{"pageNumber":"2178","pageRowStart":"54425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68892,"records":[{"id":70011697,"text":"70011697 - 1981 - Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:58:07.673717","indexId":"70011697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Independent geological and geophysical investigations of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system have begun to focus on the nature of the magma chamber system underlying its central axis. Thermal models predict the existence of a steady-state chamber beneath a thin crustal lid ranging in thickness from 2 to 13 kilometers. The only aspect of the system that these models fail to account for is the extremely slow spreading rates. Seismological studies reveal the existence of a low-velocity zone beneath segments of the East Pacific Rise, which is thought to correspond to a chamber system having a half-width of approximately 5 to 10 kilometers. These estimates compare favorably with those derived separately through petrological investigations of deep-sea drilling results, various sampling programs, and field and laboratory studies of ophiolites. The chamber is thought to be wing-shaped and to remain continuously open; it is thought to be fed from the center while simultaneously solidifying at the sides as spreading carries the two halves apart. Progressive fractionation occurs by crystal settling coupled with repeated replenishment and magma mixing in an open steady-state system. Near-bottom studies reveal that the zone of extrusion above the chamber is narrow, but its eruptive history is cyclic in nature, in conflict with the predictions of a steady-state model. On-bottom gravity data at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise reveal a negative gravity anomaly that may be related to the uppermost part of the chamber. The anomaly is only 2 kilometers wide and 1 kilometer below the sea floor. This feature may be associated with a short-term upper magma reservoir. The cyclic volcanic activity is directly related to the active phase of hydrothermal circulation responsible for the observed negative thermal anomaly. The volume of water associated with this circulation is equal to the entire ocean volume passing through the accretion zone approximately every 8 million years. This is about 0.5 percent of the world's rivers, but the effective transport rates of elements are comparable to those of rivers in that anomalies for individual elements are frequently between 100 and 1000 times the average river composition. The degree of subsurface dilution determines the final exit temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, ranging from manganese domination at extreme dilution to iron at intermediate levels to sulfide deposition when low dilution occurs. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise is destined to have a profound impact on our understanding of ore-forming processes. Whether it will have any economic significance remains to be seen.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.31","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ballard, R.D., Craig, H., Edmond, J., Einaudi, M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H., Hopson, C., Luyendyk, B., Macdonald, K., Morton, J., Orcutt, J., and Sleep, N., 1981, Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 31-40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce1e4b0c8380cd4e4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, H.","contributorId":78878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmond, J.","contributorId":44291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einaudi, M.","contributorId":14575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holcomb, R.","contributorId":23276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, H.D.","contributorId":19288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luyendyk, B.P.","contributorId":53074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Macdonald, K.","contributorId":23690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J.","contributorId":53523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sleep, N.","contributorId":88484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70012028,"text":"70012028 - 1981 - Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:07:02.007515","indexId":"70012028","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","docAbstract":"<p><span>A review of recent data on the velocity of bottom currents, the frequency of bottom-sediment movement, the kinds and amounts of suspended sediments in near-bottom waters, and the acoustic and sedimentary features of subbottom strata indicates that the characteristics of the ubiquitous sand sheet on the Atlantic outer continental shelf of the United States have been controlled by a variety of past and present processes. Although these processes collectively have had a widespread effect on the characteristics of the sand sheet, the relative importance of each process changes geographically. On Georges Bank, late Pleistocene glaciations along with modern tidal currents and the regional circulation pattern have played a dominant role. On the Middle Atlantic shelf, ancestral rivers, former near-shore processes, and modern wind- and wave-generated currents are important factors. On the South Atlantic shelf, the sediments reflect subaerial weathering, erosion or nondeposition over or near hardgrounds, and the production of biogenic carbonate. Other processes such as the movement of water masses, bioturbation, and bottom fishing probably have affected the sediments in all areas. A knowledge of the various factors affecting the sand sheet is fundamental to an understanding of its general geologic history and to the paleoenvironmental interpretation of ancient sand strata.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1981, Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf: Marine Geology, v. 42, no. 1-4, p. 349-368, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dafe4b0c8380cd7ed7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001582,"text":"1001582 - 1981 - Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T15:55:57.931528","indexId":"1001582","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808714","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., 1981, Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 3, p. 754-760, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808714.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"754","endPage":"760","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Barnes County, Griggs County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.961,47.241],[-97.7061,47.2402],[-97.7071,47.1529],[-97.7062,47.0665],[-97.7059,46.9792],[-97.6839,46.9792],[-97.683,46.6294],[-97.81,46.6297],[-97.9059,46.6293],[-97.9357,46.6294],[-98.0349,46.6293],[-98.1889,46.6297],[-98.2868,46.63],[-98.3152,46.63],[-98.4396,46.6296],[-98.4412,46.9789],[-98.4685,46.9788],[-98.4677,47.2402],[-98.467,47.3266],[-98.4991,47.327],[-98.5018,47.5887],[-98.5019,47.6734],[-97.9878,47.6738],[-97.9866,47.3568],[-97.9865,47.3265],[-97.9838,47.3264],[-97.9617,47.326],[-97.961,47.241]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barnes\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70039232,"text":"70039232 - 1981 - How to order maps on microfilm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-03T01:02:04","indexId":"70039232","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T10:06:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"How to order maps on microfilm","docAbstract":"The collection comprises over 120,000 maps, including some 15-minute quadrangle maps compiled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Parks and Monument maps, River Survey maps, and selected Federal Highway Administration county planning maps. The collection will continue to grow as other types of maps are added.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039232","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, How to order maps on microfilm: General Information Product, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039232.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261416,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039232/report.pdf"},{"id":261417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039232/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3267e4b0c8380cd5e79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222402,"text":"5222402 - 1981 - Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T12:40:17","indexId":"5222402","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","docAbstract":"<p> Reduction and deterioration of habitat and high nest predation have contributed to the decline of the continental populations of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) (Trauger 1974). Environmental metal contaminants also may adversely affect reproduction and survival of waterfowl (Heinz 1974, 1976a,b, 1979; Finley and Stendell 1978). White et al. (1979) ex- amined canvasbacks from Chesapeake Bay in 1975 and 1976 and found low levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in certain tissues. Low levels of mercury in canvasbacks have also been reported from Wisconsin (Kleinert and Degurse 1972) and Saskatchewan (Vermeer and Armstrong 1972). Stendell et al. (1977) found mercury residues in 6 of 34 canvasback eggs collected in 1972 and 1973. The objective of my study was to ascertain levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel in canvasbacks from the upper Mississippi River</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3807935","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., 1981, Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 2, p. 508-511, https://doi.org/10.2307/3807935.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17629,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3807935","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dbbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5210273,"text":"5210273 - 1981 - Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T16:32:03","indexId":"5210273","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","docAbstract":"Three reproductive trials were conducted to develop techniques for propagation of captive starlings (Stumus vulgaris) which could determine the effects of environmental contaminants on passerine reproduction. Trials were conducted during the spring of 1979 in five adjacent 2.4 by 3 by 12-m outdoor wire pens containing four or ten pairs of starlings, a similar number of nest boxes, perches, water, commercial turkey starter, and alfalfa hay as nesting material. Nestling diets consisted of combinations of Nebraska Brand bird of prey diet, live or frozen mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domestica), or live earthworms (Pheretima sp.). Starlings reproduced successfully when the number of breeding pairs per pen was reduced from ten to four. The average clutch sizes for each pen (4.3 to 4.9) were similar to those reported for wild starlings. Hatching (60 to 90.4 percent) and fledging (0 to 100 percent) success varied among pens. The fledging success was greatest in the pens which received the most diverse nestling diets: Nebraska Brand diet plus frozen or live mealworms and crickets. Whether the insects were presented alive or frozen appeared to have little effect on the reproductive success. The starlings did not consume or carry earthworms to their young. The body weights of 20-day-old nestlings raised in captivity (X=73.9 g) were similar to those of starlings in the wild. The use of single pairs per pen may eliminate problems in presentation of nestling diets due to asynchrony in breeding between pairs and excessive interactions among individuals, which may interfere with parental care. The starling appears to be an excellent model for examining the effects of environmental contaminants on the reproduction of songbirds in captivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","doi":"10.1520/STP28368S","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., and Christian, C., 1981, Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction, chap. <i>of</i> Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP28368S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604795","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lamb, D.W.","contributorId":112127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenaga, E.E.","contributorId":113958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenaga","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, C.L.","contributorId":92781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70120243,"text":"70120243 - 1981 - Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T13:13:52","indexId":"70120243","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-01T12:56:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere","docAbstract":"<p>Studies of the bioenergetics of the northern pocket gopher, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i>, are coupled with data on demography, activity budgets, and microclimates to model the energy requirements of individuals and populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah during 1976-1979.  Metabolic rates during rest increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, but burrowing metabolic rates (16.3 mL O<sub>2</sub> • h<sup>-1</sup> • g<sup>-9.75</sup>) were independent of both temperature and physical properties of the soil.  Radio-telemetry studies indicated that free-ranging gophers are active =50% of each day.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Conservative estimates of true energy consumption were calculated using estimates of habitat-specific minimum daily burrowing requirements.  Rates of burrowing measured in the laboratory were either ∞ 0.0 or ∞ 2.0 cm/min.  The low burrowing rate was observed when the soil was frozen or saturated with water, as would occur in the field in early winter and in spring, respectively.  Gophers burrowed through soil at the study site at an average rate of ∞ 1.5 cm/min.  Belowground food energy densities at gopher foraging depth declined from 24.6 to 3.2 J/cm<sup>3</sup> along a successional gradient (subalpine forb meadow to Engelmann spruce dominated forest).  We conclude that individual gophers are food limited within the climax spruce seral stage.  Further, daily energy costs associated with reproduction in females may exceed the belowground energy supply available in intermediate seral stages (aspen and subalpine fir).  Reduction of burrowing rates for any reason will affect gophers in the late seral stages proportionately more than those resident in the meadow.  The peak gopher densities recorded (from 62 individuals/ha in the meadow to 2 individuals/ha in spruce forest) support these inferences.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Detailed demographic information was obtained only in the meadow seral stage.  Adult survivorship was lower in winter than in summer and varied greatly between years (0.18-0.70 yr<sup>-1</sup>).  Juvenile survivorship from weaning through the first year was comparable to adult annual rates.  The fertility rate was 3.75 young • female<sup>-1</sup> • yr<sup>-1</sup>.</p>\n<br/>\n<o>The energy supply and demand analyses indicate that the growth of <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> populations in the early seral stages is seldom directly limited by the amount of food present.  From our demographic, environmental, and autecological studies we conclude that stochastic events associated with weather affect energy acquisition (burrowing) rates, and thus survivorship.  In montane environments, such events may prevent populations from attaining sizes at which territorial behavior would hypothetically limit further increases.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The energy flow through the meadow population at moderate to high )1976-1977) densities (at least 1100 MJ • ha<sup>-1</sup> • yr<sup>-1</sup>) indicates that pocket gophers are proficient energy movers relative to non-fossorial small mammals.  Subalpine <i>T. talpoides</i> populations appear commonly to attain such densities.  More than 30% of the annual primary productivity allocated to belowground parts of meadow forbs may be consumed by gophers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/2937262","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., and MacMahon, J.A., 1981, Population dynamics and bioenergetics of a fossorial herbivore, <i>Thomomys talpoides</i> (Rodentia: Geomyidae), in a spruce-fir sere: Ecological Monographs, v. 51, no. 2, p. 179-202, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937262.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292091,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937262"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcfe4b02bf5a7674088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacMahon, James A.","contributorId":9581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacMahon","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011713,"text":"70011713 - 1981 - Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T16:30:07.111015","indexId":"70011713","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Fossil zooplankton fecal pellets found in thinly bedded marine and lacustrine black shales associated with phosphate, oil, and coal deposits, link the deposition of organic matter and biologically associated minerals with planktonic ecosystems. The black shales were probably formed in the anoxic basins of coastal marine waters, inland seas, and rift valley lakes where high productivity was supported by runoff, upwelling, and outwelling.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.212.4497.931","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Porter, K., and Robbins, E.I., 1981, Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits: Science, v. 212, no. 4497, p. 931-933, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4497.931.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"933","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"212","issue":"4497","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd29ee4b08c986b32f910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, K.G.","contributorId":15319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, E. I.","contributorId":101269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210121,"text":"70210121 - 1981 - Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:18:21.866608","indexId":"70210121","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-14T13:16:03","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"<p>Core recovered from Hess Rise contains concentrations of pyrite, marcasite, and barite in the lowermost meter of limestone (Unit II) and in the brecciated upper part of the underlying volcanic basement (Unit HI). Petrographic and chemical data indicate that the sulfide-barite assemblage in the limestone is mainly a product of low-temperature diagenetic processes. The iron-sulfide phases are biogenic and their concentrations mark the diffusion of sea water sulfate through sedimentary horizons containing abundant organic matter and mafic, glassy volcanogenic detritus. There is some evidence, however, that elevated temperatures augmented or intensified the synsedimentary diagenetic process.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., and Hein, J.R., 1981, Petrographic and chemical characteristics of pyrite-marcasite mineralization in hole 465A, southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 855-862, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"862","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.141.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374838,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210000,"text":"70210000 - 1981 - Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T16:30:48.578294","indexId":"70210000","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-08T11:16:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"<p>Limestones of mid-Cretaceous age containing as much as 8.6 percent organic carbon were cored at one site (463) in the Mid-Pacific Mountains and at two sites (465, 466) on southern Hess Rise, central North Pacific Ocean, during Leg 62 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In the Mid-Pacific Mountains, three layers containing more than 2% organic carbon are associated with volcanic ash in silicified limestone of early Aptian age (—112-113 m.y. old), a time when the site was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present (2525 m). The beds of laminated, organiccarbon-rich limestone, implying deposition in an oxygen-deficient environment, are interbedded with normal pelagic limestones. This sequence lies on interbedded pelagic limestones and clastic limestones containing locally derived shallow-water carbonate debris, and it is overlain by interbedded green, gray, and pink limestones. The organic-carbonrich strata on southern Hess Rise are dark-olive, laminated limestones with rare interbeds of altered volcanic ash of the late Aptian to early Cenomanian ( — 98 to 103 m.y. old), a time when the site was passing under the equatorial highproductivity zone and subsiding from shallow to intermediate water depths. The organic-carbon-rich limestone sequence overlies volcanic basement (trachyte) in this part of Hess Rise. The association of volcanogenic sediments with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise is not as striking as in the Mid-Pacific Mountains, but the occurrences do suggest a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical North Pacific Ocean during the mid-Cretaceous. Pyrolysis assays indicate that most of the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed of lipid-rich kerogen derived from marine organisms. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains contain lower concentrations of organic matter.</p><p>Pyrolysis assays and extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in samples from Hole 463 is also predominantly of marine origin, and that contributions of terrigenous organic matter were probably minor. Analyses of stable carbon isotopes indicate that the organic carbon in all analyzed samples is isotopically light (δ13C 24 to - 29‰) relative to most modern marine organic carbon (δ13C - 9 to - 30%), and that the lightest carbon (δ13C 28 to - 29‰) is also the most lipid-rich. </p><p>The organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other elevated plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are approximately equivalent in age (mid-Cretaceous, -85-120 m.y.) to organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Indian Ocean. However, strata of equivalent age deposited in the Pacific Ocean at greater depths do not contain any carbon rich horizons. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and close to the equator during the mid-Cretaceous, suggests that an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum, together with local restrictions in circulation, may have resulted in the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where the oxygen minimum impinged on elevated platforms such as Hess Rise and the Mid-Pacific Mountains. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Claypool, G., and Thiede, J., 1981, Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 877-890, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid Pacific Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -175.4296875,\n              9.102096738726456\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012139,"text":"70012139 - 1981 - Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:40:24.128087","indexId":"70012139","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>A monitoring study of suspended sediment on the South Texas Continental Shelf indicates that a turbid benthic nepheloid layer is regionally persistent. A sequence of quasi-synoptic measurements of the water column obtained during six cruises in an 18-month period indicates substantial spatial and temporal variability in nepheloidlayer characteristics. Regionally, the thickness of the shelf nepheloid layer increases both seaward and in a convergent alongshelf direction. Greatest thicknesses occur over a muddy substrate, indicating a causal relationship; maximum observed local thickness is 35 m which occurs along the southern shelf break. Analyses of suspended particulate matter in shelf bottom waters indicate mean concentrations ranging from 49 · 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;to 111 · 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;particle counts/cc; concentrations persistently increase shoreward throughout the region. Bottom particulate matter is predominantly composed of inorganic detritus. Admixtures of organic skeletal particles, primarily diatoms, are generally present but average less than 10% of the total particulate composition. Texturally, the particulate matter in bottom waters is predominantly poorly sorted sediment composed of very fine silt (3.9–7.8 μm).</span></p><p><span>The variability in nepheloid-layer characteristics indicates a highly dynamic shelf feature. The relationship of nepheloid-layer characteristics to hydrographic and substrate conditions suggests a conceptual model whereby nepheloid-layer development and maintenance are the results of the resuspension of sea-floor sediment. Bottom turbulence is attributed primarily to vertical shear and shoaling progressive internal waves generated by migrating shelf-water masses, especially oceanic frontal systems, and secondarily to shoaling surface gravity waves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1","usgsCitation":"Shideler, G.L., 1981, Development of the benethic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico: Marine Geology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 37-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90103-1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"western Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.52339711478857,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.52339711478857,\n              25.846668951564865\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              25.846668951564865\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.35530008813947,\n              29.837594915437734\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007ae4b0c8380cd4f767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shideler, Gerald L.","contributorId":89137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shideler","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012156,"text":"70012156 - 1981 - Mineralogy and composition of concentric layers within a manganese nodule from the North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:54:04.057241","indexId":"70012156","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and composition of concentric layers within a manganese nodule from the North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"<p><span>The minor-element composition of concentric layers within a single ferromanganese nodule from the eastern North Pacific exhibits strong correlations with Fe and Mn contents but appears to be independent of pronounced mineralogic variations. On the basis of these correlations, the elemental composition of individual layers apparently is controlled by the relative contribution of two sources: seawater, and interstitial water of associated sediment. In contrast, the mineralogy of the nodule, consisting of birnessite in the outer few layers and todorokite in the inner layers, is considered to be a function of nodule diagenesis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90143-2","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Williamson, M., 1981, Mineralogy and composition of concentric layers within a manganese nodule from the North Pacific Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 40, no. 3-4, p. 255-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90143-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ab2e4b0c8380cd6f06f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, M.E.","contributorId":53954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003170,"text":"1003170 - 1981 - Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor (R) 1254) residues in rainbow trout: Effects on sensitivity to nine fishery chemicals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-01T16:21:00.452214","indexId":"1003170","displayToPublicDate":"1981-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor (R) 1254) residues in rainbow trout: Effects on sensitivity to nine fishery chemicals","docAbstract":"<p>The influence of background polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in rainbow trout (<i>Salmo gairdneri</i>) on the susceptibility of the fish to nine chemicals routinely or occasionally used in fishery operations was evaluated. Rainbow trout fry were divided into three groups: one was exposed to 0.01 ppb and another to 0.1 ppb of the PCB Aroclor (R) 1254; the third (control) group was unexposed. After 30 days of exposure, whole body residues were 0.28 and 2.31 ppm for fish exposed to 0.01 and 0.1 ppb, respectively; control fish had residue concentrations of 0.04 ppm. Acute toxicity tests showed that both groups of exposed fish were more sensitive to rotenone and 2,4-D. Exposure did not significantly affect sensitivity to 2-[digeranylamino]-ethanol (GD-174), 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), nifurpirinol (Furanace), tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), or copper sulfate. Fishery managers should be aware that sensitivity of fish to control chemicals may be altered by the presence of contaminants in the water or residues of contaminants in the fish.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)1<200:PBARRI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bills, T., Marking, L.L., and Mauck, W., 1981, Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor (R) 1254) residues in rainbow trout: Effects on sensitivity to nine fishery chemicals: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 1, no. 2, p. 200-203, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)1<200:PBARRI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"200","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mauck, W.L.","contributorId":36100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauck","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70157017,"text":"70157017 - 1981 - The Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Remote Sensing Center : services and applications of Landsat Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-02T19:40:42","indexId":"70157017","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-05T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Remote Sensing Center : services and applications of Landsat Data","language":"English","publisher":"Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Jiddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, K.P., Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources, 1981, The Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Remote Sensing Center : services and applications of Landsat Data, iv, 28 p. : maps ; 28 cm.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. : maps ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              32.08007812499999,\n              33.137551192346145\n            ],\n            [\n              43.59375,\n              11.867350911459308\n            ],\n            [\n              62.40234375,\n              20.220965779522313\n            ],\n            [\n              43.681640625,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              32.08007812499999,\n              33.137551192346145\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb707e4b058f706e53ef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Kenneth P. Jr.","contributorId":147343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":571326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","contributorId":147327,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","id":571327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175877,"text":"70175877 - 1981 - Test and design of automatic fluvial suspended-sediment samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:49:30","indexId":"70175877","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-04T14:15:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Test and design of automatic fluvial suspended-sediment samplers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., and Beverage, J., 1981, Test and design of automatic fluvial suspended-sediment samplers, 53 p.","productDescription":"53 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327064,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dece4b03fd6b7da3a1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beverage, J.P.","contributorId":44120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beverage","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70208902,"text":"70208902 - 1981 - Geology and concepts of genesis of important types of uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-11T20:13:21.119676","indexId":"70208902","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-04T13:58:29","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geology and concepts of genesis of important types of uranium deposits","docAbstract":"<p>Uranium ore deposits occur in nearly every major rock type in the earth’s crust, and nearly all igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes are capable of concentrating or dispersing uranium. However, only three types of deposits account for more than 70 percent of known Western World Reasonably Assured Resources (WWRAR): Precambrian quartz-pebble conglomerate type, Proterozoic unconformity type, and Phanerozoic sandstone type. Igneous-related processes in plutonic, volcanic, and magmatic-hydrothermal environments, considered important 25 years ago, now account for less than 10 percent of world resources known at present.</p><p>The oldest known ore deposits were formed in conglomerates by placer processes under unique anoxic conditions. For the last 2.2 b.y., since oxygenation of the atmosphere, the genesis of both high- and low-temperature deposits has been dominated by three general geochemical processes: (1) oxidation of uranium to soluble U(VI) species permitting aqueous transport, perhaps most commonly as uranyl-carbonate complexes; (2) reduction, principally by C, S<sup>−2</sup>, or Fe<sup>+2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>species, to U(IV) to allow precipitation of uraninite (pitchblende), and coffinite, although the specific reductant commonly cannot be determined because these three tend to be associated geologically; and (3) igneous and metamorphic differentiation caused by exclusion of uranium from crystal structure of most rock-forming minerals.</p><p>The geochemistry of uranium ore-forming processes has changed in time because of the evolution of life forms and their impact on the earth’s oxygen and carbon budgets. This evolution is reflected in changing predominance of ore types in geologic time: (1) pre-2.8 b.y. ago—no known uranium ore deposits; (2) ca. 2.8 to 2.2 b.y. ago—the first intràcratonic basins and anoxic atmosphere permitted accumulation of placer deposits of uraninite in quartz-pebble conglomerates; these deposits contain about 19 percent of the western world’s resources; (3) ca. 2.2 to 0.4 b.y. ago—following oxygenation of the atmosphere uranium was oxidized and transported as soluble U(VI) complexes to sites of reduction, commonly in organic carbon-rich marginal marine environments. Diagenesis, metamorphism, and near-surface redox enrichment subsequently formed unconformity-type, ultrametamorphic-type, and vein-type ore deposits which together contain more than 25 percent of the western world’s resources; (4) ca. 0.4 b.y. ago to present—after development of land plants the most important ore-forming process was redox-controlled deposition from ground water in continental sediments. Sandstone-type deposits, characteristic of this stage, contain about 40 percent of the western world’s resources.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology, Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","isbn":"9781934969533","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., Granger, H., and Adams, S., 1981, Geology and concepts of genesis of important types of uranium deposits, chap. <i>of</i> Economic Geology, Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume, p. 63-116.","productDescription":"54","startPage":"63","endPage":"116","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":375536,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1820/chapter/107705298/Geology-and-Concepts-of-Genesis-of-Important-Types","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granger, H.C.","contributorId":15203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granger","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, S.S.","contributorId":223033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208807,"text":"70208807 - 1981 - Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T10:40:12","indexId":"70208807","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-02T10:26:47","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.","docAbstract":"<p>Quantitative study of middle and upper Miocene silicoflagellate assemblages from Pacific Coast Sites 467 and 469 to 472 has permitted identification of warm- and temperate-water biostratigraphic zones and the formulation of a model for relative paleotemperature values (Ts) on the basis of warm- and temperate-genera abundances. Geographic and temporal trends in Ts for Pacific Coast assemblages are indicated. Three new taxa are described: Dictyocha subclinata Bukry n. sp., Mesocena diodon borderlandensis Bukry n. subsp., and M. hexalitha Bukry, n. sp. The ranges in space and time for several species, such as Dictyocha neonautica var. cocosensis and Distephanus mesophthalmus, are increased. Regionally, barred forms of Distephanus stauracanthus become predominant over ringed forms in the upper part of the middle Miocene Distephanus stauracanthus Subzone. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1981, Silicoflagellate stratigraphy of offshore California and Baja California, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 63.: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 63, p. 539-557, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"557","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.63.114.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.91796875,\n              22.350075806124867\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.544921875,\n              22.998851594142913\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              24.287026865376436\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3671875,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88281249999999,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35546875000001,\n              28.14950321154457\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.291015625,\n              22.024545601240337\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.91796875,\n              22.350075806124867\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1013613,"text":"1013613 - 1981 - An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-13T16:53:34.119923","indexId":"1013613","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries","docAbstract":"<p><span>A model based on empirically derived age‐, time‐, and space‐variant entrainment susceptibility data may be used for estimating conditional entrainment mortality of aquatic organisms, particularly fish and shellfish, caused by operation of one or more power plants on an estuary. Model application requires knowledge of the morphometry of the water body, the power‐plant flow rates, the probability of entrainment survival, and the duration, distribution, and abundance of entrainable age‐groups. A novel feature of the model is that organism distribution and movement within the model are defined by information derived from field samples rather than by hydrodynamic principles and equations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<253:AEMFEE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Boreman, J., Goodyear, C., and Christensen, S., 1981, An empirical methodology for estimating entrainment losses at power plants sited on estuaries: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 110, no. 2, p. 253-260, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<253:AEMFEE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boreman, J.","contributorId":55372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boreman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodyear, C.P.","contributorId":11538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodyear","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, S.W.","contributorId":8023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25314,"text":"25314 - 1981 - Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T14:03:14","indexId":"25314","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T14:00:36","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25314","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Arctic Outer Continental Shelf orders governing oil and gas lease operations, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25314.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6462e4b0527d5d4097a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70238041,"text":"70238041 - 1981 - “Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T18:56:06.143373","indexId":"70238041","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T13:52:58","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7168,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"“Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02601.x","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, “Influence of Well Water Quality Variability on Sampling Decisions and Monitoring,” by Harry I. Nightingale and William C. Bianchi: Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), v. 17, no. 1, p. 145-146, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb02601.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"145","endPage":"146","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":856684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171282,"text":"70171282 - 1981 - The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:35:05","indexId":"70171282","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sulfate concentration and&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>H were determined in surface water, groundwater, and precipitation samples collected in the Filson Creek watershed to evaluate the sources of sulfate in Filson Creek. During and immediately after snowmelt, sulfate concentrations in Filson Creek increased from about 2 to 14 mg/l. Concurrently, H</span><sup>+</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>ion activity increased from an average of 10</span><sup>−6.6</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10</span><sup>−5.5</sup><span>. These changes suggest that sulfate acidity is concentrated in the snowpack at snowmelt, which is similar to changes reported in Scandinavia in areas subject to acid precipitation. Mass balance calculations indicate that the sulfate contribution from groundwater during snowmelt was minimal in comparison to that from snow. During base flow, sulfate did not appreciably increase from the headwaters of Filson Creek to the mouth, even though sulfate was as high as 58 mg/l in groundwater discharging to the creek from surficial materials overlying a sulfide-bearing mineralized zone in the lower third of the watershed. Approximately 10.6 kg of sulfate per hectare per year was retained in 1977.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00238","usgsCitation":"Siegel, D.I., 1981, The effect of snowmelt on the water quality of Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, northeastern Minnesota: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 238-242, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00238.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Filson Creek, Omaday Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              47.812693398352735\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.63816452026366,\n              47.812693398352735\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.63816452026366,\n              47.84392496416586\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              47.84392496416586\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              47.812693398352735\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3de4b07e28b664dc0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207767,"text":"70207767 - 1981 - The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T15:41:26","indexId":"70207767","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-09T15:30:31","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies","docAbstract":"<p>The Mid-Pacific Mountains constitute one of the largest aseismic rises in the central North Pacific Ocean. They have been generated by mid-plate volcanic events prior to Barremian time, but their volcanic activity continued through the remainder of the Cretaceous. Evidence of the latest stages of this volcanism are the trachytic ashes included in mid- and Late Cretaceous sediments and the presence of guyots atop the main volcanic pedestal. </p><p>The thermal and volcanic history of the oldest part of the Pacific Plate and its plate tectonic movements since Cretaceous time have led to considerable horizontal and vertical movements of the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Reconstruction of their subsidence and evidence from the sediments from Site 463 suggest that they once, in Cretaceous time, constituted large, tropical volcanic islands which were covered by vegetation and which shed their erosional debris over the adjacent island slopes. Neritic fossils in Maastrichtian sediments document the presence of shoal areas until the end of the Mesozoic. Since then they have subsided to their present water depth. The horizontal movements of the Pacific Plate have carried the Mid-Pacific Mountains from a position well south of the Cretaceous equator to their present position under the unproductive surface waters of the subtropical central North Pacific Ocean. Site 463, on the western Mid-Pacific Mountains, probably crossed the equator in Maastrichtian time. </p><p>Shallow-water-derived calcareous fossils are incorporated into the pelagic sediments covering the Mid-Pacific Mountains. They have been displaced from their source areas along the flanks of seamounts over the adjacent regions during times of low sea-level stands. Debris of land plants in Aptian sediments documents the presence of emergent volcanoes during that time. </p><p>The pelagic sediments penetrated at Site 463 consist largely of a sequence of Cretaceous chalks, limestones, and cherts which accumulated fast and which document the presence of highly productive surface water masses around the former volcanic islands and above the shoals. The development of oxygen-deficient depositional environments and the lack of evidence for intensive reworking suggest at the same time very sluggish water movements in the meso- and bathypelagic environment during Early and mid-Cretaceous times. </p><p>The Cenozoic calcareous oozes, on the other hand, are very condensed. They are interrupted in several places by hiatuses, and despite their position well above the CCD they show effects of dissolution and poor preservation of the calcareous faunas and floras. The frequency of reworked pelagic material together with the hiatuses indicate episodes of intensive renewal of the meso- and bathypelagic water masses which generated intensive sea-floor erosion and which were probably triggered by the climatic deterioration in the polar regions</p>","language":"English","publisher":" Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","issn":"0080-8334","usgsCitation":"Thiede, J., Dean, W.E., Rea, D.K., Vallier, T., and Adelseck, C., 1981, The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 62, p. 1073-1120, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1120","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hess Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -182.98828124999997,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.88671874999997,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.88671874999997,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -182.98828124999997,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -182.98828124999997,\n              8.059229627200192\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adelseck, Charles","contributorId":17767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelseck","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70207766,"text":"70207766 - 1981 - The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T15:01:18.766163","indexId":"70207766","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-09T15:13:06","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"<p>The geology of Hess Rise is interpreted from studies of morphology and structure, igneous petrology, sediment lithofacies, seismic stratigraphy, and paleoenvironments. </p><p>Hess Rise probably formed at a triple junction, between 116 and 95 m.y. ago, in the equatorial zone of the southern hemisphere. A large archipelago, formed by volcanism, subsequently moved northward as part of the Pacific Plate and subsided. A Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary tectonic and(or) volcanic event created oceanic islands and probably influenced the normal subsidence rate. The lithofacies reflect both the northward movement under various surface water masses of differing productivity and the subsidence history, which influenced calcareous-sediment accumulation and dissolution. Hess Rise is informally divided into three physiographic or morphologic provinces: northern Hess Rise, the central platform, and southern Hess Rise. Southern Hess Rise is further subdivided into the northwestern ridge, Mellish Bank, and the eastern ridge. The structure of Hess Rise is dominated by normal faults which bound grabens and horsts. The west and south boundaries of the rise are fault scarps. Most faults trend about 345 ° on northern Hess Rise, 039° to 060° on southern Hess Rise. </p><p>Igneous rocks are tholeiitic basalt on northern Hess Rise at Site 464, and trachyte at Site 465 on southern Hess Rise. The tholeiite probably is not a mid-ocean-ridge basalt; more likely it is a transitional basalt erupted during off-ridge volcanism. The trachyte at Site 465 was erupted either in shallow water or subaerially; it represents a late-stage differentiate of alkali-basalt magma. Geochemically, the trachyte is similar to late-stage eruptives on many oceanic islands. The alkali basalt clasts in Upper Cretaceous calcareous ooze at Site 466 probably record a Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary tectonic event that brought old crust above sea level, where it was eroded; alternatively, volcanism may have built the islands. </p><p>Cores recovered from Holes 464, 310, 310A, 465,465A, and 466 (north to south) show three major lithofacies: limestone of mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) age, calcareous ooze and chalk of Late Cretaceous to Quaternary age, and pelagic clay that is Late Cretaceous to Quaternary in age at Site 464 and Eocene in age at Site 310. Minor lithofacies in the carbonates and pelagic clay include siliceous microfossils and chert. The limestone contains as much as 8.6% by weight of organic carbon. The organic-carbon-rich sediments apparently were deposited along the sides of Hess Rise, above the CCD and within a mid-water oxygen minimum, as the rise crossed the highly productive equatorial divergence. </p><p>Surface sediments are influenced by present-day near-surface water-mass productivity and the depth of deposition. Above about 3000 meters calcareous ooze is deposited, and below about 4000 meters pelagic clay is dominant. Between 3000 meters and 4000 meters, greater clay contents correlate with increased water depth.</p><p> The seismic stratigraphy interpreted from single-channel seismic-reflection records can be correlated with the lithofacies. Three major acoustic units apparently vary in age, composition, thickness, and geographic distribution. The lowest acoustic unit generally is acoustically opaque; it corresponds to volcanic basement. In places, however, the top parts of this unit may be well-lithified limestone or chert. The middle acoustic unit, in general strongly layered acoustically, is Albian and Cenomanian limestone, chalk, and chert on southern Hess Rise and Albian and Cenomanian chert, chalk, limestone, and clay stone on northern Hess Rise. The middle unit probably is Albian to at least lower Tertiary chalk, chert, and nannofossil ooze on the central platform. The upper acoustic unit is weakly stratified to acoustically transparent and corresponds to Upper Cretaceous to Recent nannofossil ooze on southern Hess Rise and to pelagic clay of the same age on northern Hess Rise. On the central platform, it probably corresponds to Eocene to Recent nannofossil ooze, marl, and pelagic clay</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981","issn":"0080-8334","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T., Rea, D.K., Dean, W.E., Thiede, J., and Adelseck, C., 1981, The geology of Hess Rise, central north Pacific Ocean: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 62, p. 1031-1072, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1072","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.161.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371125,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hess Rise, Central North Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -174.990234375,\n              8.146242825034385\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.95117187499997,\n              8.146242825034385\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.95117187499997,\n              38.75408327579141\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.990234375,\n              38.75408327579141\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.990234375,\n              8.146242825034385\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, T. L.","contributorId":27513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adelseck, Charles","contributorId":17767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelseck","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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,{"id":902,"text":"902 - 1981 - Water resources data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-08T15:59:09","indexId":"902","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T15:56:10","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":345,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water resources data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/902","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the state of Nevada and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data: Annual Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/902.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,35.0 ], [ -120.01,42.0 ], [ -114.04,42.0 ], [ -114.04,35.0 ], [ -120.01,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bd130de4b00cbf31f72388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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