{"pageNumber":"2169","pageRowStart":"54200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68892,"records":[{"id":10505,"text":"ofr81685 - 1981 - Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-01T22:19:07.162703","indexId":"ofr81685","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-685","title":"Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Ground-water consumption for industrial use at Nikiski increased from about 1 million gallons per day in 1968 to 4.2 million gallons per day in 1979. Water managers and local citizens are concerned that industrial pumping may reduce the esthetic and recreational value of local lakes. Some lake levels have declined as much as 8 feet since pumping began; the greatest declines occurred in lakes nearest the center of pumping.

Ground water occurs in three aquifers. The upper aquifer is unconfined and is hydraulically connected to most lakes and streams in the area. The upper two aquifers are hydraulically connected through a leaky confining layer, and water levels in the two aquifers fluctuate synchronously with changes in precipitation and changes in pumping from either aquifer. The hydraulic connection of the lower confined aquifer, the deepest of the three aquifers, to the other two aquifers is poor. Drawdowns caused by pumping have stabilized in all three aquifers. This indicates that the pumping is in equilibrium with the hydrologic boundaries. In the lower two aquifers, the potentiometric surfaces near some production wells are below sea level; however, no salt water has intruded the aquifers as far as the pumped wells. If intrusion occurs or if additional water supplies are needed, another potential site for ground-water development is the middle Beaver Creek basin, 7-10 miles east of the industrial area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81685","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources and Kenai Peninsula Borough","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.L., 1981, Hydrology and the effects of industrial pumping in the Nikiski area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-685, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81685.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0685/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":419484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0685/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Nikiski","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.746844331157206\n ],\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.6716276310604\n ],\n [\n -151.2111813821138,\n 60.6716276310604\n ],\n [\n -151.2111813821138,\n 60.746844331157206\n ],\n [\n -151.45826580748331,\n 60.746844331157206\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Gordon L.","contributorId":55443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57403,"text":"wdrSC801 - 1981 - Water resources data for South Carolina, water year 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T17:25:02.809951","indexId":"wdrSC801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"SC-80-1","title":"Water resources data for South Carolina, water year 1980","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrSC801","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data for South Carolina, water year 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report SC-80-1, x, 322 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrSC801.","productDescription":"x, 322 p. 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9221,"text":"ofr811120 - 1981 - Lineaments and fracture traces, Jennings County and Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:39:42","indexId":"ofr811120","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1120","title":"Lineaments and fracture traces, Jennings County and Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana","docAbstract":"

Jennings and several adjacent counties are economically restricted \"by inadequate water supplies. The North Vernon Water Utility, supplying more than 25 percent of Jennings County's population, obtains its water from the Vernon Fork Muscatatuck River, although streamflow is less than the average daily withdrawal 69 days of the year. The U.S. Army, Jefferson Proving Ground, pipes water more than 5 miles and lifts it 375 feet for fire protection. Another Jennings County utility pipes water more than 15 miles to rural domestic consumers unable to locate sufficient ground-water supplies.

\n

Two nearly horizontal sequences of Paleozoic limestone and dolomite, intermittently separated by a thin, discontinuous shale unit, constitute the principal aquifer. Many wells tapping this aquifer are unable to supply single-dwelling needs, whereas others supply several dwellings with ease. All the wells tapping the aquifer have been located for the owners' convenience and are randomly located in relation to lineaments and fracture traces.

\n

Lineaments and fracture traces were observed throughout the study area, and those most easily interpreted are shown on a map at a scale of 1:48,000. Pleistocene drift, averaging 25-30 feet thick, covers most of the bedrock, but did not restrict the mapping of lineaments and fracture traces from aerial photographs.

\n

The lineament and fracture-trace map indicates probable locations of vertical or near vertical fractures in the bedrock. Wells drilled on these mapped features may yield adequate supplies for domestic use. Larger yields may be available in several areas of southwest Jennings County where lineaments parallel major stream channels.

\n

Well placement is important in this area, as fractures are a principal source of water to wells. In areas of fractured bedrock, the most productive well locations are at the intersections of two or more mapped lineaments or fracture traces and at the lowest local altitude. Use of the lineament and fracture-trace map will not guarantee a sufficent supply of ground water but will minimize the chance of drilling an inadequate well.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr811120","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Army, Jefferson Proving Ground","usgsCitation":"Greeman, T., 1981, Lineaments and fracture traces, Jennings County and Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1120, iv, 17 p., 1 over-size sheet, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811120.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p., 1 over-size sheet, ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":36833,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1120/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1120/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Jennings","otherGeospatial":"Jefferson Proving Ground","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.203,38.9167],[-85.2023,38.6911],[-85.214,38.6955],[-85.215,38.6963],[-85.2317,38.7113],[-85.2395,38.7209],[-85.2453,38.7276],[-85.2505,38.7322],[-85.2511,38.7326],[-85.2628,38.7377],[-85.2819,38.7401],[-85.2852,38.7403],[-85.2988,38.7405],[-85.3201,38.7383],[-85.3206,38.7382],[-85.333,38.7351],[-85.3358,38.7347],[-85.3607,38.7306],[-85.3796,38.7316],[-85.3811,38.7318],[-85.3952,38.7344],[-85.4044,38.7361],[-85.416,38.7357],[-85.4168,38.7357],[-85.4339,38.7289],[-85.4382,38.7256],[-85.4398,38.7243],[-85.4533,38.704],[-85.4539,38.703],[-85.4551,38.6967],[-85.4544,38.6886],[-85.4536,38.6847],[-85.451,38.6803],[-85.4507,38.6797],[-85.4425,38.6681],[-85.4421,38.6674],[-85.437,38.6563],[-85.4371,38.6459],[-85.4374,38.6216],[-85.4376,38.6115],[-85.4346,38.597],[-85.4287,38.5872],[-85.4279,38.5861],[-85.4785,38.5866],[-85.479,38.5925],[-85.4967,38.5926],[-85.4971,38.6071],[-85.5701,38.6063],[-85.5702,38.6512],[-85.5704,38.6784],[-85.6081,38.6787],[-85.6089,38.7077],[-85.6149,38.7077],[-85.6296,38.7078],[-85.6361,38.7079],[-85.6443,38.7079],[-85.6461,38.708],[-85.6464,38.7302],[-85.6641,38.7303],[-85.6646,38.7389],[-85.6847,38.7386],[-85.6844,38.8152],[-85.6915,38.8157],[-85.6944,38.8175],[-85.6974,38.8144],[-85.7033,38.8162],[-85.7056,38.8189],[-85.7062,38.8244],[-85.7126,38.8285],[-85.7156,38.8285],[-85.7197,38.8258],[-85.718,38.8236],[-85.7192,38.8231],[-85.7268,38.8245],[-85.731,38.8245],[-85.7363,38.8223],[-85.7381,38.8196],[-85.7428,38.8187],[-85.7511,38.8192],[-85.754,38.8206],[-85.7582,38.8193],[-85.757,38.8161],[-85.7618,38.8134],[-85.7635,38.8157],[-85.7689,38.8148],[-85.7689,38.8112],[-85.7719,38.8094],[-85.7772,38.813],[-85.7801,38.8121],[-85.7831,38.8072],[-85.7949,38.8077],[-85.7953,38.8245],[-85.7959,38.8952],[-85.7964,38.9042],[-85.7963,38.9124],[-85.7969,38.9704],[-85.7972,38.999],[-85.7983,39.0683],[-85.7988,39.0856],[-85.7989,39.1291],[-85.688,39.1307],[-85.5664,39.1325],[-85.4403,39.1954],[-85.2966,39.268],[-85.2204,39.3072],[-85.2186,39.308],[-85.0652,39.3082],[-85.0732,39.2675],[-85.0824,39.2195],[-85.0903,39.1788],[-85.0983,39.1327],[-85.1057,39.0906],[-85.1222,39.0006],[-85.1305,38.9707],[-85.1324,38.9617],[-85.135,38.9481],[-85.1389,38.9296],[-85.2034,38.9294],[-85.203,38.9167]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jefferson\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a505e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeman, T. K.","contributorId":58275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"T. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69305,"text":"l163 - 1981 - Land use and land cover, 1974, Port Orford, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:33","indexId":"l163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":321,"text":"Land Use and Land Cover","code":"L","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"163","title":"Land use and land cover, 1974, Port Orford, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/l163","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Land use and land cover, 1974, Port Orford, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover 163, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/l163.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261155,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/l/163/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,42.5 ], [ -125,43 ], [ -124,43 ], [ -124,42.5 ], [ -125,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae34f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9611,"text":"ofr81811 - 1981 - Ground-water data for Michigan, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:38:15","indexId":"ofr81811","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-811","title":"Ground-water data for Michigan, 1980","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this report is to make available the 1980 records of water levels and related data for the principal aquifers of the State. This report is written for municipalities, industries, institutions, consultants, drillers, hydrologists and other people interested in the ground-water resources.

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\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huffman, G.C.","contributorId":44150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9552,"text":"ofr811061 - 1981 - Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:39:57","indexId":"ofr811061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1061","title":"Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","docAbstract":"

An unsteady-flow simulation model was applied to a 19.5-mile reach of Saginaw River. The model provides a method of determining instantaneous discharge for flows from -8,000 to 12,000 cubic feet per second. The currently used slope-rating method can be utilized to compute discharge only under steady and high-flow conditions. Unsteady flow frequently occurs in the Saginaw River as a result of lake seiching.

Model computations are based on solution of the continuity and momentum flow equations, on hydraulic characteristics of Saginaw River, and on time-dependent boundary conditions. An implicit, finite-difference technique is used to solve the one-dimensional flow equations. Channel storage and conveyance characteristics were obtained from data collected during a 1979 field survey and through model calibration. Boundary conditions are specified by stage or discharge data at the model extremities. Optionally, wind velocity data are incorporated in the flow simulations.

The model can simulate instantaneous stage and discharge data and summarize or plot the data. Simulations of low-flows are sensitive to small errors in stage data and to gentle breezes. Simulation of high flows for present channel conditions requires additional data and further study.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr811061","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 1981, Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1061, v, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811061.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343667,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55117,"text":"wdrWY801 - 1981 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1980: Volume 1. Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T14:07:21.998214","indexId":"wdrWY801","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-80-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1980: Volume 1. Missouri River basin","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1980 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells. Volume 1 of this report contains discharge records for 161 gaging stations; stage only records for 1 lake; stage and contents for 11 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 93 gaging stations, 44 ungaged stations, 100 wells and springs; and water levels for 36 observation wells. Also included are 74 crest-stage partial-record stations and 2 precipitation monitoring sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. This data represents that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY801","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wyoming and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1980: Volume 1. 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Green River basin; Bear River basin; Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T16:56:48.110806","indexId":"wdrWY802","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-80-2","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1980: Volume 2. Green River basin; Bear River basin; Snake River basin","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1980 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells. Volume 2 of this report contains discharge records for 62 gaging stations; stage and contents for 3 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 38 gaging stations and 20 ungaged stations; and water levels for 7 observation wells. Also included are 24 crest-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.

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Water resources data for the 1980 water year for Connecticut consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report contains records of water discharge at 53 gaging stations; storm discharge at 7 gaging stations; stage only at 1 gaging station; tidal volume at 1 gaging station; storm rainfall at 6 gaging stations; stage only records at 3 tidal-gaging stations; contents at 36 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 46 gaging stations, 5 lakes and reservoirs, 2 harbors, 34 wells, and 1 spring; and water levels at 59 observation wells. Also included are data for 44 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 2, 3, and 4. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analysis. A few pertinent stations (not included above) in bordering States are also enclosed in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Connecticut.

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Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Land use and land cover, 1974-76, Coalinga, California: U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover 146, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/l146.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261189,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/l/146/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,36 ], [ -121,36.5 ], [ -120,36.5 ], [ -120,36 ], [ -121,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources 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Huachuca, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:32","indexId":"l150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":321,"text":"Land Use and Land Cover","code":"L","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"150","title":"Land use and land cover, 1972-73, Ft. Huachuca, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/l150","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Land use and land cover, 1972-73, Ft. Huachuca, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover 150, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/l150.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261190,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/l/150/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,31.5 ], [ -111,32 ], [ -110,32 ], [ -110,31.5 ], [ -111,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":69322,"text":"l145 - 1981 - Land use and land cover, 1974, Canyonville, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:23","indexId":"l145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":321,"text":"Land Use and Land Cover","code":"L","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"145","title":"Land use and land cover, 1974, Canyonville, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/l145","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Land use and land cover, 1974, Canyonville, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover 145, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/l145.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261164,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/l/145/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124,42.5 ], [ -124,43 ], [ -123,43 ], [ -123,42.5 ], [ -124,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae454","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9490,"text":"ofr81163 - 1981 - Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9490,"text":"ofr81163 - 1981 - Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","indexId":"ofr81163","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":24998,"text":"pp1238 - 1982 - Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf","indexId":"pp1238","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":24998,"text":"pp1238 - 1982 - Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf","indexId":"pp1238","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T19:11:35.9121","indexId":"ofr81163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-163","title":"Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","docAbstract":"

The zonation of macrobenthic infauna on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf is related to water depth and sediment facies. Five zones can be defined by species distribution and density, diversity, equitability, and biogenic sedimentary structures.

The numbers of species and individuals per unit area correlate locally with substrate characteristics (particularly sand-to-mud ratios). Sandier substrates have more species and individuals than muddier ones. In the study area, sand-to-mud ratios generally decrease as water depth increases. Consequently, the numbers of species and individuals decrease away from land.

Diversity (H\") is higher in sandier substrates than in muddier substrates. Overall diversity decreases in a seaward direction. Equitability increases as sand-to-mud ratios decrease and thus tends to increase as water depth increases.

Biogenic sedimentary structures on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf result from the interaction of biologic and geologic processes. The zonation of the structures is useful in overall environmental interpretations of Holocene events and processes. The zonation can be defined in terms of diversity, density, and distribution.

Zonation of biogenic sedimentary structures parallel macrobenthic infaunal zonation. Substrates with diverse and dense biogenic sedimentary structures are associated with diverse, dense macrobenthic infaunal assemblages. The distribution of biogenic sedimentary structures is similar to the distribution of sediment types. Diversity and density of biogenic sedimentary structures decrease away from land. Locally, individual biogenic sedimentary structures become more obvious and distinct in finer sediments and deeper water.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81163","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., 1981, Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-163, vi, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81163.","productDescription":"vi, 130 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.72,25.84 ], [ -97.72,30.0 ], [ -93.52,30.0 ], [ -93.52,25.84 ], [ -97.72,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Gary W.","contributorId":56627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27162,"text":"wri8131 - 1981 - Chemical, physical, and radiological quality of selected public water supplies in Florida, February-April 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T11:22:18","indexId":"wri8131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-31","title":"Chemical, physical, and radiological quality of selected public water supplies in Florida, February-April 1980","docAbstract":"Virtually all treated public water supplies in Florida meet the National Interim Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. These findings are based on a water-quality reconnaissance of 126 raw and treated public water supplies throughout the State during the period February through April 1980. Primary drinking water regulations maximum contaminant levels were rarely exceeded, although mercury (1 site), fluoride (2 sites), and radionuclides (3 sites) in water supplies were above established maximum contaminant levels. Dissolved solids, chloride, copper, manganese, iron, color, sulfate, and pH, were occasionally slightly in excess of the recommended maximum contaminant levels of the secondary drinking water regulation. The secondary regulations, however, pertain mainly to the esthetic quality of drinking water and not directly to public health aspects. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8131","usgsCitation":"Franks, B.J., and Irwin, G.A., 1981, Chemical, physical, and radiological quality of selected public water supplies in Florida, February-April 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-31, iii, 59 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8131.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369035,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 24.467150664739002\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franks, Bernard J.","contributorId":106088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, G. A.","contributorId":35733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3652,"text":"cir850F - 1981 - Toxicity of Mount St. Helens ash leachate to a blue-green alga","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:42:07","indexId":"cir850F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"850","chapter":"F","title":"Toxicity of Mount St. Helens ash leachate to a blue-green alga","docAbstract":"During several periods of volcanic-ash eruption at Mount St. Helens, Wash., (March 30, May 25-26, May 30-June 2, and June 12-13, 1980) strong winds from the north occurred at high altitudes. As a result, the volcanic ash fell some 50 miles to the south in the Bull Run watershed, the principal water-supply source for the metropolitan area of Portland, Oreg. Water samples collected from three stream sites within the watershed were compared with samples collected during the same season in previous years. No detectable changes were noted in chemical characteristics. Precipitation samples collected immediately after the June 12-13 ash fall ranged in specific conductance from 20 to 41 micromhos per centimeter at 25C and in pH from 4.0 to 4.3 pH units. Stream samples collected during the May-June period ranged in specific conductance from 18 to 28 micromhos per centimeter at 25C and in pH from 6.7 to 7.5 pH units. Volcanic-ash samples were collected and analyzed for particle size, chemical composition, and weight. Significant differences in particle size of ash were found in samples from two separate eruptions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1981","doi":"10.3133/cir850F","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Feder, G., and Stiles, E.A., 1981, Toxicity of Mount St. Helens ash leachate to a blue-green alga: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 850, v, F1-F14 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir850F.","productDescription":"v, F1-F14 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30693,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1981/0850f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1981/0850f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6280c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":147336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, Gerald L.","contributorId":60192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"Gerald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, Eric A.","contributorId":8449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9099,"text":"ofr811017 - 1981 - Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1981 through September 1982","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49461,"text":"ofr801006 - 1980 - Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1980 through September 1981","indexId":"ofr801006","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1980 through September 1981"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":9099,"text":"ofr811017 - 1981 - Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1981 through September 1982","indexId":"ofr811017","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1981 through September 1982"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-14T20:41:06.994197","indexId":"ofr811017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1017","title":"Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1981 through September 1982","docAbstract":"

This bulletin is designed to inform interested personnel about training available through the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey during the period October 1981 through September 1982. The information in this bulletin also can assist supervisors and training officers in developing a coordinated, efficient training program for the personnel for whom they are responsible. The objective of the Water Resources Division training program is to provide specialized training in many phases of hydrology and other subjects related to water-resources investigations. The courses featured in this bulletin are on specialized subjects that are not generally available elsewhere, including the latest developments in applications of ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality hydrologic methods in the field and in the laboratory. The training described herein provides: (1) rapid application of new research results to increase the skills of personnel, and (2) provides newly recruited personnel with special training skills and methods required in water-resources investigations. These courses will assist personnel in learning, reviewing, and expanding their knowledge of technical operations involved in various phases of hydrology and related subjects, and also will develop an overall insight into the broad field of water-resources work.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811017","usgsCitation":"1981, Water Resources Division training bulletin, October 1981 through September 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1017, iii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811017.","productDescription":"iii, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":398778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3fe","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Monis, J.P.","contributorId":73600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monis","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840492,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foxhoven, L.A.","contributorId":28980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxhoven","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840493,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65756,"text":"i1326B - 1981 - Map showing relief and surface markings of the lunar polar regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:18","indexId":"i1326B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1326","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing relief and surface markings of the lunar polar regions","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1326B","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Map showing relief and surface markings of the lunar polar regions: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1326, 2 maps :col. ;58 cm. in diameter on sheet 77 x 123 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1326B.","productDescription":"2 maps :col. ;58 cm. in diameter on sheet 77 x 123 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115052,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1326b/report.pdf","size":"24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115053,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1326b/plate-1.pdf","size":"16058","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1326b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9101,"text":"ofr81817 - 1981 - Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1980 through September 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr81817","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-817","title":"Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1980 through September 1981","docAbstract":"The report describes the investigative efforts of the U.S. Geological Survey toward the water resources of Montana. Hydrologic information and knowledge of the water resources are gained and disseminated principally by programs of (1) collecting hydrologic data on a continuing basis, (2) conducting water-resources appraisals of surface and ground water, (3) conducting supportive research in hydrology and related fields, (4) disseminating water data and results of investigations to the public, (5) coordinating acquisition of water data by Federal agencies, and (6) providing technical assistance in hydrologic fields to other government agencies. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81817","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water-resources investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1980 through September 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-817, iv, 50 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81817.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0817/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36719,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0817/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9983,"text":"ofr811194 - 1981 - A finite-element model study of the impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T12:05:54","indexId":"ofr811194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1194","title":"A finite-element model study of the impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional finite element surface water model was used to study the hydraulic impact of the proposed Interstate Route 326 crossing of the Congaree River near Columbia, SC. The finite element model was assessed as a potential operational tool for analyzing complex highway crossings and other modifications of river flood plains. Infrared aerial photography was used to define regions of homogeneous roughness in the flood plain. Finite element networks approximating flood plain topography were designed using elements of three roughness types. High water marks established during an 8-yr flood that occurred in October 1976 were used to calibrate the model. The maximum flood of record, an approximately 100-yr flood that occurred in August 1908, was modeled in three cases: dikes on the right bank, dikes on the left bank, and dikes on both banks. In each of the three cases, simulations were performed both without and with the proposed highway embankments in place. Detailed information was obtained about backwater effects upstream from the proposed highway embankments, changes in flow distribution resulting from the embankments, and local velocities in the bridge openings. On the basis of results from the model study, the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation changed the design of several bridge openings. A simulation incorporating the new design for the case with dikes on the left bank indicated that both velocities in the bridge openings and backwater were reduced. A major problem in applying the model was the difficulty in predicting the network detail necessary to avoid local errors caused by roughness discontinuities and large depth gradients. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811194","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., and Bennett, C.S., 1981, A finite-element model study of the impact of the proposed I-326 crossing on flood stages of the Congaree River near Columbia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1194, 65 p., 8 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811194.","productDescription":"65 p., 8 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":143521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37783,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37784,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37785,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37786,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37787,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37788,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37789,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37790,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Congaree River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.48422241210938,\n 33.552840110956154\n ],\n [\n -81.48422241210938,\n 34.32188946052673\n ],\n [\n -80.66436767578124,\n 34.32188946052673\n ],\n [\n -80.66436767578124,\n 33.552840110956154\n ],\n [\n -81.48422241210938,\n 33.552840110956154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J. K.","contributorId":28233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, C. S. 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