Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are threatened by sea-ice loss due to climate change, which is concurrently opening the Arctic to natural resource extraction and a broader scope of national security responsibilities. Mitigating the risk of human–bear conflicts is an emerging challenge as many polar bears spend longer ice-free summers on land where they have limited access to food and come into more frequent contact with people. We investigated a suite of physical and ecological variables that influence the timing of polar bear arrival on, and departure from, land using remote-sensing data on sea-ice extent and satellite telemetry data from 72 radio-collared adult female polar bears from 1986 to 2015. Analyses encompassed the coastline of the Southern Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, USA, and focused on zones within a 35-km radius (mean daily travel distance of a polar bear) of 5 military installations. Sea ice in the Southern Beaufort Sea retreated approximately 1 month earlier in spring, and reformed 1 month later in fall, in 2015 compared to 1979. In generalized linear mixed models, the most important predictors of polar bear arrival and departure were the dates of sea-ice breakup and formation, respectively, in localized marine areas surrounding each military zone. Region-wide sea-ice conditions also influenced land use, although to a lesser extent. We found that polar bears spent longer periods on land in the military zones compared to outside the zones, which may reflect increased land use in areas with human activity and potential attractants (noting that some military installations were in proximity to other human settlements). Our results demonstrate that the timing of polar bear land use in northern Alaska is influenced by sea-ice conditions on multiple spatial scales. This information can be used to predict and manage the presence of polar bears around military installations and other places of interest.
Climate change remains a primary threat to inland fishes and fisheries. Using topic modeling to examine trends and relationships across 36 years of scientific literature on documented and projected climate impacts to inland fish, we identify ten representative topics within this body of literature: assemblages, climate scenarios, distribution, climate drivers, population growth, invasive species, populations, phenology, physiology, and reproduction. These topics are largely similar to the output from artificial intelligence application (i.e., ChatGPT) search prompts, but with some key differences. The field of climate impacts on fish has seen dramatic growth since the mid-2000s with increasing popularity of topics related to drivers, assemblages, and phenology. The topics were generally well-dispersed with little overlap of common words, apart from phenology and reproduction which were closely clustered. Pairwise comparisons between topics revealed potential gaps in the literature including between reproduction and distribution and between physiology and phenology. A better understanding of these relationships can help capitalize on existing literature to inform conservation and sustainable management of inland fishes with a changing climate.
Common Loons (Gavia immer) winter primarily in marine coastal areas and utilize a forage base that is poorly defined, especially for offshore areas. Information on dive activity is needed for describing foraging strategies and for inferring prey distribution. Archival geolocator tags were used to determine the wintering locations and dive characteristics of adult Common Loons captured and marked on breeding lakes in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Among loons that completed fall migration, most wintered in the Gulf of Mexico, with smaller proportions wintering off the southern Atlantic Coast or impoundments in the southeastern United States. Adult Common Loons tended to occupy offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean and, on average, spent about 60% of daylight hours foraging. Dive depths were as deep as 50 m (Gulf of Mexico) and dive characteristics indicated that loons were primarily foraging on benthic prey. Total dive duration, time at maximum depth, and post-dive surface intervals increased with dive depths among wintering Common Loons. Our results are expected to contribute to the understanding of the wintering ecology of Common Loons and be useful in informing regional and national conservation planning efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Resilience Alliance","doi":"10.5751/JFO-199-940101","usgsCitation":"Kenow, K.P., Fara, L., Houdek, S.C., Gray, B.R., Heard, D.J., Meyer, M.W., Fox, T.J., Kratt, R.J., and Henderson, C.L., 2023, Dive characteristics of Common Loons wintering in the Gulf of Mexico and off the southern U.S. Atlantic coast: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 94, no. 1, 1, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.5751/JFO-199-940101.","productDescription":"1, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131583","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-199-940101","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":430562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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spawning areas for coregonine fishes in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Coregonines are a family of native whitefishes and ciscoes that are now greatly reduced or extirpated, but once served important roles for both the food web and society. This method can illustrate where habitats once existed and where they are today - critical information for restoration and conservation actions.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Ciscoes","collaboration":"University of Michigan; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation; Michigan Department of Natural Resources; The Nature Conservancy; Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Sault Ste Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians","usgsCitation":"Brant, C., Alofs, K., Castiglione, C., Doka, S.E., Duncan, A.T., Fielder, D., Herbert, M., Liskauskus, A., Rutherford, E.S., Smith, J., Tingley, R.W., Treska, T., Turschak, T., Chu, C., and Esselman, P., 2023, Gap analysis: A proposed methodology to describe and map historical and contemporary populations and habitats, 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","ipdsId":"IP-159962","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":428413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.greatlakesciscoes.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/gap-analysis_methods.pdf"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.43805183601008,\n 50.368037610701975\n ],\n [\n -93.43805183601008,\n 40.34002127489302\n ],\n [\n -75.0689112110101,\n 40.34002127489302\n ],\n [\n -75.0689112110101,\n 50.368037610701975\n ],\n [\n -93.43805183601008,\n 50.368037610701975\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brant, Cory 0000-0002-0919-1566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0919-1566","contributorId":223422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brant","given":"Cory","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alofs, Karen M","contributorId":293588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alofs","given":"Karen M","affiliations":[{"id":37387,"text":"University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castiglione, Chris","contributorId":150899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castiglione","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife 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Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Herbert, Matthew","contributorId":275306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herbert","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liskauskus, Arunas","contributorId":336501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liskauskus","given":"Arunas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65742,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rutherford, Edward S.","contributorId":175426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rutherford","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12789,"text":"NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, Jason","contributorId":215444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":39249,"text":"Little Traverse Band of Odawa Indians","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tingley, Ralph W. III 0000-0002-1689-2133","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1689-2133","contributorId":189812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingley","given":"Ralph","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Treska, Ted","contributorId":141105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Treska","given":"Ted","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Turschak, Ted","contributorId":336504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turschak","given":"Ted","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36986,"text":"Michigan Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":900158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Chu, Cindy","contributorId":176496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chu","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":900159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Esselman, Peter C. 0000-0002-0085-903X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-903X","contributorId":204291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esselman","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70251158,"text":"70251158 - 2023 - Mid-contract management alters conservation reserve program vegetation in the central and western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T12:49:16.059841","indexId":"70251158","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T06:47:29","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-contract management alters conservation reserve program vegetation in the central and western United States","docAbstract":"Disturbances such as grazing, fire, and burrowing are historically important in North American grasslands, and plans for restoring disturbance regimes are often required for successful restoration. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has become the dominant grassland restoration mechanism in many areas, and requires planned disturbances known as mid-contract management (MCM). We recorded evidence of MCM in CRP fields across a 14-state region of the western and central United States, then revisited fields after one to five years to characterize bare ground and vegetative cover and composition using edge-of-road visual surveys. We found a reduced cover of grasses up to five years after MCM, and a concomitant increased cover of flowering forbs and diversity of pollinator-friendly forbs. There was little measurable change in overall plant cover or bare ground cover between one and five years after MCM, though bare soil cover did increase slightly. Baseline tree and shrub covers were very low on average but highly variable due to outliers with high woody cover. After MCM, the presence of woody vegetation remained low and relatively constant. Grazing and haying resulted in a lower probability of noxious grass presence than mowing or disking, but haying and disking were better for inhibiting the presence of noxious forbs. These results show that MCM can be a useful tool for maintaining vegetation quality. The results also point to an important need to understand factors that influence the effects of MCM, including disturbance technique, disturbance frequency, drought, and climate.
We describe the pathology of natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of Eurasian lineage Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b in 67 wild terrestrial mammals throughout the United States during April 1‒July 21, 2022. Affected mammals include 50 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 6 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 4 raccoons (Procyon lotor), 2 bobcats (Lynx rufus), 2 Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), 1 coyote (Canis latrans), 1 fisher (Pekania pennanti), and 1 gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Infected mammals showed primarily neurologic signs. Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia, and myocardial necrosis were the most common lesions; however, species variations in lesion distribution were observed. Genotype analysis of sequences from 48 animals indicates that these cases represent spillover infections from wild birds.
Females must continually make resource allocation decisions because of fitness trade-offs between self-maintenance and investment in current offspring, yet factors underpinning these decisions are unresolved. Polar bears Ursus maritimus face considerable allocation challenges when seasonal sea-ice melt precludes access to prey for several months, and females rely solely on energy stores to cover their own energetic needs and provision offspring. We tested how female polar bears regulate lactation during onshore fasting (i.e. capital breeding) and determined the consequences of moderated lactation for females and cubs. Overall, milk energy declined, and lactation was more likely to cease with longer time fasting. Lactation was partially mediated by maternal energetic state and depended on litter characteristics. Milk energy declined more sharply with fasting time (~2.6 times more strongly) in females with 2 offspring compared to those with 1. Females with cubs-of-the-year produced higher energy milk than those with yearlings, and their milk energy also increased more strongly with maternal energy density. Milk energy declines benefited females via reduced depletion of maternal energy reserves, but cub growth decreased. Altered lactation investment likely has consequences for both female survival and the fate of offspring, which could scale up to influence population dynamics. Given that Arctic warming means polar bears across much of their range will experience longer periods without access to primary prey, our results underscore how lactation will likely become increasingly compromised.
","language":"English","publisher":"InterResearch","doi":"10.3354/meps14382","usgsCitation":"Archer, L.C., Atkinson, S.N., Pagano, A.M., Penk, S.R., and Molnar, P.K., 2023, Lactation performance in polar bears is associated with fasting time and energetic state: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 720, p. 175-189, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14382.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"189","ipdsId":"IP-148832","costCenters":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14382","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":430561,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"720","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archer, Louise C. 0000-0002-1983-3825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-3825","contributorId":312474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Archer","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":67687,"text":"University of Toronto Scarborough","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":904991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkinson, Stephen N.","contributorId":12365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":904992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagano, Anthony M. 0000-0003-2176-0909 apagano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-0909","contributorId":3884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagano","given":"Anthony","email":"apagano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Penk, Stephanie R. 0000-0002-8027-4372","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-4372","contributorId":312472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penk","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":67687,"text":"University of Toronto Scarborough","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":904994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Molnar, Peter K.","contributorId":339736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molnar","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":67687,"text":"University of Toronto Scarborough","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":904995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70250981,"text":"70250981 - 2023 - Visitor use and activities detected using trail cameras at forest restoration sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-17T12:42:49.676866","indexId":"70250981","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T06:41:35","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visitor use and activities detected using trail cameras at forest restoration sites","docAbstract":"We used trail cameras to monitor human visits and activities at two sites in northeast Indiana being restored to bottomland hardwood forests. These sites, managed as nature preserves, are close to cities, where trails and parking lots have been added for ease of access. In this study, trail cameras were successfully used to capture visitation rates and activity types. The two sites had median visitor use rates of 1 and 13 visitors per day. Across both sites, “parking lot use only” (62%), hikers (30.2%), and bicyclists (5%) accounted for more than 97% of site visits. Overall, most weekday visitor-time occurred during daylight hours, peaking at lunch and evening. Mean total number of daily visitors was higher during weekends; however, total daily visitor-time did not vary between days of the week. Michaelis-Menten rarefaction models of sampling efficiency across the study’s four camera stations suggest sampling duration of 27 to 55 days to accurately estimate mean daily visitor counts and 3 to 40 days to detect half the maximal numbers of observed activities. Study estimates of visitation provide land managers with information for accommodating visitor use activities on the restored sites and offer inputs for cultural ecosystem services assessments and associated economic analyses.
The Puget Sound basin encompasses the 13,700-square-mile area that drains to the Puget Sound and the adjacent marine waters of Washington State. Well more than 4 million people live within the basin, with numbers continuing to increase, who rely on the basin’s natural resources including groundwater. The Puget Sound Partnership was created by a Washington State statute to implement a science-based recovery of the Puget Sound to help address impacts to these resources. As part of the recovery, the partnership developed the Puget Sound Vital Signs as measures of ecosystem health that guide the assessment of progress toward Puget Sound recovery goals. The Puget Sound Partnership Leadership Council adopted a Drinking Water Vital Sign associated with human health and quality of life, recognizing certain indicators as integral to the sustainability of Puget Sound recovery efforts. One such Vital Sign indicator was the vulnerability of groundwater throughout the aquifers of the Puget Sound basin to elevated nitrate concentrations as defined by the probability of exceeding 2 milligrams/liter (mg/L) at a specific location and well depth. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) led the effort to characterize groundwater vulnerability. For this study, groundwater vulnerability refers to a probability with which a contaminant applied at or near the land surface can migrate to the aquifer of interest for a given set of land-use practices. Nitrate concentration data were selected for evaluation because elevated nitrate concentrations are typically caused by anthropogenic activities and have been associated with deleterious impacts on human health.
To identify groundwater vulnerability to elevated nitrate concentrations, logistic regression was used to relate anthropogenic (human associated) and natural variables to the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations in untreated groundwater from large public water supply system wells found within the Washington State Department of Health Sentry database. Variables that were analyzed included well depth, soil hydraulic conductivity, precipitation, population density, fertilizer application amounts, and land-use types. Statistically significant models that predicted the probabilities of groundwater nitrate concentrations greater than 2 mg/L based on the predictor variables were created for the time periods 2000–04, 2005–09, 2010–14, and 2015–19. For all time periods, well depth and a measure of the abundance of urban and agricultural land over or near the well consistently helped explain the vulnerability of the well to elevated nitrate concentrations defined as a probability of exceeding 2 mg/L of nitrate. Precipitation and (or) soil hydraulic conductivity were also important predictor variables in the models.
The models for each time period were used to create maps of groundwater vulnerability at 150- and 300-foot depths throughout the Puget Sound basin. As expected, the most vulnerable locations were associated with shallower well depths and increased agriculture and urban land cover. Across all four time periods, groundwater vulnerability throughout the Puget Sound was low, with probabilities of exceeding 2 mg/L concentrations of nitrate at depths at 150 and 300 feet typically less than 50 percent. Results also found a slight decrease in probabilities of elevated nitrate concentrations throughout the basin over time. More specifically, additional statistical tests found that groundwater with probabilities of less than about 60 percent declined from 2000 to 2019 and represented more than 75 percent of the modeled Puget Sound basin aquifer. Wells with greater than 60 percent probability increased over the same time period but represented only about 25 percent of the aquifer. The maps and statistical analysis presented in the study provide valuable and informative evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater in the Puget Sound basin to elevated nitrate concentrations. The probability maps do not represent measured nitrate concentrations in groundwater, but rather they present the probability that nitrate concentrations exceed 2 mg/L. The models and predictions from this study are a viable indicator for the Puget Sound Partnership’s Healthy Human Population—Drinking Water Vital Sign. The logistic regression modeling approach presented here benefits water managers by allowing them to assess temporal trends in a range of probabilities, explore vulnerability changes as new regional land cover and anthropogenic data are generated, and distinguish vulnerabilities at different depths within the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Puget Sound Partnership","usgsCitation":"Black, R.W., Wright, E.E., Bright, V.A.L., and Headman, A.O., 2023, Prediction of the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations at groundwater depths used for drinking-water supply in the Puget Sound basin, Washington, 2004–19: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5117, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235117.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-135130","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424530,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/images"},{"id":424531,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/sir20235117.XML"},{"id":423904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":423905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5117/sir20235117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5117"},{"id":501157,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115891.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423906,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TOWGYM","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Wright, E.E., Bright, V.A.L., Black, R.W., and Headman, A.O., 2022, Index of vulnerability for elevated nitrates in groundwater in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, 2000–2019: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TOWGYM.","linkHelpText":"Index of vulnerability for elevated nitrates in groundwater in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, 2000–2019"},{"id":424529,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235117/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023-5117"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 49.222164372548065\n ],\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 46.31382574682385\n ],\n [\n -120.38844836234833,\n 46.31382574682385\n ],\n [\n -120.38844836234833,\n 49.222164372548065\n ],\n [\n -124.38747179984844,\n 49.222164372548065\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The entire Lower Fox River and inner bay of Green Bay, in northeastern Wisconsin, have been listed as impaired by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) for low dissolved oxygen and degraded habitat, with total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations listed as the likely causes of these impairments. To restore the Fox River and Green Bay, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) were developed for TP and TSS, and actions were taken throughout the Fox River Basin to improve water quality. In this study, we estimated concentrations and loads of TP, dissolved phosphorus (DP), and TSS at the Lake Winnebago outlet, De Pere, and the mouth of the Fox River from water year (WY) 1989 to WY 2021; described changes in concentrations and loads through time during this period; and compared the concentrations and loads for the most recent 5-year period (WYs 2017–21) with the WDNR criteria for TP impairment and the TMDL loading goals.
TP, DP, TSS, and total suspended sediment concentration data were obtained from NEW Water (the brand of the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District), the WDNR, and the U.S. Geological Survey and combined into one dataset. All the TSS and total suspended sediment data were used together with no adjustment factor and are referred to as simply “TSS.” During WYs 1989–2021, mean annual TP concentrations increased from 0.089 milligram per liter (mg/L) at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 0.128 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River, and concentrations decreased at all three sites from WY 1989 to WY 2021. The most recent (WYs 2017–21) median May–October TP concentrations were just less than the 0.1-mg/L WDNR criterion for TP impairment at the two upstream sites (Lake Winnebago outlet and De Pere) but were slightly greater than the criterion for impairment at the mouth of the Fox River. Mean annual DP concentrations increased from 0.024 mg/L at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 0.036 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River. DP concentrations increased from WY 1989 to WY 2021 at the Lake Winnebago outlet but not at the other sites. Mean annual TSS concentrations increased from 13.5 mg/L at the Lake Winnebago outlet to 23.9 mg/L at the mouth of the Fox River and have decreased at all three sites from WY 1989 to WY 2021. The recent median May–October TSS concentrations were less than the 20-mg/L WDNR criterion for impairment at all three sites. Streamflow and TP, DP, and TSS loads increased from the Lake Winnebago outlet to the mouth of the Fox River (TP loads increased from 360,000 to 557,000 kilograms per year [kg/yr], DP loads increased from 114,000 to 162,000 kg/yr, and TSS loads increased from 60,400 metric tons per year [t/yr] to 122,600 t/yr).
At the Lake Winnebago outlet, DP concentrations and TP and DP loads increased from WY 1989 to WY 2021 because of an increase in DP concentrations in Lake Winnebago resulting from the lake becoming nitrogen limited as a result of biological processes not consuming the DP in the lake and an increase in streamflow leaving the lake. Although TP and TSS concentrations decreased at De Pere and the mouth of the Fox River, there was little change in the loading because of an increase in flow. Flow-normalized TP and TSS loads at De Pere and the mouth of the Fox River decreased possibly because of implementation of agricultural conservation management practices, reductions in point-source discharges in its drainage basin, and deposition of sediment and phosphorus in recently dredged areas of the Lower Fox River. Additional studies are needed to determine the relative importance of each of these actions and whether the decrease in concentrations and flow-normalized loads will continue to be observed in the Fox River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NEW Water, the brand of the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Diebel, M.W., Bartlett, S.L., and Fermanich, K.J., 2023, Changes in phosphorus and suspended solids loading in the Fox River, northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5112, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235112","productDescription":"Report: viii, 29 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150822","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423702,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/sir20235112.XML"},{"id":423701,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/sir20235112.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.29 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5112"},{"id":423700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423703,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5112/images/"},{"id":501154,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423706,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235112/full"},{"id":423705,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423704,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P950EOGH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Concentrations and loads of phosphorus and suspended solids in the Fox River, northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 45.85677045828476\n ],\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 43.06901481985196\n ],\n [\n -87.32441235531145,\n 43.06901481985196\n ],\n [\n -87.32441235531145,\n 45.85677045828476\n ],\n [\n -90.27750277664309,\n 45.85677045828476\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
With new motivation to increase the proportion of energy demands met by zero-carbon sources, there is a greater focus on efforts to assess and mitigate the impacts of renewable energy development on sensitive ecosystems and wildlife, of which birds are of particular interest. One challenge for researchers, due in part to a lack of appropriate tools, has been estimating the effects from such development on individual breeding populations of migratory birds. To help address this, we utilize a newly developed, high-resolution genetic tagging method to rapidly identify the breeding population of origin of carcasses recovered from renewable energy facilities and combine them with maps of genetic variation across geographic space (called ‘genoscapes’) for five species of migratory birds known to be exposed to energy development, to assess the extent of population-level effects on migratory birds. We demonstrate that most avian remains collected were from the largest populations of a given species. In contrast, those remains from smaller, declining populations made up a smaller percentage of the total number of birds assayed. Results suggest that application of this genetic tagging method can successfully define population-level exposure to renewable energy development and may be a powerful tool to inform future siting and mitigation activities associated with renewable energy programs.
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
Although Big Oaks NWR encompasses much diversity in wildlife species, an up-to-date, detailed, and comprehensive map showing vegetation types was lacking. The creation of an updated vegetation map for Big Oaks NWR was approved in early 2019. Digital aerial imagery was collected on November 1, 2019 at a resolution of 0.15 meter per pixel using four spectral bands: red, green, blue, and near infrared. A mapping classification was developed in collaboration with refuge managers to reflect the vegetation present at Big Oaks NWR.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hoy, E.E., 2023, Creating an updated vegetation map for Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge: Final report, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131537","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/Reference/Profile/150312"},{"id":425461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.59449337067811,\n 39.14762004874632\n ],\n [\n -85.59449337067811,\n 38.78679267069219\n ],\n [\n -85.22372347544791,\n 38.78679267069219\n ],\n [\n -85.22372347544791,\n 39.14762004874632\n ],\n [\n -85.59449337067811,\n 39.14762004874632\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoy, Erin E. 0000-0002-2853-3242 ehoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2853-3242","contributorId":4523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoy","given":"Erin","email":"ehoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":894147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70256511,"text":"70256511 - 2023 - Ectoparasitism and energy infrastructure limit survival of preadult Golden Eagles in the Southern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-12T16:23:18.994532","indexId":"70256511","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-27T11:09:35","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ectoparasitism and energy infrastructure limit survival of preadult Golden Eagles in the Southern Great Plains","docAbstract":"Much of the US Southern Great Plains (SGP) continues to undergo intensive energy development that could affect the region's Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), yet the species' population status there is unknown. During 2011–2020, we used satellite telemetry to assess annual survival rates and causes of mortality among 40 preadult (<3 yr of age) Golden Eagles in the SGP; 29 were monitored beginning at the late nestling stage and 11 immigrated into the SGP from western regions. For comparison we monitored 15 preadult Golden Eagles from nests in the Central Great Plains (CGP), where energy development was less extensive. We estimated survival rates by using a multi-state model in a Bayesian framework that accounted for probabilities of causes of death. Mean annual survival in the SGP during the preadult period was 0.060, versus 0.512 in the CGP and ∼0.7–0.9 reported elsewhere in the coterminous western USA. Mexican chicken bugs (Haematosiphon inodorus) were implicated in deaths of at least seven Golden Eagles during the ∼2-wk late nestling stage and in two deaths <3 mo after fledging. Energy infrastructure especially electrocutions accounted for 12 (57.1%) of 21 deaths of post-fledged preadults. Seven of 11 immigrant eagles died. Overall, probabilities of death of a Golden Eagle during the preadult period in the SGP due to Mexican chicken bugs and to electrocution were both 0.345. We estimated that the SGP population may be declining 9% annually due to poor recruitment; mitigation of underlying factors should be a priority for managing Golden Eagles in the western USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","doi":"10.3356/JRR-21-72","usgsCitation":"Murphy, R.K., Millsap, B.A., Stahlecker, D.W., Boal, C.W., Smith, B.W., Mullican, S.D., and Borgman, C.C., 2023, Ectoparasitism and energy infrastructure limit survival of preadult Golden Eagles in the Southern Great Plains: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 57, no. 4, p. 505-521, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-21-72.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"521","ipdsId":"IP-134885","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-21-72","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southern Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.72793700699765,\n 38.81212221224669\n ],\n [\n -105.72793700699765,\n 30.814517878279688\n ],\n [\n -100.1803240398034,\n 30.814517878279688\n ],\n [\n -100.1803240398034,\n 38.81212221224669\n ],\n [\n -105.72793700699765,\n 38.81212221224669\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Robert K.","contributorId":67643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":56253,"text":"Eagle Environmental, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millsap, Brian A.","contributorId":75841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millsap","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":907746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stahlecker, Dale W.","contributorId":305748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stahlecker","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":66288,"text":"Eagle Environmental Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Brian W.","contributorId":199748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17821,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mullican, Shea D.","contributorId":340972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mullican","given":"Shea","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36331,"text":"Texas Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Borgman, Corrie C.","contributorId":340973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borgman","given":"Corrie","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":907751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70257327,"text":"70257327 - 2023 - Declining American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus) nest site habitat suitability in a timber production landscape: Effects of abiotic, biotic, and forest management factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-28T16:09:16.379927","indexId":"70257327","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-27T10:52:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Declining American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus) nest site habitat suitability in a timber production landscape: Effects of abiotic, biotic, and forest management factors","title":"Declining American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus) nest site habitat suitability in a timber production landscape: Effects of abiotic, biotic, and forest management factors","docAbstract":"Conservation of the American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus; hereafter goshawk) has been contentious in relation to forest management. Higher quality goshawk nesting habitat is generally considered to consist of contiguous tracts of mature forest, due to goshawks' large home ranges, territoriality, and food requirements. The large trees of mature forest have the greatest economic value to timber companies. We used long-term (1965–2019) data from 281 goshawk nest site locations in the Black Hills National Forest (BHNF), South Dakota, and Wyoming, USA, to evaluate (1) abiotic and biotic factors associated with goshawk nest site habitat suitability (hereafter habitat suitability); (2) changes in habitat suitability over time; and (3) the effect of anthropogenic activities and natural disturbances on habitat suitability. We evaluated forest attributes across five spatial scales relevant to goshawks, used information-theoretic methods to rank and select models, and assessed the predictive capability of the best-approximating models using the concordance statistic. The best-approximating model had excellent predictive capability (concordance = 0.821). Forest attributes at the 12-ha scale were a better predictor of goshawk habitat suitability than covariates evaluated at the point or >12-ha scales, indicating the importance of managing goshawk habitat beyond the nest tree, but within the nest stand. Goshawk habitat suitability was positively related to mean percent canopy cover and median canopy base height, and negatively related to variability in canopy base height within 12 ha of the location. As mean percent canopy cover within 12 ha of a location increased, goshawk habitat suitability increased more slowly in burned compared to unburned areas. Commercial thinning treatments were more likely to occur in closed canopy forest that already had a higher likelihood of goshawk nesting, and we documented a positive relationship between habitat suitability and the interaction of canopy cover with commercial thinning. Goshawk habitat suitability was negatively related to slope and distance to drainage bottoms, and positively related to distance to ridges, which may be related to microclimatic factors. Our results indicate goshawk habitat suitability decreased across the BHNF over the past three decades and much high-quality nesting habitat was lost during this period due to a combination of unsustainable timber harvest and natural disturbances. Minimizing forest management activities that decrease canopy cover and canopy base height, and increase variability in canopy base height in areas of high- and medium-quality goshawk habitat are likely to slow the loss of higher-quality habitat and allow development of future nesting habitat. In addition to informing management, this study demonstrates the value of using existing long-term legacy datasets in conjunction with time series of remotely sensed habitat attributes to evaluate changes in habitat suitability for raptors in heavily managed landscapes with extensive natural disturbances.
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Accordingly, a firm understanding of species movement ecology is often foundational to effective management and conservation. However, despite movement being an inherently individual-level behavior, there remains a tendency to describe dispersal and migration patterns using simple population-level processes and effects. Overlooking within- and among-individual variation in movement risks incomplete understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that govern dispersal dynamics and could potentially result in inadequate management of critical behavioral phenotypes. In this study, we monitored movement of over 100 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and quantified the effect of individual-level traits, season, and their interactions to better understand factors that influence vagility. Our results suggest that movement was higher in fall than in summer, particularly for fish in poor condition. But we found no significant main effects for sex, providing no evidence for sex-biased dispersal. To better understand sources of individual variation, we also allowed for sex- and season-specific residual standard deviations. In doing so, we found that, on average, movement was more variable in fall compared to summer, and that females were more variable than males in vagility. Taken together, these results demonstrate how intrinsic, individual-level traits can interact with abiotic environmental conditions to determine movement. They also highlight the potential for simple explanations of movement ecology to overlook important traits that may help predict individual-level behaviors.
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Recent studies in the region suggest that Golden Eagles may be more widely distributed than previously recognized. For species specific conservation efforts to be effective, an understanding of the distribution of the species is essential. Thus, the goal of this study was to map the winter distribution of Golden Eagles in the eastern half of the USA. To accomplish this, we reviewed and compiled 11,981 Golden Eagle records from eight data sources, including literature and ornithology records, community science data, survey data, and telemetry data. We found that Golden Eagles were observed in winter in each of the 31 states that lie completely east of the 100th meridian and in 1244 of the 2045 counties (61%) in those states. The proportion of counties with records varied by physiographic province, with higher proportions in physiographic provinces with more rugged terrain and greater forest cover. Our study shows that Golden Eagles are more widely distributed during winter in eastern USA states than was previously recognized. This work provides an important foundation for future management and research at a time when threats to this species are expanding rapidly on the landscape.
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region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T14:28:31.061588","indexId":"sir20235051","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-22T15:44:25","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5051","displayTitle":"Automated Construction of Streamflow-Routing Networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment Region","title":"Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region","docAbstract":"In humid regions with dense stream networks, surface water exerts a fundamental control on the water levels and flow directions of shallow groundwater. Understanding interactions between groundwater and surface water is critical for managing groundwater resources and groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Representing streams in groundwater models has historically been arduous and error prone. In recent years, however, all the information needed to numerically describe stream boundary conditions for a model area has become readily available online, as have robust open-source software tools for translating that information to a model grid. The SFRmaker Python package leverages geospatial capabilities in the scientific Python ecosystem to robustly automate the production of input to the Streamflow-Routing (SFR) Package of MODFLOW from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus or other hydrography data. This report documents an application of SFRmaker to automate production of SFR Package input for groundwater models within the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study area. SFR Package input was developed in three steps: (1) preprocessing to develop a single set of grid-independent flowlines from National Hydrography Dataset Plus version 2 data; (2) setting up the SFR package from the preprocessed flowlines, and (3) correcting streambed top elevations after an initial model run. Separating the hydrography preprocessing from the construction of SFR Package input was advantageous in that it minimized the need to repeat computationally expensive geoprocessing (thereby speeding model construction) and also allowed for the curation of a single set of grid-independent SFR input data that can be used for any MODFLOW model within the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235051","usgsCitation":"Leaf, A.T., 2023, Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5051, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 28 p.; 4 Data Releases; Dataset","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105069","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417495,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P971LPOB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–6 models of the Mississippi embayment (MERAS 3) and Mississippi Delta"},{"id":417456,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CXDIPL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Datasets used to map the potentiometric surface, Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, spring 2020"},{"id":423683,"rank":12,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100","text":"SIR 2023–5100","linkHelpText":"—Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":417488,"rank":8,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/images"},{"id":417481,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/sir20235051.XML","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2023–5051"},{"id":417457,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423682,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","text":"SIR 2023–5080","linkHelpText":"—Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020"},{"id":417455,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P84B24","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"National-scale grid to support regional groundwater availability studies and a national hydrogeologic database"},{"id":423152,"rank":10,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235051/full"},{"id":417450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":417454,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WQPRFB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Waterborne resistivity inverted models, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, 2016–2018"},{"id":417451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5051/sir20235051.pdf","text":"Report","size":"46.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5051"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Embayment Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ],\n [\n -85.96905875905937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ],\n [\n -85.96905875905937,\n 37.74314338343309\n ],\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 37.74314338343309\n ],\n [\n -94.88995719655937,\n 28.910338985045087\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
The Mississippi Alluvial Plain has become one of the most important agricultural regions in the United States but relies heavily on groundwater for irrigation. On average, more than 12 billion gallons are withdrawn daily from the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer. Declining groundwater levels, especially in the Delta region of northwest Mississippi and the Cache and Grand Prairie regions of eastern Arkansas, have led to concerns about future sustainability. The U.S. Geological Survey Mississippi Alluvial Plain Project is focused on quantifying the groundwater system in the alluvial plain and the response of groundwater resources to future development. A key objective of the project is to provide updated groundwater flow models supported by extensive data collection and analyses. MODFLOW 6, PEST++, and several open-source python packages were used to develop a simplified, faster running version of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study model that can provide boundary conditions for local inset models, including the Mississippi Delta model described in this report. An automated workflow was used for model construction, history matching, and development of baseline future climate scenarios. The models incorporate information from a Soil-Water-Balance code simulation of the terrestrial water balance, metering-based estimates of water use from thousands of wells, measured and estimated streamflow and stages, and the largest airborne electromagnetic survey flown to date in the United States. Baseline scenarios for the Mississippi Delta under potential future climates were constructed using recharge, surface runoff and irrigation pumping forcings from a future version of the Soil-Water-Balance model, driven by downscaled temperature and precipitation output from 10 general circulation model simulations, including high and moderate carbon emissions pathways.
Results indicate a complex water balance that varies in time and space in terms of the terrestrial recharge, stream leakage, and regional groundwater flow components, which are affected by seasonal forcings, human activity, and alluvial geomorphology. The general circulation model outputs indicate a continued rise in average temperatures but no clear precipitation trend. Increased crop water demand is anticipated from the higher temperatures, resulting in increased irrigation withdrawals to sustain current levels of irrigated agriculture. Simulated drawdowns in groundwater levels at the mid-21st century vary greatly. Under moderate or wet climate scenarios, and in parts of the aquifer that are well connected to surface water, little to no additional drawdown is anticipated. Under dry or warm scenarios, drawdowns of as much as 10 meters or more are possible in parts of the aquifer that are relatively disconnected from surface water. Under dry or warm scenarios, the portion of the Delta with greater than 60 feet of saturated thickness could be reduced from near 100 percent currently (2018) to 80–90 percent by mid-century. Future simulations with the model could include alternative management scenarios to identify options for improving groundwater sustainability. The automated model construction workflows are designed to facilitate regular updating, making this a “living” framework that the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality and other stakeholders can use for adaptive management going forward.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235100","programNote":"Water Use and Availability Science Program","usgsCitation":"Leaf, A.T., Duncan, L.L., Haugh, C.J., Hunt, R.J., and Rigby, J.R., 2023, Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5100, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 143 p.; 4 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"156","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-135342","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P971LPOB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 6 models for simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Embayment with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":423183,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/images/"},{"id":501149,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115886.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423188,"rank":9,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235100/full"},{"id":423187,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KK17G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive and output files for net infiltration, runoff, and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2000 to 2020, simulated with the Soil-Water-Balance model"},{"id":423186,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BC6UB8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil-Water-Balance forecasted climate model output for simulations of water budget components in the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2020 to 2055"},{"id":423185,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TSDEAC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital surfaces and site data of well-screen top and bottom altitudes defining the irrigation production zone of the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain project region"},{"id":423182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/sir20235100.XML"},{"id":423181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/sir20235100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"59.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5100"},{"id":423180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423680,"rank":10,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051","text":"SIR 2023–5051","linkHelpText":"—Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region"},{"id":423681,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","text":"SIR 2023–5080","linkHelpText":"—Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ],\n [\n -89.39679313405937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ],\n [\n -89.39679313405937,\n 35.046419541331645\n ],\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 35.046419541331645\n ],\n [\n -92.14337516530937,\n 32.22047635687272\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
A Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model for the Mississippi embayment region in Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana was constructed and calibrated to gain insight into potential recharge patterns for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, which has had substantial drawdown under intense pumping stress over the last several decades. An analysis of the net infiltration term from the SWB model combined with newly gathered airborne electromagnetic geophysical data on the surficial sediments in a calibrated modular three-dimensional finite-difference (MODFLOW 6) groundwater flow model of one area in the alluvial plain found that the distribution of net infiltration was significantly different from the recharge that gets to the water table through the complicated silt and clay stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone. The net infiltration of water through the rooting zone as simulated by SWB ranges from 5.7 to 12.3 inches per year in the alluvial plain part of the model domain, and is fairly evenly distributed within local areas. Recharge to the underlying aquifer is less and is much more focused in particular zones where the connectivity through the upper layers of the unsaturated zone above the water table is greater, indicating possible horizontal flow and perched water table conditions in the unsaturated zone. Runoff and net infiltration together account for 32 percent of the incoming precipitation overall and somewhat higher percentages in the alluvial plain area on an annual basis. These terms are much higher in the fall and winter than in the summer. Actual evapotranspiration accounts for between 62 and 72 percent on average of the annual precipitation but dominates all other terms in the summer months. Without irrigation, summertime net infiltration and runoff would be near zero in the crop-dominated alluvial plain area. The SWB model reproduced reported irrigation rates for corn, soybeans, rice, and cotton on an annual basis fairly well. The SWB model for the Mississippi embayment region was calibrated using more than 15,000 observations representing four parts of the calculated water budget: actual evapotranspiration, surface runoff, net infiltration, and irrigation. Using a Monte Carlo approach to determine the uncertainty in the model results stemming from the uncertainty in the model parameters used in the calibration, the uncertainty in the annual actual evapotranspiration values was around 5 percent, whereas the uncertainty in the irrigation, net infiltration, and runoff was around 20 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235080","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M.G., and Westenbroek, S.M., 2023, Updated estimates of water budget components for the Mississippi embayment region using a Soil-Water-Balance model, 2000–2020: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5080, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235080","productDescription":"Report: vii, 58 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-132665","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501044,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115885.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423679,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235051","text":"SIR 2023–5051","linkHelpText":"— Automated construction of Streamflow-Routing networks for MODFLOW—Application in the Mississippi Embayment region"},{"id":423678,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235100","text":"SIR 2023–5100","linkHelpText":"—Simulating groundwater flow in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain with a focus on the Mississippi Delta"},{"id":423159,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235080/full"},{"id":423153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/sir20235080.XML"},{"id":423154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/sir20235080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5080"},{"id":423156,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5080/images/"},{"id":423158,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":423157,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KK17G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Model archive and output files for net infiltration, runoff, and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 2000 to 2020, simulated with the Soil-Water-Balance model"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Embayment Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 28.886284478842654\n ],\n [\n -86.65019229531852,\n 28.886284478842654\n ],\n [\n -86.65019229531852,\n 37.89501192204163\n ],\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 37.89501192204163\n ],\n [\n -94.12089542031869,\n 28.886284478842654\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1 Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53726
Widely dispersed waste products from historical mining in northern Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene mining district have long been a concern in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin in northern Idaho. The Central Impoundment Area (CIA), an unlined mining waste repository that is part of the Bunker Hill Superfund Site designated in 1983, is adjacent to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River between Kellogg and Smelterville, Idaho. Previous studies, including a pre-remediation seepage study completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2017, have identified groundwater seepage from beneath the CIA as a major contributor to trace-metal and nutrient loads (including zinc, cadmium, and phosphorus) in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. A major remediation project, led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from late 2017 to 2021, specifically aimed to reduce groundwater loading to the river via a groundwater collection system (GWCS) at the CIA. In 2022, the USGS completed a post-remediation seepage study to quantify zinc, cadmium, and phosphorus loading from groundwater to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River in the same reach as the 2017 pre-remediation study. Like in the previous USGS study, discharge measurements and water-quality samples were collected during base-flow conditions in the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River between Kellogg and Smelterville as well as in surface-water inputs to the reach. Results of this study show a reduction in groundwater loads of dissolved zinc, dissolved cadmium, and total phosphorus entering the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River compared to 2017. The largest reductions in groundwater loading to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River occurred in a discrete section (the middle section) of the reach adjacent to the CIA where the GWCS was expected to have the biggest impact. In the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River middle section, loads from groundwater (presented as a mean plus or minus [±] standard deviation) of dissolved zinc decreased from 85 ± 9.3 kilograms per day (kg/d) in 2017 to 11.6 ± 19.2 kg/d in 2022 (86-percent reduction), dissolved cadmium decreased from 0.59 ± 0.10 kg/d in 2017 to 0.11 ± 0.06 kg/d in 2022 (81-percent reduction), and total phosphorus decreased from 6.5 ± 0.45 kg/d in 2017 to 0.79 ± 0.97 kg/d in 2022 (88-percent reduction). In addition to reduced groundwater loading, lower concentrations of dissolved zinc, dissolved cadmium, and total phosphorus were observed at the site farthest downstream from the GWCS. Furthermore, the ambient water-quality-criteria ratios decreased at all river monitoring sites in 2022, although zinc and cadmium concentrations still exceeded the site-specific criteria designated to protect aquatic life. This post-remediation study indicates that the GWCS at the CIA has reduced groundwater loading of trace metals and phosphorus to the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River. This reduction in trace metals and phosphorus in South Fork Coeur d’Alene River also has implications for water quality downstream in the main-stem Coeur d’Alene River and in Coeur d’Alene Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235125","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Murray, E.M., and Zinsser, L.M., 2023, Trace metal and phosphorus loading from groundwater seepage into South Fork Coeur d’Alene River after remediation at the Bunker Hill Superfund Site, northern Idaho, 2022: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5125, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235125.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 26 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-140271","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423876,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table04.csv","text":"Table 4","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Table 4"},{"id":423874,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table03.csv","text":"Table 3","size":"6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"Table 3"},{"id":423871,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/images"},{"id":423869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5125"},{"id":423868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.jpg"},{"id":423875,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table04.xlsx","text":"Table 4","size":"26 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4"},{"id":423873,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125_table03.xlsx","text":"Table 3","size":"32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3"},{"id":423872,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5125/sir20235125.xml"},{"id":423877,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195113","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5113 —","description":"SIR 2019-5113","linkHelpText":"Trace metal and nutrient loads from groundwater seepage into the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Smelterville, northern Idaho, 2017"},{"id":501161,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Bunker Hill Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.45\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.15\n ],\n [\n -115.3,\n 47.15\n ],\n [\n -115.34,\n 47.45\n ],\n [\n -117.0,\n 47.45\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4250
Sea level rise is leading to the rapid migration of marshes into coastal forests and other terrestrial ecosystems. Although complex biophysical interactions likely govern these ecosystem transitions, projections of sea level driven land conversion commonly rely on a simplified “threshold elevation” that represents the elevation of the marsh-upland boundary based on tidal datums alone. To determine the influence of biophysical drivers on threshold elevations, and their implication for land conversion, we examined almost 100,000 high-resolution marsh-forest boundary elevation points, determined independently from tidal datums, alongside hydrologic, ecologic, and geomorphic data in the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the U.S. located along the mid-Atlantic coast. We find five-fold variations in threshold elevation across the entire estuary, driven not only by tidal range, but also salinity and slope. However, more than half of the variability is unexplained by these variables, which we attribute largely to uncaptured local factors including groundwater discharge, microtopography, and anthropogenic impacts. In the Chesapeake Bay, observed threshold elevations deviate from predicted elevations used to determine sea level driven land conversion by as much as the amount of projected regional sea level rise by 2050. These results suggest that local drivers strongly mediate coastal ecosystem transitions, and that predictions based on elevation and tidal datums alone may misrepresent future land conversion.
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