Though the geology of earth's rare geothermal environments and their associated microbial communities are intensely studied, less scientific attention has focused on their potential effects through the plant-herbivore-carnivore trophic chain. The west-central portion of Yellowstone National Park contains a 2000-km2 volcanic caldera with 2- to 60-million-year-old, predominantly rhyolitic, rocks that produce relatively infertile soils. The caldera area contains one of the largest concentrations of active geothermal features in the world, including thousands of geysers, fumaroles, hot springs, and mud pots. In many other chapters of this book, we address the ecological impacts of this unique geology to the ecology of the large mammals that live within the caldera, primarily through the effects of geothermal heat on snow pack. In this chapter, we explore the unique geochemistry of the geothermal environments and the consequences of this geochemistry to elk and perhaps other herbivores that reside within the caldera. These studies were prompted by behavioral and demographic observations of elk during the initial years of our studies that we could not explain and, in turn, led us to formulate hypotheses about potential geochemical influences on elk ecology. Specifically, we contrast the concentrations of fluoride (F) and silica (SiO2) found in the Madison headwaters area with areas on Yellowstone's northern range located approximately 50 km to the northwest, where geothermal features are rare or absent. We then trace the consequences of geochemical differences through abiotic and biotic linkages in the ecosystem.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Terrestrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1936-7961(08)00210-8","usgsCitation":"Garrott, R.A., White, P., Otton, J.K., and Chaffee, M.A., 2008, Living in Yellowstone's Caldera: A geochemical trophic cascade in elk, v. 3, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/S1936-7961(08)00210-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"189","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrott, Robert A.","contributorId":171537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrott","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, P.J.","contributorId":91436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaffee, Maurice A. mchaffee@usgs.gov","contributorId":4047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"Maurice","email":"mchaffee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70236954,"text":"70236954 - 2008 - Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T16:23:40.005913","indexId":"70236954","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-07T11:19:35","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory","docAbstract":"In this paper we achieve three goals: (1) We demonstrate that crack tips governed by friction laws, including slip weakening, rate- and state-dependent laws, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids, propagating at supershear speed have slip velocity functions with reduced high-frequency content compared to crack tips traveling at subshear speeds. This is demonstrated using a fully dynamic, spontaneous, three-dimensional earthquake model, in which we calculate fault slip velocity at nine points (locations) distributed along a quarter circle on the fault where the rupture is traveling at supershear speed in the in-plane direction and subshear speed in the antiplane direction. This holds for a fault governed by the linear slip-weakening constitutive equation, by slip weakening with thermal pressurization of pore fluid, and by rate- and state-dependent laws with thermal pressurization. The same is also true even assuming a highly heterogeneous initial shear stress field on the fault. (2) Using isochrone theory, we derive a general expression for the spectral characteristics and geometric spreading of two pulses arising from supershear rupture, the well-known Mach wave, and a second lesser known pulse caused by rupture acceleration. (3) We demonstrate that the Mach cone amplification of high frequencies overwhelms the de-amplification of high-frequency content in the slip velocity functions in supershear ruptures. Consequently, when earthquake ruptures travel at supershear speed, a net enhancement of high-frequency radiation is expected, and the alleged “low” peak accelerations observed for the 2002 Denali and other large earthquakes are probably not caused by diminished high-frequency content in the slip velocity function, as has been speculated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2007JB005146","usgsCitation":"Bizzarri, A., and Spudich, P.A., 2008, Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 113, no. B5, B05304, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005146.","productDescription":"B05304, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb005146","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":407217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bizzarri, A.","contributorId":68070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bizzarri","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudich, Paul A. 0000-0002-9484-4997 spudich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9484-4997","contributorId":2372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"Paul","email":"spudich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81154,"text":"ds342 - 2008 - Thermal Profiles for Selected River Reaches in the Yakima River Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"ds342","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"342","title":"Thermal Profiles for Selected River Reaches in the Yakima River Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Thermal profiles (data sets of longitudinal near-streambed temperature) that provide information on areas of potential ground-water discharge and salmonid habitat for 11 river reaches in the Yakima River basin, Washington, are available as Microsoft Excel? files that can be downloaded from the Internet. Two reaches were profiled twice resulting in 13 profiles. Data were collected for all but one thermal profile during 2001. Data consist of date and time (Pacific Daylight), near-streambed water temperature, and latitude and longitude collected concurrently using a temperature probe and a Global Positioning System. The data were collected from a watercraft towing the probe with an internal datalogger while moving downstream in a Lagrangian framework.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds342","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Yakama Nation","usgsCitation":"Vaccaro, J.J., Keys, M.E., Julich, R.J., and Welch, W., 2008, Thermal Profiles for Selected River Reaches in the Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 342, Data (ZIP of Excel Files), https://doi.org/10.3133/ds342.","productDescription":"Data (ZIP of Excel Files)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/342/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keys, M. E.","contributorId":69656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julich, R. J.","contributorId":85666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julich","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welch, W.B.","contributorId":53895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81152,"text":"fs20083012 - 2008 - Introduction to Field Water-Quality Methods for the Collection of Metals - 2007 Project Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:26","indexId":"fs20083012","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3012","title":"Introduction to Field Water-Quality Methods for the Collection of Metals - 2007 Project Summary","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Region VI of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the Osage Nation presented three 3-day workshops, in June-August 2007, entitled ?Introduction to Field Water-Quality Methods for the Collection of Metals.? The purpose of the workshops was to provide instruction to tribes within USEPA Region VI on various USGS surface-water measurement methods and water-quality sampling protocols for the collection of surface-water samples for metals analysis. Workshop attendees included members from over 22 tribes and pueblos. USGS instructors came from Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Georgia. Workshops were held in eastern and south-central Oklahoma and New Mexico and covered many topics including presampling preparation, water-quality monitors, and sampling for metals in surface water.\r\n\r\nAttendees spent one full classroom day learning the field methods used by the USGS Water Resources Discipline and learning about the complexity of obtaining valid water-quality and quality-assurance data. Lectures included (1) a description of metal contamination sources in surface water; (2) introduction on how to select field sites, equipment, and laboratories for sample analysis; (3) collection of sediment in surface water; and (4) utilization of proper protocol and methodology for sampling metals in surface water. Attendees also were provided USGS sampling equipment for use during the field portion of the class so they had actual ?hands-on? experience to take back to their own organizations.\r\n\r\nThe final 2 days of the workshop consisted of field demonstrations of current USGS water-quality sample-collection methods. The hands-on training ensured that attendees were exposed to and experienced proper sampling procedures. Attendees learned integrated-flow techniques during sample collection, field-property documentation, and discharge measurements and calculations. They also used enclosed chambers for sample processing and collected quality-assurance samples to verify their techniques. \r\n\r\nBenefits of integrated water-quality sample-collection methods are varied. Tribal environmental programs now have the ability to collect data that are comparable across watersheds. The use of consistent sample collection, manipulation, and storage techniques will provide consistent quality data that will enhance the understanding of local water resources. The improved data quality also will help the USEPA better document the condition of the region?s water. Ultimately, these workshops equipped tribes to use uniform sampling methods and to provide consistent quality data that are comparable across the region.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083012","usgsCitation":"Allen, M.L., 2008, Introduction to Field Water-Quality Methods for the Collection of Metals - 2007 Project Summary (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3012, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083012.","productDescription":"2 p.","temporalStart":"2007-06-01","temporalEnd":"2007-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3012.jpg"},{"id":11182,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cfb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Monica L.","contributorId":43065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81151,"text":"sir20075068 - 2008 - Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"sir20075068","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5068","title":"Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells","docAbstract":"Contamination of public-supply wells has resulted in public-health threats and negative economic effects for communities that must treat contaminated water or find alternative water supplies. To investigate factors controlling vulnerability of public-supply wells to anthropogenic and natural contaminants using consistent and systematic data collected in a variety of principal aquifer settings in the United States, a study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants to public-supply wells was begun in 2001 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program.\r\n\r\nThe area simulated by the ground-water flow model described in this report was selected for a study of processes influencing contaminant distribution and transport along the direction of ground-water flow towards a public-supply well in southeastern York, Nebraska. Ground-water flow is simulated for a 60-year period from September 1, 1944, to August 31, 2004. Steady-state conditions are simulated prior to September 1, 1944, and represent conditions prior to use of ground water for irrigation.\r\n\r\nIrrigation, municipal, and industrial wells were simulated using the Multi-Node Well package of the modular three-dimensional ground-water flow model code, MODFLOW-2000, which allows simulation of flow and solutes through wells that are simulated in multiple nodes or layers. Ground-water flow, age, and transport of selected tracers were simulated using the Ground-Water Transport process of MODFLOW-2000. Simulated ground-water age was compared to interpreted ground-water age in six monitoring wells in the unconfined aquifer. The tracer chlorofluorocarbon-11 was simulated directly using Ground-Water Transport for comparison with concentrations measured in six monitoring wells and one public supply well screened in the upper confined aquifer.\r\n\r\nThree alternative model simulations indicate that simulation\r\nresults are highly sensitive to the distribution of multilayer well bores where leakage can occur and that the calibrated model resulted in smaller differences than the alternative models between simulated and interpreted ages and measured tracer concentrations in most, but not all, wells. Results of the first alternative model indicate that the distribution of young water in the upper confined aquifer is substantially different when well-bore leakage at known abandoned wells and test holes is removed from the model. In the second alternative model, simulated age near the bottom of the unconfined aquifer was younger than interpreted ages and simulated chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentrations in the upper confined aquifer were zero in five out of six wells because the conventional Well Package fails to account for flow between model layers though well bores. The third alternative model produced differences between simulated and interpreted ground-water ages and measured chlorofluorocarbon-11 concentrations that were comparable to the calibrated model. However, simulated hydraulic heads deviated from measured hydraulic heads by a greater amount than for the calibrated model. Even so, because the third alternative model simulates steady-state flow, additional analysis was possible using steady-state particle tracking to assess the contributing recharge area to a public supply well selected for analysis of factors contributing to well vulnerability.\r\n\r\nResults from particle-tracking software (MODPATH) using the third alternative model indicates that the contributing recharge area of the study public-supply well is a composite of elongated, seemingly isolated areas associated with wells that are screened in multiple aquifers. The simulated age distribution of particles at the study public-supply well indicates that all water younger than 58 years travels through well bores of wells screened in multiple aquifers. The age distribution from the steady-state model using MODPATH estimates the youngest 7 percent of the water to have a flow-weighted mean age","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075068","usgsCitation":"Clark, B.R., Landon, M.K., Kauffman, L.J., and Hornberger, G.Z., 2008, Simulations of Ground-Water Flow, Transport, Age, and Particle Tracking near York, Nebraska, for a Study of Transport of Anthropogenic and Natural Contaminants (TANC) to Public-Supply Wells (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5068, Report: vii, 49 p.; Simulations; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075068.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; Simulations; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5068.jpg"},{"id":11181,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.83333333333333,40.766666666666666 ], [ -97.83333333333333,41.016666666666666 ], [ -97.46666666666667,41.016666666666666 ], [ -97.46666666666667,40.766666666666666 ], [ -97.83333333333333,40.766666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1967","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Brian R. 0000-0001-6611-3807 brclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-3807","contributorId":1502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Brian","email":"brclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, George Z.","contributorId":45806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81149,"text":"sir20085051 - 2008 - Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:22","indexId":"sir20085051","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5051","title":"Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri","docAbstract":"A study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri, to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of Sni-A-Bar Creek and selected tributaries within the corporate limits. The 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year recurrence interval streamflows were simulated to determine potential backwater effects on the Sni-A-Bar Creek main stem and to delineate flood-plain boundaries on the tributaries. \r\n\r\nThe water-surface profiles through the bridge structures within the model area indicated that backwater effects from the constrictions were not substantial. The water-surface profile of Sni-A-Bar Creek generated from the one- and two-dimensional models indicated that the Gateway Western Railroad structure provided the greatest amount of contraction of flow within the modeled area. The results at the location of the upstream face of the railroad structure indicated a change in water-surface elevation from 0.2 to 0.8 foot (corresponding to simulated 10-year and 500-year flood occurrences). Results from all analyses indicated minimal backwater effects as a result of an overall minimal energy grade line slope and velocity head along Sni-A-Bar Creek.\r\n\r\nThe flood plains for the 100-year recurrence interval floods on the Sni-A-Bar tributaries were mapped to show the extent of inundated areas. The updated flooding characteristics will allow city managers to contrast changes in flood risk and zoning as determined through the National Flood Insurance Program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Grain Valley, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Rydlund, P.H., Otero-Benitez, W., and Heimann, D.C., 2008, Hydraulic Analyses of Sni-A-Bar Creek and Selected Tributaries at Grain Valley, Jackson County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5051, Report: viii, 58 p.; Films., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085051.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 58 p.; Films.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5051/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.33333333333333,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.33333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94,38.833333333333336 ], [ -94.33333333333333,38.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rydlund, Paul H. Jr. 0000-0001-9461-9944 prydlund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9461-9944","contributorId":3840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rydlund","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"prydlund@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otero-Benitez, William","contributorId":43862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otero-Benitez","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81159,"text":"fs20083031 - 2008 - WaterWatch — Maps, graphs, and tables of current, recent, and past streamflow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T20:52:56.780221","indexId":"fs20083031","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3031","title":"WaterWatch — Maps, graphs, and tables of current, recent, and past streamflow conditions","docAbstract":"WaterWatch (http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/) is a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) World Wide Web site that displays maps, graphs, and tables describing real-time, recent, and past streamflow conditions for the United States. The real-time information generally is updated on an hourly basis. WaterWatch provides streamgage-based maps that show the location of more than 3,000 long-term (30 years or more) USGS streamgages; use colors to represent streamflow conditions compared to historical streamflow; feature a point-and-click interface allowing users to retrieve graphs of stream stage (water elevation) and flow; and highlight locations where extreme hydrologic events, such as floods and droughts, are occurring.
The streamgage-based maps show streamflow conditions for real-time, average daily, and 7-day average streamflow. The real-time streamflow maps highlight flood and high flow conditions. The 7-day average streamflow maps highlight below-normal and drought conditions.
WaterWatch also provides hydrologic unit code (HUC) maps. HUC-based maps are derived from the streamgage-based maps and illustrate streamflow conditions in hydrologic regions. These maps show average streamflow conditions for 1-, 7-, 14-, and 28-day periods, and for monthly average streamflow; highlight regions of low flow or hydrologic drought; and provide historical runoff and streamflow conditions beginning in 1901.
WaterWatch summarizes streamflow conditions in a region (state or hydrologic unit) in terms of the long-term typical condition at streamgages in the region. Summary tables are provided along with time-series plots that depict variations through time. WaterWatch also includes tables of current streamflow information and locations of flooding.
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xjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-3482","contributorId":1282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jian","given":"Xiaodong","email":"xjian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David","contributorId":61528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":81158,"text":"sir20075191 - 2008 - Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:55:46.967026","indexId":"sir20075191","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5191","title":"Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","docAbstract":"A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey was flown in 2001 over Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as part of a multi-disciplinary investigation of the geohydrologic framework of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas. The objective of the survey was to assist in mapping structural features that influence aquifer recharge and ground-water flow. The survey revealed hundreds of magnetic anomalies associated with igneous rocks that had previously been unmapped. This report presents an interpretation of the outcrops and subcrops of igneous rocks, based upon procedures of matched-filtering and potential field modeling.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075191","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.V., McDougal, R., Smith, B.D., and Blome, C.D., 2008, Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5191, Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075191.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6491d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDougal, Robert R.","contributorId":53418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81153,"text":"sir20085058 - 2008 - Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T14:04:23","indexId":"sir20085058","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5058","title":"Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030","docAbstract":"Future municipal water demand was estimated for the Bedford, Coffee, Marshall, and Maury-southern Williamson water-service areas in the upper Duck River watershed in central Tennessee through 2030. The Duck River, a primary source of municipal water, provided a total of 24.3 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) or 92 percent of the total water use in the study area during 2000. Municipal water use increased 46 percent from 1981 to 2000 (from 18.0 to 26.3 Mgal/d). Water demand for municipal use is expected to continue to increase through 2030 because of the recent intensive and anticipated growth in the residential and commercial sectors.\r\n\r\nConstant-rate models were used to estimate future municipal water demand. Data on residential and nonresidential billing accounts and estimates of public use and losses were used to calibrate the models. Two watershed scenarios for each water-supply system that depends on the Duck River for supply were simulated. Scenario 1 considered monthly water demand during typical weather conditions as represented by monthly per account use during 2003 and a rate of growth in customer accounts from 1999 to 2003. Results showed that total municipal water use could increase about 104 percent to 51 Mgal/d by 2030, residential water use could increase about 140 percent to 24 Mgal/d, nonresidential water use could increase about 110 percent to 17 Mgal/d, and public use and losses could increase about 83 percent to 11 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nScenario 2 considered monthly water demand during drought conditions as represented by monthly per account use during 2000 and recent growth in customer accounts from 1999 to 2003 or, for selected water-supply systems, an increasing rate of growth. Results showed that total municipal water use could increase about 120 percent to 55 Mgal/d, residential water use could increase about 160 percent to 26 Mgal/d, nonresidential water use could increase about 122 percent to 18 Mgal/d, and public use and losses could double and increase to 12 Mgal/d. For both scenarios the model assumed that the Duck River would supply all future surface-water needs in the study area, that ground-water resources would be sufficient to meet growing demands of the water-supply systems that depend on ground water, and that the amount of surface water sold to water-supply systems primarily dependent on ground water would remain the same through 2030.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/sir20085058","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Duck River Agency","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., 2008, Estimated use of water in the Upper Duck River watershed, central Tennessee, and water-demand projections through 2030: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5058, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085058.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11183,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 34.939985151560435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66728c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81155,"text":"ds343 - 2008 - Hydrographs showing ground-water level trends for selected wells in the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T21:33:52.344343","indexId":"ds343","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"343","title":"Hydrographs showing ground-water level trends for selected wells in the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington","docAbstract":"Selected ground-water level hydrographs for the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington, are presented in an interactive web-based map to illustrate the existence or lack of trends in ground-water levels and, thus, potential variations in ground-water availability in the area. Hydrographs are linked to points corresponding to the well location on an interactive map of the study area. Ground-water level data and well information from Federal, State, and local agencies were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System. Selected data points were excluded from hydrographs to emphasize long-term term trends over short-term effects of human activity (such as pumping a well) and seasonal fluctuations in ground-water levels.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds343","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Yakama Nation","usgsCitation":"Keys, M.E., Vaccaro, J.J., Jones, M., and Julich, R.J., 2008, Hydrographs showing ground-water level trends for selected wells in the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 343, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds343.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402797,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83556.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11185,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/343/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.2083,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.2083,\n 47.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 47.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6146b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keys, M. E.","contributorId":69656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Julich, R. J.","contributorId":85666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julich","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":81157,"text":"ofr20081112 - 2008 - Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T11:38:47.767163","indexId":"ofr20081112","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1112","title":"Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico","docAbstract":"One of the key issues in the development of an earthquake recurrence model for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico is the comparison of the predicted rates of earthquakes with the observed rates. Therefore, it is important to make an accurate determination of the observed rate of M>6.5 earthquakes in California and the adjacent region. We have developed a procedure to calculate observed earthquake rates from an earthquake catalog, accounting for magnitude uncertainty and magnitude rounding. We present a Bayesian method that corrects for the effect of the magnitude uncertainty in calculating the observed rates. Our recommended determination of the observed rate of M>6.5 in this region is 0.246 ± 0.085 (for two sigma) per year, although this rate is likely to be underestimated because of catalog incompleteness and this uncertainty estimate does not include all sources of uncertainty.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081112","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., and Mueller, C., 2008, Calculation of the rate of M≥6.5 earthquakes for California and adjacent portions of Nevada and Mexico (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1112, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081112.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11187,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83548.htm"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126,32 ], [ -126,42 ], [ -116,42 ], [ -116,32 ], [ -126,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f963b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Charles","contributorId":57178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81156,"text":"fs20083023 - 2008 - USGS Alaska State Mosaic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"fs20083023","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3023","title":"USGS Alaska State Mosaic","docAbstract":"The Alaska State Mosaic consists of portions of scenes from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics 2001 (MRLC 2001) collection. The 172 selected scenes have been geometrically and radiometrically aligned to produce a seamless, relatively cloud-free image of the State. The scenes were acquired between July 1999 and September 2002, resampled to 120-meter pixels, and cropped to the State boundary. They were reprojected into a standard Alaska Albers projection with the U.S. National Elevation Dataset (NED) used to correct for relief.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083023","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, USGS Alaska State Mosaic (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3023, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083023.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3023.jpg"},{"id":11186,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81150,"text":"sir20085010 - 2008 - Substrate Geochemistry and Soil Development in Boreal Forest and Tundra Ecosystems in the Yukon-Tanana Upland and Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T11:24:26","indexId":"sir20085010","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5010","title":"Substrate Geochemistry and Soil Development in Boreal Forest and Tundra Ecosystems in the Yukon-Tanana Upland and Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"We report on soil development as a function of bedrock type and the presence of loess in two high latitude ecosystems (boreal forest and tundra) and from two regions in Alaska?the Yukon-Tanana Upland (YTU, east-central Alaska) and the Seward Peninsula (SP, far-west coastal Alaska). This approach to the study of 'cold soils' is fundamental to the quantification of regional geochemical landscape patterns. Of the five state factors in this study, bedrock and biota (ecosystem; vegetation zone) vary whereas climate (within each area) and topography are controlled. The influence of time is assumed to be controlled, as these soils are thousands of years old (late Quaternary to Holocene).\r\n\r\nThe primary minerals in soils from YTU, developed over loess and crystalline bedrock (metamorphic and intrusive), are quartz, plagioclase, and 2:1 clays; whereas in the SP, where loess and metasedimentary bedrock (schist and quartzite) predominate, they are quartz and muscovite. The A horizon of both regions is rich in peat. Examination of the ratio of mobile (K2O, CaO, and Fe2O3) to immobile (TiO2) major oxides, within each region, shows that very little difference exists in the chemical weathering of soils developed between the two ecosystems examined. Differences were observed between tundra soils developed in the two regions. These differences are most probably due to the dissimilarity in the geochemical importance of both loess and bedrock. A minimal loss of cadmium with soil depth is seen for soils developed over YTU crystalline bedrock in the boreal forest environments. This trend is related to the mobility of cadmium in these soils as well as to its biogenic cycling. Major differences were observed in the proportion of cadmium and zinc among the A, B, and C horizon material sequestered in various soil fractions as measured by sequential soil extractions.\r\n\r\nThese trends followed such variables as the decrease with depth in organic matter, the change in clay minerals, and the change in the proportion of oxides/hydroxides. An analysis of the bulk soil mineralogy and the relation between CaO and MgO and Al2O3 and Fe2O3 indicates that the silty textured soils of the YTU are predominantly eolian (that is, of late Tertiary or Quaternary age) but not broad-regional in origin. Their composition instead is probably the result of locally derived dusts as well as input from long-term, in-place bedrock weathering.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085010","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., Crock, J., Wang, B., Day, W.C., Eberl, D.D., Sanzolone, R.F., and Lamothe, P.J., 2008, Substrate Geochemistry and Soil Development in Boreal Forest and Tundra Ecosystems in the Yukon-Tanana Upland and Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5010, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085010.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5010.jpg"},{"id":11180,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,58 ], [ -162,74 ], [ -144,74 ], [ -144,58 ], [ -162,58 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, B.","contributorId":29011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":81145,"text":"fs20083026 - 2008 - Geospatial Information is the Cornerstone of Effective Hazards Response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:30","indexId":"fs20083026","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3026","title":"Geospatial Information is the Cornerstone of Effective Hazards Response","docAbstract":"Every day there are hundreds of natural disasters world-wide. Some are dramatic, whereas others are barely noticeable. A natural disaster is commonly defined as a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. Those events include earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, tsunami, volcanoes, and wildfires. Man-made disasters are events that are caused by man either intentionally or by accident, and that directly or indirectly threaten public health and well-being. These occurrences span the spectrum from terrorist attacks to accidental oil spills.\r\n\r\nTo assist in responding to natural and potential man-made disasters, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has established the Geospatial Information Response Team (GIRT) (http://www.usgs.gov/emergency/). The primary purpose of the GIRT is to ensure rapid coordination and availability of geospatial information for effective response by emergency responders, and land and resource managers, and for scientific analysis. The GIRT is responsible for establishing monitoring procedures for geospatial data acquisition, processing, and archiving; discovery, access, and delivery of data; anticipating geospatial needs; and providing relevant geospatial products and services.\r\n\r\nThe GIRT is focused on supporting programs, offices, other agencies, and the public in mission response to hazards. The GIRT will leverage the USGS Geospatial Liaison Network and partnerships with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), and Northern Command (NORTHCOM) to coordinate the provisioning and deployment of USGS geospatial data, products, services, and equipment.\r\n\r\nThe USGS geospatial liaisons will coordinate geospatial information sharing with State, local, and tribal governments, and ensure geospatial liaison back-up support procedures are in place. The GIRT will coordinate disposition of USGS staff in support of DHS response center activities as requested by DHS.\r\n\r\nThe GIRT is a standing team that is available during all hazard events and is on high alert during the hurricane season from June through November each year. To track all of the requirements and data acquisitions processed through the team, the GIRT will use the new Emergency Request Track (ER Track) tool. Currently, the ER Track is only available to USGS personnel.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083026","usgsCitation":"Newell, M., 2008, Geospatial Information is the Cornerstone of Effective Hazards Response: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3026, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083026.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3026.jpg"},{"id":11175,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Mark","contributorId":62699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81142,"text":"sir20085016 - 2008 - Occurrence of chlorothalonil, its transformation products, and selected other pesticides in Texas and Oklahoma streams, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T15:09:35.462166","indexId":"sir20085016","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5016","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Chlorothalonil, Its Transformation Products, and Selected Other Pesticides in Texas and Oklahoma Streams, 2003-2004","title":"Occurrence of chlorothalonil, its transformation products, and selected other pesticides in Texas and Oklahoma streams, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of the study described in this report was to determine if the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile), three of its transformation products, or selected other pesticides are transported to surface water after use on peanuts or other crops in Texas and Oklahoma. The results summarized here are part of a larger study that includes data from sites in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Chlorothalonil is classified as a probable carcinogen, and the 4-hydroxy of chlorothalonil transformation product is more soluble, more stable, and, for some species, more toxic than its parent compound. In 2003, water samples were collected from three surface-water sites in Texas and two surface-water sites in Oklahoma; in 2004, samples were collected from the two Oklahoma sites. Chlorothalonil was not detected in any of the 20 samples analyzed. The 4-hydroxy of chlorothalonil transformation product was detected in three samples collected in 2004, with a maximum concentration of 0.018 microgram per liter (?g/L); the other two transformation products (diamide chlorothalonil and 1-amide-4-hydroxy chlorothalonil) were not detected in any sample. In addition, 19 samples were analyzed for as many as 109 other pesticides and transformation products. Atrazine was detected in 13 samples and had a maximum concentration of 0.122 ?g/L. Deethylatrazine was detected in 10 samples and had a maximum concentration of 0.04 ?g/L. Metolachlor was detected in eight samples and had a maximum concentration of 0.019 ?g/L. Fifteen other pesticides or pesticide transformation products also were detected. In general, concentrations of pesticides were less than concentrations that are commonly observed in Midwestern streams. The results indicate that the use of chlorothalonil on peanut crops has not resulted in substantial contamination of the studied streams in Texas and Oklahoma.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085016","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W.A., Kuivila, K., Winton, K., and Meyer, M., 2008, Occurrence of chlorothalonil, its transformation products, and selected other pesticides in Texas and Oklahoma streams, 2003-2004 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5016, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085016.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367588,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5016/pdf/SIR08-5016.pdf"},{"id":11172,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas, 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Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69","chapter":"Q","title":"Areas of historical oil and gas exploration and production in the United States","docAbstract":"This report contains maps and associated spatial data showing historical oil and gas exploration and production in the United States. Because of the proprietary nature of many oil and gas well databases, the United States was divided into cells one-quarter square mile and the production status of all wells in a given cell was aggregated. Base-map reference data are included, using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Map, the USGS and American Geological Institute (AGI) Global GIS, and a World Shaded Relief map service from the ESRI Geography Network. A hardcopy map was created to synthesize recorded exploration data from 1859, when the first oil well was drilled in the U.S., to 2005. In addition to the hardcopy map product, the data have been refined and made more accessible through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The cell data are included in a GIS database constructed for spatial analysis via the USGS Internet Map Service or by importing the data into GIS software such as ArcGIS. The USGS internet map service provides a number of useful and sophisticated geoprocessing and cartographic functions via an internet browser. Also included is a video clip of U.S. oil and gas exploration and production through time.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National assessment of oil and gas projects (Data Series 69)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds69Q","usgsCitation":"Biewick, L., 2008, Areas of historical oil and gas exploration and production in the United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69, HTML Document, CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69Q.","productDescription":"HTML Document, CD-ROM","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":429265,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1WHX9FO","text":"Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the State of Illinois Shown as Quarter-Mile Cells"},{"id":429264,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13NZURP","text":"Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the State of Kentucky Shown as Quarter-Mile Cells"},{"id":429263,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P149A2JB","text":"Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the United States Shown as Quarter-Mile Cells"},{"id":429262,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1OKLIGW","text":"Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in the United States Shown as One-Mile Cells (Decadal Time Slices)"},{"id":11170,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-q/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":402161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Time-Series Temperature Data Collected as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Studies on the Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:28","indexId":"ds330","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"330","title":"Methods for Processing and Summarizing Time-Series Temperature Data Collected as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Studies on the Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems","docAbstract":"Temperature data and summary statistics are presented for 256 sites in 9 metropolitan areas as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program studies of the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems. The computer program (GRAN) that was developed to derive uniform data granularity and calculate temperature statistics (means, standard deviations, rates of change, degree days) is described, as are the methods used to estimate missing daily mean temperatures, degree days (annual and summer periods), and 7-day running averages of daily mean temperatures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds330","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T.F., and Brightbill, R.A., 2008, Methods for Processing and Summarizing Time-Series Temperature Data Collected as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Studies on the Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 330, Report: viii, 23 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds330.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 23 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11174,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a118","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brightbill, Robin A. 0000-0003-4683-9656 rabright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-9656","contributorId":618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brightbill","given":"Robin","email":"rabright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}