High-performance liquid chromatography provides a rapid and sensitive means for determining polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. A high-performance liquid chromatograph, coupled with ultraviolet or fluorescence detectors has greater selectivity for analysis than methods using gas-chromatographic and flame-ionization systems.
Several natural water samples were fortified with mixtures of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons containing naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthrene, pyrene, chrysene, 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. Resulting solutions, with concentrations of individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from 0.05 to 11.0 micrograms per liter, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to investigate limits of method applicability and to acquire necessary precision data.
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons considered in this study were detected in the micrograms per liter range and were found to have a total chromatographic elution time of approximately 35 minutes. Successive determinations of standard mixtures, followed by statistical analysis of the data, showed an average mean recovery of 83.1 percent, an average standard deviation of ± 0.130 microgram per liter, and an average relative standard deviation of 7.45 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri8163","usgsCitation":"White, W.R., and Grabbe, R.R., 1981, High-performance, liquid-chromatographic method for the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 81-63, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8163.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395391,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1981/0063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, William R.","contributorId":274511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grabbe, Rolland R.","contributorId":274512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabbe","given":"Rolland","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":833094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36654,"text":"36654 - 1981 - Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-18T14:17:08","indexId":"36654","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"81/33","title":"Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont","docAbstract":"A 31 month (September 1974 - March 1977) study was conducted on warmwater streams located in the Roanoke Creek watershed of the Piedmont Region of Virginia. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of stream channelization on the aquatic/riparian wildlife resource and agricultural land-use patterns associated with the altered streams. Three streams, which were channelized 3, 6, and 10 years prior to initiation of the study, and teo unaltered streams, were selected as representative streams for the study.
\nRecently channelized streams lacked overstory cover but has an abundance of herbaceous and small woody plany cover, Conversely, control streams had significantly larger percentages of trees over 46 m tall. Plant species diversity, foliage height diversity, and evenness diversity increased as age since channelization increased.
\nNo major differences in water quality parameters were found for either channelized or control streams, although channelized streams had greater deposits of sand and lesser amount of rock, rubble, and gravel. These changes in substrate composition did not significantly modify actual stream flow rates.
\nFish species composition and species diversity among channelized and unchannelized streams were only slightly different, with most of the differences probably attributable to strays from adjacent habitats, However, evenness diversity for fish communities was lower in channelized streams.
\nThe benthic population showed greater changes than did the fish populations with an increase in Chironominae tolerant of unstable sand substrates in channelized streams. Evenness diversity of benthic populations was also higher and showed more consistency in the control stream than in channelized streams. Evenness diversity of benthic communities in control stream averaged between 0.5 to 0.6 and was quite consistent; whereas, the average in the two youngest channelized streams was 0.3 to 0.4. These data seem to indicate decreased stability of the biota in altered streams.
\n
\n
In general, benthic macroinvertabrate and fish community parameters collected from channelized streams located 1200 m below a reservoir were either comparable to, or intermediate between, upstream (unchannelized) and reservoir tailwater values. The shallow surface discharge impoundments associated with channelized streams appeared to have a highly localized impact on the downstream benthic marcoinvertabrate and fish communities.
\nDuring winter, bird species diversity (BSD) among channelized stream sites was not significantly different. During the breeding season, species richness (number of breeding species) and BSD increased with age since channelization. Breeding bird densities were 6.2 pairs/ha in the most recent (3 yr) channelized site and 13.3 pairs/ha on the control streams. Bird diversity and density, particularly for Parulids (warblers), during the breeding season were reduced significantly by removal of tree and shrub layers along channelized streams.
\nNo significant differences were found among study sites for either total number of small mammals or their species diversity indices; although, there was a trend toward increasing diversity as age since channelization increased. Smaller differences in species diversity values for small mammals on channelized sites than for birds suggests that small mammal populations require less time for recovery following channelization than avian communities.
\nWhen streams are channelized: 1) vegetation should be removed from only one side of the stream, with minimal disturbance of top-soil; followed by plantings of herbaceous and woody vegetation, 2) hedgrow plantings should be maintained between agricultural fields and the stream for bank stabilization, 3) dead snags and large trees should be left for birds, 4) all channelization projects should be designed according to the most recent guidelines recommended by the SCS and other resources agencies.
\nIn 1958, the Roanoke County Watershed Work Plan projected annual costs of the structured measures (mainly reservoirs and downstream channelization) to be $79,897 and the average annual monetary benefits to be $111,103. With this favorable benefit/cost ration of 1.4, work began in 1960. In 1970, the annual capital cost was 60,780 and operations/maintenance costs were 10,402, or a total annual project cost of $71, 182. High and low values of annual benefits from agricultural income, water supply, recreation, and non-agricultural flood damage were determined for 1970 and compared to annual project cost. The benefit/cost ratio obtained was between 0.25 and 0.58, considerably lower than the 1.4 estimate of the 1958. work plan. This unsatisfactory ratio for the project was due mainly to the failure of the project to encourage large scale cropping of bottomland area. Future projects should be planned with 1) a greater recognition of constraints on farm operator behavior which affect land use change, 2) conservative projection for land use changes in area where agriculture ids in overall decline, 3) increased use of sensitivity analysis to examine the consequences for project economic justification of alternative land use change projections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Performed for Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, National Water Resources Analysis Group, Office of Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Whelan, J.B., 1981, Biological and economic impact of stream alteration in the Virginia Piedmont: FWS/OBS 81/33, x, 48 p.","productDescription":"x, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Charlotte County","otherGeospatial":"Roanoke Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.904587,36.697909 ], [ -78.904587,37.248759 ], [ -78.443319,37.248759 ], [ -78.443319,36.697909 ], [ -78.904587,36.697909 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4f71e4b0b290850f2b6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whelan, James B.","contributorId":39300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":216742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170914,"text":"70170914 - 1981 - Data for water resources management in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:00:31","indexId":"70170914","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data for water resources management in Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Unified River Basin Management---Stage II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"American Water Resources Association Symposium","conferenceDate":"October 4-8, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA","language":"English","publisher":"October 4-8, 1981","publisherLocation":"Atlanta, GA","usgsCitation":"Horn, M., 1981, Data for water resources management in Minnesota, in Unified River Basin Management---Stage II, Atlanta, GA, October 4-8, 1981, p. 429-441.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5733062ee4b0dae0d5dcd1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horn, M.A.","contributorId":92223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":893,"text":"893 - 1981 - Water resources data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-08T12:30:51","indexId":"893","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:29:33","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":345,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water resources data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/893","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Maine and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data: Annual Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/893.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.0843,42.9747 ], [ -71.0843,47.4597 ], [ -66.9454,47.4597 ], [ -66.9454,42.9747 ], [ -71.0843,42.9747 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bd1305e4b00cbf31f72378","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":892,"text":"892 - 1981 - Water resources data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-08T12:26:41","indexId":"892","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:24:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":345,"text":"Annual Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water resources data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey water-data report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/892","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Dept. of Transportation and Development and with other state and federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data: Annual Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/892.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.0434,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,28.9254 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bd1304e4b00cbf31f72376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221642,"text":"5221642 - 1981 - Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:57:57.802153","indexId":"5221642","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish","docAbstract":"No differences were noted in the amount of naphthalene uptake (approximately 125μg) by individual crayfish exposed for 1, 2, or 4 hr at 25°C in open, non-aerated glass jars containing 14C-naphthalene-5% of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil. The cephalothorax, containing the hepatopancreas (a food absorption organ), showed greater uptake of naphthalene than the tail flesh or tail skeleton of individual crayfish exposed to the oil for 3 hr at 25°C. Crayfish exposed to the oil for 1, 2, or 4 hr and then placed in open, non-aerated containers of oil-free water lost most of the carbon-14 activity during the first 24 hr, with smaller losses occurring at 24 hr intervals up to and including 96 hr. Carbon-14 naphthalene in a 5% WSF of No. 2 fuel oil held in 12 open, non-aerated, oil-free, glass jars for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr at 25°C showed little volatilization (P > 0.4).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01057577","usgsCitation":"Tarshis, I., 1981, Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by crayfish: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01057577.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tarshis, I. Barry","contributorId":82378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarshis","given":"I. Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":889,"text":"889 - 1981 - Water resources data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-08T12:14:28","indexId":"889","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T12:12:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/889","issn":"0364-4359","usgsCitation":"Iowa Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data, https://doi.org/10.3133/889.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.6395,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,40.3754 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bd1300e4b00cbf31f72370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iowa Geological Survey","contributorId":128029,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Iowa Geological Survey","id":527805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039378,"text":"70039378 - 1981 - River basins of the United States: the Wabash","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T10:58:30","indexId":"70039378","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T11:54:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"River basins of the United States: the Wabash","docAbstract":"This leaflet, one of a series on the river basins of the United States, contains information on the Wabash River Basin, including a brief early history, a description of the physical characteristics, and other statistical data. At present, other river basins included in the series are The Colorado, The Columbia, The Delaware,The Hudson, and The Potomac.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039378","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, River basins of the United States: the Wabash: General Information Product, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039378.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261518,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039378/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":261519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039378/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.21666666666667,37.8 ], [ -88.21666666666667,41.06666666666667 ], [ -84.38333333333334,41.06666666666667 ], [ -84.38333333333334,37.8 ], [ -88.21666666666667,37.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aada6e4b0c8380cd86f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":921,"text":"921 - 1981 - Water resources data: Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:39:31","indexId":"921","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T11:36:45","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data: Washington","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/921","issn":"0364-3557","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the state of Washington and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data: Washington, https://doi.org/10.3133/921.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7857,45.5486 ], [ -124.7857,49.0024 ], [ -116.9156,49.0024 ], [ -116.9156,45.5486 ], [ -124.7857,45.5486 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be649ae4b0527d5d409809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006564,"text":"70006564 - 1981 - Biochemistry and metabolism of lake trout: laboratory and field studies on the effects of contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T11:25:27","indexId":"70006564","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T11:22:10","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"105","title":"Biochemistry and metabolism of lake trout: laboratory and field studies on the effects of contaminants","docAbstract":"To evaluate the effects of ambient and higher concentrations of PCB's (Aroclor 1254) and DDE in food and water on fry of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Michigan, I measured several biochemical indicators of stress in exposed and unexposed (control) fry. No differences between treatments were observed in oxygen consumption rates or lactate concentrations of unexercised fry, but apparent differences in specific swimming speed and lactate response in fry that swam to exhaustion suggested that exposed fry had lower stamina. Observed differences between biochemical profiles of 1-day-old sac fry reared from eggs originating from lake trout collected off Saugatuck and those originating from eggs of brood stock at the Marquette (Michigan) hatchery may have been caused by organochlorine contamination or by genetic and dietary differences between the parental stocks. Activity of the enzyme allantoinase was measured in juvenile and adult lake trout as an indicator of sublethal effects of Great Lakes contaminants. The 50% inhibition of allantoinase in vitro occurred at 6.0 mg/L Cu++, 6.7 mg/L Cd++, 34 mg/L Hg++, and 52 mg/L Pb++. Allantoinase was not affected by in vitro exposure to PCB's up to 7 μg/g, or DDE or DDT up to 10 μg/g; however, in vivo exposure resulting in 2.6 μg/g PCB's in the whole fish activated allantoinase slightly (10% significance level). Allantoinase activity was negatively correlated with total length for fish from Lake Michigan but not for fish from Lake Superior or from laboratory stocks. Mercury, PCB's, and DDT, possibly acting in combination with each other and with additional contaminants, may be the cause of the negative correlation of allantoinase activity with size in Lake Michigan lake trout.
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1981 - Results of a modeling workshop concerning preservation and protection of wetlands in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T10:30:00","indexId":"70120213","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T10:04:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Results of a modeling workshop concerning preservation and protection of wetlands in North Dakota","docAbstract":"In a recently signed letter, the Governor of North Dakota and the Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife and Parks charged a joint state-federal study group with examination of two separate questions: 1) mitigation for the Garrison Diversion Project; and 2) planning for long-range protection and preservation of fish and wildlife habitat in North Dakota. The cochair for this study group (the Secretary of the Interior's Field Representative, Denver, Colorado, and the Natural Resources Coordinator for North Dakota) further articulated the charge concerning the second of these two questions to include three steps: 1) development of a general plan for preservation and protection of migratory waterfowl and their associated wetland habitat; 2) a comprehensive analysis of alternative strategies, including opportunities and constraints, for achieving the goals articulated in Step 1; and 3) design of a coordinated state-federal public information program to assist in plan implementation.
\nIn order to obtain input from a variety of interests, the joint study group initiated step 2 activities with a five-day workshop in Bismarck, N. D.; December 8-12, 1980. The objectives of the workshop were: 1) to identify alternative strategies for preserving and enhancing waterfowl production habitat in North Dakota; 2) to identify opportunities and constraints associated with those alternatives; and 3) to promote communication and understanding of the implications of those alternatives for all affected parties. To achieve these objectives, the workshop utilized a group of concepts and techniques collectively known as Adaptive Environmental Assessment (AEA).
\nDeveloped by Dr. C. S. Holling and his co-workers at the University of British Columbia, the AEA process involves planners, managers, scientists, and other interested parties in a structures atmosphere whose focus is the construction and examination of a computerized simulation model of the resource system under consideration. The modeling process is used to promote communication, identify pertinent issues, identify key data gaps and uncertainties, direct research efforts to fill those gaps, and explore the possible consequences of various management alternatives.
\nThe workshop, which was facilitated by the AEA Group of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), was attended by approximately 25 invited participants representing a variety of interests concerned with the wetlands protection issue in North Dakota. During the week workshop participants conceptualized and constructed a computerized simulation model incorporating many of the hydrologic, agricultural, and wildlife aspects of the wetlands issue. During the process of constructing this model and examining its behavior, participants identified several interesting alternative strategies that may prove useful in an overall wetland protection program, along with a variety of constraints associated with each.
\nPerhaps the most interesting of these alternatives revolve around the idea that there may be a variety of cases in which water can be retained on the land, with concommitant benefits both for wildlife and flood control, without detriment to agricultural productivity. Examples of this kind of activity include flooding of previously drained Type I wetlands in summer fallow areas, installation of smaller drains in Type I and III wetlands to reduce the rate at which water runs off in the spring, and use of strategically located gates in drainage channels associated with the state highway system to slow runoff and create wetland habitat.
\nSeveral other alternatives discussed at the workshop are related to the notion of using available, uncommitted water supplied to enhance or create wetlands. Several cases were cited in which more certain water supplies would be useful in increasing waterfowl production or reducing disease problems, especially in dry years. Water for such purposes might come from a variety of current of proposed water development projects, both large and small scale.
\nFinally, the potential for re-establishment of \"unsuccessfully\" drained (i.e., not consistently usable for agricultural purposes) wetlands was discussed at some length. There are apparently substantial acreages of such wetlands in North Dakota and a program to acquire and rehabilitate them might be of considerable utility.
\nThe workshop was thus successful in accomplishing its first two objectives--identification of alternative strategies, opportunities, and constraints. However, it would be naive to suppose that any of the alternatives discussed offers a complete, simple solution to the wetlands issue in North Dakota. The most important result of the workshop may therefore be that which was accomplished relative to the third objective--promotion of communication and understanding. It was gratifying and encouraging to see the spirit of communication and cooperation that developed by the end of the workshop. The fact that representatives of many of the interests concerned with the wetlands issue participated in an open exchange of ideas and information marks an important step forward. We believe that it is imperative that this cooperative attitude be maintained, and that there are a variety of ways in which this might be accomplished. Perhaps the simplest would be a small-scale pilot project and research effort to determine the effects of wetland maintenance on summer fallow areas. Such a research program would provide not only useful information, but an opportunity for many of the affected interests to begin working toward mutually acceptable solutions to the overall wetlands issue.
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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6491e4b0527d5d4097ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":904,"text":"904 - 1981 - Water resources data: New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T08:56:16","indexId":"904","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T08:54:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data: New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/904","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Water resources data: New Jersey, https://doi.org/10.3133/904.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5598,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6490e4b0527d5d4097e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25181,"text":"25181 - 1981 - Federal and Indian lands oil and gas production, royalty income, and related statistics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-16T19:50:13.544837","indexId":"25181","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T08:50:29","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Federal and Indian lands oil and gas production, royalty income, and related statistics","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/25181","issn":"0271-1656","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, Federal and Indian lands oil and gas production, royalty income, and related statistics, vii, 390 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25181.","productDescription":"vii, 390 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490492,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P17KORBW","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Federal and Indian lands oil and gas production, value, and royalties by state, 1954-1980 and prior"},{"id":290086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25181/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":469256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/25181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64d89e4b0001bd5147766","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Harris, Walter M.","contributorId":349179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Walter M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924119,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarlane, Bruce E.","contributorId":349180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McFarlane","given":"Bruce E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924120,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beasley, David","contributorId":349181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beasley","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":924121,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000116,"text":"2000116 - 1981 - Establishment of seeded grasslands for wildlife habitat in the prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T11:16:02","indexId":"2000116","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"234","title":"Establishment of seeded grasslands for wildlife habitat in the prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"Techniques are described for establishment of seeded grasslands on cultivated soils to provide wildlife habitat within the glaciated prairie pothole region in the north-central United States. Management of grassland habitats on a sound ecological basis is an important wildlife management activity in the region. The primary purpose of the guidelines in this publication is to help managers establish and maintain good stands of seeded cover for waterfowl nesting and use by other prairie wildlife. Several options are available for selecting a type of cover to be established. The following seeded grassland types are described: (1) introduced cool-season grasses and legumes; (2) tall, warm-season native grasses; and (3) mixed-grass prairie grasses. Major vegetative species recommended for (1) are tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and sweetclover (Melilotus spp.); for (2) are big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum); for (3) are green needlegrass (Stipa viridula), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). Important factors that affect the success of establishment of seeded grasslands include site adaptability, site preparation, seedbed preparation, planting equipment and methods, rates and dates of seeding, and seed sources. A management goal for seeded grasslands intended to provide optimum habitat for dabbling duck nesting should be to maintain vigorous stands of vegetation with the tallest, most dense cover form that is possible under prevailing soil and climatic conditions. Grassland management is a never-ending job and seeded grasslands require periodic rejuvenation to maintain them in an optimum condition. Prescribed burning and planned grazing systems are acceptable methods for periodically rejuvenating seeded native grasses. Stands of introduced grasses and legumes are best maintained by mechanical tillages; reseeding is often necessary after 1 or 2 years of grain farming. The need for good management of all areas dedicated to wildlife habitat is emphasized by the rate of destruction and degradation of grassland habitats. Desirable wildlife populations can be benefited by establishment and maintenance of high-quality stands of seeded grasslands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Duebbert, H.F., Jacobson, E.T., Higgins, K.F., and Podoll, E.B., 1981, Establishment of seeded grasslands for wildlife habitat in the prairie pothole region: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 234, 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Prairie pothole region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duebbert, Harold F.","contributorId":18041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duebbert","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Erling T.","contributorId":22011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Erling","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":65032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Podoll, Erling B.","contributorId":19609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podoll","given":"Erling","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}