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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572dc059e4b0dae0d5d8f2b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diedrich, M.M.","contributorId":169198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diedrich","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jannis, J. A.","contributorId":30091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jannis","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207340,"text":"70207340 - 1981 - Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T12:38:05","indexId":"70207340","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T12:31:20","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin","docAbstract":"<p><span>The territorial waters surrounding the United States contain vast quantities of hard mineral resources. Some, such as sand and gravel in the New York Bight, Beaufort Sea, portions of southern California, and submerged lands near Hawaii are relatively well known and characterized by local need and immediate mining potential with available technology. Commoditie of interest to industry and having nearterm economic potential that might require new or innovative technology, inlcude phosphorites such as those in the south eastern Atlantic margin, and manganese nodules on the Blake Plateau (which have potential for catalyst material, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and platinum). Commodities having significant potential, but which are poorly known and which may require innovative recovery technology, include chrome, gold, platinum, and tin placer deposits, with special emphasis on the continental margins of northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska; rock salt and evaporite minerals in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic; titanium and other heavy minerals in the Atlantic continental margin, and calcium carbonate. A. U.S. Department of the Interior moratorium on offshore leasing in federal waters has existed since 1968. Leasing and regulatory systems will be required to begin commercial mining or intensive exploration of the above resources</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"13th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 1981","conferenceDate":"May 4-7, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Offshore Technology Conference","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., and Hess, H., 1981, Hard mineral resources around the U.S continental margin, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 4-7, 1981, p. 129-134.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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,{"id":70188763,"text":"70188763 - 1981 - Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T17:54:45","indexId":"70188763","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis","docAbstract":"<p>The lower Eocene Willwood Formation of northwest Wyoming is a 700 m thick accumulation of alluvial floodplain and channel mudstones and sandstones, nearly all of which show paleopedogenic modifications. Pedogenesis of Willwood sandstones is indicated by taproot and vertebrate and invertebrate bioturbation, early local cementation by calcium carbonate, and thin illuviation cutans on clastic grains. Pedogenesis in Willwood mudstones is indicated by plant bioturbation, insect and other invertebrate burrow casts and lebensspuren; free iron, aluminum, and manganese mobilization, including hydromorphic gleying; sesquioxide and calcareous glaebule formation in lower parts of the solum; presence of clay-rich and organic carbon-rich zones; and well differentiated epipedons and albic and spodic horizons. Probable A horizons are also locally well developed.</p><p>Occurrence of variegated paleosol units in thick floodplain mudstone deposits and their association with thin, lenticular, and unconnected fluvial sandstones in the Willwood Formation of the central and southeast Bighorn Basin suggest that these soils formed during times of rapid sediment accumulation. The tabular geometry and lateral persistence of soil units as well as the absence of catenization indicate that Willwood floodplains were broad and essentially featureless.</p><p>All Willwood paleosols were developed on alluvial parent materials and are complex in that B horizons of younger paleosols were commonly superimposed upon and mask properties of suspected A and B horizons of the next older paleosols. The soils appear to be wet varieties of the Spodosol and Entisol groups (aquods and ferrods, and aquents, respectively), though thick, superposed and less mottled red, purple, and yellow paleosols resemble some ultisols. Most Willwood paleosols resemble warm temperate to subtropical alluvial soils that form today under alternating wet and dry conditions and (or) fluctuating water tables. The up-section decrease in frequency of gley mottles, increase in numerical proportion and thickness of red versus orange coloration, and increase in abundance of calcrete glaebules indicate better drained soils and probably drier climate in late Willwood time. This drying is believed to be related to creation of rain shadows and spacing of rainfall (but not necessarily decrease in absolute rainfall) due to progressive tectonic structural elevation of the mountainous margins of the Bighorn Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1981, Lower Eocene alluvial paleosols (Willwood Formation, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.) and their significance for paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and basin analysis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 34, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(81)90056-0.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Bighorn Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.3304443359375,\n              45.00753503123719\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3359375,\n              44.99199795382439\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2919921875,\n              44.78183504339988\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1876220703125,\n              44.56307730757893\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.22607421875,\n              44.42593442145313\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.49523925781249,\n              44.315987905196906\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4622802734375,\n              44.27273816279087\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.25354003906249,\n              44.327777761284416\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.12170410156249,\n              44.31205742666618\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1546630859375,\n              44.209772586984485\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.27001953125,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.2864990234375,\n              44.09547572946637\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.1326904296875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.0228271484375,\n              44.008620115415354\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.0283203125,\n              43.80678314779554\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.9019775390625,\n              43.691707903073805\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.7591552734375,\n              43.59630591596548\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.34716796875,\n              43.53660274231031\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.7374267578125,\n              43.44494295526125\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.29248046875,\n              43.476840397778936\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.193603515625,\n              43.57243174740972\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.0892333984375,\n              43.695679697898825\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.1221923828125,\n              43.957236472025635\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.24853515625,\n              44.19402066387343\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.4517822265625,\n              44.351350365612326\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.4737548828125,\n              44.44554600843547\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.6385498046875,\n              44.6061127451739\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.9351806640625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1219482421875,\n              45.131679975460536\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1878662109375,\n              45.38301927899065\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.017333984375,\n              45.41773242370463\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.18212890625,\n              45.251688256117646\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.3304443359375,\n              45.00753503123719\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd743e4b062508e3951f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, Thomas M.","contributorId":67081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":699823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188978,"text":"70188978 - 1981 - Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-22T11:05:06.590031","indexId":"70188978","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California","docAbstract":"<p>An exceptionally well exposed marine-nonmarine transition in middle Miocene strata exists in the southeastern Caliente Range, California. About 50 individual progradational sequences form a succession that ranges in thickness from approximately 1000 m (where predominantly nonmarine) to more than 2500 m (where predominantly marine). Paleogreographic evidence in basalt flows near the top of the succession and in overlying fluvial deposists indicates that these middle Miocene strata were deposited across a north-northwest trending shoreline.</p><p>A complete progradational sequence typically is several meters to a few tens of meters thick and includes strata that represent three intertonguing stratigraphic units. Individual sequences generally rest on a thin gravel deposit interpreted as a transgressive lag on an erosional surface. The gravel is overlain by structureless siltstone or fine-grained sandstone deposited at water depths where the rate of faunal mixing exceeded that of production of structures by physical processes. These rocks grade upward into bedded fine sandstone deposited closer to shore where physical processes exceeded bioturbation. Crossbedded lenses of coarse sand or fine gravel in the upper part of this facies suggest the presence of failry long-period surface waves. The bedded fine sandstone is sharply overlain by a crossbedded coarse sandstone facies that is interpreted as a combined offshore bar-rip channel-surf zone assemblage. Cross-strata dip dominantly offshore, suggesting substantial deposition from rip currents. A secondary, shore=parallel mode of cross-strata direction suggests longshore currents produced by surface waves from the northwest. The crossbedded coarse-grained sandstone grades upward into planar-bedded medium-grained sandstone that is interpreted as a beach foreshore. This facies grades upward through structureless medium-grained sandstone into nonmarine or lagoonal red and green mudstone of the Caliente Formation.</p><p>The middle Miocene succession was deposited in a subsiding basin that was otherwise remarkably stable tectonically; the position of the strand line differed no more than a few kilometers through a period of 1 to 3 m.y. The average duration of the transgressive-regressive cycles, a few tens of thousands of years, together with their distribution in groups of three or four in the lower two-thirds of the succession, is consistent with the pattern of long-term climatic cycles produced by periodicity of the earth's solar orbit and may be related to eustatic sea level changes attendant to the development of the Antarctic ice cap. Changes in the pattern of progradation in the upper part of the succession and nearby basaltic eruptions may hav been precursors to the onset of movement along the San Andreas fault in this area 12-14 m.y. ago.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.1306/212F7C39-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Clifton, H.E., 1981, Progradational sequences in Miocene shoreline deposits, southeastern Caliente Range, California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 165-184, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C39-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Caliente Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.34973144531249,\n              34.864524651614815\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.66033935546875,\n              34.864524651614815\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.66033935546875,\n              35.35545618392078\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.34973144531249,\n              35.35545618392078\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.34973144531249,\n              34.864524651614815\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59660f16e4b0d1f9f05cef32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clifton, H. Edward","contributorId":46503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188987,"text":"70188987 - 1981 - Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T11:29:16","indexId":"70188987","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3411,"text":"Society of Petroleum Engineers journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A mathematical model is developed and tested for the production of natural gas with water encroachment and gas entrapment. The model is built on the material and volumetric balance relations, the Schilthuis water drive model, and a gas entrapment mechanism which assumes that the rate of gas entrapment is proportional to the volumetric rate of water influx. This model represents an alternative to the large grid models because of its low computer, maintenance, and manpower costs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/9024-PA","usgsCitation":"Collier, R.S., and Monash, E., 1981, Modeling natural gas reservoirs: A simple model: Society of Petroleum Engineers journal, v. 21, no. 5, p. 521-526, https://doi.org/10.2118/9024-PA.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59660f16e4b0d1f9f05cef30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collier, Richard S.","contributorId":193830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collier","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monash, E.A.","contributorId":9527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monash","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":702291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188956,"text":"70188956 - 1981 - Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T18:25:34","indexId":"70188956","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-5\">The Deep Sea Drilling Project drilled a substantial number of sites that bear on the origin of linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and other more regional expressions of intraplate volcanism. Drilling in the Emperor Seamounts during Leg 55 was particularly successful. Results from this leg include: 1) the volcanoes of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain continue to increase in age away from Kilauea as predicted. 2) Suiko Seamount formed at a paleolatitide of 26.9±3.5°N, 7° north of present-day Hawaii, but far south of its present latitude of 44.8°N. 3) the volcanic rock types recovered include hawaiite, mugearite, alkalic basalt and tholeiitic basalt in the sequence and relative volume expected for Hawaiian volcanoes. 4) the tholeiitic and alkalic basalts recovered are geochemically similar to those in the Hawaiian Islands, only the ratio of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr appears to change through time. All the lavas appear to be derived from a source that has small-scale heterogeneities, but is homogeneous on a large scale. 4) The Emperor Seamounts were once volcanic islands that underwent subaerial and shallow marine erosion, and deposition of shallow-water biogenic carbonate sediments that capped all or most of each volcano.</p><p id=\"p-6\">Drilling in other regions has yielded less conclusive results. For example, it is uncertain if the Line Islands are an age progressive chain (hot-spot trace) or result from some other type of intraplate volcanism. The mid-Pacific Mountains also show evidence of originating from a regional episode of volcanism in the mid-Cretaceous. Drilling in the Nauru Basin encountered a voluminous mid-Cretaceous volcanic flow-sill complex that overlies Jurassic magnetic anomalies, yet is composed of depleted tholeiite. In the Indian Ocean, drilling on the Ninety-East Ridge established that it 1) is volcanic in origin; 2) is older to the north; 3) formed in shallow water, and 4) formed further south and has moved northward. It appears that the Ninety-East Ridge, like the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, is a hot spot trace. In the Atlantic Ocean, drilling on the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge and the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge suggests that all these aseismic ridges are hot spot traces generated by the Iceland and Tristan de Cunha hot-spots.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.81.32.0007","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., 1981, Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP: SEPM Special Publication, v. 32, p. 7-22, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.81.32.0007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee1e4b062508e3c7b27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188761,"text":"70188761 - 1981 - Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T12:41:30","indexId":"70188761","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States","docAbstract":"<p>Seston in waters of Georges Bank originates primarily from biological production and from resuspension of bottom sediments. The concentrations of suspended matter observed on the central shoals are more influenced by storms than by seasonal changes. Winter storms produce highest concentrations of non-combustible material throughout the water column, and summer storms appear to increase biological production by mixing additional nutrients into the photic zone. On the south-east flank of the bank, in water depths between 80 and 200 in, the concentrations of total suspended matter and non-combustible material show little variation compared with the central shoals, and storm effects are far less noticeable.</p><p>Highest concentrations (&gt;15 mg 1<sup>−1</sup>) of suspended matter occur in bottom waters south of Nantucket Island after winter storms and appear to be primarily resuspended bottom sediment. Resuspended sediment is also common in near-bottom waters of the south-western Gulf of Maine, and occasionally near the intersection of the shelf/slope water mass front and the bottom.</p><p>Seasonal variations were observed in the distribution and species composition of phytoplankton. Coccoliths are predominant on the central bank during the winter, but during the spring and summer they are concentrated on the eastern flank at deeper depths.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0302-3524(81)80077-1","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Parmenter, C.M., and Milliman, J., 1981, Temporal and spatial variations in suspended matter in continental shelf and slope waters off the north-eastern United States: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 13, no. 2, p. 213-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-3524(81)80077-1.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -65,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -65,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              39\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594cd743e4b062508e3951fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":699817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parmenter, Carol M.","contributorId":9284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":699818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milliman, John D.","contributorId":76735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliman","given":"John D.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":699819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186530,"text":"70186530 - 1981 - Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:03:17","indexId":"70186530","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many Chrysophyte algae produce morphologically distinctive, siliceous, microscopic cysts during a resting stage of their life cycles; these cysts are often preserved in sediments. Scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski optics permit much more detailed observation of these cysts than was heretofore possible. We have used an ecologic and biogeographic approach to study the distribution of cyst forms in sediments and have established that many cyst types are found only in specific habitats, such as montane lakes, wet meadows, ephemeral ponds, and </span><i>Sphagnum</i><span> bogs. In the samples we have studied, cysts seem to be most common in fluctuating fresh-water habitats of low to moderate pH and some winter freezing. Numerous taxonomic problems have yet to be resolved. We believe that chrysophyte cysts have the potential to become a useful tool for both modern environmental assessments and paleoecological studies of Cenozoic fresh-water lacustrine deposits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<839:CCAPEI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adam, D.P., and Mahood, A.D., 1981, Chrysophyte cysts as potential environmental indicators: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 11, p. 839-844, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<839:CCAPEI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"844","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60287e4b09da6799ac6ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahood, Albert D.","contributorId":97493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahood","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188665,"text":"70188665 - 1981 - Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T16:52:14","indexId":"70188665","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","docAbstract":"<p>In recent years several wells have been drilled in the South Florida Basin through carbonate and evaporite sequences to depths as much as 5,300 ft below the Punta Gorda Anhydrite. The deepest well penetrated igneous basement rocks to a total depth of 18, 670 ft. Correlation of anhydrite beds below the Punta Gorda has revealed several thick anhydrite units (200 to 400 ft) with regional persistence. </p><p>The pre-Punta Gorda section is subdivided into four easily identifiable units listed in order of increasing age — Lehigh Acres (lowermost Comanchean), Pumpkin Bay (upper Coahuilan), Bone Island (lower Coahuilan), and Wood River (Jurassic?) Formations, all newly named in this report. In addition, the Lehigh Acres is divided into the West Felda Shale (base), Twelve Mile, and Able Members which are also named and defined in this report. Geochemical evidence indicates that the Lehigh Acres unit and the upper part of the Pumpkin Bay unit contain the most likely source beds for petroleum. </p><p>Only two production tests have been carried out in the basin in strata below the oil-productive Sunniland Limestone. One was through casing in a Wood River dolomite zone. It reportedly produced water and some gas. The other was a drill stem test in an upper Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone which produced only water. In the Gulf Florida State Lease 826Y (Permit No. 275), a moderately porous, 350-ft-thick Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone was observed. As this well is west of the axis of the basin, better reservoir conditions presumably exist on the West Florida shelf than onshore. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Applegate, A., Winston, G.O., and Palacas, J.G., 1981, Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 31, no. Supplement, p. 447-453.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"453","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342685,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"South Florida 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,{"id":70188683,"text":"70188683 - 1981 - Water content in Palo Duro salt, Randall and Swisher County cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T10:43:33","indexId":"70188683","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"81-1","title":"Water content in Palo Duro salt, Randall and Swisher County cores","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geohydrology of the Palo Duro Basin, Texas Panhandle: A report on the progress of nuclear waste isolation feasibility studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas Bureau of Economic Geology","usgsCitation":"Bassett, R., and Roedder, E., 1981, Water content in Palo Duro salt, Randall and Swisher County cores, i, 4 p.","productDescription":"i, 4 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"122","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Palo Duro Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.97558593749999,\n              36.527294814546245\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              36.527294814546245\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b9e4b062508e382bd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188834,"text":"70188834 - 1981 - Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-26T10:16:04","indexId":"70188834","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.214.4527.1299","usgsCitation":"Bradbury, J.P., Leyden, B., Baker, M., Lewis, W., Schubert, C., Binford, M., Whitehead, D., and Weibezahn, F., 1981, Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela: Science, v. 214, no. 4527, p. 1299-1305, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4527.1299.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342857,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valencia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n  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Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leyden, B.","contributorId":83272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leyden","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, M.R.","contributorId":193474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":17374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubert, C.","contributorId":93196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Binford, M.W.","contributorId":75687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binford","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitehead, D.R.","contributorId":58398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weibezahn, F.H.","contributorId":13377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibezahn","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70193891,"text":"70193891 - 1981 - Organochlorine residues in fish: National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1970-74","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T11:53:27","indexId":"70193891","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine residues in fish: National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1970-74","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service analyzed organochlorine contaminant residues in fish samples collected from about 100 stations each year from 1970 to 1974. During this period, mean residues of DDT and its metabolites declined nationally but remained widespread, and high concentrations continued to be present in areas where DDT use was extensive. Results of interlaboratory crosscheck analyses supported these conclusions, despite interpretation problems posed by intercompound analytical interferences in 1970 and 1971. Temporal trends in PCB residues were less obvious. Highest PCB residues were found in the industrialized areas of the Northwest and Midwest, and traces were present at most stations. Dieldrin and endrin residues remained essentially unchanged during this period; dieldrin residues were widespread and were highest in Hawaii and in areas of the Midwest where aldrin was used extensively. Toxaphene occurrence increased; it was formerly found only in fish from streams draining cotton-farming regions, but residues were detected in 1974 samples from other areas. According to the recommendation of the National Academy of Sciences' Water Quality Criteria, organochlorine residues in freshwater fish may have represented a hazard to piscivorous fish and wildlife at 71 percent of the stations sampled in 1970 and 66 percent in 1974.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C.J., Ludke, J.L., and Walsh, D.F., 1981, Organochlorine residues in fish: National Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1970-74: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 14, no. 6, p. 136-206.","productDescription":"71 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6145ffe4b06e28e9c25f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludke, J. Larry","contributorId":63467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludke","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Larry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, D. F.","contributorId":34860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"D.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012151,"text":"70012151 - 1981 - Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T14:40:29.676901","indexId":"70012151","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Chemical, paleontological, and mineralogical analyses of a 7.5-meter core from the middle of Lake Valencia, Venezuela, have provided information on the paleoclimatic history of this low-elevation, low-latitude site for the last 13,000 years. The data show that dry climates existed in this region from 13,000 years before present (B.P.) until about 10,000 years B.P. The Lake Valencia Basin was occupied by intermittent saline marshes at that time. About 10,000 years B.P., a permanent lake of fluctuating salinity formed and arboreal plant communities replaced the earlier dominant xeric herbaceous vegetation and marsh plants. By 8500 years B.P., Lake Valencia reached moderate to low salinities and discharged water; the modern vegetation became established at that time. After 8500 years B.P., the lake twice ceased discharging as a result of reduced watershed moisture. The second of these drying episodes is still in progress and has been aggravated by human activities in the watershed.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.214.4527.1299","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bradbury, J.P., Leyden, B., Salgado-Labouriau, M., Lewis, W., Schubert, C., Binford, M., Frey, D., Whitehead, D., and Weibezahn, F., 1981, Late Quaternary environmental history of Lake Valencia, Venezuela: Science, v. 214, no. 4527, p. 1299-1305, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4527.1299.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1299","endPage":"1305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Valencia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.94987029004531,\n              10.300044545974231\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.94987029004531,\n              10.06933344488857\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.51399896227609,\n              10.06933344488857\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.51399896227609,\n              10.300044545974231\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.94987029004531,\n              10.300044545974231\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"214","issue":"4527","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4553e4b0c8380cd67207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leyden, B.","contributorId":83272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leyden","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Salgado-Labouriau, M.","contributorId":20077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salgado-Labouriau","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":17374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schubert, C.","contributorId":93196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Binford, M.W.","contributorId":75687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binford","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Frey, D.G.","contributorId":64391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Whitehead, D.R.","contributorId":58398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weibezahn, F.H.","contributorId":13377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibezahn","given":"F.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":5221678,"text":"5221678 - 1981 - Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T14:08:39.671767","indexId":"5221678","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T12:19:13","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effects of external exposure of mallard (</span><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i><span>) eggs to malathion, diazinon, and parathion were examined using formulations and concentrations similar to field applications. Treatment with aqueous emulsion simulated exposure at the rate of 100 gal per acre (153 liters/hectare) with three to six different doses per compound with treatment at 3 and 8 days of embryonic development. Treatment with a nontoxic oil vehicle simulated exposure at the rate of 11 gal per acre (16.8 liters/hectare) with three to six different doses per compound. The order of embryotoxicity on a pounds-per-acre basis was parathion &gt; diazinon &gt; malathion with either vehicle. However, the potential hazard under conditions of up to five times the maximum field level of application was greater for malathion because of the high permissible level of application for malathion on certain crops. Parathion, the most embryotoxic of the three, had the most pronounced effects when an oil vehicle was used, as reflected by an LC</span><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;of about 2 lb of active ingredient per acre, stunted growth, and a high frequency of malformations involving distortion of the axial skeleton, particularly in the cervical region. All three compounds resulted in significant depression of plasma and brain cholinesterase activity, but parathion caused the most depression throughout development, which was still apparent in hatchlings. Treatment with either distilled water or oil vehicle alone did not result in any of these effects seen with organophosphorous insecticides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(81)90222-X","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Eastin, W.C., 1981, Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity: Environmental Research, v. 26, no. 2, p. 472-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90222-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68850c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eastin, W. C. Jr.","contributorId":6147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011941,"text":"70011941 - 1981 - Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:08:29.015147","indexId":"70011941","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Investigations of formation-fluid salinities in a transect from western Georgia to the edge of the Blake Plateau off the coast of Georgia show surprisingly similar hydrochemical features offshore and onshore. A fresh-brackish wedge of groundwater (&lt;25 g/kg total dissolved solids) lies beneath the shelf to a depth of <span>∼ </span>900 m. On land, brackish waters extend to a maximum depth of <span>∼ </span>1.2 km below sea level in Lowndes County, Georgia. In deeper horizons, hypersaline brines (&gt; 100 g/kg) occur in Lower Cretaceous (?) strata. These strata have a pronounced evaporitic (anhydritic) character in the offshore segment. Strong salinity gradients in interstitial waters signify buried evaporite deposits at drill sites beneath the Blake Plateau.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Paull, C.K., 1981, Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 95-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.96091688004468,\n              33.8070332900253\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47050643744609,\n              33.8070332900253\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.47050643744609,\n              29.204934495587977\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.96091688004468,\n              29.204934495587977\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.96091688004468,\n              33.8070332900253\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d3e4b0c8380cd77d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011885,"text":"70011885 - 1981 - Miocene biochronology and paleoceanography of the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T16:21:04.60524","indexId":"70011885","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene biochronology and paleoceanography of the North Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>Biostratigraphic correlation based on microfossil datum levels, directly or indirectly tied to the paleomagnetic time scale, provides a high resolution time control for the Miocene in the equatorial and middle latitude North Pacific. Faunal changes and abundance fluctuations of planktic foraminiferal species combined with the oxygen Pacific. Faunal changes and abundance fluctuations of planktic foraminiferal species combined with the oxygen isotope record of foraminifers, reveal the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic history. The planktic foraminiferal assemblage change in the early Miocene, extinction of Oligocene fauna and rise of a highly diverse Neogene fauna, appears to be related to increased water mass stratification in the world oceans presumably resulting from the establishment of circum-Antarctic circulation. An increase in the siliceous productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific region between 20 and 18 Ma suggests that the vertical and horizontal circulation was intensified at that time. Climates cooled rapidly during the middle Miocene between 14 and 13 Ma suggesting the growth of a major east Antarctic ice sheet. Paleoclimatic conditions remained generally cool, although oscillating, during the late Miocene. In the late early to middle Miocene faunal provincialism developed between low and middle latitudes, and by late Miocene time a distinct provincialism similar to the present was established.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(81)90020-7","usgsCitation":"Keller, G., 1981, Miocene biochronology and paleoceanography of the North Pacific: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 5-6, p. 535-551, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(81)90020-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"551","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b32e4b0c8380cd6f3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Gerta","contributorId":16419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gerta","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185632,"text":"70185632 - 1981 - Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:02:17","indexId":"70185632","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 1979, liquid waste was injected into the subsurface of Florida by 10 injection systems at an aggregate average rate of 165,000 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/d. All the systems inject into carbonate rocks that contain salty water. Extensive precautions are taken in the construction of the injection wells and in the monitoring of their operation to provide assurance that overlying and laterally contiguous freshwater resources do not become contaminated with either the injected waste or the saltwater displaced by the waste. Several concerns relating to the effectiveness of the confining bed above the injection zone for containing the injected wastes have arisen over the years. These concerns accentuate the value of a well-planned and implemented monitoring program from which one can evaluate the potential impact of waste injection on the subsurface environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., 1981, Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America: Science of Total Environment, v. 21, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.62695312499999,\n              30.524413269923986\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.353515625,\n              26.588527147308614\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              25.403584973186703\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.716796875,\n              26.980828590472107\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03515625,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.298828125,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.62695312499999,\n              31.203404950917395\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.62695312499999,\n              30.524413269923986\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec799131129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"<p><span>The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70113227,"text":"70113227 - 1981 - A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T09:25:17","indexId":"70113227","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T09:20:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","docAbstract":"<p>Several numerical methods were computerize in order to evaluate edge finding techniques for accuracy, versatility and computer time and cost.  The study was preformed primarily to select edge detection operators which will be used to do spatial correlation between images for image registration of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes.  These method are also used to enhance and discriminate certain types of boundaries; such boundaries or edges are related to geologic structure, topographic relief, albedo and color changes.  Application of these techniques has an aid in geologic and geographic remote sensing is evaluated.  Landsat scenes of Washington, D.C. and Death Valley were chosen to test the applicability of techniques both in arid desert and vegetation--water--urban cases.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Shaw, R., Sowers, L., and Sanchez, E., 1981, A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 529-542.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":195,"text":"Computer Center Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7610e4b0abf75cf2be69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, Robert","contributorId":50020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sowers, Lynda","contributorId":6298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowers","given":"Lynda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanchez, Ellen","contributorId":60058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70113223,"text":"70113223 - 1981 - The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:58:01","indexId":"70113223","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:58:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","docAbstract":"<p>The U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observations Systems Data Center, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, developed and tested techniques that used remotely sensed and other spatial data in predictive models to evaluate irrigation agriculture in the Umatilla River Basin of north-central Oregon.  Landsat data and 1:24,000-scale aerial photographs were initially used to map  he expansion of irrigate from 1973 to 1979 and to identify crops under irrigation in 1979.  The crop data were then used with historical water requirement figures and digital topographic and hydrographic data to estimate water and power use for the 1979 irrigation season.  The final project task involved production of a composite map of land suitability for irrigation development based on land cover (from Landsat), land-ownership, soil irrigability, slope gradient, and potential energy costs.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The methods and data used in the study demonstrated the flexibility of remotely sensed and other spatial data as input for predictive models.  When combined, they provided useful answers to complex questions facing resource managers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Johnson, G., 1981, The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 442-454.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Umatilla","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.368996,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.877651 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70203625,"text":"70203625 - 1981 - The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T09:49:57","indexId":"70203625","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T09:49:30","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue","docAbstract":"<p>Over 55% of the United States commercial fish and shellfish catch is dependent upon estuaries for spawning and nursery functions, but estuaries cannot function ecologically without an adequate supply, seasonal inflow, and quality of freshwater from inland rivers. Such inland river development projects as constructing reservoirs, leveeing rivers, dredging navigation channels, and diverting water for agriculture, cities, and industry have drastically changed freshwater inflows to many estuaries on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the Gulf of Mexico. The problems on the Atlantic coast are primarily reduced water quality and increased rate of runoff although reductions in quantity appear to be developing. On the Gulf of Mexico decreases in freshwater inflow quantity have reduced estuarine production on the Florida and Texas coasts. On the highly productive Mississippi Delta, levee and navigation channel construction has diverted river inflow to the Gulf of Mexico rather than allowing overflow to the estuarine habitats; this has resulted in saltwater intrusion and marsh erosion. On the Pacific coast, inflow to the San Francisco Bay complex has been reduced by over 50%, resulting in drastic estuarine changes. Studies on freshwater inflow are underway in Chesapeake Bay, Louisiana, Texas, and the San Francisco Bay complex.</p><p>The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuary problem can be addressed by (1) considering the ecological effects of proposed inland water projects on estuarine production and communities; (2) developing nationwide criteria for evaluating the freshwater needs of estuaries; (3) refining methods for defining the economic and noneconomic benefit of freshwater inflow to estuaries; and (4) using existing laws and directives more effectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0008:TFI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Benson, N.G., 1981, The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue: Fisheries, v. 6, no. 5, p. 8-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0008:TFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Norman Gustaf","contributorId":91915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Gustaf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1007521,"text":"1007521 - 1981 - Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T16:35:31.316095","indexId":"1007521","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17824,"text":"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two captive female&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">common</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">dolphins</span><span>&nbsp;(59 kg and 55 kg) were given intravenous injections of tritiated&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;(HTO) and sodium-22 (Na-22) after the first day of a 5-day fast. Blood samples were collected each of the next 4 days. Total body&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;was 37% of total body weight, and the mean rate of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover was 77 ml∙kg⁻¹day⁻¹. This low value for total body&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;of a mammal is due to the high blubber content of the body. Exchangeable sodium levels were 37 and 40 meq∙kg⁻¹, with turnover rate of 6 meq∙kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. Skin was shown to be impermeable to sodium, so the only sodium source for these animals was&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">seawater</span><span>.&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">Seawater</span><span>&nbsp;drunk at a rate of 12 and 13 ml∙ kg⁻¹day⁻¹ accounted for the observed sodium turnover and about 1/6 of the total&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover. Estimated&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover from food and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">seawater</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">consumption</span><span>&nbsp;is the same as total&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover predicted for terrestrial mammals of the same weight. However, the low body&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;content of these&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">dolphins</span><span>&nbsp;indicates that they have a high fractional rate of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover. Most of the body&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover is due to the permeability of the skin. The rapid fractional&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;turnover,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">seawater</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">consumption</span><span>, and dilute urine indicate that conservation is not a major aspect of the fasting&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">dolphin's</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">water</span><span>&nbsp;budget. Feeding&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">dolphins</span><span>, however, may benefit from the urinary osmotic space that&nbsp;</span><span class=\"single_highlight_class\">seawater</span><span>&nbsp;provides for the urea produced by protein catabolism.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/physzool.54.4.30155836","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., 1981, Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis: Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 430-440, https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.54.4.30155836.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"430","endPage":"440","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, Clifford A.","contributorId":68252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011986,"text":"70011986 - 1981 - Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T16:15:48.310822","indexId":"70011986","displayToPublicDate":"1981-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis","docAbstract":"<p><sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>0 and <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratios of Miocene benthic foraminifera from a number of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean DSDP sites (71, 77B, 206, 208, 238, 279, 289, 296, 329, 357 and 366A) have been compiled. These provide a rather detailed history of Miocene deep water especially in the Pacific Ocean. Bottom-water temperatures rose during the early Miocene and then declined rapidly during the middle Miocene. This decline was accompanied by an increase in Antarctic glaciation. Late Miocene bottom temperatures and Antarctic ice volumes are inferred to be similar to today's, but exhibited some fluctuation. The early Miocene ocean was less thermally stratified at intermediate and abyssal depths while the late Miocene deep ocean had a thermal structure generally similar to the modern ocean.</p><p>Foraminiferal carbon isotope ratios at most of the sites varied quasi-sympathetically throughout the Miocene. These variations must reflect comparable variations in the mean <sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C of marine HCO<sub>3</sub>. However, the causes of such variations are not yet clear. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(81)90031-1","usgsCitation":"Savin, S., Douglas, R., Keller, G., Killingley, J., Shaughnessy, L., Sommer, M., Vincent, E., and Woodruff, F., 1981, Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 423-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(81)90031-1.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b31e4b0c8380cd6f3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savin, S.M.","contributorId":26441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savin","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, R.G.","contributorId":11326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keller, G.","contributorId":72527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Killingley, J.S.","contributorId":82459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killingley","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shaughnessy, L.","contributorId":85330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaughnessy","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sommer, M.A.","contributorId":20074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vincent, E.","contributorId":35464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodruff, F.","contributorId":108251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70170916,"text":"70170916 - 1981 - Recent refinements in calibrating bed-load samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:04:26","indexId":"70170916","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-09T13:30:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent refinements in calibrating bed-load samplers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: Water Forum `81","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water Forum `81","conferenceDate":"August 10-14, 1981","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Hubbell, D.W., Stevens, H., Skinner, J.V., and Beverage, J., 1981, Recent refinements in calibrating bed-load samplers, <i>in</i> Proceedings: Water Forum `81, v. 1, San Francisco, CA, August 10-14, 1981, p. 128-140.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"140","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57330634e4b0dae0d5dcd216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbell, D. W.","contributorId":15997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, H.H.","contributorId":90347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"H.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beverage, J.P.","contributorId":44120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beverage","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}