 100 years.
Capture and storage change maps were created to visualize spatial variability in potential capture and storage change through time and to provide a database of results that can be used to manage groundwater and surface-water resources. These maps show that potential stream capture would be a minor source of water to wells located across most of the simulated area, except for locations close to the Humboldt River and Rye Patch Reservoir. Drains also would be a minor potential source of water to wells except for those directly adjacent to the drains. In general, the potential supply of water to wells is storage-dominated and over time groundwater evapotranspiration-dominated in the agricultural area.
Capture difference maps were generated to visualize where potential capture results might have greater limitations associated with nonlinear flow processes, such as head-dependent boundary conditions. Higher capture differences indicate larger capture map bias and therefore greater capture map uncertainty due to the inability of capture maps to account for nonlinear flow processes. Stream capture differences are highest directly adjacent to the river but are otherwise minimal. Drain capture differences are highest in the region of the agricultural drain network but are otherwise minimal. The Humboldt River, Rye Patch Reservoir, and drains introduce very little nonlinearity to the model, and their associated capture map bias is minimal. Potential groundwater evapotranspiration capture introduces a fair amount of nonlinearity to the model and has the potential to result in significant, localized groundwater evapotranspiration capture map bias over time. Groundwater evapotranspiration capture differences are the result of higher pumping rates lowering the water table below the root zone faster than lower pumping rates and essentially removing groundwater evapotranspiration as a potential source of capture faster than lower pumping rates. Wells that can no longer source their supply through groundwater evapotranspiration capture then generally source more of their water from storage. Thus, storage change bias increases over time as well.
Capture prediction uncertainty due to parameter estimation was evaluated using a covariance matrix adaptation-evolution strategy. One hundred Monte Carlo realizations of model parameters were applied to the model to assess capture uncertainty at 13 grid cell locations within the model domain. In general, results indicated that greater capture uncertainty for a given source (river, drains, or evapotranspiration) is associated with proximity of a pumping well to that source. The magnitude of maximum capture fraction uncertainties after 100 years of pumping for stream capture, drain capture, groundwater evapotranspiration capture, and storage change were plus or minus (±) 0.17, ±0.10, ±0.20, and ±0.22, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Nadler, C.A., Rybarski, S.C., and Pham, H., 2023, Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, Lower Humboldt River Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5110, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235110.","productDescription":"Report: x, 77 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-093899","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499384,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115938.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423640,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DN2R1","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Nadler, C.A., Rybarski, S.C., and Pham, H., 2023, MODFLOW-NWT model and supplementary data used to characterize effects of pumping in Lovelock Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DN2R1.","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-NWT Model and Supplementary Data Used to Characterize Effects of Pumping in Lovelock Valley, Nevada"},{"id":423639,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235110/full"},{"id":423635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":423637,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/sir20235110.xml","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"}},{"id":423636,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/sir20235110.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423638,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5110/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lower Humboldt River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.0,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -119.0,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -118.0,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -118.0,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -119.0,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
The Amargosa Wild and Scenic River, located in the southwestern Mojave Desert in Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, California, is a Federally protected waterway that supports the biodiversity of the region. Water in the river primarily comes from interbasin groundwater flow that originates as precipitation in the Spring Mountains. The precipitation enters the regional groundwater system and flows westerly beneath Pahrump, Chicago, and California Valleys before discharging into the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River system. In Pahrump Valley, groundwater discharge occurs as evapotranspiration (ET), spring discharge, and groundwater pumping, and in Chicago and California Valleys, groundwater discharge occurs as ET and spring discharge. Remaining groundwater flows into the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and its main tributary, the China Ranch Wash, or is discharged from regional springs downgradient from Chicago and California Valleys. The Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and the China Ranch Wash sustain areas of deep-rooted vegetation (phreatophytes) that consume regional groundwater. Discharge from regional springs in the area only flows on the land surface for short distances before seeping back into the ground where the water generally is consumed by evaporation from moist soil or by transpiration of plants. Intermittent Amargosa River flow out of the study area is the only other form of discharge. In arid regions such as the Mojave Desert, groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (ETg) often is the only significant form of discharge in a regional water budget, and therefore, an estimate of annual ETg is a good approximation of the total annual groundwater discharge. In this study area, however, total annual discharge is annual ETg plus the annual surface-water discharge of the Amargosa River that exits the study area. Therefore, the annual ETg from Chicago and California Valleys and along the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and the China Ranch Wash, plus the discharge of the Amargosa River, is a good approximation of the total annual groundwater discharge required to sustain the riparian habitats and surface-water flow in the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River.
The Amargosa Conservancy and Inyo County, Calif., are interested in quantifying the total annual groundwater discharge required to sustain the riparian habitats and surface-water flow in the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River and entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate ETg from the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River study area. The study area consists of open-water bodies, areas with perennially moist soil, and areas with phreatophytes, all of which are discharging regional groundwater in Chicago and California Valleys, along the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River, and in the China Ranch Wash.
Annual ETg for the Amargosa Wild and Scenic River study area is estimated to be 10,139,000 cubic meters. The estimate was determined by delineating boundaries of open water, perennially moist soil, and phreatophytes, multiplying the areas by appropriate site-scale ETg to derive annual ETg for each ET unit, and then adding the annual ETg for all ET units in the GDAs and study area. Boundaries of discharge areas were visually delineated using high-resolution aerial imagery and refined by field verification. Open water and moist soil ETg were estimated in previous investigations, and phreatophyte ETg was estimated from a quadratic relation between site-scale ETg and a vegetation index of the study area. The quadratic relation was derived from four points. Two points were based on the site-scale ETg estimated for this study and two points corresponded to theoretical minimum and maximum points. Site-scale ETg was measured at two ET-monitoring sites using the eddy-covariance method. At one site, located in sparse shrubs, ETg was 0.121 meters per year, and at the other site, located in dense wetland vegetation, ETg was 1.056 meters per year. A scaled normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that encompasses the study area was created from 0.6-meter resolution multispectral (4-band) aerial imagery from 2020 and was used as an indicator of plant density or cover.
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Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Reintroduction of species at sites where populations have been extirpated has become a common technique in wildlife conservation. To track progress towards reintroduction success, effective postrelease monitoring is needed to document vital rates of individuals and the corresponding impact on population trajectories. We assessed growth and body size in Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) using a data set from multiple projects across the species' distribution, including free-ranging wild snakes, snakes reared in captive-breeding programs, and snakes released at two reintroduction sites. We used these data to fit a von Bertalanffy growth model in a Bayesian framework to quantify differences in growth among three broad categories of snakes (wild, captive, and reintroduced), while accounting for measurement error across various projects. We also compared changes in body mass of captive-born individuals from four captive rearing facilities. Asymptotic snout–vent length across all groups was 185 cm (95% credible interval = 177–194 cm) for males and 157 cm (95% credible interval = 153–161 cm) for females. Reintroduced snakes had a higher growth coefficient than either captive or wild snakes (e.g., captive females = 1.20 [1.06–1.35] d–1; wild females = 1.22 [0.95–1.49] d–1; reintroduced females = 1.62 [1.21–2.05] d–1), indicating that current captive-breeding and rearing efforts for indigo snakes produce similar or faster growth trends compared to wild populations. Furthermore, daily changes in juvenile body weight relative to body size were similar in three of the four captive rearing facilities (mean for females at Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation = 0.57 [0.48–0.65]; Zoo Atlanta = 0.55 [0.37–0.72]; Welaka National Fish Hatchery = 0.55, [0.36–0.73]; Auburn University = 0.39 [0.21–0.58]). Long-term project success for indigo snake reintroductions will depend on continuing to implement best practices in an adaptive management framework.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1655/Herpetologica-D-22-00041","usgsCitation":"Chandler, H.C., Steen, D., Blue, J., Bogan, J.E., Bolt, M.R., Brady, T., Breininger, D.R., Buening, J., Elliott, M., Godwin, J., Guyer, C., Hill, R.L., Hoffman, M., Hyslop, N.L., Jenkins, C., Lechowicz, C., Moore, M., Moulis, R.A., Piccolomini, S., Redmond, R., Snow, F.H., Stegenga, B.S., Stevenson, D., Stiles, J., Stiles, S., Wallace, M., Waters, J., Wines, M., and Bauder, J.M., 2023, Evaluating growth rates of captive, wild, and reintroduced populations of the imperiled Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi): Herpetologica, v. 79, no. 4, p. 220-230, https://doi.org/10.1655/Herpetologica-D-22-00041.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"230","ipdsId":"IP-146664","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chandler, Houston C.","contributorId":342515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandler","given":"Houston","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13223,"text":"The Orianne Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, David","contributorId":342517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steen","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blue, Jack","contributorId":342519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blue","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13223,"text":"The Orianne Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bogan, James E.","contributorId":342521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bogan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":81884,"text":"Central Florida Zoo’s Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bolt, M. 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0000-0002-2055-5324","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-5324","contributorId":337814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauder","given":"Javan","email":"","middleInitial":"Mathias","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29}]}} ,{"id":70251162,"text":"70251162 - 2023 - Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T13:15:36.730049","indexId":"70251162","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T07:14:19","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites","docAbstract":"In this research effort we assess the performance of atmospheric correction-based surface reflectance (SR) retrievals from two satellite image sources, one with very high spatial resolution (VHR) (<5-m) and the other high spectral resolution (~10-nm). The VHR images are from MAXARs WorldView-3 (WV3) satellite and the high spectral resolution images are from Agenzia Spaziale Italianas (ASI) PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA) satellite. We use various atmospheric correction (AC) tools to provide intercomparisons of both AC tools and image source SR estimates. The AC tools we evaluated include Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH) within ENVI version 4.7, MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN) versions 5.3.3 and 6.0, and ASIs Level-2D correction for PRISMA imagery. Prior to correcting WV3 and PRISMA imagery to SR, we performed manual geometric corrections of imagery as both image sources were found to lack consistent georegistration.\n\nWe performed comparisons at two study sites in Maryland, USA, including the United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) and an agricultural study site on Marylands Eastern Shore region. For the BARC site, we used WV3 imagery acquired on 2022-04-02 and PRISMA imagery acquired on 2022-04-28, focusing on evaluation of AC tool SR retrieval performance for each image source separately due to large time differences in image acquisitions where SR values are likely impacted by changing field conditions. For the Eastern Shore site, WV3 imagery was acquired on 2022-05-18 and 2022-05-30, and PRISMA imagery was acquired on 2022-05-21, allowing for quantitative evaluation of both AC tool performance and intercomparison between WV3 and PRISMA imagery. Having WV3 imagery acquired before and after PRISMA imagery allows for interpretation of major changes in field conditions and thus, identification of fields to exclude from intercomparisons. For intercomparison assessments, we computed relative percent difference (RPD) between the AC tool SR retrievals. For image source comparisons, 4-m WV3 pixels were resampled to 30-m PRISMA pixels after which 30-m WV3 bands and PRISMA spectra were compared to one another visually for both study sites. To provide rigorous SR retrieval intercomparisons between image sources, PRISMA spectra were resampled to WV3-equivalent bands for RPD computation for the Eastern Shore site.\n\nIn addition to the SR retrieval intercomparisons between the AC tools, we carry out a quasi-validation where we retrieve fractional crop residue cover (fR) from the satellite image sources by calculating established spectral indices (SIs) and calibrating SIs with ground-measured fR acquired within several days of satellite overpasses. These SIs include the Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI) (Nagler et al. 2000), Shortwave Infrared Normalized Difference Residue Index (SINDRI) (Serbin et al. 2009), Lignin-Cellulose Absorption Index (LCAI) (Daughtry et al. 2005), and Lignin-Cellulose Peak Center Difference Index (LCPCDI) (Hively et al. 2021) 1-4. The most accurate crop residue SIs are generally based on shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance bands ranging from 2000 nm to 2400 nm that measure dry vegetation lignocellulose absorption features at 2100 and 2300 nm 1-5. For instance, the CAI identifies a 2100 nm cellulose absorption feature with a central band positioned on this feature, and two spectrally adjacent bands at 2040 and 2210 nm, while the LCAI identifies the 2300 nm lignin absorption feature compared to bands at 2165 and 2210 nm. Particular focus on intercomparisons for the SWIR region is critical as atmospheric water, carbon dioxide, and methane impact accurate SR retrieval as shown in Figure 1.a. Our final analysis concludes with the selection of the top-performing AC approach between the WV3 and PRISMA imagery (as indicated by low SR RPD) and then compares PRIMSA and 30-m WV3 imagery with original 4-m WV3 imagery to assess the degree to which spatial resolution impacts the retrieval of fR. Figure 1 provides a comparative example of WV3 and PRISMA imagery used to compute SINDRI which is then calibrated to fR using second order polynomial equations from Hively et al. (2018) 6. Figure 1 fR calibrations will be updated with newly acquired ground survey data from May 2022 to further improve the accuracy of image source and AC tool intercomparisons.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS): Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","publisherLocation":"Pasadena, CA","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281710","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.T., Hively, W.D., Jennewein, J., Thieme, A., and Soroka, A.M., 2023, Atmospheric correction intercomparison of hyperspectral and multispectral imagery over agricultural study sites, in International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS): Conference Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281710.","ipdsId":"IP-152772","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Brian T. 0000-0001-7957-5488","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-5488","contributorId":291893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Brian","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean 0000-0002-5383-8064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-8064","contributorId":201565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jennewein, Jyoti","contributorId":243442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jennewein","given":"Jyoti","affiliations":[{"id":36394,"text":"University of Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thieme, Alison","contributorId":237963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thieme","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47661,"text":"University of Maryland, Geographical Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":893312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soroka, Alexander M. 0000-0002-8002-5229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-5229","contributorId":201664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soroka","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":893313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70253136,"text":"70253136 - 2023 - Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-23T12:17:39.530186","indexId":"70253136","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T07:14:13","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings","docAbstract":"Fluvial erosion is increasingly responsible for infrastructure and building damages associated\nwith floods as the intensity of extreme rainfalls hit rural and urban rivers in a variety of climate\nsettings across the United States. Extreme floods in 2016 and 2018 caused widespread culvert\nblockages and road failures, including extensive damage along steep tributaries and ravines in\nthe Marengo River, Wisconsin, watershed during 2016 and 2018. A study conducted by the U.S.\nGeological Survey (USGS), Wisconsin Wetlands Association (WWA), Ashland County, and the\nNorthwest Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (NWRPC) investigated the special\nconcern of fluvial erosion hazards (FEHs) associated with gullying, streamside landslides, and\nthe loss of wetland storage in headwaters. In 2019, a pilot study was begun to map and classify\nephemeral and perennial streams and wetlands in terms of their sensitivity to FEHs. This study\ncombined data from field-based rapid geomorphic assessments (RGAs) coupled with a stream\nnetwork-wide geographic information system (GIS) approach for mapping stream segments,\nreferred to as fluvial process zones (FPZ), sensitive to erosion, deposition, and channel change.\nThe GIS approach used nationally available 10-meter (m) resolution topology and an extended\nstream network to map FPZs based on Strahler stream order, stream power, channel slope,\npresence of adjacent steep valley sides and headwater flats, and adjacent landform setting.\nBankfull channel widths derived from RGA-based hydraulic geometry curves combined with\ndrainage areas, an estimate of bankfull flow, and channel slope were used to calculate specific\nstream power for the FPZs. Lastly, the FPZs were characterized by their location within three\nmajor landform settings that affect erosion potential. The resulting vulnerability maps provided\na screening framework to identify FPZs that are sensitive to incision, gullying and mass wasting\nalong steep headwater ephemeral channels, as well as downstream perennial channels that have\nthe potential for valley-side landslides, coarse sediment deposition, and channel change. Lastly,\neach FPZ was characterized in terms of hydrologic alteration associated with ditching. The\nvulnerability mapping products and rankings of sensitivity of FPZs will ultimately be used by\nAshland County and their collaborators to prioritize natural flood management projects that\nmitigate FEHs, restore hydrology, and reconnect channels with adjacent wetlands and\nfloodplains.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference (SedHyd) 2023 Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"May 8-12, 2023","conferenceLocation":"St. Louis, MO","language":"English","publisher":"SEDHYD Conference Proceedings","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Magyera, K.H., Laumann, J., Larson, C., Rockwood, S., Dantoin, E.D., Hollenhorst, T., Krumwiede, B., Nelson, B.R., Prokopec, J., and Johnson, K.E., 2023, Connecting flood-related fluvial erosion and deposition with vulnerable downstream road-stream crossings, in Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference (SedHyd) 2023 Conference Proceedings, St. Louis, MO, May 8-12, 2023, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-152230","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/2023Program/1/206.pdf"},{"id":428053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Marengo River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.38270139201421,\n 46.7339329743686\n ],\n [\n -91.38270139201421,\n 46.04415426363366\n ],\n [\n -90.60807272808239,\n 46.04415426363366\n ],\n [\n -90.60807272808239,\n 46.7339329743686\n ],\n [\n -91.38270139201421,\n 46.7339329743686\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":209444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":899272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magyera, Kyle H.","contributorId":292245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magyera","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":62844,"text":"Wisconsin Wetlands Association","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":899273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laumann, Jason","contributorId":330643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laumann","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78946,"text":"Northwest Regional Planning Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":899274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, Clement","contributorId":330644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Clement","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78946,"text":"Northwest Regional Planning Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":899275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rockwood, Stephanie","contributorId":240930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwood","given":"Stephanie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38111,"text":"National Park Service, Rapid City, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":899276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dantoin, Eric D. 0000-0002-8561-2924 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