{"pageNumber":"2173","pageRowStart":"54300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184609,"records":[{"id":80816,"text":"tm10C1 - 2008 - Determination of the delta(2H/1H)of Water: RSIL Lab Code 1574","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:19","indexId":"tm10C1","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"10-C1","title":"Determination of the delta(2H/1H)of Water: RSIL Lab Code 1574","docAbstract":"Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory (RSIL) lab code 1574 describes a method used to determine the relative hydrogen isotope-ratio delta(2H,1H), abbreviated hereafter as d2H of water. The d2H measurement of water also is a component of the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) schedules 1142 and 1172. The water is collected unfiltered in a 60-mL glass bottle and capped with a Polyseal cap. In the laboratory, the water sample is equilibrated with gaseous hydrogen using a platinum catalyst (Horita, 1988; Horita and others, 1989; Coplen and others, 1991). The reaction for the exchange of one hydrogen atom is shown in equation 1.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 1 of Section C, Stable Isotope-Ratio Methods, Book 10, Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm10C1","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K., and Coplen, T.B., 2008, Determination of the delta(2H/1H)of Water: RSIL Lab Code 1574: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 10-C1, viii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm10C1.","productDescription":"viii, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10653,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2007/tm10c1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667568","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga","contributorId":64285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207814,"text":"70207814 - 2008 - A slab fragment wedged under Tokyo and its tectonic and seismic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T15:46:16.636572","indexId":"70207814","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-14T14:02:27","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A slab fragment wedged under Tokyo and its tectonic and seismic implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Philippine Sea and Pacific plate slabs both subduct beneath Tokyo, and so their configuration and seismic potential have been subject to intensive study</span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d21012e400\" title=\"Wu, F., Okaya, D., Sato, H. &amp; Huirata, N. Interaction between two subducting plates under Tokyo and its possible effect on seismic hazards. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L18301 (2007).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo318#ref-CR8\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 8\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo318#ref-CR8\"></a></sup><span>. Previous work suggests that the Philippine Sea slab extends up to 100 km northwest of Tokyo and subducts to a depth of 90 km beneath the Kanto basin, where it is folded against the underlying Pacific slab. Here we evaluate seismic data in three dimensions and delineate a distinct 25-km-thick and 100-km-wide body beneath the Kanto basin that has hitherto been considered to be part of the Philippine Sea slab. We find that several of its characteristics—such as its high seismic velocity and the presence of a double seismic zone—point instead to an affinity with the Pacific slab, implying that the Philippine Sea slab penetrates to depths of only 35–40 km beneath the Kanto basin. We propose that the body is a fragment of Pacific lithosphere that formed by the collision of two intersecting seamount chains with the Japan Trench 2–3&nbsp;million years ago. We suggest that such slab fragments may not be uncommon, especially where seamount subduction deforms trenches and near triple junctions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature Limited","doi":"10.1038/ngeo318","usgsCitation":"Toda, S., Stein, R., Kirby, S.H., and Bozkurt, S., 2008, A slab fragment wedged under Tokyo and its tectonic and seismic implications: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 771-776, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo318.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"771","endPage":"776","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Tokyo, Japan Trench","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              138.8616943359375,\n              34.397844946449865\n            ],\n            [\n              140.9161376953125,\n              34.397844946449865\n            ],\n            [\n              140.9161376953125,\n              35.951329861522666\n            ],\n            [\n              138.8616943359375,\n              35.951329861522666\n            ],\n            [\n              138.8616943359375,\n              34.397844946449865\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toda, Shinji","contributorId":43062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toda","given":"Shinji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Ross 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":206056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bozkurt, S.B.","contributorId":14188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bozkurt","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70209649,"text":"70209649 - 2008 - Late Cenozoic drainage history of the southwestern Great Basin and lower Colorado River region: Geologic and biotic perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-17T14:18:44.760559","indexId":"70209649","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-10T09:15:52","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic drainage history of the southwestern Great Basin and lower Colorado River region: Geologic and biotic perspectives","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE439","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R., and Miller, D., 2008, Late Cenozoic drainage history of the southwestern Great Basin and lower Colorado River region: Geologic and biotic perspectives: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 439, 432 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE439.","productDescription":"432 p.","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, lower Colorado River region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.05859374999999,\n              34.74161249883172\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.271484375,\n              34.74161249883172\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.271484375,\n              42.61779143282343\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859374999999,\n              42.61779143282343\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859374999999,\n              34.74161249883172\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"439","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X mreheis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":138571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith","email":"mreheis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershler, R.","contributorId":33553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershler","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207680,"text":"70207680 - 2008 - Cenozoic climate history from seismic reflection and drilling studies on the Antarctic continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T13:08:43.921074","indexId":"70207680","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-06T10:36:46","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5","displayTitle":"Cenozoic Climate History from Seismic Reflection and Drilling Studies on the Antarctic Continental Margin","title":"Cenozoic climate history from seismic reflection and drilling studies on the Antarctic continental margin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seismic stratigraphic studies and scientific drilling of the Antarctic&nbsp;continental margin&nbsp;have yielded clues to the evolution of&nbsp;Cenozoic&nbsp;climates, depositional&nbsp;</span>paleoenvironments<span>&nbsp;and paleoceanographic conditions. This paper draws on studies of the former Antarctic Offshore Stratigraphy Project and others to review the geomorphic and lithostratigraphic offshore features that give insights into the long-duration (m.y.) and short-term (k.y.) changes that document the great variability of Cenozoic Antarctic paleoenvironments. The lithologic drilling record documents non-glacial (pre-early Eocene) to full-glacial (late&nbsp;Pliocene&nbsp;to Holocene) times, and documents times of cyclic ice-sheet fluctuations at k.y. scales (early&nbsp;Miocene&nbsp;to Pliocene and Holocene). Times of significant change in types and/or amounts of&nbsp;glaciation&nbsp;are also seen in the offshore lithologic record (early&nbsp;Oligocene, mid-Miocene, early Pliocene).&nbsp;Seismic data&nbsp;illustrate large-scale geomorphic features that point to massive sediment erosion and&nbsp;dispersal&nbsp;by ice sheets and paleoceanographic processes (e.g. cross-shelf troughs, slope-fans, rise-drifts). The&nbsp;commonality&nbsp;of these features to East and West Antarctica since late&nbsp;Eocene&nbsp;time points to a continent that has been intermittently covered, partially to completely, by glaciers and ice sheets. The greatest advances in our understanding of paleoenvironments and the processes that control them have been achieved from scientific drilling, and future progress depends on a continuation of such drilling.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Developments in earth and environmental sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1571-9197(08)00005-0","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Brancolini, G., Escutia, C., Kristoffersen, Y., Larter, R., Leitchenkov, G., O’Brien, P., and Jokat, W., 2008, Cenozoic climate history from seismic reflection and drilling studies on the Antarctic continental margin, chap. 5 <i>of</i> Developments in earth and environmental sciences, v. 8, p. 115-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-9197(08)00005-0.","productDescription":"120 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(08)00005-0","text":"External Repository"},{"id":370998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctic Continental Margin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-59.57209,-80.04018],[-59.86585,-80.54966],[-60.15966,-81.00033],[-62.25539,-80.86318],[-64.48813,-80.92193],[-65.74167,-80.58883],[-65.74167,-80.54966],[-66.29003,-80.25577],[-64.03769,-80.29494],[-61.88325,-80.39287],[-61.13898,-79.98137],[-60.61012,-79.62868],[-59.57209,-80.04018]]],[[[-159.20818,-79.49706],[-161.1276,-79.63421],[-162.43985,-79.28147],[-163.02741,-78.92877],[-163.0666,-78.86997],[-163.7129,-78.59567],[-163.1058,-78.22334],[-161.24511,-78.38018],[-160.24621,-78.69365],[-159.4824,-79.04634],[-159.20818,-79.49706]]],[[[-45.15476,-78.04707],[-43.92083,-78.4781],[-43.48995,-79.08556],[-43.37244,-79.51664],[-43.33327,-80.02612],[-44.88054,-80.33964],[-46.50617,-80.59436],[-48.38642,-80.82948],[-50.48211,-81.02544],[-52.85199,-80.96669],[-54.16426,-80.63353],[-53.98799,-80.22203],[-51.85313,-79.94773],[-50.99133,-79.61462],[-50.36459,-79.18349],[-49.91413,-78.81121],[-49.30696,-78.45857],[-48.66062,-78.04702],[-48.1514,-78.04707],[-46.66286,-77.83148],[-45.15476,-78.04707]]],[[[-121.21151,-73.50099],[-119.91885,-73.65773],[-118.72414,-73.48135],[-119.29212,-73.8341],[-120.23222,-74.08881],[-121.62283,-74.01047],[-122.62173,-73.65778],[-122.62174,-73.65778],[-122.40624,-73.32462],[-121.21151,-73.50099]]],[[[-125.55957,-73.48135],[-124.03188,-73.87327],[-124.61947,-73.8341],[-125.91218,-73.73612],[-127.28313,-73.46177],[-126.55847,-73.24623],[-125.55957,-73.48135]]],[[[-98.98155,-71.93333],[-97.88474,-72.07054],[-96.78794,-71.95297],[-96.20035,-72.52121],[-96.98376,-72.44286],[-98.19808,-72.48203],[-99.43201,-72.44286],[-100.78346,-72.50162],[-101.80187,-72.30566],[-102.33073,-71.89416],[-101.70397,-71.71779],[-100.43092,-71.85499],[-98.98155,-71.93333]]],[[[-68.45135,-70.95582],[-68.33383,-71.40649],[-68.51013,-71.79841],[-68.7843,-72.17074],[-69.95947,-72.30789],[-71.07589,-72.50384],[-72.38813,-72.48426],[-71.8985,-72.09234],[-73.07362,-72.22949],[-74.19004,-72.36669],[-74.95389,-72.07276],[-75.01263,-71.66126],[-73.91582,-71.26934],[-73.23033,-71.15178],[-72.07472,-71.19095],[-71.78096,-70.68147],[-71.72218,-70.3092],[-71.74179,-69.50578],[-71.17382,-69.03547],[-70.25325,-68.87874],[-69.72445,-69.25102],[-69.48942,-69.62335],[-69.05852,-70.07402],[-68.72554,-70.50515],[-68.45135,-70.95582]]],[[[-58.61414,-64.15247],[-59.04507,-64.36801],[-59.78934,-64.21122],[-60.61193,-64.3092],[-61.29742,-64.54433],[-62.0221,-64.79909],[-62.51176,-65.09303],[-62.64886,-65.48494],[-62.59013,-65.85722],[-62.12008,-66.19033],[-62.80557,-66.42551],[-63.74569,-66.50385],[-64.29411,-66.837],[-64.88169,-67.15047],[-65.50842,-67.58161],[-65.66508,-67.95389],[-65.31255,-68.36533],[-64.78371,-68.67891],[-63.9611,-68.91398],[-63.1973,-69.22756],[-62.78596,-69.61942],[-62.57052,-69.99175],[-62.27674,-70.38366],[-61.80666,-70.71677],[-61.51291,-71.08904],[-61.37581,-72.01007],[-61.08198,-72.38235],[-61.00366,-72.77426],[-60.69027,-73.16618],[-60.82737,-73.69524],[-61.37581,-74.10674],[-61.96337,-74.43985],[-63.2952,-74.577],[-63.74569,-74.92974],[-64.35284,-75.26285],[-65.86099,-75.63512],[-67.19282,-75.79191],[-68.44628,-76.00745],[-69.79772,-76.22299],[-70.60072,-76.63449],[-72.20678,-76.67367],[-73.96954,-76.63449],[-75.55598,-76.71289],[-77.24037,-76.71289],[-76.92698,-77.1048],[-75.39929,-77.28107],[-74.28288,-77.55542],[-73.65612,-77.90811],[-74.77254,-78.22163],[-76.4961,-78.12365],[-77.92586,-78.37842],[-77.98467,-78.78992],[-78.02378,-79.18183],[-76.84864,-79.51494],[-76.63322,-79.88722],[-75.3601,-80.25955],[-73.24485,-80.41633],[-71.44295,-80.69063],[-70.01316,-81.00415],[-68.19165,-81.31767],[-65.70428,-81.47446],[-63.25603,-81.74876],[-61.55203,-82.04269],[-59.69142,-82.37585],[-58.71212,-82.84611],[-58.22249,-83.21843],[-57.00812,-82.86569],[-55.36289,-82.57176],[-53.61977,-82.25823],[-51.54364,-82.00352],[-49.76135,-81.72917],[-47.27393,-81.70959],[-44.82571,-81.84674],[-42.80836,-82.08191],[-42.16202,-81.65083],[-40.77143,-81.35689],[-38.24482,-81.33731],[-36.26667,-81.12171],[-34.3864,-80.90617],[-32.3103,-80.76902],[-30.0971,-80.59265],[-28.5498,-80.33794],[-29.2549,-79.9852],[-29.68581,-79.6325],[-29.68581,-79.26023],[-31.62481,-79.2994],[-33.68132,-79.45613],[-35.63991,-79.45613],[-35.91411,-79.08385],[-35.77701,-78.33925],[-35.32655,-78.12365],[-33.89676,-77.88853],[-32.21237,-77.65345],[-30.99805,-77.35951],[-29.78373,-77.06558],[-28.88278,-76.67367],[-27.51175,-76.49735],[-26.16034,-76.36014],[-25.47482,-76.2818],[-23.92755,-76.24258],[-22.4586,-76.10543],[-21.22469,-75.90947],[-20.01038,-75.67435],[-18.91354,-75.43922],[-17.52298,-75.1257],[-16.64159,-74.79254],[-15.70149,-74.4986],[-15.40771,-74.10674],[-16.46532,-73.87161],[-16.11278,-73.46011],[-15.44686,-73.14654],[-14.4088,-72.95058],[-13.31197,-72.71546],[-12.29351,-72.40194],[-11.51007,-72.01007],[-11.02043,-71.53977],[-10.29577,-71.26542],[-9.10102,-71.32422],[-8.61138,-71.65733],[-7.41662,-71.6965],[-7.37745,-71.32422],[-6.86823,-70.93231],[-5.79098,-71.03029],[-5.53637,-71.40262],[-4.34167,-71.46137],[-3.04898,-71.28505],[-1.79549,-71.16744],[-0.65949,-71.22625],[-0.22864,-71.63775],[0.8682,-71.30464],[1.88669,-71.12827],[3.02264,-70.99112],[4.13906,-70.85392],[5.15755,-70.61879],[6.27391,-70.46205],[7.13572,-70.24651],[7.74287,-69.89377],[8.48711,-70.14853],[9.52513,-70.01133],[10.24985,-70.48164],[10.81782,-70.83433],[11.95382,-70.63837],[12.40429,-70.24651],[13.42278,-69.97216],[14.735,-70.03092],[15.12676,-70.40325],[15.94934,-70.03092],[17.02659,-69.91335],[18.20171,-69.87418],[19.25937,-69.89377],[20.37574,-70.01133],[21.45299,-70.07014],[21.92303,-70.40325],[22.5694,-70.69718],[23.66618,-70.52081],[24.84136,-70.48164],[25.97731,-70.48164],[27.09373,-70.46205],[28.09258,-70.32485],[29.15024,-70.20729],[30.03158,-69.93294],[30.97173,-69.75662],[31.99017,-69.65864],[32.75405,-69.38429],[33.30244,-68.83564],[33.87042,-68.50259],[34.90849,-68.65927],[35.3002,-69.01201],[36.16201,-69.24714],[37.20003,-69.16875],[37.90511,-69.52144],[38.6494,-69.7762],[39.66789,-69.54108],[40.02043,-69.10994],[40.92136,-68.93362],[41.95943,-68.60051],[42.9387,-68.46331],[44.11388,-68.26741],[44.89729,-68.05187],[45.71993,-67.81674],[46.50334,-67.6012],[47.44344,-67.71876],[48.34442,-67.36607],[48.99074,-67.09172],[49.93089,-67.1113],[50.75347,-66.87618],[50.94932,-66.52348],[51.79155,-66.24913],[52.61413,-66.05318],[53.61304,-65.89639],[54.53355,-65.81805],[55.41494,-65.8768],[56.35504,-65.97478],[57.15809,-66.24913],[57.25597,-66.68022],[58.13736,-67.01332],[58.74451,-67.28767],[59.93932,-67.40524],[60.60522,-67.67959],[61.42781,-67.95389],[62.38749,-68.0127],[63.19049,-67.81674],[64.05235,-67.40524],[64.99245,-67.62073],[65.97172,-67.73834],[66.91186,-67.85591],[67.89113,-67.9343],[68.89004,-67.9343],[69.71262,-68.97279],[69.67345,-69.22756],[69.55594,-69.67823],[68.59626,-69.93294],[67.81274,-70.30527],[67.94989,-70.69718],[69.06631,-70.67755],[68.92916,-71.06946],[68.41999,-71.44179],[67.94989,-71.85329],[68.71377,-72.16681],[69.86931,-72.26479],[71.0249,-72.08842],[71.57329,-71.6965],[71.90629,-71.32422],[72.45463,-71.0107],[73.08141,-70.71677],[73.33602,-70.36402],[73.86488,-69.87418],[74.49156,-69.7762],[75.62756,-69.73703],[76.62647,-69.61942],[77.6449,-69.46268],[78.13454,-69.07077],[78.42837,-68.69844],[79.11386,-68.32622],[80.09313,-68.0715],[80.93535,-67.87555],[81.48379,-67.54239],[82.05177,-67.36607],[82.77643,-67.20928],[83.77533,-67.30726],[84.67621,-67.20928],[85.65553,-67.09172],[86.75236,-67.15047],[87.47702,-66.87618],[87.98629,-66.20991],[88.35841,-66.48426],[88.82841,-66.95457],[89.67063,-67.15047],[90.63037,-67.22887],[91.5901,-67.1113],[92.60854,-67.1897],[93.54864,-67.20928],[94.17542,-67.1113],[95.01759,-67.17011],[95.78147,-67.38565],[96.6824,-67.2485],[97.75965,-67.2485],[98.68021,-67.1113],[99.71818,-67.2485],[100.38419,-66.91535],[100.89336,-66.58224],[101.5789,-66.30789],[102.83241,-65.56328],[103.47868,-65.70048],[104.24256,-65.97478],[104.90846,-66.32753],[106.18156,-66.93493],[107.16088,-66.95457],[108.08139,-66.95457],[109.15864,-66.837],[110.23583,-66.6998],[111.05847,-66.42551],[111.74396,-66.13157],[112.86038,-66.09235],[113.60467,-65.8768],[114.38809,-66.07276],[114.89731,-66.38628],[115.60238,-66.6998],[116.69916,-66.66063],[117.3847,-66.91535],[118.57946,-67.17011],[119.83292,-67.26809],[120.871,-67.1897],[121.65441,-66.87618],[122.32037,-66.56265],[123.2213,-66.48426],[124.12227,-66.62146],[125.16025,-66.71939],[126.1004,-66.56265],[127.00143,-66.56265],[127.88277,-66.66063],[128.80328,-66.75861],[129.70426,-66.58224],[130.78145,-66.42551],[131.79995,-66.38628],[132.9359,-66.38628],[133.85646,-66.2883],[134.75739,-66.20996],[135.03158,-65.72007],[135.07075,-65.30857],[135.69748,-65.58287],[135.8738,-66.03359],[136.2067,-66.44509],[136.61805,-66.7782],[137.46027,-66.95457],[138.59622,-66.89576],[139.90844,-66.87618],[140.80942,-66.81737],[142.12169,-66.81737],[143.06184,-66.79778],[144.37406,-66.837],[145.49043,-66.91535],[146.19555,-67.22887],[145.9997,-67.6012],[146.64607,-67.89513],[147.72326,-68.13026],[148.83963,-68.38502],[150.13231,-68.56129],[151.4837,-68.71813],[152.50225,-68.87481],[153.6382,-68.8945],[154.28457,-68.56129],[155.16586,-68.83564],[155.92979,-69.14921],[156.81113,-69.38429],[158.02553,-69.48227],[159.18101,-69.59983],[159.6707,-69.99175],[160.80665,-70.22688],[161.57048,-70.57962],[162.6869,-70.73635],[163.84243,-70.71677],[164.91968,-70.77552],[166.11444,-70.75594],[167.3091,-70.83433],[168.42562,-70.97148],[169.46359,-71.20666],[170.50167,-71.40262],[171.20679,-71.6965],[171.08923,-72.08842],[170.56042,-72.44116],[170.10996,-72.89183],[169.75737,-73.24452],[169.28732,-73.65602],[167.9751,-73.81281],[167.38749,-74.1655],[166.0948,-74.38104],[165.64439,-74.77295],[164.95885,-75.14528],[164.23419,-75.4588],[163.8228,-75.8703],[163.56824,-76.24258],[163.47026,-76.6933],[163.4899,-77.06558],[164.05787,-77.45744],[164.27336,-77.82977],[164.74346,-78.18251],[166.60413,-78.31961],[166.99578,-78.75075],[165.19388,-78.90748],[163.66622,-79.12303],[161.76638,-79.16225],[160.92416,-79.73048],[160.74789,-80.20074],[160.31696,-80.57307],[159.78821,-80.94539],[161.12002,-81.2785],[161.62929,-81.69],[162.49099,-82.06228],[163.70534,-82.39544],[165.09595,-82.70896],[166.60413,-83.02248],[168.89567,-83.336],[169.40478,-83.82589],[172.28393,-84.04143],[172.47705,-84.11791],[173.22408,-84.41371],[175.98567,-84.159],[178.27721,-84.47252],[180,-84.71338],[180,-90],[-180,-90],[-180,-84.71338],[-179.9425,-84.72144],[-179.05868,-84.13941],[-177.25677,-84.45293],[-177.14081,-84.41794],[-176.08467,-84.09926],[-175.94723,-84.11045],[-175.82988,-84.11791],[-174.3825,-84.53432],[-173.11656,-84.11791],[-172.88911,-84.06102],[-169.95122,-83.88465],[-168.99999,-84.11791],[-168.5302,-84.23739],[-167.0221,-84.5705],[-164.18214,-84.82521],[-161.92977,-85.13873],[-158.07138,-85.37391],[-155.19225,-85.09956],[-150.9421,-85.29552],[-148.53307,-85.60904],[-145.88892,-85.3151],[-143.10772,-85.04075],[-142.89228,-84.5705],[-146.82907,-84.53127],[-150.06073,-84.29615],[-150.90293,-83.90423],[-153.5862,-83.68869],[-153.40991,-83.23802],[-153.03776,-82.82652],[-152.66564,-82.45419],[-152.86152,-82.04269],[-154.5263,-81.76839],[-155.29018,-81.41565],[-156.83745,-81.10213],[-154.40879,-81.16094],[-152.09766,-81.00415],[-150.64829,-81.33731],[-148.866,-81.04337],[-147.22075,-80.67104],[-146.41775,-80.33794],[-146.77029,-79.92644],[-148.06295,-79.65209],[-149.5319,-79.3582],[-151.58842,-79.2994],[-153.39032,-79.16225],[-155.32938,-79.06427],[-155.97567,-78.69194],[-157.2683,-78.37842],[-158.05177,-78.02568],[-158.36513,-76.88921],[-157.87547,-76.98724],[-156.97457,-77.30076],[-155.32938,-77.20273],[-153.74283,-77.06558],[-152.92025,-77.49666],[-151.33378,-77.39874],[-150.00195,-77.18314],[-148.74849,-76.90884],[-147.61248,-76.57574],[-146.10441,-76.47776],[-146.14353,-76.10543],[-146.49609,-75.73315],[-146.20231,-75.38041],[-144.90962,-75.20404],[-144.32204,-75.5372],[-142.79435,-75.34124],[-141.63876,-75.08648],[-140.20901,-75.06689],[-138.85759,-74.96891],[-137.5062,-74.73378],[-136.4289,-74.51824],[-135.21458,-74.3027],[-134.43119,-74.36145],[-133.74565,-74.43985],[-132.25717,-74.3027],[-130.92531,-74.47902],[-129.55428,-74.45943],[-128.24204,-74.32228],[-126.89062,-74.42026],[-125.40208,-74.51824],[-124.0115,-74.47902],[-122.56215,-74.4986],[-121.07361,-74.51824],[-119.70256,-74.47902],[-118.68415,-74.18508],[-117.4698,-74.02835],[-116.21631,-74.24389],[-115.02155,-74.06752],[-113.94433,-73.71483],[-113.29799,-74.02835],[-112.94545,-74.38104],[-112.29908,-74.7142],[-111.26106,-74.42026],[-110.06633,-74.79254],[-108.71491,-74.9101],[-107.55935,-75.18445],[-106.14915,-75.1257],[-104.87607,-74.94933],[-103.36795,-74.9885],[-102.01651,-75.1257],[-100.64553,-75.30202],[-100.1167,-74.87093],[-100.76304,-74.53783],[-101.2527,-74.18508],[-102.54534,-74.10674],[-103.11331,-73.73441],[-103.32875,-73.36208],[-103.68129,-72.61753],[-102.91749,-72.75468],[-101.60524,-72.81344],[-100.31253,-72.75468],[-99.13738,-72.91141],[-98.11889,-73.20535],[-97.68804,-73.55804],[-96.33659,-73.61685],[-95.04396,-73.4797],[-93.67291,-73.28374],[-92.439,-73.16618],[-91.42056,-73.40131],[-90.08873,-73.32291],[-89.22695,-72.55872],[-88.42395,-73.00939],[-87.26834,-73.18576],[-86.01482,-73.08779],[-85.19224,-73.4797],[-83.87999,-73.51887],[-82.66565,-73.63643],[-81.47091,-73.85198],[-80.68745,-73.4797],[-80.29579,-73.12696],[-79.29689,-73.51887],[-77.92586,-73.42089],[-76.90737,-73.63643],[-76.22188,-73.96954],[-74.89005,-73.87161],[-73.85202,-73.65602],[-72.83353,-73.40131],[-71.61921,-73.26416],[-70.20904,-73.14654],[-68.93592,-73.00939],[-67.95662,-72.79385],[-67.36906,-72.48033],[-67.13404,-72.04924],[-67.25155,-71.63775],[-67.56494,-71.24583],[-67.91748,-70.85392],[-68.23084,-70.46205],[-68.48545,-70.10931],[-68.54421,-69.7174],[-68.44628,-69.32553],[-67.97623,-68.95321],[-67.5845,-68.54171],[-67.42784,-68.14984],[-67.62367,-67.71876],[-67.74118,-67.32685],[-67.25155,-66.87618],[-66.70318,-66.58224],[-66.05682,-66.20996],[-65.37133,-65.89639],[-64.56828,-65.60251],[-64.17654,-65.17142],[-63.62815,-64.89707],[-63.00139,-64.64231],[-62.04169,-64.58355],[-61.41493,-64.27003],[-60.70985,-64.07407],[-59.88727,-63.95651],[-59.16258,-63.70175],[-58.59456,-63.38822],[-57.81114,-63.27066],[-57.22358,-63.52543],[-57.59573,-63.85853],[-58.61414,-64.15247]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Antarctica\"}}]}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brancolini, Giuliano","contributorId":29150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brancolini","given":"Giuliano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Escutia, C.","contributorId":88514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escutia","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kristoffersen, Y.","contributorId":29986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kristoffersen","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larter, R.D.","contributorId":8765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larter","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leitchenkov, G.","contributorId":11108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leitchenkov","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Brien, Philip","contributorId":221586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jokat, Wilfried","contributorId":191862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jokat","given":"Wilfried","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70199565,"text":"70199565 - 2008 - Artificial recharge through a thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:46:50","indexId":"70199565","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:46:14","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artificial recharge through a thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"<p>Thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zones away from large streams in desert areas have not previously been considered suitable for artificial recharge from ponds. To test the potential for recharge in these settings, 1.3 x 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of water was infiltrated through a 0.36-ha pond along Oro Grande Wash near Victorville, California, between October 2002 and January 2006. The pond overlies a regional pumping depression 117 m below land surface and is located where thickness and permeability of unsaturated deposits allowed infiltration and saturated alluvial deposits were sufficiently permeable to allow recovery of water. Because large changes in water levels caused by nearby pumping would obscure arrival of water at the water table, downward movement of water was measured using sensors in the unsaturated zone. The downward rate of water movement was initially as high as 6 m/d and decreased with depth to 0.07 m/d; the initial time to reach the water table was 3 years. After the unsaturated zone was wetted, water reached the water table in 1 year. Soluble salts and nitrate moved readily with the infiltrated water, whereas arsenic and chromium were less mobile. Numerical simulations done using the computer program TOUGH2 duplicated the downward rate of water movement, accumulation of water on perched zones, and its arrival at the water table. Assuming 10 3 106 m3 of recharge annually for 20 years, a regional ground water flow model predicted water level rises of 30 m beneath the ponds, and rises exceeding 3m in most wells serving the nearby urban area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00406.x","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J.A., Flint, A.L., and Stamos, C.L., 2008, Artificial recharge through a thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zone: Groundwater, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00406.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Victorville","otherGeospatial":"Oro Grande Wash","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10d475e4b034bf6a7fa234","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":152474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352 clstamos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":1252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina","email":"clstamos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70216910,"text":"70216910 - 2008 - Factors influencing predation on juvenile ungulates and natural selection implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T21:32:24.449226","indexId":"70216910","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:31:37","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3767,"text":"Wildlife Biology in Practice","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing predation on juvenile ungulates and natural selection implications","docAbstract":"<p>Juvenile ungulates are generally more vulnerable to predation than are adult ungulates other than senescent individuals, not only because of their relative youth, fragility, and inexperience, but also because of congenital factors. Linnell et al.'s (Wildl. Biol. 1: 209-223) extensive review of predation on juvenile ungulates concluded that research was needed to determine the predisposition of these juveniles to predation. Since then, various characteristics that potentially predispose juvenile ungulates have emerged including blood characteristics, morphometric and other condition factors, and other factors such as birth period, the mother’s experience, and spatial and habitat aspects. To the extent that any of the physical or behavioral traits possessed by juvenile ungulates have a genetic or heritable and partly independent epigenetic component that predisposes them to predation, predators may play an important role in their natural selection. We review the possible influence of these characteristics on predisposing juvenile ungulates to predation and discuss natural selection implications and potential selection mechanisms. Although juvenile ungulates as a class are likely more vulnerable to predation than all but senescent adults, our review presents studies indicating that juveniles with certain tendencies or traits are killed more often than others. This finding suggests that successful predation on juveniles is more selective than is often assumed. Because we are unable to control for (or in some cases even measure) the myriad of other possible vulnerabilities such as differences in sensory abilities, intelligence, hiding abilities, tendency to travel, etc., finding selective predation based on the relatively few differences we can measure is noteworthy and points to the significant role that predation on juveniles has in the natural selection of ungulates. Future research should compare characteristics, especially those known to influence survival, between animals killed by predators versus those killed by other sources as well as survivors versus non-survivors to better understand predation's role in natural selection.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem","doi":"10.2461/WBP.2008.4.2","usgsCitation":"Barber-Meyer, S., and Mech, L.D., 2008, Factors influencing predation on juvenile ungulates and natural selection implications: Wildlife Biology in Practice, v. 4, no. 1, p. 8-29, https://doi.org/10.2461/WBP.2008.4.2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber-Meyer, Shannon 0000-0002-3048-2616 sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-2616","contributorId":191875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber-Meyer","given":"Shannon","email":"sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216909,"text":"70216909 - 2008 - Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T21:24:23.912421","indexId":"70216909","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:23:34","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"<p><span>We conducted a 3‐year study (May 2003–Apr 2006) of mortality of northern Yellowstone elk (</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>) calves to determine the cause for the recruitment decline (i.e., 33 calves to 13 calves/100 adult F) following the restoration of wolves (</span><i>Canis lupus</i><span>). We captured, fit with radiotransmitters, and evaluated blood characteristics and disease antibody seroprevalence in 151 calves ≤6 days old (68M:83F). Concentrations (x̄, SE) of potential condition indicators were as follows: thyroxine (T4; 13.8 μg/dL, 0.43), serum urea nitrogen (SUN; 17.4 mg/dL, 0.57), γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT; 66.4 IU/L, 4.36), gamma globulins (GG; 1.5 g/dL, 0.07), and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1; 253.6 ng/mL, 9.59). Seroprevalences were as follows: brucellosis (</span><i>Brucella abortus</i><span>; 3%), bovine‐respiratory syncytial virus (3%), bovine‐viral‐diarrhea virus type 1 (25%), infectious‐bovine rhinotracheitis (58%), and bovine parainfluenza‐3 (32%). Serum urea nitrogen, GGT, GG, and IGF‐1 varied with year; T4, SUN, and GG varied with age (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;≤ 0.01); and SUN varied by capture area (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.02). Annual survival was 0.22 (SE = 0.035,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 149) and varied by calving area but not year. Neonates captured in the Stephens Creek/Mammoth area of Yellowstone National Park, USA, had annual survival rates &gt;3× higher (0.54) than those captured in the Lamar Valley area (0.17), likely due to the higher predator density in Lamar Valley. Summer survival (20 weeks after radiotagging) was 0.29 (SE = 0.05,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 116), and calving area, absolute deviation from median birth date, and GG were important predictors of summer survival. Survival during winter (Nov‐Apr) was 0.90 (SE= 0.05,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 42), and it did not vary by calving area or year. Sixty‐nine percent (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 104) of calves died within the first year of life, 24% (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 36) survived their first year, and 7% (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 11) had unknown fates. Grizzly bears (</span><i>Ursus arctos</i><span>) and black bears (</span><i>Ursus americanus</i><span>) accounted for 58–60% (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 60–62) of deaths, and wolves accounted for 14–17% (</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 15–18). Summer predation (95% of summer deaths) increased, and winter malnutrition (0% of winter deaths) decreased, compared with a similar study during 1987–1990 (72% and 58%, respectively). Physiological factors (e.g., low levels of GG) may predispose calves to predation. Also, the increase in bear numbers since wolf restoration and spatial components finer than the northern range should be considered when trying to determine the causes of the northern Yellowstone elk decline. This is the first study to document the predation impacts from reintroduced wolves on elk calf mortality in an ecosystem already containing established populations of 4 other major predators (i.e., grizzly and black bears, cougars [</span><i>Puma concolor</i><span>], and coyotes [</span><i>Canis latrans</i><span>]). The results are relevant to resource managers of the Yellowstone ecosystem in understanding the dynamics of the elk population, in providing harvest quota recommendations for local elk hunts to the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service regarding wolf and grizzly bear recovery, and to all areas worldwide where predators are increasing, by providing managers with information about potential carnivore impacts on elk populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2008-004","usgsCitation":"Barber-Meyer, S., Mech, L.D., and , P., 2008, Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park: Wildlife Monographs, v. 169, no. 1, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-004.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.9619140625,\n              45.205263456162385\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.85205078124999,\n              45.24008561090264\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.7861328125,\n              45.251688256117646\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.67626953125,\n              45.251688256117646\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.5938720703125,\n              45.24395342262324\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.4290771484375,\n              45.182036837015886\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.2972412109375,\n              45.1433047394883\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4732666015625,\n              45.154927133618465\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3414306640625,\n              45.18978009667531\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.18212890625,\n              45.20913363773731\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.149169921875,\n              45.166547157856016\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.149169921875,\n              45.06964120886863\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2315673828125,\n              44.84029065139799\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2205810546875,\n              44.695992981720714\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1656494140625,\n              44.59046718130883\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.06677246093749,\n              44.53175879707938\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              44.469071224701096\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2205810546875,\n              44.422011314236634\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.34692382812499,\n              44.378839759088585\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3963623046875,\n              44.34349388385857\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4073486328125,\n              44.296332880058706\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3359375,\n              44.3002644115815\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.21508789062499,\n              44.34742225636393\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.127197265625,\n              44.327777761284445\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.09423828125,\n              44.284536706018905\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1436767578125,\n              44.19402066387343\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2425537109375,\n              44.142797828180605\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.21508789062499,\n              44.08363928284644\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1546630859375,\n              44.06390660801779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              44.036269809534616\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.017333984375,\n              43.957236472025635\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.9898681640625,\n              43.810747313446996\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.01184082031249,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.017333984375,\n              43.61619382369188\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3134765625,\n              43.620170616189924\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.29150390625,\n              44.836395454104796\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.3519287109375,\n              44.85586880735725\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4892578125,\n              44.883120442385646\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5167236328125,\n              45.00365115687189\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.51123046875,\n              45.178164812206376\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.566162109375,\n              45.259422036351694\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.5277099609375,\n              45.36758436884978\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.434326171875,\n              45.390735154248894\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2640380859375,\n              45.413876460821086\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.13220214843749,\n              45.4524242413431\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.060791015625,\n              45.43700828867389\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.005859375,\n              45.390735154248894\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.00036621093749,\n              45.31352900692261\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.950927734375,\n              45.259422036351694\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.9619140625,\n              45.205263456162385\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber-Meyer, Shannon 0000-0002-3048-2616 sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-2616","contributorId":191875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber-Meyer","given":"Shannon","email":"sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":806917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":" P.J. White","contributorId":124550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"P.J. White","affiliations":[{"id":5106,"text":"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth, Wyoming 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":806918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70118980,"text":"70118980 - 2008 - An interactive Bayesian geostatistical inverse protocol for hydraulic tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-01T16:25:08","indexId":"70118980","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:23:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An interactive Bayesian geostatistical inverse protocol for hydraulic tomography","docAbstract":"Hydraulic tomography is a powerful technique for characterizing heterogeneous hydrogeologic parameters. An explicit trade-off between characterization based on measurement misfit and subjective characterization using prior information is presented. We apply a Bayesian geostatistical inverse approach that is well suited to accommodate a flexible model with the level of complexity driven by the data and explicitly considering uncertainty. Prior information is incorporated through the selection of a parameter covariance model characterizing continuity and providing stability. Often, discontinuities in the parameter field, typically caused by geologic contacts between contrasting lithologic units, necessitate subdivision into zones across which there is no correlation among hydraulic parameters. We propose an interactive protocol in which zonation candidates are implied from the data and are evaluated using cross validation and expert knowledge. Uncertainty introduced by limited knowledge of dynamic regional conditions is mitigated by using drawdown rather than native head values. An adjoint state formulation of MODFLOW-2000 is used to calculate sensitivities which are used both for the solution to the inverse problem and to guide protocol decisions. The protocol is tested using synthetic two-dimensional steady state examples in which the wells are located at the edge of the region of interest.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2007WR006730","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., Clemo, T., and Kitanidis, P.K., 2008, An interactive Bayesian geostatistical inverse protocol for hydraulic tomography: Water Resources Research, v. 44, no. 12, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006730.","productDescription":"19 p.","numberOfPages":"19","ipdsId":"IP-004090","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291542,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006730"}],"volume":"44","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9c0e4b076157863770f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clemo, Tom","contributorId":80205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemo","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitanidis, Peter K.","contributorId":104828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitanidis","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047431,"text":"pp175037 - 2008 - Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:44:00","indexId":"pp175037","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-37","displayTitle":"Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from <sup>210</sup>Po-<sup>210</sup>Pb-<sup>226</sup>Ra disequilibria: Chapter 37 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria","docAbstract":"Disequilibrium between <sup>210</sup>Po, <sup>210</sup>Pb, and <sup>226</sup>Ra was \nmeasured on rocks and plagioclase mineral separates erupted \nduring the first year of the ongoing eruption of Mount St. \nHelens. The purpose of this study was to monitor the volatile \nfluxing and crystal growth that occurred in the weeks, years, \nand decades leading up to eruption. Whole-rock samples were \nleached in dilute HCl to remove <sup>210</sup>Po precipitated in open \nspaces. Before leaching, samples had variable initial (<sup>210</sup>Po) \nvalues, whereas after leaching, the groundmasses of nearly all \njuvenile samples were found to have had (<sup>210</sup>Po) &asymp; 0 when they \nerupted. Thus, most samples degassed <sup>210</sup>Po both before and \nafter the magmas switched from open- to closed-system degassing. All juvenile samples have (<sup>210</sup>Pb)/(<sup>226</sup>Ra) ratios within \n2 &delta; of equilibrium, suggesting that the magmas involved in the \nongoing eruption did not have strong, persistent fluxes of <sup>222</sup>Rn \nin or out of magmas during the decades and years leading to \neruption. These equilibrium values also require a period of at \nleast a century after magma generation and the last significant \ndifferentiation of the Mount St. Helens dacites. Despite this, \nthe elevated (<sup>210</sup>Pb)/(<sup>226</sup>Ra) value measured in a plagioclase \nmineral separate from lava erupted in 2004 suggests that a \nsignificant proportion of this plagioclase grew within a few \ndecades of eruption. The combined dataset suggests that for \nmost 2004-5 lavas, the last stage of open-system degassing \nof the dacite magmas at Mount St. Helens is confined to the \nperiod between 1-2 years and 1-2 weeks before eruption, whereas plagioclase large enough to be included in the mineral \nseparate grew around the time of the 1980s eruption or earlier.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175037","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 37 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Reagan, M.K., Cooper, K.M., Pallister, J.S., Thornber, C.R., and Wortel, M., 2008, Timing of degassing and plagioclase growth in lavas erupted from Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005, from 210Po-210Pb-226Ra disequilibria: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-37, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175037.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"847","endPage":"856","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276082,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter37.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96ae4b009d47a4c23fa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509550,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509549,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Reagan, Mark K.","contributorId":54496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagan","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wortel, Matthew","contributorId":76632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortel","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047364,"text":"pp175014 - 2008 - Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:59:55","indexId":"pp175014","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T16:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-14","displayTitle":"Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 14 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"A prolonged period of dome growth at Mount St. Helens \nstarting in September-October 2004 provides an opportunity \nto study how the volcano deforms before, during, and after an \neruption by using modern instruments and techniques, such as \nglobal positioning system (GPS) receivers and interferometric \nsynthetic aperture radar (InSAR), together with more traditional ones, including tiltmeters, triangulation, photogrammetry, and time-lapse photography. No precursory ground \ndeformation was detected by campaign GPS measurements \nmade in 2000 and 2003, nor by a continuous GPS station \n(JRO1) operating ~9 km to the north-northwest of the vent \narea since May 1997. However, JRO1 abruptly began moving downward and southward, toward a source centered about \n8 km beneath the volcano, concurrently with the start of a \nshallow earthquake swarm on September 23, 2004. The JRO1 \nvelocity slowed from ~0.5 millimeters per day (mm/d) in late \nSeptember–early October 2004 until spring 2005. Thereafter, \nit was essentially constant at ~0.04 mm/d through December \n2005. In similar fashion, the growth rate of the welt on the \nsouth crater floor slowed from 8.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s during October 4–11 \nto 6.4 m<sup>3</sup>/s during October 11-13, 2004; this trend continued \nafter emergence of the first lava spine on October 11. The \nvolumetric extrusion rate decreased from 5.9 m<sup>3</sup>/s during \nOctober 13-November 4, 2004, to 2.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s during December \n11, 2004-January 3, 2005, and for the remainder of 2005, it \nwas in the range 2.0-0.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Fifteen continuous GPS stations, installed soon after the eruption began, showed radially \ninward and downward ground motions through December \n2005. Likewise, InSAR observations spanning the first year of the eruption indicate broad subsidence centered near the vent. \nModel-derived estimates of source-volume decrease from \nSeptember 23, 2004, to October 31, 2006, are 16-24×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, \nsubstantially less than the volume erupted during the same \nperiod (87×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n through October 21, 2006). The discrepancy can be explained by a combination of magma expansion \nand recharge in the source region.\nLack of precursory deformation at JRO1 suggests that \nthe conduit is poorly coupled to the rest of the edifice, so the \nrising magma column was able to push ahead older conduit material rather than intruding it. Constraints on conduit \nlength and radius require that reservoir magma (as opposed \nto conduit-filling magma) reached the surface early during \nthe eruption, probably soon after CO<sub>2</sub>\n emission rates peaked \nin early October 2004. If rapid emergence of spine 3 (the first \nwhaleback-shaped extrusion) in late October 2004 marked \nthe arrival of reservoir magma, then the volume of conduit \nmaterial flushed from the system was about 20×10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>\n--the \nvolume of surface deformation plus spines on November 4, \n2004. The corresponding radius for a cylinder extending from \nthe surface to depth d = 5 km is 35.7 m, or 28.2 m for d = 8 \nkm. The average ascent rate through the conduit, assuming \nreservoir magma began its rise on September 23, 2004, was \n120 m/d for d = 5 km, or 190 m/d for d = 8 km. Observed lineal extrusion rates were 2-10 m/d, so the conduit must widen \nconsiderably near the surface. Equating magma flux through \nthe conduit to that at the surface, we obtain a vent radius of \n125 m and an extrusion rate of 5.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s--both values representative of the early part of the eruption.\nLack of precursory inflation suggests that the volcano was poised to erupt magma already stored in a crustal \nreservoir when JRO1 was installed in 1997. Trilateration \nand campaign GPS data indicate surface dilatation, presumably caused by reservoir expansion between 1982 and 1991, \nbut no measurable deformation between 1991 and 2003. We \nconclude that all three of the traditionally reliable eruption precursors (seismicity, ground deformation, and volcanic \ngas emission) failed to provide warning that an eruption was \nimminent until a few days before a visible welt appeared at \nthe surface--a situation reminiscent of the 1980 north-flank \nbulge at Mount St. Helens.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175014","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 14 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Lisowski, M., Poland, M., Sherrod, D.R., and LaHusen, R.G., 2008, Constraints and conundrums resulting from ground-deformation measurements made during the 2004-2005 dome-building eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-14, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175014.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175014.jpg"},{"id":275898,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275899,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter14.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca6fe4b04b00e3d88f8d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509479,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509481,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509480,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047428,"text":"pp175036 - 2008 - 238U-230Th-226Ra Disequilibria in Dacite and Plagioclase from the 2004–2005 Eruption of Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:45:49","indexId":"pp175036","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:51:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-36","displayTitle":"<sup>238</sup>U-<sup>230</sup>Th-<sup>226</sup>Ra disequilibria in dacite and plagioclase from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens: Chapter 36 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"238U-230Th-226Ra Disequilibria in Dacite and Plagioclase from the 2004–2005 Eruption of Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"Uranium-series disequilibria in whole-rock samples and \nmineral separates provide unique insights into the time scales \nand processes of magma mixing, storage, and crystallization. \nWe present <sup>238</sup>U-\n<sup>230</sup>Th-<sup>226</sup>Ra data for whole-rock dacite and \ngouge samples and for plagioclase separated from two dacite \nsamples, all erupted from Mount St. Helens between October \n2004 and April 2005. We also present new <sup>238</sup>U-<sup>230</sup>Th disequilibria for a suite of four reference samples from the 1980-86 \neruption of Mount St. Helens. We use the U-series data to \nevaluate the origin of the 2004-5 magma, its relation to the \n1980-86 magma, and the relation of 2004-5 phenocrysts to \ntheir host magmas. Dacite samples from 2004-5 show variable \n(\n<sup>230</sup>Th)/(<sup>238</sup>U), ranging from <sup>238</sup>U-enriched to <sup>230</sup>Th-enriched. \n(\n<sup>230</sup>Th)/(<sup>232</sup>Th) ratios in 2004-5 dacite and gouge samples do \nnot vary outside of analytical error and are within the range of \n(\n<sup>230</sup>Th)/(<sup>232</sup>Th) measured for the 1980s reference suite. However, (<sup>230</sup>Th)/(<sup>232</sup>Th) for plagioclase separates for dome samples \nerupted during October and November 2004 are significantly \ndifferent from corresponding whole-rock values, which suggests that a large fraction (>30 percent) of crystals in each \nsample are foreign to the host liquid. Furthermore, plagioclase \nin the two 2004 samples have U-series characteristics distinct \nfrom each other and from plagioclase in dacite erupted in \n1982, indicating that (1) the current eruption must include a \ncomponent of crystals (and potentially associated magma) \nthat were not sampled by the 1980-86 eruption, and (2) dacite \nmagmas erupted only a month apart in 2004 contain different \npopulations of crystals, indicating that this foreign component \nis highly heterogeneous within the 2004-5 magma reservoir.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175036","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 36 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Cooper, K.M., and Donnelly, C.T., 2008, 238U-230Th-226Ra Disequilibria in Dacite and Plagioclase from the 2004–2005 Eruption of Mount St. Helens: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-36, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175036.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"827","endPage":"846","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175036.png"},{"id":276078,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter36.pdf"},{"id":276077,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd493ae4b0b290850eeffe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509545,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509546,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Kari M.","contributorId":32814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Kari","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly, Carrie T.","contributorId":45988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Carrie","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70198732,"text":"70198732 - 2008 - Geology: Chapter 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:50:18","indexId":"70198732","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:50:10","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geology: Chapter 2","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The natural history of the U.C. Santa Cruz campus","language":"English","publisher":"University of California, Santa Cruz, Environmental Studies Department","usgsCitation":"Stanley, R.G., and Weber, G.E., 2008, Geology: Chapter 2, chap. <i>of</i> The natural history of the U.C. Santa Cruz campus, p. 36-97.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98bd80e4b0702d0e845760","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Haff, T. M.","contributorId":172383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haff","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742774,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, M. T.","contributorId":207099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742775,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, W. B.","contributorId":207100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tyler","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742776,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, G. E.","contributorId":28612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047426,"text":"pp175035 - 2008 - Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:48:01","indexId":"pp175035","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-35","displayTitle":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"We report the results of in-situ laser ablation ICP–MS \nanalyses of anorthite content, trace-element (Li, Ti, Sr, Ba, La, \nPr, Ce, Nd, Eu, Pb) concentrations, and Pb-isotope compositions \nin plagioclase from eight dome-dacite samples collected from \nthe 2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens and, for comparison, \nfrom three dome samples from 1981-85. For 2004-5 samples, \nplagioclase phenocrysts range in composition from An<sub>30</sub> to \nAn<sub>80</sub>, with the majority An<sub>42</sub>-An<sub>65</sub>. With the exception of Li, the \nrange of trace-element abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts is \nlargely constant in material erupted between October 2004 and \nApril 2005 and is broadly consistent with the 1983-85 dome \nsamples. Anomalously high Li contents in the early stage of the \neruption are thought to reflect addition of Li to the upper part \nof the magma chamber immediately before eruption (within \n~1 year) by transfer of an alkali-enriched, exsolved vapor from \ndeep within the magma chamber. Other trace elements show \nsignificant correlations (at >99 percent confidence limits) with \nanorthite content in plagioclase phenocrysts--Ba, light rareearth elements (LREE), and Pb show positive correlations, \nwhereas Ti and Sr correlate negatively. Variations in plagioclase-melt partitioning as a function of anorthite content cannot \nexplain trace-element variations--in particular predicting \ntrends for Ti and Sr opposite to those observed. A simple model \ninvolving closed-system fractional crystallization of plagioclase \n+ hypersthene + amphibole + oxides largely reproduces the \nobserved trends. The model requires no gain or loss of plagioclase and is consistent with the lack of europium anomalies \nin bulk dacite samples. Analytical traverses within individual \nplagioclase phenocrysts support this model but also point to a \ndiversity of melt compositions present within the magma storage zone in which plagioclase crystallized.\nPlagioclase crystals from gabbronorite inclusions in three \ndacite samples have markedly different trace-element and Pbisotope compositions from those of plagioclase phenocrysts, \ndespite having a similar range of anorthite contents. Inclusions show some systematic differences from each other but \ntypically have higher Ti, Ba, LREE, and Pb and lower Sr and \nhave lower <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb and <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ratios than coexisting \nplagioclase phenocrysts. The compositions of plagioclase from \ninclusions cannot be related to phenocryst compositions by \nany reasonable petrologic model. From this we suggest that \nthey are unlikely to represent magmatic cumulates or restite \ninclusions but instead are samples of mafic Tertiary basement \nfrom beneath the volcano.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175035","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 35 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Kent, A., Rowe, M.C., Thornber, C.R., and Pallister, J.S., 2008, Trace element and Pb isotope composition of plagioclase from dome samples from the 2004-2005 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-35, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175035.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"809","endPage":"826","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276074,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter35.pdf"},{"id":276072,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175035.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c96be4b009d47a4c23fe","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509542,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509544,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509543,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Adam J. R.","contributorId":99842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Adam J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Michael C.","contributorId":79191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047394,"text":"pp175022 - 2008 - Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:48:29","indexId":"pp175022","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:39:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-22","displayTitle":"Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption: Chapter 22 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption","docAbstract":"During the ongoing eruption at Mount St. Helens, Washington, lava has extruded continuously at a rate that decreased \nfrom ~7-9 m<sup>3</sup>\n/s in October 2004 to 1-2 m<sup>3</sup>\n/s by December \n2005. The volume loss in the magma reservoir estimated from \nthe geodetic data, 1.6-2.7×10\n<sup>7</sup>\n m3\n, is only a few tens of percent \nof the 7.5×10\n7\n m<sup>3</sup>\n volume that had erupted by the end of 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175022","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 22 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., Roeloffs, E., Beeler, N.M., and Quick, J.E., 2008, Constraints on the size, overpressure, and volatile content of the Mount St. Helens magma system from geodetic and dome-growth measurements during the 2004-2006+ eruption: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-22, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175022.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"488","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275982,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275983,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter22.pdf"},{"id":275984,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175022.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e0e4b0296e5a4b5c12","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509504,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn","contributorId":35417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beeler, Nick M.","contributorId":96185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"Nick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quick, James E.","contributorId":21552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047231,"text":"70047231 - 2008 - Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-26T16:03:32","indexId":"70047231","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain","docAbstract":"Lead (Pb)-isotope compositions and trace-metal concentrations were determined for samples of dust collected from underground and surface locations at and near the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Rare earth element concentrations in the dust samples from the underground tunnels are similar to those in wholerock samples of the repository host rocks (Miocene Tiva Canyon Tuff and Topopah Spring Tuff), supporting interpretation that the subsurface dust is mainly composed of rock comminuted during tunnel construction. Other trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony, thallium, and zinc) are variably enriched in the subsurface dust samples relative to the average concentrations in the host rocks. Average concentrations of arsenic and lead in dust samples, high concentrations of which can cause corrosion of waste canisters, have enrichment factors from 1.2 to 1.6 and are insignificant relative to the range of concentrations for these metals observed in the host rock samples. Most dust samples from surface sites also are enriched in many of these trace metals relative to average repository host rocks. At least some of these enrichments may be artifacts of sampling. Plotted on a <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb-<sub>207</sub>Pb/206Pb graph, Pb-isotope compositions of dust samples from underground sites form a mixing line extending from host-rock Pb-isotope compositions towards compositions of many of the dust samples from surface sites; however, combined Pb concentration and isotope data indicate the presence of a Pbenriched component in the subsurface dust that is not derived from host rock or surface dust and may derive from anthropogenic materials introduced into the underground environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"usgsCitation":"Kwak, L., Neymark, L.A., and Peterman, Z., 2008, Lead isotopes and trace metals in dust at Yucca Mountain, <i>in</i> International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2008, p. 95-100.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-006236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277016,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://lsn.nei.org/NEIEXTL0718.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.468278,36.837716 ], [ -116.468278,36.837816 ], [ -116.4681781,36.837816 ], [ -116.4681781,36.837716 ], [ -116.468278,36.837716 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521c78eae4b01458f784296b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwak, Loretta lkwak@usgs.gov","contributorId":628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Loretta","email":"lkwak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell E.","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047425,"text":"pp175034 - 2008 - Plagioclase populations and zoning in dacite of the 2004-2005 Mount St. Helens eruption: Constraints for magma origin and dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T11:02:28","indexId":"pp175034","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:26:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-34","displayTitle":"Plagioclase populations and zoning in dacite of the 2004-2005 Mount St. Helens eruption: Constraints for magma origin and dynamics: Chapter 34 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Plagioclase populations and zoning in dacite of the 2004-2005 Mount St. Helens eruption: Constraints for magma origin and dynamics","docAbstract":"We investigated plagioclase phenocrysts in dacite of the \n2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens to gain insights into the \nmagmatic processes of the current eruption, which is characterized by prolonged, nearly solid-state extrusion, low gas \nemission, and shallow seismicity. In addition, we investigated \nplagioclase of 1980-86 dacite.\nLight and Nomarski microscopy were used to texturally \ncharacterize plagioclase crystals. Electron microprobe analyses measured their compositions. We systematically mapped \nand categorized all plagioclase phenocrysts in a preselected \narea according to the following criteria: (1) occurrence of \nzones of acicular orthopyroxene inclusions, (2) presence of \ndissolution surface(s), and (3) spatial association of 1 and 2. \nPhenocrysts fall into three main categories; one category contains four subcategories.\nThe range of anorthite (An) content in 2004-5 plagioclase is about An<sub>57-35</sub> during the last 30-40 percent crystallization of plagioclase phenocrysts. Select microphenocrysts \n(10-50 &mu;m) range from An<sub>30</sub> to An<sub>42</sub>. Anorthite content is \nlowest near outermost rims of phenocrysts, but zonation patterns between interior and rim indicate variable trends that \ncorrelate with textural features. Crystals without dissolution \nsurfaces (about 14 percent of total) show steadily decreasing An content outward to the crystal rim (outer ~80 &mu;m). \nAll other crystals are banded as a consequence of dissolution; dissolution surfaces are band boundaries. Such crystals \ndisplay normal outward An zoning within a single band that, \nfollowing dissolution, is then overgrown abruptly by high-An material of the next band. Swarms of acicular orthopyroxene \ninclusions in plagioclase are characteristic of 2004-5 dacite. \nThey occur mostly inward of dissolution surfaces, where band \ncomposition reaches lowest An content. The relative proportions of the three crystal types are distinctly different between \n2004-5 dacite and 1980s dome dacite.\nWe propose that crystals with no dissolution surfaces are \nthose that were supplied last to the shallow reservoir, whereas \nplagioclase with increasingly more complex zoning patterns \n(that is, the number of zoned bands bounded by dissolution \nsurfaces) result from prolonged residency and evolution in \nthe reservoir. We propose that banding and An zoning across \nmultiple bands are primarily a response to thermally induced \nfluctuations in crystallinity of the magma in combination with \nrecharge; a lesser role is ascribed to cycling crystals through \npressure gradients. Crystals without dissolution surfaces, \nin contrast, could have grown only in response to steady(?) \ndecompression. Some heating-cooling cycles probably \npostdate the final eruption in 1986. They resulted from small \nrecharge events that supplied new crystals that then experienced resorption-growth cycles. We suggest that magmatic \nevents shortly prior to the current eruption, recorded in the \noutermost zones of plagioclase phenocrysts, began with the \nincorporation of acicular orthopyroxene, followed by last \nresorption, and concluded with crystallization of euhedral \nrims. Finally, we propose that 2004-5 dacite is composed \nmostly of dacite magma that remained after 1986 and underwent subsequent magmatic evolution but, more importantly, \ncontains a component of new dacite from deeper in the magmatic system, which may have triggered the new eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175034","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 34 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Streck, M., Broderick, C.A., Thronber, C.R., Clynne, M.A., and Pallister, J.S., 2008, Plagioclase populations and zoning in dacite of the 2004-2005 Mount St. Helens eruption: Constraints for magma origin and dynamics: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-34, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175034.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"808","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175034.png"},{"id":276069,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter34.pdf"},{"id":276068,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c966e4b009d47a4c23ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509539,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509541,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509540,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Streck, Martin J.","contributorId":102371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Streck","given":"Martin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broderick, Cindy A.","contributorId":25068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broderick","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thronber, Carl R.","contributorId":108017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thronber","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, Michael A. 0000-0002-4220-2968 mclynne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-2968","contributorId":2032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"Michael","email":"mclynne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70047363,"text":"pp175013 - 2008 - Effects of lava-dome growth on the crater glacier of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:59:23","indexId":"pp175013","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:17:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-13","displayTitle":"Effects of lava-dome growth on the crater glacier of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 13 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Effects of lava-dome growth on the crater glacier of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The process of lava-dome emplacement through a glacier \nwas observed for the first time as the 2004-6 eruption of \nMount St. Helens proceeded. The glacier that had grown in the \ncrater since the cataclysmic 1980 eruption was split in two by \nthe new lava dome. The two parts of the glacier were successively squeezed against the crater wall. Photography, photogrammetry, and geodetic measurements document glacier \ndeformation of an extreme variety, with strain rates of extraordinary magnitude as compared to normal temperate alpine \nglaciers. Unlike such glaciers, the Mount St. Helens crater \nglacier shows no evidence of either speed-up at the beginning \nof the ablation season or diurnal speed fluctuations during \nthe ablation season. Thus there is evidently no slip of the \nglacier over its bed. The most reasonable explanation for this \nanomaly is that meltwater penetrating the glacier is captured \nby a thick layer of coarse rubble at the bed and then enters the \nvolcano’s groundwater system rather than flowing through a \ndrainage network along the bed. Mechanical consideration of \nthe glacier-squeeze process also leads to an estimate for the \ndriving pressure applied by the growing lava dome.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175013","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 13 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., Schilling, S.P., Vallance, J.W., and LaHusen, R.G., 2008, Effects of lava-dome growth on the crater glacier of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-13, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175013.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175013.jpg"},{"id":275870,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275871,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter13.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca71e4b04b00e3d88fb9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509476,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509478,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509477,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallance, James W. 0000-0002-3083-5469 jvallance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5469","contributorId":547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"James","email":"jvallance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047393,"text":"pp175021 - 2008 - Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:54:55","indexId":"pp175021","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:03:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-21","displayTitle":"Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: Chapter 21 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005","docAbstract":"The 2004-5 eruption of Mount St. Helens exhibited \nsustained, near-equilibrium behavior characterized by nearly \nsteady extrusion of a solid dacite plug and nearly periodic \noccurrence of shallow earthquakes. Diverse data support the \nhypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip \nmotion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upward by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. \nI formalize this hypothesis with a mathematical model derived \nby assuming that magma enters the base of the eruption \nconduit at a steady rate, invoking conservation of mass and \nmomentum of the magma and plug, and postulating simple \nconstitutive equations that describe magma and conduit compressibilities and friction along the plug margins. Reduction \nof the model equations reveals a strong mathematical analogy \nbetween the dynamics of the magma-plug system and those of \na variably damped oscillator. Oscillations in extrusion velocity \nresult from the interaction of plug inertia, a variable upward \nforce due to magma pressure, and a downward force due to \nthe plug weight. Damping of oscillations depends mostly \non plug-boundary friction, and oscillations grow unstably if \nfriction exhibits rate weakening similar to that observed in \nexperiments. When growth of oscillations causes the extrusion \nrate to reach zero, however, gravity causes friction to reverse \ndirection, and this reversal instigates a transition from unstable \noscillations to self-regulating stick-slip cycles. The transition \noccurs irrespective of the details of rate-weakening behavior, \nand repetitive stick-slip cycles are, therefore, robust features of \nthe system’s dynamics. The presence of a highly compressible \nelastic driving element (that is, magma containing bubbles) \nappears crucial for enabling seismogenic slip events to occur \nrepeatedly at the shallow earthquake focal depths (<1 km) \nobserved during the 2004-5 eruption. Computations show that fluctuations in magma pressure accompanying such slip events \nare <3 kPa, indicating that deviations from mechanical equilibrium are slight and that coseismic force drops are <10<sup>8</sup>\n N. \nThese results imply that the system’s self-regulating behavior \nis not susceptible to dramatic change--provided that the rate \nof magma ascent remains similar to the rate of magma accretion at the base of the plug, that plug surface erosion more or \nless compensates for mass gain due to basal accretion, and that \nmagma and rock properties do not change significantly. Even \nif disequilibrium initial conditions are imposed, the dynamics \nof the magma-plug system are strongly attracted to self-regulating stick-slip cycles, although this self-regulating behavior \ncan be bypassed on the way to runaway behavior if the initial \nstate is too far from equilibrium.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175021","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 21 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2008, Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion resisted by a solid surface plug, Mount St. Helens, 2004-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-21, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175021.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175021.jpg"},{"id":275979,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275980,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter21.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e0e4b0296e5a4b5c19","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509502,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509501,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70047361,"text":"pp175012 - 2008 - Extrusion rate of the Mount St. Helens lava dome estimated from terrestrial imagery, November 2004-December 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:58:18","indexId":"pp175012","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T15:02:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-12","displayTitle":"Extrusion rate of the Mount St. Helens lava dome estimated from terrestrial imagery, November 2004-December 2005: Chapter 12 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Extrusion rate of the Mount St. Helens lava dome estimated from terrestrial imagery, November 2004-December 2005","docAbstract":"Oblique, terrestrial imagery from a single, fixed-position \ncamera was used to estimate linear extrusion rates during \nsustained exogenous growth of the Mount St. Helens lava \ndome from November 2004 through December 2005. During \nthat 14-month period, extrusion rates declined logarithmically \nfrom about 8-10 m/d to about 2 m/d. The overall ebbing of \neffusive output was punctuated, however, by episodes of fluctuating extrusion rates that varied on scales of days to weeks. \nThe overall decline of effusive output and finer scale rate \nfluctuations correlated approximately with trends in seismicity \nand deformation. Those correlations portray an extrusion that \nunderwent episodic, broad-scale stick-slip behavior superposed on the finer scale, smaller magnitude stick-slip behavior \nthat has been hypothesized by other researchers to correlate \nwith repetitive, nearly periodic shallow earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175012","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 12 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Kingsbury, C.G., Poland, M., and LaHusen, R.G., 2008, Extrusion rate of the Mount St. Helens lava dome estimated from terrestrial imagery, November 2004-December 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-12, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175012.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275848,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter12.pdf"},{"id":275846,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175012.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca72e4b04b00e3d88fc6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509473,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509475,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509474,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kingsbury, Cole G.","contributorId":71866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"Cole","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70047423,"text":"pp175033 - 2008 - Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:55:54","indexId":"pp175033","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:49:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-33","displayTitle":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: Chapter 33 in A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006","title":"Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions","docAbstract":"Major element, trace element, and volatile concentrations in 187 glassy melt inclusions and 25 groundmass glasses from the 1980-86 eruption of Mount St. Helens are presented, together with 103 analyses of touching FE-Ti oxide pairs from the same samples.  These data are used to evaluate the temporal evolution of the magmatic plumbing system beneath the volcano during 1980-86 and so provide a framework in which to interpret analyses of melt inclusions from the current (2004-2006) eruption.\n\nMajor and trace element concentrations of all melt inclusions lie at the high SiO<sub>2</sub> end of the data array defined by eruptive products of the late Quaternary age from Mount St. Helens.  For several major and trace elements, the glasses define a trend that is oblique to the whole-rock trend, indicating that different mineral assemblages were responsible for the two trends.  The whole-rock trend can be ascribed to differentiation of hydrous basaltic parents in a deep-seated magma reservoir, probably at depths great enough to stabilize garnet.  In contrast, the glass trends were generated by closed-system crystallization of the phenocryst and microlite mineral assemblages at low pressures.\n\nThe dissolved H<sub>2</sub>O content of the melt inclusions from 1980-86, as measured by the ion microprobe, ranges from 0 to 6.7 wt. percent, with the highest values obtained from the plinian phase of May 18, 1980.  Water contents decrease with increasing SiO<sub>2</sub>, consistent with decompression-driven crystallization.  Preliminary data for dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> in melt inclusions from the May 18 plinian phase from August 7, 1980, indicate that X<sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub> in a vapor phase was approximately constant at 0.80, irrespective of H<sub>2</sub>O content, suggestive of closed-system degassing with a high bubble fraction or gas streaming through the subvolcanic system.  Temperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n estimates \nfor touching Fe-Ti oxides show evidence for heating during \ncrystallization owing to release of latent heat. Consequently, \nmagmas with the highest microlite crystallinities record the \nhighest temperatures. Magmas also become progressively \nreduced during ascent and degassing, probably as a result of \nredox equilibria between exsolving S-bearing gases and magmas. The lowest temperature oxides have f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n&asymp; NNO, similar \nto high-temperature fumarole gases from the volcano. The \ntemperature and f\n<sub>O<sub>2</sub></sub>\n of the magma tapped by the plinian phase \nof May 18, 1980, are 870-875&deg;C and NNO+0.8, respectively.\nThe dissolved volatile contents of the melt inclusions \nhave been used to calculate sealing pressures; that is, the \npressure at which chemical exchange between inclusion and \nmatrix melt ceased. These are greatest for the May 18 plinian \nmagma (120 to 320 MPa); lower pressures are recorded by \nsamples of the preplinian cryptodome and by all post-May 18 \nmagmas. Magma crystallinity, calculated from melt-inclusion \nRb contents, is negatively correlated with sealing pressure, \nconsistent with decompression crystallization. Elevated \ncontents of Li in melt inclusions from the cryptodome and \npost-May 18 samples are consistent with transfer of Li in a \nmagmatic vapor phase from deeper parts of the magma system to magma stored at shallower levels. The Li enrichment \nattains its maximum extent at ~150 MPa, which is ascribed to \nseparation of a single vapor phase into H<sub>2</sub>\nO-rich gas and dense \nLi-rich brine at the top of the magma column.\nThere are striking correlations between melt-inclusion \nchemistry and monitoring data for the 1980-86 eruption. Dissolved SO<sub>2</sub>\n contents of melt inclusions from any given event, \nmultiplied by the mass of magma erupted during that event, correlate with the measured flux of SO<sub>2</sub>\n at the surface, suggesting that magma degassing and melt-inclusion sealing are \nclosely related in time and space.\nTextural and chemical evidence indicates that melt inclusions became effectively sealed (physically or kinetically) \nshortly before eruption. Thus by converting pressure to depth \nusing a density model and edifice-loading algorithm for the \nvolcano, changing depths of magma extraction with time can \nbe tracked and compared to the seismic record. The plinian \neruption of May 18, 1980, involved magma stored 5-11 km \nbelow sea level; this is inferred to be the subvolcanic magma \nchamber. The preceding eruptions, including the May 18, \n1980, blast, involved magma withdrawal from the cryptodome \nand conduit down to 5 km below sea level. Subsequent 1980 \neruptions tapped magma down to depths of &le;10 km below \nsea level. Tapping of magma stored deeper than 2 km below \nsea level stopped abruptly at the end of 1980, coincident \nwith the onset of extensive shallow seismicity and a change \nfrom explosive to effusive eruption style from 1981 to 1986. \nOverall, the 1980-86 eruption is consistent with the evisceration of a thin, vertically extensive body of magma extending \nfrom 5 to at least 11 km below sea level and connected to the \nsurface by a thin conduit. In the absence of sustained high \nmagma-supply rates from depth, decompression crystallization of magma ascending through the system leads eventually \nto plugging of the conduit.\nThe current eruption of Mount St. Helens shares some \nsimilarities with the 1981-86 dome-building phase of the \nprevious eruption, in that there is extensive shallow seismicity \nand extrusion of highly crystalline material in the form of a \nsequence of flows and spines. Melt inclusions from the current eruption have low H<sub>2</sub>\nO contents, consistent with magma \nextraction from shallow depths. Highly enriched Li in melt \ninclusions suggests that vapor transport of Li is a characteristic \nfeature of Mount St. Helens. Melt inclusions from the current \neruption have subtly different trace-element chemistry from \nall but one of the 1980-86 melt inclusions, with steeper rareearth-element (REE) patterns and low U, Th, and high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE), indicating addition of a new melt \ncomponent to the magma system. It is anticipated that increasing involvement of the new melt component will be evident as \nthe current eruption proceeds.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175033","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 33 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Blundy, J., Cashman, K., and Berlo, K., 2008, Evolving magma storage conditions beneath Mount St. Helens inferred from chemical variations in melt inclusions from the 1980-1986 and current (2004-2006) eruptions: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-33, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175033.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175033.png"},{"id":276063,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276064,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter33.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c960e4b009d47a4c236a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509536,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509538,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509537,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Blundy, Jon","contributorId":89050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blundy","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlo, Kim","contributorId":55324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlo","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047391,"text":"pp175020 - 2008 - Frictional properties of the Mount St. Helens gouge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:56:59","indexId":"pp175020","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:47:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-20","displayTitle":"Frictional properties of the Mount St. Helens gouge: Chapter 20 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Frictional properties of the Mount St. Helens gouge","docAbstract":"Frictional properties of gouge bounding the solid dacite \nplug that extruded at Mount St. Helens during 2004 and 2005 \nmay have caused stick-slip upward motion of the plug and \nassociated seismicity. Laboratory experiments were performed \nwith a ring-shear device to test the dependence of the peak \nand steady-state frictional strength of the gouge on shearing rate and hold time. A remolded gouge specimen (~0.012 \nm<sup>3</sup>\n) was sheared under constant normal stresses ranging from \n5 to 200 kPa and at rates ranging from 10<sup>-6</sup>\n to 10<sup>-3</sup>\n m/s. The \ngouge exhibited rate-weakening behavior at rates lower than \n1×10<sup>-4</sup>\n m/s and rate-strengthening at rates above 5×10<sup>-4</sup>\n m/s. \nPeak strengths occurred during the onset of shearing, when \ndisplacements were generally less than 0.5 mm. In slide-holdslide tests, the peak strength of the gouge increased logarithmically as hold times increased from 3 s to almost 10<sup>5</sup>\ns.\nRate-weakening friction is a requirement for stick-slip \nbehavior that is satisfied by the Mount St. Helens gouge. \nIndeed, regular stick-slip oscillations were observed in two \nexperiments performed at the highest normal stress and lowest rates of shear. The conditions under which this stick-slip \nmotion occurred indicate that the gouge also satisfies a second \ncriterion for stick-slip behavior of materials exhibiting rateand-state dependent friction-gouge stiffness exceeds that of \nthe ascending magma that drives upward motion of the plug. \nThe presence of highly compliant magma as a driving element \nmay be crucial for generating stick-slip instabilities at the shallow earthquake focal depths observed during the eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175020","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 20 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Moore, P.L., Iverson, N., and Iverson, R.M., 2008, Frictional properties of the Mount St. Helens gouge: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-20, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175020.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175020.jpg"},{"id":275976,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275977,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter20.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e2e4b0296e5a4b5c26","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509497,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509499,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509498,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Peter L.","contributorId":54504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iverson, Neal R.","contributorId":91380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Neal R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162772,"text":"70162772 - 2008 - Subsurface fate and transport of sulfamethoxazole, 4-nonylphenol, and 17β-estradiol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T13:48:22","indexId":"70162772","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Subsurface fate and transport of sulfamethoxazole, 4-nonylphenol, and 17β-estradiol","docAbstract":"<p>Subsurface fate and transport of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SX), the non-ionic surfactant degradation product 4-nonylphenol (NP), and the sex hormone 17&beta;-estradiol (E2) were evaluated in a plume of contaminated groundwater at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The plume is the result of 60 years of wastewater treatment plant effluent disposal into rapid infiltration beds. Natural-gradient, <i>in situ</i> tracer experiments were used to evaluate subsurface transport of SX, NP, and E2 (injected at 300, 530, and 0.55 &micro;g/L, respectively) relative to the conservative tracer bromide. Two geochemical zones were evaluated: (1) uncontaminated groundwater overlying the plume, and (2) contaminated groundwater within the plume that has recently become oxic after decades of anoxic conditions. The uncontaminated groundwater is characterized by a microbial community unacclimated to treated wastewater, whereas the contaminated groundwater is characterized by microbes acclimated to wastewater contaminants. Results from the tracer tests in both zones showed that the antibiotic SX was co-transported with the conservative tracer bromide, with little retardation or mass removal. In contrast, NP and E2, which are more hydrophobic and biodegradable, showed sorption (relative retardation factors ranged up to 5.9) and mass loss at both the uncontaminated and contaminated sites.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater quality: Securing groundwater quality in urban and industrial environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Groundwater Quality 2007","conferenceDate":"2-7 December 2007","conferenceLocation":"Fremantle, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS Press","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, UK","issn":"0144-7815","isbn":"978-1-901502-79-4","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Meyer, M.T., LeBlanc, D., Kolpin, D.W., Radley, P., Chapelle, F., and Rubio, F., 2008, Subsurface fate and transport of sulfamethoxazole, 4-nonylphenol, and 17β-estradiol, <i>in</i> Groundwater quality: Securing groundwater quality in urban and industrial environments, Fremantle, Australia, 2-7 December 2007, p. 133-139.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":315121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b83e4b0403299f53b57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Radley, Paul","contributorId":140292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radley","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":13445,"text":"CNMI Division of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":590495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chapelle, F.","contributorId":103048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rubio, F.","contributorId":44770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubio","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70047421,"text":"pp175032 - 2008 - Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:57:39","indexId":"pp175032","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-32","displayTitle":"Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite: Chapter 32 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite","docAbstract":"Textural, compositional, and mineralogical data are \nreported and interpreted for a large population of clinoamphibole phenocrysts in 22 samples from the seven successive \ndacite spines erupted at Mount St. Helens between October \n2004 and January 2006. Despite the uniformity in bulk composition of magma erupted since 2004, there is striking textural \nand compositional diversity among amphibole phenocrysts \nand crystal fragments that have grown from, partly dissolved \nin, or been accidentally incorporated in the new dacite. This \nstudy demonstrates that magma erupted throughout the current \ndome-building episode is the end product of small-scale, thorough mixing of multiple generations of crystal-laden magma. \nThe mixed amphibole population provides important clues to \nmagma conditions within the dacite magma reservoir prior to \nascent and, to some extent, the dynamics of mixing and ascent.\nThe predominant amphibole in new dome rock ranges \nfrom moderate- to high-alumina tschermakite and magnesiohastingsite compositions. As substantiated by major- and \ntrace-element geochemistry and barometry calculations, \nthis compositional range of crystals, along with plagioclase, \northopyroxene, and iron-titanium oxide, is likely to have \nprecipitated from dacite magma over a range of pressures and \ntemperatures consistent with experimentally determined phase relations (~900&deg;C to ~800&deg;C between 100 MPa and ~350-400 \nMPa or ~4-km and 13.5-15-km depth). Along with traceelement characteristics, textural and compositional data help \nto distinguish some low-alumina magnesiohornblende crystals \nas xenocrysts. The diverse range in composition of amphibole \nin all samples of 2004-6 dacite, and the complex zonation \nobserved in many phenocrysts, suggests a well-mixed source \nmagma with components that are subjected to repeated heating and (or) pressurization within this pressure-temperature \nwindow. Amphibole textural and compositional diversity \nsuggest dynamic conditions in the upper-reservoir zone, which \nhas been tapped steadily during ~2 years of continuous and \nmonotonous eruption. This well-mixed crystal mush is likely \nto have been subjected to repeated injection of hotter magma \ninto cooler crystal-laden magma while simultaneously assimilating earlier generations of dacitic roof material and surrounding gabbroic rock.\nDecompression-related reaction rims around subhedral, \nrounded, resorbed, and fragmented amphibole phenocrysts, \nregardless of composition, indicate that this mixed-crystal \nassemblage was being broken, abraded, and dissolved in \nthe magma as a result of mechanical mixing before and \nduring early stages of ascent from conduit roots extending \ninto a mushy cupola of the shallow reservoir. In the earliest \nlava samples (October 2004), amphiboles with <3-&mu;m rims \nassociated with a glassier matrix than later samples suggest a \nslightly faster ascent rate consistent with the relatively high \neruptive flux of the earliest phases of dome extrusion. Reaction rim widths of ~5 &mu;m on amphibole in all subsequently \nextruded lava result from a steady influx and upward transport \nof magma from 3.5-2.5-km to ~1-km depth at rates of ~600 \nto ~1,200 m/day, through a conduit less than 10 m in radius. \nSlower ascent rates inferred from volumetric-flux and matrixcrystallization parameters are explained by a widening of the \nconduit to greater than 60 m radius within 1 km of the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175032","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 32 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C.R., Pallister, J.S., Lowers, H., Rowe, M.C., Mandeville, C., and Meeker, G.P., 2008, Chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of amphibole in Mount St. Helens 2004-2006 dacite: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-32, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175032.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175032.png"},{"id":276053,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":276054,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter32.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c95fe4b009d47a4c235b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509533,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509535,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509534,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":482000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, Michael C.","contributorId":79191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70047390,"text":"pp175019 - 2008 - From dome to dust: shallow crystallization and fragmentation of conduit magma during the 2004-2006 dome extrusion of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-03T08:58:18","indexId":"pp175019","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-19","displayTitle":"From dome to dust: shallow crystallization and fragmentation of conduit magma during the 2004-2006 dome extrusion of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Chapter 19 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"From dome to dust: shallow crystallization and fragmentation of conduit magma during the 2004-2006 dome extrusion of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"An unusual feature of the 2004-6 eruptive activity of \nMount St. Helens has been the continuous growth of successive spines that are mantled by thick fault gouge. Fault gouge \nformation requires, first, solidification of ascending magma \nwithin the conduit, then brittle fragmentation and cataclastic \nflow. We document these processes through field relations, \nhand samples, and thin-section textures. Field observations \nshow that the gouge zone is typically 1-3 m thick and that it \nincludes cataclasite and, locally, breccia in addition to unconsolidated (true) gouge. The gouge contains multiple slickenside sets oriented subparallel to each other and to the striation \ndirection, as well as surface striations parallel to extrusion \ndirection. Hand specimens show the cataclasite and gouge to \nbe composed of a wide size range of broken dome and wallrock fragments. This grain-size heterogeneity is even more \npronounced in thin section, where individual samples contain \nfragments that span more than four orders of magnitude in size \n(from more than 10 to less than 10<sup>-3</sup>\n mm).\nTextures preserved within the gouge zone provide \nevidence of different processes operating in time and space. \nMost individual fragments are holocrystalline, suggesting \nthat crystallization of the ascending magma preceded gouge \nformation. Cataclasite samples preserve a wide range of clast \nsizes; pronounced rounding of many clasts indicates extensive abrasion during transport. Within the gouge, crystals and \nlava fragments adjacent to finely comminuted shear zones \n(slickensides) are shattered into small, angular fragments that \nare either preserved in place, with little disruption, or incorporated into shear trains, creating a well-developed foliation. Together, evidence of initial grain shattering, followed \nby shear, grinding, and wear, suggests extensive transport \ndistances (large strains). Textural transitions are often abrupt, \nindicating extreme shear localization during transport. Comparison of groundmass textures from dome lavas and fault \ngouge further suggests that brittle fracture was confined to the \nupper 400-500 m of the conduit. Observed magma extrusion \n(ascent) rates of ~7 m/d (8×10<sup>-5</sup>\n m/s) permit several weeks for \nmagma ascent from ~1,000 m (where groundmass crystallization becomes important) to ~500 m (where solidification \nnears completion). Brittle fracture, cataclastic flow, and shear \nlocalization (slickenside formation) probably dominated in the \nupper 500 m of the conduit.\nComparison of eruptive conditions during the 2004-6 \nactivity at Mount St. Helens with those of other spine-forming \neruptions suggests that magma ascent rates of about 10<sup>-4</sup>\n m/s \nor less allow sufficient degassing and crystallization within \nthe conduit to form large volcanic spines of intermediate \ncomposition (andesite to dacite). Solidification deep within \nthe conduit, in turn, requires transport of the solid plug over \nlong distances (hundreds of meters); resultant large strains are \nresponsible for extensive brittle breakage and development of \nthick gouge zones. Moreover, similarities between gouge textures and those of ash emitted by explosions from spine margins indicate that fault gouge is the origin for the ash. As the \ncomminution and generation of ash-sized particles was clearly \na multistep process, this observation suggests that fragmentation preceded, rather than accompanied, these explosions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175019","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 19 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Cashman, K., Thornber, C.R., and Pallister, J.S., 2008, From dome to dust: shallow crystallization and fragmentation of conduit magma during the 2004-2006 dome extrusion of Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-19, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175019.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"413","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175019.jpg"},{"id":275969,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter19.pdf"},{"id":275968,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fcd4e2e4b0296e5a4b5c2a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509494,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509496,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509495,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thornber, Carl R. cthornber@usgs.gov","contributorId":2016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"Carl","email":"cthornber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70047355,"text":"pp175011 - 2008 - Remote camera observations of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens, Washington, October 2004 to February 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-31T10:57:44","indexId":"pp175011","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T14:26:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1750-11","displayTitle":"Remote camera observations of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens, Washington, October 2004 to February 2006: Chapter 11 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>","title":"Remote camera observations of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens, Washington, October 2004 to February 2006","docAbstract":"Images from a Web-based camera (Webcam) located 8 \nkm north of Mount St. Helens and a network of remote, telemetered digital cameras were used to observe eruptive activity \nat the volcano between October 2004 and February 2006. The \ncameras offered the advantages of low cost, low power, flexibility in deployment, and high spatial and temporal resolution. Images obtained from the cameras provided important \ninsights into several aspects of dome extrusion, including \nrockfalls, lava extrusion rates, and explosive activity. Images \nfrom the remote, telemetered digital cameras were assembled \ninto time-lapse animations of dome extrusion that supported \nmonitoring, research, and outreach efforts. The wide-ranging \nutility of remote camera imagery should motivate additional \nwork, especially to develop the three-dimensional quantitative \ncapabilities of terrestrial camera networks.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006 (Professional Paper 1750)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp175011","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 11 in <i>A volcano rekindled: the renewed eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004-2006</i>.  For more information, see: <a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/\" target=\"_blank\">Professional Paper 1750</a>","usgsCitation":"Poland, M., Dzurisin, D., LaHusen, R.G., Major, J.J., Lapcewich, D., Endo, E.T., Gooding, D.J., Schilling, S.P., and Janda, C.G., 2008, Remote camera observations of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens, Washington, October 2004 to February 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750-11, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp175011.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp175011.jpg"},{"id":275767,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/"},{"id":275768,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter11.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.238678,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.233792 ], [ -122.131489,46.161175 ], [ -122.238678,46.161175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca7ee4b04b00e3d890c7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509470,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509472,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":509471,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lapcewich, Dennis","contributorId":50810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapcewich","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Endo, Elliot T.","contributorId":10439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"Elliot","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gooding, Daniel J. dgooding@usgs.gov","contributorId":2674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gooding","given":"Daniel","email":"dgooding@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":481801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schilling, Steve P. sschilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steve","email":"sschilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Janda, Christine G.","contributorId":77449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janda","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
]}