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It is organized into three sections, 1) a section by section review of the geological data in the format of past Working Groups, 2) an overview of the rupture model, and 3) a manuscript by Biasi and Weldon (in review Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America) that describes the correlation methodology that was used to help develop the ?geologic insight? model. The goal of the Biasi and Weldon methodology is to quantify the insight that went into developing all A faults; as such it is in concept consistent with all other A faults but applied in a more quantitative way.\r\n\r\nThe most rapidly slipping fault and the only known source of M~8 earthquakes in southern California is the San Andreas fault. As such it plays a special role in the seismic hazard of California, and has received special attention in the current Working Group. The underlying philosophy of the current Working Group is to model the recurrence behavior of large, rapidly slipping faults like the San Andreas from observed data on the size, distribution and timing of past earthquakes with as few assumptions about underlying recurrence behavior as possible. In addition, we wish to carry the uncertainties in the data and the range of reasonable extrapolations from the data to the final model. To accomplish this for the Southern San Andreas fault we have developed an objective method to combine all of the observations of size, timing, and distribution of past earthquakes into a comprehensive set of earthquake scenarios that each represent a possible history of earthquakes for the past ~1400 years. The scenarios are then ranked according to their overall consistency with the data and then the frequencies of all of the ruptures permitted by the current Working Group?s segmentation model are calculated.\r\n\r\nWe also present 30-yr conditional probabilities by segment and compare to previous results. A distinctive aspect of the current model is that the probability is higher at both ends of the fault and that the ends have a much greater fraction of smaller events. There is a significant difference in the likelihood of large (M 7.7-8.0) earthquakes along the fault from north to south, with large 1857-like events common on the northern half of the southern San Andreas fault but relatively few M 7.7-8.0 expected on the southern half.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix E in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Weldon, R.J., Biasi, G.P., Wills, C.J., and Dawson, T.E., 2008, Overview of the Southern San Andreas Fault Model (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437E.","productDescription":"iii, 85 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11138,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biasi, Glenn P.","contributorId":20436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81115,"text":"ofr20071437C - 2008 - Monte Carlo method for determining earthquake recurrence parameters from short paleoseismic catalogs: Example calculations for California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:54:13","indexId":"ofr20071437C","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"C","title":"Monte Carlo method for determining earthquake recurrence parameters from short paleoseismic catalogs: Example calculations for California","docAbstract":"Paleoearthquake observations often lack enough events at a given site to directly define a probability density function (PDF) for earthquake recurrence. Sites with fewer than 10-15 intervals do not provide enough information to reliably determine the shape of the PDF using standard maximum-likelihood techniques [e.g., Ellsworth et al., 1999]. In this paper I present a method that attempts to fit wide ranges of distribution parameters to short paleoseismic series. From repeated Monte Carlo draws, it becomes possible to quantitatively estimate most likely recurrence PDF parameters, and a ranked distribution of parameters is returned that can be used to assess uncertainties in hazard calculations. In tests on short synthetic earthquake series, the method gives results that cluster around the mean of the input distribution, whereas maximum likelihood methods return the sample means [e.g., NIST/SEMATECH, 2006]. For short series (fewer than 10 intervals), sample means tend to reflect the median of an asymmetric recurrence distribution, possibly leading to an overestimate of the hazard should they be used in probability calculations. Therefore a Monte Carlo approach may be useful for assessing recurrence from limited paleoearthquake records. Further, the degree of functional dependence among parameters like mean recurrence interval and coefficient of variation can be established. The method is described for use with time-independent and time-dependent PDF?s, and results from 19 paleoseismic sequences on strike-slip faults throughout the state of California are given.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix C in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., 2008, Monte Carlo method for determining earthquake recurrence parameters from short paleoseismic catalogs: Example calculations for California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437C.","productDescription":"iii, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11136,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63578f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":22056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81121,"text":"ofr20071437I - 2008 - Calculating California seismicity rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:50:29","indexId":"ofr20071437I","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"I","title":"Calculating California seismicity rates","docAbstract":"Empirically the rate of earthquakes = magnitude M is well fit by the Gutenberg-Richter relationship, logN=a-bM (1) where N is the number of earthquakes = M over a given time period, a is the number of M = 0 earthquakes over the same period, and b is a parameter that determines the ratio of larger to smaller earthquakes (Ishimoto and Iida 1939; Gutenberg and Richter 1944). Thus to characterize the seismicity rate, N, and risk in a given region we need to solve for the values of a and b. Here we are concerned with solving for the long term average values of these parameters for the state of California. My primary data source is a catalog of 1850-2006 M = 4.0 seismicity compiled with Tianqing Cao (Appendix H). Because earthquakes outside of the state can influence California I consider both earthquakes within the state and within 100 km of the state border (Figure 1).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix I in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Felzer, K., 2008, Calculating California seismicity rates (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437I.","productDescription":"iii, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/i/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f974d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felzer, Karen R.","contributorId":40680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"Karen R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81114,"text":"ofr20071437B - 2008 - Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:54:50","indexId":"ofr20071437B","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"B","title":"Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults","docAbstract":"This appendix summarizes available recurrence interval, event age, and timing of most recent event data for Type A faults considered in the Earthquake Rate Model 2 (ERM 2) and used in the ERM 2 Appendix C analysis as well as Appendix N (time-dependent probabilities). These data have been compiled into an Excel workbook named Appendix B A-fault event ages_recurrence_V5.0 (herein referred to as the Appendix B workbook). For convenience, the Appendix B workbook is attached to the end of this document as a series of tables. The tables within the Appendix B workbook include site locations, event ages, and recurrence data, and in some cases, the interval of time between earthquakes is also reported. The Appendix B workbook is organized as individual worksheets, with each worksheet named by fault and paleoseismic site. Each worksheet contains the site location in latitude and longitude, as well as information on event ages, and a summary of recurrence data. Because the data has been compiled from different sources with different presentation styles, descriptions of the contents of each worksheet within the Appendix B spreadsheet are summarized.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix B in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Dawson, T.E., Weldon, R.J., and Biasi, G.P., 2008, Recurrence interval and event age data for Type A faults (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, ii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437B.","productDescription":"ii, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11135,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biasi, Glenn P.","contributorId":20436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biasi","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81122,"text":"ofr20071437J - 2008 - Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:11:41","indexId":"ofr20071437J","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"J","title":"Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes","docAbstract":"The background seismicity model is included to account for M 5.0 - 6.5 earthquakes on faults and for random M 5.0 ? 7.0 earthquakes that do not occur on faults included in the model (as in earlier models of Frankel et al., 1996, 2002 and Petersen et al., 1996). We include four different classes of earthquake sources in the California background seismicity model: (1) gridded (smoothed) seismicity, (2) regional background zones, (3) special fault zone models, and (4) shear zones (also referred to as C zones). The gridded (smoothed) seismicity model, the regional background zone model, and the special fault zones use a declustered earthquake catalog for calculation of earthquake rates. Earthquake rates in shear zones are estimated from the geodetically determined rate of deformation across an area of high strain rate. We use a truncated exponential (Gutenberg-Richter, 1944) magnitude-frequency distribution to account for earthquakes in the background models.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix J in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437J","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Mueller, C.S., Frankel, A.D., and Zeng, Y., 2008, Spatial seismicity rates and maximum magnitudes for background earthquakes (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437J.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/j/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Charles S. 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua zeng@usgs.gov","contributorId":1623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81112,"text":"ofr20071366 - 2008 - Sidescan-sonar imagery and surficial geologic interpretations of the sea floor in central Rhode Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T17:17:06.498138","indexId":"ofr20071366","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1366","title":"Sidescan-sonar imagery and surficial geologic interpretations of the sea floor in central Rhode Island Sound","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been working with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to interpret the surficial geology of areas along the northeastern coast of the United States. During 2004, the NOAA Ship RUDE conducted Hydrographic Survey H11321 in Rhode Island Sound. This sidescan-sonar and bathymetry survey covers an area of 93 km? located 12 km southeast of Brenton Point, RI in water depths of 28-39 m (fig. 1). The purpose of this report is to delineate sea floor features and sedimentary environments of this area in central Rhode Island Sound using sidescan-sonar and bathymetric data from NOAA Survey H11321 and seismic-reflection data from a previous USGS field study (Needell and others, 1983a). This is important for the study of benthic habitats and provides a framework for future research.\r\n\r\nPrior work in this area includes the mapping of surface sediments and surficial geology. McMaster (1960) collected sediment samples from Rhode Island Sound and Narragansett Bay and mapped our study area as having a sandy sea floor. In addition, one sample of sand from the National Ocean Service (NOS) Hydrographic Database came from a location in the northeast part of our study area in 1939 (fig. 2; Poppe and others, 2003). McMaster and others (1968) used seismic-reflection profiles to map the locations of a cuesta of Cretaceous sediments crossing Rhode Island Sound and post-Cretaceous drainage channels. Knebel and others (1982) identified sedimentary environments in Rhode Island Sound using sidescan sonographs. Needell and others (1983b) studied the Quaternary geology and mapped the structure, sedimentary environments, and geologic hazards in Rhode Island Sound using sidescan-sonar and seismic-reflection data.\r\n\r\nSidescan-sonar and bathymetric data from NOAA Survey H11320, which overlaps the far eastern edge of our study area, was interpreted to consist of basins surrounded by a moraine and bathymetric highs composed of till with areas of rocks, sand waves, hummocks, glaciolacustrine erosional outliers, small scarps and elongate hills (fig. 1; McMullen and others, 2007). Some of those features extend into this study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071366","usgsCitation":"McMullen, K., Poppe, L., Denny, J.F., Haupt, T., and Crocker, J., 2008, Sidescan-sonar imagery and surficial geologic interpretations of the sea floor in central Rhode Island Sound: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1366, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071366.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-005375","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1366/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Rhode Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.1924005621173,\n              41.32000645194046\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.23132449395086,\n              41.36550551149881\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3574577414124,\n              41.335916241348116\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.31130742560995,\n              41.279659581423374\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.1924005621173,\n              41.32000645194046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ace","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMullen, K.Y.","contributorId":51857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"K.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haupt, T.A.","contributorId":49063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haupt","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crocker, J.M.","contributorId":6152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crocker","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":81120,"text":"ofr20071437H - 2008 - WGCEP historical California earthquake catalog","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:51:01","indexId":"ofr20071437H","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"H","title":"WGCEP historical California earthquake catalog","docAbstract":"This appendix provides an earthquake catalog for California and the surrounding area. Our goal is to provide a listing for all known M > 5.5 earthquakes that occurred from 1850-1932 and all known M > 4.0 earthquakes that occurred from 1932-2006 within the region of 31.0 to 43.0 degrees North and -126.0 to -114.0 degrees West. Some pre-1932 earthquakes 4 < M < 5.5 are also listed. The completeness of the catalog varies strongly in time and space, in accordance with the locations of population centers and seismic instrumentation. The issue of catalog completeness is covered in depth in Appendix I, where seismicity rates are calculated for the state.\r\n\r\nThe state of California was sparsely populated until the gold rush began attracting waves of migrants in 1848. The regular publication of newspapers did not begin in many locations until 1849 and 1850. Consequently, while the historic occurrence of earthquakes in California has been documented back to the 1700s, the pre-1850 catalog is quite incomplete and most of the earthquakes are poorly constrained. Thus we list the pre-1850 earthquakes in this catalog, but for all seismicity rate calculations performed in Appendix I only the 1850-2006 part of the catalog is used. One known and significant pre-1850 earthquake that is not listed in this catalog is the MW9.0 Cascadia subduction zone earthquake of January 26, 1700 (Satake et al. 2003). This earthquake was primarily off the coast of Oregon and Washington, and we do not list it here because its epicenter may very well have been outside of the California region. Yet the southern tip of this earthquake did extend to Eureka. A repeat of this event could create both a substantial shaking and tsunami hazard in California. Other significant pre-1850 earthquakes, which are listed in the catalog below, include two earthquakes in December of 1812 in Southern California of roughly M 7; at least the first of the pair occurred on the San Andreas Fault (Toppozada et al. 2002), and a June 1838 earthquake that occurred on the San Andreas near San Francisco. Data on the 1838 earthquake is particularily sparse ? we do not even know the day on which it occurred - and magnitude estimates range from M 6.8 (Bakun 1999) to M 7.4 (Toppozada et al. 2002).\r\n\r\nEarthquake listings from 1850-1932 are generally solved for from historical data sources, with magnitudes and locations determined from felt and damage reports rather than from instrumentation. Most earthquake listings from 1932-2006 are based on instrumental recordings, at least in Southern California. The Northern California seismic network did not produce a full instrumental catalog until 1942 and did not begin routine calculation of magnitudes until late in the 1940s (Uhrhammer et al. 1996). Southern California processed some Northern California events, however, particularly with M > 5, before the Northern California network was online. Some earthquakes from 1900-1932, and particularly from 1910-1932 are also based on instrumental readings, but the quality of the instrumental record and the resulting analysis are much less precise than for later listings. A partial exception is for some of the largest earthquakes, such as the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, for which global teleseismic records (Wald et al. 1993) and geodetic measurements (Thatcher et al. 1906) have been used to help determine magnitudes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix H in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Felzer, K., and Cao, T., 2008, WGCEP historical California earthquake catalog (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, ii, 127 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437H.","productDescription":"ii, 127 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/h/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68585d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felzer, Karen R.","contributorId":40680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"Karen R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cao, Tianqing","contributorId":27965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"Tianqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81118,"text":"ofr20071437F - 2008 - Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:51:33","indexId":"ofr20071437F","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"F","title":"Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults","docAbstract":"This appendix to the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model 2 summarizes geologic data and documents the development of the rupture models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults. For the summary of available geologic data, the documentation is organized by fault and fault segment and includes a summary of slip rates, event timing and recurrence, slip-per-event, and historical seismicity for each segment. This information is compiled from the published literature as well as newer studies that have not yet been published. For the unpublished data, we either are familiar, having visited the paleoseismic sites, or participated in the data collection, or we have solicited the principal investigators at each site for their latest results. While these unpublished results are preliminary, we have chosen to include them because the results were considered in development of the rupture models and it is unlikely that the sites will be formally published before the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model is finalized. The second part of this document describes the construction of the rupture models used in the WGCEP Earthquake Rate Model 2, and the rationale that went into the construction of these models, with a summary of what types of data were considered when the rupture models were created.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix F in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Dawson, T.E., Rockwell, T., Weldon, R.J., and Wills, C.J., 2008, Summary of geologic data and development of A Priori Rupture Models for the Elsinore, San Jacinto, and Garlock faults (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437F.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11139,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/f/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":294388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, Tom K.","contributorId":24448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Tom K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81116,"text":"ofr20071437D - 2008 - Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:53:42","indexId":"ofr20071437D","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"D","title":"Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships","docAbstract":"The Working Group for California Earthquake Probabilities must transform fault lengths and their slip rates into earthquake moment-magnitudes. First, the down-dip coseismic fault dimension, W, must be inferred. We have chosen the Nazareth and Hauksson (2004) method, which uses the depth above which 99% of the background seismicity occurs to assign W. The product of the observed or inferred fault length, L, with the down-dip dimension, W, gives the fault area, A. We must then use a scaling relation to relate A to moment-magnitude, Mw. We assigned equal weight to the Ellsworth B (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2003) and Hanks and Bakun (2007) equations. The former uses a single logarithmic relation fitted to the M=6.5 portion of data of Wells and Coppersmith (1994); the latter uses a bilinear relation with a slope change at M=6.65 (A=537 km2) and also was tested against a greatly expanded dataset for large continental transform earthquakes. We also present an alternative power law relation, which fits the newly expanded Hanks and Bakun (2007) data best, and captures the change in slope that Hanks and Bakun attribute to a transition from area- to length-scaling of earthquake slip. We have not opted to use the alternative relation for the current model. The selections and weights were developed by unanimous consensus of the Executive Committee of the Working Group, following an open meeting of scientists, a solicitation of outside opinions from additional scientists, and presentation of our approach to the Scientific Review Panel. The magnitude-area relations and their assigned weights are unchanged from that used in Working Group (2003).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix D in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Stein, R.S., 2008, Earthquake Rate Model 2 of the 2007 working group for California earthquake probabilities, magnitude-area relationships (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437D.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ac37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":81113,"text":"ofr20071437A - 2008 - California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:55:20","indexId":"ofr20071437A","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"A","title":"California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007","docAbstract":"This report describes development of fault parameters for the 2007 update of the National Seismic Hazard Maps and the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP, 2007). These reference parameters are contained within a database intended to be a source of values for use by scientists interested in producing either seismic hazard or deformation models to better understand the current seismic hazards in California. These parameters include descriptions of the geometry and rates of movements of faults throughout the state. These values are intended to provide a starting point for development of more sophisticated deformation models which include known rates of movement on faults as well as geodetic measurements of crustal movement and the rates of movements of the tectonic plates. The values will be used in developing the next generation of the time-independent National Seismic Hazard Maps, and the time-dependant seismic hazard calculations being developed for the WGCEP. Due to the multiple uses of this information, development of these parameters has been coordinated between USGS, CGS and SCEC. SCEC provided the database development and editing tools, in consultation with USGS, Golden. This database has been implemented in Oracle and supports electronic access (e.g., for on-the-fly access). A GUI-based application has also been developed to aid in populating the database. Both the continually updated 'living' version of this database, as well as any locked-down official releases (e.g., used in a published model for calculating earthquake probabilities or seismic shaking hazards) are part of the USGS Quaternary Fault and Fold Database http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/qfaults/ . CGS has been primarily responsible for updating and editing of the fault parameters, with extensive input from USGS and SCEC scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix A in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Wills, C.J., Weldon, R.J., and Bryant, W., 2008, California fault parameters for the National Seismic Hazard Maps and Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437A.","productDescription":"iii, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11134,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryant, W. A.","contributorId":56255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81119,"text":"ofr20071437G - 2008 - Development of final a-fault rupture models for WGCEP/ NSHMP Earthquake Rate Model 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:12:11","indexId":"ofr20071437G","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","chapter":"G","title":"Development of final a-fault rupture models for WGCEP/ NSHMP Earthquake Rate Model 2","docAbstract":"This appendix discusses how we compute the magnitude and rate of earthquake ruptures for the seven Type-A faults (Elsinore, Garlock, San Jacinto, S. San Andreas, N. San Andreas, Hayward-Rodgers Creek, and Calaveras) in the WGCEP/NSHMP Earthquake Rate Model 2 (referred to as ERM 2. hereafter). By definition, Type-A faults are those that have relatively abundant paleoseismic information (e.g., mean recurrence-interval estimates). The first section below discusses segmentation-based models, where ruptures are assumed be confined to one or more identifiable segments. The second section discusses an un-segmented-model option, the third section discusses results and implications, and we end with a discussion of possible future improvements. General background information can be found in the main report.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Appendix G in The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF 2)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., Weldon, R.J., Parsons, T., Wills, C.J., Dawson, T.E., Stein, R.S., and Petersen, M.D., 2008, Development of final a-fault rupture models for WGCEP/ NSHMP Earthquake Rate Model 2 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, iii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437G.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11140,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/g/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, Ray J. II","contributorId":47859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"Ray","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, Thomas 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":26583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wills, Chris J.","contributorId":97576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. 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,{"id":81109,"text":"fs20083017 - 2008 - United States National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:31","indexId":"fs20083017","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3017","title":"United States National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey?s maps of earthquake shaking hazards provide information essential to creating and updating the seismic design provisions of building codes and insurance rates used in the United States. Periodic revisions of these maps incorporate the results of new research. Buildings, bridges, highways, and utilities built to meet modern seismic design provisions are better able to withstand earthquakes, not only saving lives but also enabling critical activities to continue with less disruption. These maps can also help people assess the hazard to their homes or places of work and can also inform insurance rates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083017","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., and and others, 2008, United States National Seismic Hazard Maps (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3017, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083017.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3017.jpg"},{"id":11129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60f262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":534958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81111,"text":"ofr20081121 - 2008 - Modified Mercalli Intensity Maps for the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Plotted in ShakeMap Format","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:55:51","indexId":"ofr20081121","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1121","title":"Modified Mercalli Intensity Maps for the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Plotted in ShakeMap Format","docAbstract":"To construct the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) ShakeMap for the 1868 Hayward earthquake, we started with two sets of damage descriptions and felt reports. The first set of 100 sites was compiled by A.A. Bullock in the Lawson (1908) report on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The second set of 45 sites was compiled by Toppozada et al. (1981) from an extensive search of newspaper archives. We supplemented these two sets of reports with new observations from 30 sites using surveys of cemetery damage, reports of damage to historic adobe structures, pioneer narratives, and reports from newspapers that Toppozada et al. (1981) did not retrieve. The Lawson (1908) and Toppozada et al. (1981) compilations and our contributions are assembled in the Site List.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081121","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., and Bundock, H., 2008, Modified Mercalli Intensity Maps for the 1868 Hayward Earthquake Plotted in ShakeMap Format (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1121, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081121.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11131,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1121/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5,36.5 ], [ -123.5,39 ], [ -120,39 ], [ -120,36.5 ], [ -123.5,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6247a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bundock, Howard","contributorId":76830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundock","given":"Howard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81108,"text":"fs20083009 - 2008 - Monitoring indicators of harmful cyanobacteria in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T13:17:52","indexId":"fs20083009","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3009","title":"Monitoring indicators of harmful cyanobacteria in Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Harmful algal blooms can occur when certain types of microscopic algae grow quickly in water, forming visible patches that might harm the health of the environment, plants, or animals. In freshwater, species of Cyanobacteria (also known as bluegreen algae) are the dominant group of harmful, bloom-forming algae. When Cyanobacteria form a harmful algal bloom, potential impairments include restricted recreational activities because of algal scums or algal mats, potential loss of public water supply because of taste and odor compounds (for example, geosmin), and the production of toxins (for example, microcystin) in amounts capable of threatening human health and wildlife.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083009","usgsCitation":"Kiesling, R.L., Gary, R.H., and Gary, M.O., 2008, Monitoring indicators of harmful cyanobacteria in Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3009, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083009.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3009.jpg"},{"id":327672,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3009/pdf/FS2008-3009.pdf","size":"3.85 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11128,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3009/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6991c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiesling, Richard L. 0000-0002-3017-1826 kiesling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-1826","contributorId":1837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiesling","given":"Richard","email":"kiesling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gary, Robin H.","contributorId":19246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gary","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gary, Marcus O.","contributorId":68810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gary","given":"Marcus","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81110,"text":"fs20083018 - 2008 - 2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:15","indexId":"fs20083018","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3018","title":"2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey recently updated the National Seismic Hazard Maps by incorporating new seismic, geologic, and geodetic information on earthquake rates and associated ground shaking. The 2008 versions supersede those released in 1996 and 2002. These maps are the basis for seismic design provisions of building codes, insurance rate structures, earthquake loss studies, retrofit priorities, and land-use planning. Their use in design of buildings, bridges, highways, and critical infrastructure allows structures to better withstand earthquake shaking, saving lives and reducing disruption to critical activities following a damaging event. The maps also help engineers avoid costs from over-design for unlikely levels of ground motion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20083018","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M., and and others, 2008, 2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3018, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20083018.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2008_3018.jpg"},{"id":11130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3018/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4924e4b0b290850eee9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, M.D.","contributorId":51319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":534959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81106,"text":"ds325 - 2008 - Ground-water quality data in the Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin 2006: Results from the California GAMA program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T18:18:47.252704","indexId":"ds325","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"325","title":"Ground-water quality data in the Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin 2006: Results from the California GAMA program","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water quality in the approximately 1,695-square-mile Central Eastside study unit (CESJO) was investigated from March through June 2006 as part of the Statewide Basin Assessment Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Statewide Basin Assessment project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of raw ground-water quality within CESJO, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 78&nbsp;wells in Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Fifty-eight of the 78&nbsp;wells were selected using a randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells). Twenty of the wells were selected to evaluate changes in water chemistry along selected lateral or vertical ground-water flow paths in the aquifer (flow-path wells).</p><p>The ground-water samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents [volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gasoline oxygenates and their degradates, pesticides and pesticide degradates], constituents of special interest [perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)], inorganic constituents that can occur naturally [nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements], radioactive constituents, and microbial indicators. Naturally occurring isotopes [tritium, carbon-14, and uranium isotopes and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon], and dissolved noble and other gases also were measured to help identify the source and age of the sampled ground water.</p><p>Quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, samples for matrix spikes) were collected for approximately one-sixth of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the ground-water samples. Assessment of the quality-control results showed that the environmental data were of good quality, with low bias and low variability, and resulted in censoring of less than 0.3&nbsp;percent of the detections found in ground-water samples.</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, water typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw ground water were compared with health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CADPH) and thresholds established for aesthetic concerns (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCL-CA) by CADPH.</p><p>VOCs and pesticides were detected in approximately half of the grid wells, and all detections in samples from CESJO wells were below health-based thresholds. All detections of nutrients and major elements in grid wells also were below health-based thresholds. Most detections of constituents of special interest, trace elements, and radioactive constituents in samples from grid wells were below health-based thresholds. Exceptions included two detections of arsenic that were above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US), one detection of lead above the USEPA action level (AL-US), and one detection of vanadium and three detections of 1,2,3-TCP that were above the CADPH notification levels (NL-CA). All detections of radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds, although fourteen samples had activities of radon-222 above the lower proposed MCL-US. Most of the samples from CESJO grid wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic concerns. A few samples contained manganese or total dissolved solids at concentrations above the SMCL-CA thresholds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds325","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., and Belitz, K., 2008, Ground-water quality data in the Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin 2006: Results from the California GAMA program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 325, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds325.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","temporalStart":"2006-03-01","temporalEnd":"2006-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403848,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83529.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/325/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Eastside San Joaquin Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              37.1083\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0556,\n              37.1083\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0556,\n              37.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              37.825\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              37.1083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":81102,"text":"ofr20081091 - 2008 - Major and EDXRF Trace Element Chemical Analyses of Volcanic Rocks from Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T09:32:17","indexId":"ofr20081091","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1091","title":"Major and EDXRF Trace Element Chemical Analyses of Volcanic Rocks from Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California","docAbstract":"This open-file report presents WDXRF major-element chemical data for late Pliocene to Holocene volcanic rocks collected from Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, California. Data for Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Nb, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu obtained by EDXRF are included for many samples. Data are presented in an EXCEL spreadsheet and are keyed to rock units as displayed on the Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity (Clynne and Muffler, in press). Location of the samples is given in latitude and longitude in degrees and decimal minutes and in decimal degrees.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081091","usgsCitation":"Clynne, M.A., Muffler, L., Siems, D.F., Taggart, J., and Bruggman, P., 2008, Major and EDXRF Trace Element Chemical Analyses of Volcanic Rocks from Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1091, Text: 10 p.; Table (available as Excel, CSV, TXT, and PDF file), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081091.","productDescription":"Text: 10 p.; Table (available as Excel, CSV, TXT, and PDF file)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.75,40.25 ], [ -121.75,40.75 ], [ -121.11749999999999,40.75 ], [ -121.11749999999999,40.25 ], [ -121.75,40.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6496fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muffler, L.J.P.","contributorId":63383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taggart, J.E. Jr.","contributorId":51301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"J.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bruggman, Peggy","contributorId":9737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruggman","given":"Peggy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":81103,"text":"ofr20081100 - 2008 - Modeling Soil Moisture in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:24","indexId":"ofr20081100","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1100","title":"Modeling Soil Moisture in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"The Mojave Desert is an arid region of southeastern California and parts of Nevada, Arizona, and Utah; the desert occupies more than 25,000 square miles (fig. 1). Ranging from below sea level to over 5,000 feet (1,524 m) in elevation, the Mojave Desert is considered a ?high desert.? On the west and southwest it is bounded by the Sierra Nevada, the San Gabriel, and the San Bernardino Mountains. These imposing mountains intercept moisture traveling inland from the Pacific Ocean, producing arid conditions characterized by extreme fluctuations in daily temperatures, strong seasonal winds, and an average annual precipitation of less than six inches. The Mojave Desert lies farther south and at a lower elevation than the cooler Great Basin Desert and grades southward into the even lower and hotter Sonoran Desert.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., Hughson, D., and Schmidt, K.M., 2008, Modeling Soil Moisture in the Mojave Desert (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1100, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081100.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":294352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughson, Debra","contributorId":70506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughson","given":"Debra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin M. 0000-0003-2365-8035 kschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":1985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"kschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":81100,"text":"fs20083019 - 2008 - The Hayward Fault— Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":81100,"text":"fs20083019 - 2008 - The Hayward Fault— Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?","indexId":"fs20083019","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"The Hayward Fault— Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70198961,"text":"fs20183052 - 2018 - The Hayward Fault—Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?","indexId":"fs20183052","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"The Hayward Fault—Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70198961,"text":"fs20183052 - 2018 - The Hayward Fault—Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?","indexId":"fs20183052","publicationYear":"2018","noYear":false,"title":"The Hayward Fault—Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T21:01:08.878295","indexId":"fs20083019","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3019","title":"The Hayward Fault— Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?","docAbstract":"<p>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay region. Although the region was then sparsely populated, this quake on the Hayward Fault was one of the most destructive in California's history. Recent studies show that such powerful Hayward Fault quakes have repeatedly jolted the region in the past. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists describe this fault as a tectonic time bomb, due anytime for another magnitude 6.8 to 7.0 earthquake. Because such a quake could cause hundreds of deaths, leave thousands homeless, and devastate the region's economy, the USGS and other organizations are working together with new urgency to help prepare Bay Area communities for this certain future quake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20083019","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Boatwright, J., Lienkaemper, J.J., Prentice, C.S., Schwartz, D.P., and Bundock, H., 2008, The Hayward Fault— Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake? 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,{"id":81099,"text":"sir20085019 - 2008 - Sedimentation and occurrence and trends of selected nutrients, other chemical constituents, and diatoms in bottom sediment, Fall River Lake, southeast Kansas, 1948-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T20:55:44.865258","indexId":"sir20085019","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5019","title":"Sedimentation and occurrence and trends of selected nutrients, other chemical constituents, and diatoms in bottom sediment, Fall River Lake, southeast Kansas, 1948-2006","docAbstract":"<p>A combination of available bathymetric-survey information and bottom-sediment coring was used to investigate sedimentation and the occurrence of selected nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), organic and total carbon, 25 trace elements, diatoms, and the radionuclide cesium-137 in the bottom sediment of Fall River Lake, southeast Kansas. The total estimated volume and mass of bottom sediment deposited from 1948 through 2006 in the original conservation pool of the reservoir was 470 million cubic feet and 18.8 billion pounds, respectively. The estimated sediment volume occupied about 36 percent of the original conservation-pool, water-storage capacity of the reservoir. Mean annual net sediment deposition since 1948 in the original conservation pool of the reservoir was estimated to be 324 million pounds per year. Mean annual net sediment yield from the Fall River Lake Basin was estimated to be 585,000 pounds per square mile per year.</p><p>The mean annual net loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus deposited in the bottom sediment of Fall River Lake were estimated to be 648,000 pounds per year and 267,000 pounds per year, respectively. The estimated mean annual net yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from the Fall River Lake Basin were 1,170 pounds per square mile per year and 480 pounds per square mile per year, respectively. Throughout the history of Fall River Lake, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in the deposited sediment were relatively uniform.</p><p>Trace element concentrations in the bottom sediment of Fall River Lake generally were uniform over time. Arsenic, chromium, nickel, and zinc concentrations typically exceeded the threshold-effects guidelines, which represent the concentrations above which toxic biological effects occasionally occur. Trace element concentrations did not exceed the probable-effects guidelines (available for eight trace elements), which represent the concentrations above which toxic biological effects usually or frequently occur. Diatom occurrence in the bottom sediment of Fall River Lake was dominated by the species<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aulacoseira granulata</i>, which is an indicator of eutrophic (nutrient-rich) conditions. 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,{"id":81105,"text":"ofr20071437 - 2008 - The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, version 2 (UCERF 2)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:12:49","indexId":"ofr20071437","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1437","title":"The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, version 2 (UCERF 2)","docAbstract":"California?s 35 million people live among some of the most active earthquake faults in the United States. Public safety demands credible assessments of the earthquake hazard to maintain appropriate building codes for safe construction and earthquake insurance for loss protection. Seismic hazard analysis begins with an earthquake rupture forecast?a model of probabilities that earthquakes of specified magnitudes, locations, and faulting types will occur during a specified time interval. This report describes a new earthquake rupture forecast for California developed by the 2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP 2007).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071437","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2008, The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, version 2 (UCERF 2) (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1437, Executive Summary; Report; Excel Workbook; 16 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071437.","productDescription":"Executive Summary; Report; Excel Workbook; 16 Appendixes","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11125,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1437/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":195691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.25,32 ], [ -124.25,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -124.25,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672e8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities","contributorId":128263,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities","id":534957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":81101,"text":"fs20083027 - 2008 - Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":6933,"text":"fs15299 - 1999 - Major quake likely to strike between 2000 and 2030","indexId":"fs15299","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Major quake likely to strike between 2000 and 2030"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":81101,"text":"fs20083027 - 2008 - Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?","indexId":"fs20083027","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":47846,"text":"fs03903 - 2003 - Is a powerful quake likely to strike in the next 30 years?","indexId":"fs03903","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Is a powerful quake likely to strike in the next 30 years?"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":81101,"text":"fs20083027 - 2008 - Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?","indexId":"fs20083027","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T21:58:51.353676","indexId":"fs20083027","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-3027","title":"Forecasting California's earthquakes— What can we expect in the next 30 years?","docAbstract":"<p>In a new comprehensive study, scientists have determined that the chance of having one or more magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquakes in the California area over the next 30 years is greater than 99%. 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,{"id":81104,"text":"ofr20081006 - 2008 - Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T10:55:48","indexId":"ofr20081006","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1006","title":"Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2006","docAbstract":"The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions.\r\n\r\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081006","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2008, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1006, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081006.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11124,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70200677,"text":"70200677 - 2008 - Initiation conditions for debris flows generated by runoff at Chalk Cliffs, central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:14:01","indexId":"70200677","displayToPublicDate":"2008-04-15T11:13:45","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initiation conditions for debris flows generated by runoff at Chalk Cliffs, central Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>We have monitored initiation conditions for six debris flows between May 2004 and July 2006 in a 0.3&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>drainage basin at Chalk Cliffs; a band of hydrothermally-altered quartz monzonite in central Colorado. Debris flows were initiated by water runoff from colluvium and bedrock that entrained sediment from rills and channels with slopes ranging from about 14° to 45°. The availability of channel material is essentially unlimited because of thick channel fill and refilling following debris flows by rock fall and dry ravel processes. Rainfall exceeding<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;6.61(<i>D</i>)<sup>−&nbsp;0.77</sup>, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is rainfall intensity (mm/h), and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is duration (h), was required for the initiation of debris flows in the drainage basin. The approximate minimum runoff discharge from the surface of bedrock required to initiate debris flows in the channels was 0.15&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s. Colluvium in the basin was unsaturated immediately prior to (antecedent) and during debris flows. Antecedent, volumetric moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1&nbsp;cm and 29&nbsp;cm ranged from 4–9%, and 4–7%, respectively. During debris flows, peak moisture levels in colluvium at depths of 1&nbsp;cm and 29&nbsp;cm ranged from 10–20%, and 4–12%, respectively. Channel sediment at a depth of 45&nbsp;cm was unsaturated before and during debris flows; antecedent moisture ranged from 20–22%, and peak moisture ranged from 24–38%. Although we have no measurements from shallow rill or channel sediment, we infer that it was unsaturated before debris flows, and saturated by surface-water runoff during debris flows.</p><p>Our results allow us to make the following general statements with regard to debris flows generated by runoff in semi-arid to arid mountainous regions: 1) high antecedent moisture levels in hillslope and channel sediment are not required for the initiation of debris flows by runoff, 2) locations of entrainment of sediment by successive runoff events can vary within a basin as a function of variations in the thickness of existing channel fill and the rate of replenishment of channel fill by rock fall and dry ravel processes following debris flows, and 3) rainfall and simulated surface-water discharge thresholds can be useful in understanding and predicting debris flows generated by runoff and sediment entrainment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.017","usgsCitation":"Coe, J.A., David Kinner, and Godt, J.W., 2008, Initiation conditions for debris flows generated by runoff at Chalk Cliffs, central Colorado: Geomorphology, v. 96, no. 3-4, p. 270-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.017.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","volume":"96","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10d3e2e4b034bf6a7f9d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David Kinner","contributorId":195336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David Kinner","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}