{"pageNumber":"218","pageRowStart":"5425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184711,"records":[{"id":70251032,"text":"70251032 - 2023 - Predicting large hydrothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:54:41.01672","indexId":"70251032","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:53:20","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting large hydrothermal systems","docAbstract":"We train five models using two machine learning (ML) regression algorithms (i.e., linear regression and XGBoost) to predict hydrothermal upflow in the Great Basin. Feature data are extracted from datasets supporting the INnovative Geothermal Exploration through Novel Investigations Of Undiscovered Systems project (INGENIOUS). The label data (the reported convective signals) are extracted from measured thermal gradients in wells by comparing the total estimated heat flow at the wells to the modeled background conductive heat flow. That is, the reported convective signal is the difference between the background conductive heat flow and the well heat flow. The reported convective signals contain outliers that may affect upflow prediction, so the influence of outliers is tested by constructing models for two cases: 1) using all the data (i.e., -91 to 11,105 mW/m2), and 2) truncating the range of labels to include only reported convective signals between -25 and 200 mW/m2. Because hydrothermal systems are sparse, models that predict high convective signal in smaller areas better match the natural frequency of hydrothermal systems. Early results demonstrate that XGBoost outperforms linear regression. For XGBoost using the truncated range of labels, half of the high reported signals are within < 3 % of the highest predictions. For XGBoost using the entire range of labels, half of the high reported signals are in < 13 % of the highest predictions. While this implies that the truncated regression is superior, the all-data model better predicts the locations of power-producing systems (i.e., the operating power plants are in a smaller fraction of the study area given by the highest predictions). Even though the models generally predict greater hydrothermal upflow for higher reported convective signals than for lower reported convective signals, both XGBoost models consistently underpredict the magnitude of higher signals. This behavior is attributed to low resolution/granularity of input features compared with the scale of a hydrothermal upflow zone (a few km or less across). Trouble estimating exact values while still reliably predicting high versus low convective signals suggests that a future strategy such as ranked ordinal regression (e.g., classifying into ordered bins for low, medium, high, and very high convective signal) might fit better models, since doing so reduces problems introduced by outliers while preserving the property of larger versus smaller signals.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Mordensky, S.P., Burns, E.R., DeAngelo, J., and Lipor, J., 2023, Predicting large hydrothermal systems: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1763-1796.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1763","endPage":"1796","ipdsId":"IP-154718","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034861"},{"id":424600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70251029,"text":"70251029 - 2023 - Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:50:22.910296","indexId":"70251029","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:49:27","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models","docAbstract":"Recent advances in machine learning (ML) identifying areas favorable to hydrothermal systems indicate that the resolution of feature data remains a subject of necessary improvement before ML can reliably produce better models. Herein, we consider the value of adding new features or replacing other, low-value features with new input features in existing ML pipelines. Our previous work identified stress and seismicity as having less value than the other feature types (i.e., heat flow, distance to faults, and distance to magmatic activity) for the 2008 USGS hydrothermal energy assessment; hence, a fundamental question regards if the addition of new but partially correlated features will improve resulting models for hydrothermal favorability. Therefore, we add new maps for shear strain rate and dilation strain rate to fit logistic regression and XGBoost models, resulting in new 7-feature models that are compared to the old 5-feature models. Because these new features share a degree of correlation with the original relatively uninformative stress and seismicity features, we also consider replacement of the two lower-value features with the two new features, creating new 5-feature models.\n\nAdding the new features improves the predictive skill of the new 7-feature model over that of the old 5-feature model; albeit, that improvement is not statistically significant because the new features are correlated with the old features and, consequently, the new features do not present considerable new information. However, the new 5-feature XGBoost model has a statistically significant increase in predictive skill for known positives over the old 5-feature model at p = 0.06. This improved performance is due to the lower-dimensional feature space of the former than that of the latter. In higher-dimensional feature space, relationships between features and the presence or absence of hydrothermal systems are harder to discern (i.e., the 7-feature model likely suffers from the “curse of dimensionality”).","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Mordensky, S.P., Burns, E.R., Lipor, J., and DeAngelo, J., 2023, Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1288-1313.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1288","endPage":"1313","ipdsId":"IP-153961","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034860"},{"id":424599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70251035,"text":"70251035 - 2023 - Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-19T00:46:05.573324","indexId":"70251035","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T18:45:02","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions","docAbstract":"Selecting negative training sites is an important challenge to resolve when utilizing machine learning (ML) for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability because ideal models would discriminate between hydrothermal systems (positives) and all types of locations without hydrothermal systems (negatives). The Nevada Machine Learning project (NVML) fit an artificial neural network to identify areas favorable for hydrothermal systems by selecting 62 negative sites where the research team had confidence that no hydrothermal resource exists. Herein, we compare the implications of the expert selection of negatives (i.e., the NVML strategy) with a random sample strategy, where it is assumed that areas outside the favorable structural ellipses defined by NVML are negative. Because hydrothermal systems are sparse, it is highly probable that, in the absence of a favorable geological structure, hydrothermal favorability is low. We compare three training strategies: 1) the positive and negative labeled examples from NVML; 2) the positive examples from NVML with randomly selected negatives in equal frequency as NVML; and 3) the positive examples from NVML with randomly selected negatives reflecting the expected natural distribution of hydrothermal systems relative to the total area. We apply these training strategies to the NVML feature data (input data) using two ML algorithms (XGBoost and logistic regression) to create six favorability maps for hydrothermal resources. When accounting for the expected natural distribution of hydrothermal systems, we find that XGBoost performs better than the NVML neural network and its negatives. Model validation was less reliable using F1 scores, a common performance metric, than comparing probability estimates at known positives, likely because of the extreme natural class imbalance and the lack of negatively labeled sites. This work demonstrates that expert selection of negatives for training in NVML likely imparted modeling bias. Accounting for the sparsity of hydrothermal systems and all the types of locations without hydrothermal systems allows us to create better models for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Rising","usgsCitation":"Caraccioli, P.D., Mordensky, S.P., Lindsey, C.R., DeAngelo, J., Burns, E.R., and Lipor, J., 2023, Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 47, p. 1672-1693.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1672","endPage":"1693","ipdsId":"IP-155549","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":424597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1034774"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caraccioli, Pascal D. 0009-0003-6711-8257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6711-8257","contributorId":333435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caraccioli","given":"Pascal","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mordensky, Stanley Paul 0000-0001-8607-303X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-303X","contributorId":292014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mordensky","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindsey, Cary R. 0000-0001-5693-9664","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-9664","contributorId":333436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Cary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":79883,"text":"USGS for this work (just joined GBCGE at UNR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelo, Jacob 0000-0002-7348-7839 jdeangelo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-7839","contributorId":237879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelo","given":"Jacob","email":"jdeangelo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506 eburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":192154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick","email":"eburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":892814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lipor, John 0000-0002-0990-5493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5493","contributorId":292015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipor","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6929,"text":"Portland State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":892815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70250715,"text":"pp1862R - 2023 - Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250715,"text":"pp1862R - 2023 - Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862R","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"R","displayTitle":"Overview of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T17:07:57.96341","indexId":"pp1862R","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:31:26","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"R","displayTitle":"Overview of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>The Harrat Rahat volcanic field, located in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is one of the larger Cenozoic harrats among the more than 17 harrats situated upon the Arabia Plate. The map plate contained herein shows, at a scale of 1:100,000, the mapped volcanic geology of northern Harrat Rahat, which consists of the northernmost one-fifth of Harrat Rahat. Northern Harrat Rahat has an area of about 3,340 square kilometers (km<sup>2</sup>), of which 2,567 km<sup>2</sup> is covered by Harrat Rahat volcanic rocks and deposits, and it encompasses more than 900 exposed vents (that is, craters, cryptodomes, maars, and scoria cones), 289 of which are isolated by younger volcanic deposits and have not been correlated with the 234 volcanic rock units distinguished by geologic mapping.</p><p>Northern Harrat Rahat is of special interest owing to its proximity to the city of Al Madinah al Munawwarah, which sits within, and is continuing to expand southward over, the north end of the volcanic field. Al Madinah is home to an expanding population, currently at more than 2 million residents, together with the intermittent addition of approximately 3 million pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah (religious visitations). The center of Al Madinah is less than 8 km from lava flows of the only confirmed historically documented eruption, which occurred in 1256 C.E. (654 A.H.). Earlier prehistoric lava flows also encroached into the area of the present-day city limits, as demonstrated by volcanic rocks exposed widely throughout the city in roadcuts, parks, and excavations for new buildings, although no evidence has been found of any other than the 1256 C.E. lava having reached that area during times of human habitation.</p><p>Geologic mapping was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with the Saudi Geological Survey. The features of primary interest within the map area are scoria cones, lava flows, lava domes, craters, and pyroclastic deposits from the Quaternary, which have compositions of basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, benmoreite, and trachyte. The geologic mapping was published by Downs and others (2019) on a single sheet at 1:75,000 scale and two detailed sheets at 1:25,000 scale, accompanied by detailed explanations of the geology. This report presents the geology on a single sheet at 1:100,000 scale and provides condensed geologic explanations for the convenience of readers of this volume. Some minor errors of nomenclature and lava source regions that do not change fundamental interpretations have been corrected herein.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862R","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.E., and Downs, D.T., 2023, Overview of the Cenozoic geology of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. R <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 20 p., scale 1:100,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862R.","productDescription":"Report: v, 20 p.; 1 Plate: 58.72 x 39.51 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-128888","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423999,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/pp1862r_plate.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"29.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-R Plate","linkHelpText":"- Map of the Cenozoic Geology of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423998,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q3WGTN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Database for the geologic map of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423997,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/pp1862r.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-R"},{"id":423996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/r/coverthbr.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Physiography</li><li>Access</li><li>Previous Mapping</li><li>Methods</li><li>Geologic and Tectonic Setting</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Description of Map Units</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70250728,"text":"pp1862Q - 2023 - Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250728,"text":"pp1862Q - 2023 - Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862Q","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"Q","displayTitle":"Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Analysis for the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T17:18:24.394829","indexId":"pp1862Q","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:31:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"Q","displayTitle":"Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Analysis for the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>We present a probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) for the west-central part of the Arabian Peninsula. Our study area includes the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and the nearby city of Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This young, active volcanic field experienced one historical eruption in 1256 C.E. (654 in the year of the Hijra) that vented 20 to 22 kilometers (km) southeast of the center of Al Madīnah, which has a present population of about 1.4 million. The field also erupted numerous times in the late Pleistocene and possibly in the early Holocene. We used recently developed regional ground-motion prediction equations for Saudi Arabia to calculate the severity of ground shaking as a function of distance from the earthquake source. This information was combined with two key volcanic parameters for this area: (1) the return period of volcanic eruptions and (2) the spatial probability of the next vent opening. The calculated ground-motion levels of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity with a 2-percent probability of exceedance in 50 years are expected to be about 0.14 the acceleration due to gravity (<i>g</i>) and 10 centimeters per second (cm/s), respectively, at the most probable vent opening location, about 25 km southeast of Al Madīnah’s center, and about 0.07 g and 3 cm/s, respectively, in the city interior. These ground motions are higher than previous estimates that did not consider the nearby earthquakes associated with volcanic activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862Q","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Kiuchi, R., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. Q <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862Q.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-123967","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/q/pp1862q.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-Q"},{"id":423994,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/q/coverthbq.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methodology</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiuchi, Ryota 0000-0002-7410-0771","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-0771","contributorId":332857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiuchi","given":"Ryota","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36662,"text":"Kyoto University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70250727,"text":"pp1862P - 2023 - Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250727,"text":"pp1862P - 2023 - Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862P","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"P","displayTitle":"Seismic Hazard Assessment for Areas of Volcanic Activity in Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T17:14:25.549652","indexId":"pp1862P","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:30:48","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"P","displayTitle":"Seismic Hazard Assessment for Areas of Volcanic Activity in Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Earthquake swarms caused by volcanic activity, tectonic stresses, or industrial operations (oil and gas production) can pose considerable risk for nearby settlements. As a rule, a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) that is based on time-independent earthquakes does not take into account earthquake swarms because of their statistically time-dependent nature. We describe the technique and application of a scenario-based method for the estimation of seismic hazard from earthquake swarms that may occur in areas of volcanic activity in western Saudi Arabia. The method consists of the generation of a large number of scenario seismic swarms followed by the calculation of ground motion in a site of interest for all earthquakes in all of the swarms. The set of calculated ground-motion values permits the construction and analysis of probability distribution functions for possible ground-motion levels during the hypothetical earthquake swarms. The level of ground motion representing the hazard is selected considering an appropriate value of the probability of exceedance or non-exceedance, depending on the goal of the study. This swarm-scenario-based seismic hazard assessment may provide a valuable supplement to an ordinary PSHA and (or) deterministic seismic hazard assessment that are commonly used for emergency response and post-earthquake recovery management.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862P","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Zahran, H.M., Sokolov, V., and Stewart, I.C.F., 2023, Seismic hazard assessment for areas of volcanic activity in western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. P <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862P.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-126761","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/p/coverthbp.jpg"},{"id":423993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/p/pp1862p.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-P"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              21.77775441707078\n            ],\n            [\n              42.479119302334084,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ],\n            [\n              36.79510250167232,\n              26.52078234630855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Input Data</li><li>Method of Seismic Hazard Analysis</li><li>Procedure, Results, and Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokolov, Vladimir","contributorId":332855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sokolov","given":"Vladimir","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Ian C. F.","contributorId":332856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Ian C. F.","affiliations":[{"id":79665,"text":"Stewart Geophysical Consultants Pty. Ltd.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70250726,"text":"pp1862O - 2023 - Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250726,"text":"pp1862O - 2023 - Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862O","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","displayTitle":"Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T17:07:03.833538","indexId":"pp1862O","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:30:20","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"O","displayTitle":"Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for the Western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are developed by employing a mixed-effects regression model to modify the Boore and others (2014) Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) project GMPEs. NGA-West2 addressed several key issues concerning GMPEs for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. However, the NGA-West2 input data do not include many earthquakes in extensional regimes, such as those occurring in Saudi Arabia. This deficiency is redressed by calculating a magnitude scaling of the new Saudi Arabia-specific GMPEs compared to those of Boore and others (2014). Furthermore, there is a clear difference in distance scaling for the Saudi Arabian GMPEs in comparison with the NGA-West2 GMPEs. This difference is especially significant at large distances and is mainly due to lower anelastic attenuation in the crystalline crust of western Saudi Arabia. Our empirical data demonstrate that the GMPEs presented here are in good agreement with observed earthquake ground motions in western Saudi Arabia.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862O","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Kiuchi, R., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Ground-motion prediction equations for the western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. O <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862O.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-129536","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/pp1862o.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-O"},{"id":423990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/o/coverthbo.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              42.75602070222271,\n              16.211495469022466\n            ],\n            [\n              44.958829363645094,\n              18.547056756745135\n            ],\n            [\n              37.40933785513795,\n              29.652243786014196\n            ],\n            [\n              34.965989081794106,\n              29.331606356788228\n            ],\n            [\n              34.66613879992957,\n              27.900404207046776\n            ],\n            [\n              40.467446295287004,\n              18.152186962033795\n            ],\n            [\n              42.75602070222271,\n              16.211495469022466\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Referenced GMPEs—BSSA14</li><li>Dataset</li><li>Comparison Between Observed Data and BSSA14</li><li>Regression Analysis</li><li>Extrapolation on Magnitude Scaling and Model Smoothing</li><li>Comparison of Saudi Arabian GMPEs with BSSA14 and Other GMPEs</li><li>Relation of GMPEs to Tectonic Setting</li><li>Site Residuals Compared with Estimated <i>V</i><sub>S30</sub></li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>Data and Resources</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Supplemental Figures</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiuchi, Ryota 0000-0002-7410-0771","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-0771","contributorId":332857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiuchi","given":"Ryota","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36662,"text":"Kyoto University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70250725,"text":"pp1862N - 2023 - Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250725,"text":"pp1862N - 2023 - Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862N","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"N","displayTitle":"Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T17:00:27.77948","indexId":"pp1862N","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:29:55","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"N","displayTitle":"Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Harrat Rahat is a Cenozoic volcanic field in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 150 kilometers east of the Red Sea, and is the site of the most recent eruption in the country (1256 C.E.; 654 in the year of the Hijra). The city of Al Madīnah lies at the north end of Harrat Rahat, and its volcanic and seismic risks are frequently reassessed. In 2009 C.E. an earthquake swarm at Harrat Lunayyir, 200 km west-northwest of Al Madīnah, produced significant shaking and some building damage in nearby communities, which prompted a revision of seismic hazard models for the region. A network of seismic stations on this volcanically active western side of the Arabia Plate was installed, and stations were also added in the tectonically active northern part of the country. Although regional earthquakes may be used to determine the crustal structure of the western Arabia Plate, such crustal models are hindered by insufficient numbers of earthquakes in the stable plate interior. Tomography studies can be used to infer material properties of the subsurface, such as presence of partial melt, and are beneficial for volcanic hazard assessments. We use ambient seismic noise to compute Rayleigh and Love surface-wave dispersion maps between 5 and 12 second periods for a subset of seismic stations within and near northern Harrat Rahat. The surface-wave maps are inverted to produce shear-wave velocities using a neighborhood algorithm and interpolated into a pseudo three-dimensional model. The distributions of surface-wave and shear-wave velocities are heterogenous, varying from ±3–8 percent. However, low velocities are not restricted to Harrat Rahat. We observed a difference between Rayleigh- and Love-wave velocities that extends north of the site of the 1256 C.E. eruption and coincides with a low gravity anomaly. We obtain a shear-wave velocity increase of 10–15 percent between 15- and 25-kilometers depth, which is consistent with the presence of a transition between the felsic upper crust and the mafic lower crust of the Arabian Shield. The average shear-wave velocities of the upper and lower crust are estimated to be 3.64 and 3.95 kilometers per second using Rayleigh waves and 3.53 and 4.16 kilometers per second using Love waves, which are in good agreement with the results of other geophysical surveys in this area. The modest magnitude of the low-velocity anomalies within the crust and their locations extending well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat indicate that they are not caused by a crustal magma chamber. If magma chambers exist, they are smaller than can be imaged with our seismological method (resolution corresponds to a 15-kilometer wavelength), deeper than 30 kilometers, or shallower than 5 kilometers with a small velocity contrast. The last possibility is discounted by weak-to-absent surface geothermal activity and by a lack of shallow seismicity that characterizes other areas with known shallow magmas, such as Hawaiʻi. We then expanded our work to the entire Arabian Shield with principally the same methodology to look at large-scale regional patterns. We found modest shear-wave velocity deviations on the order of only ±3 percent, which are within expected ranges for lithological variation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862N","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Civilini, F., Mooney, W.D., Savage, M.K., and Townend, J., 2023, Ambient seismic noise tomography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. N <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862N.","productDescription":"vii, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118735","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/coverthbn.jpg"},{"id":423989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/n/pp1862n.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-N"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Regional Geology and Tectonics</li><li>Prior Geophysical Studies</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Seismic Structure of the Arabian Shield</li><li>Summary and Future Work</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendixes</li><li>Appendix 1. Harrat Rahat Seismic Ambient Noise Study Additional Tables</li><li>Appendix 2. Harrat Rahat Additional Figures</li><li>Appendix 3. Arabian Shield Additional Tables</li><li>Appendix 4. Arabian Shield Additional Figures</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Civilini, Francesco 0000-0003-0669-0404","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0669-0404","contributorId":332852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Civilini","given":"Francesco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":38788,"text":"NASA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, Martha K.","contributorId":82199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"John Townend","contributorId":195079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"John Townend","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":891171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70250731,"text":"pp1862M - 2023 - Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250731,"text":"pp1862M - 2023 - Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust","indexId":"pp1862M","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","displayTitle":"Thickness of the Saudi Arabian Crust","title":"Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:53:01.705936","indexId":"pp1862M","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:29:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"M","displayTitle":"Thickness of the Saudi Arabian Crust","title":"Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust","docAbstract":"<p>As part of a joint Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project, we analyzed P-wave receiver functions from seismic stations covering most of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to map the thickness of the crust across the Arabia Plate. We present an update of crustal-thickness estimates and fill in gaps for the western Arabian Shield and the rifted margin at the Red Sea (the coastal plain), as well as the eastern Arabian Platform. We applied a conventional <i>H-k</i> stacking algorithm and included careful attention to stacking weights, two forms of sedimentary corrections for stations located on the Arabian Platform, and additional processing for noisy stations. We obtained useful results at 154 stations from 898 teleseismic events over a 2-year period from 1995–1997 (for non-SGS stations) and a 6-year period from 2008–2014 (for SGS stations). Average crustal thickness (that is, depth to the Mohorovičić discontinuity [Moho] below the surface) beneath the Red Sea coastal plain (the rift margin) is 29 kilometers (km), beneath the volcanic fields (known in Arabic as harra [plural] or harrat [singular]) is 35 km, beneath the Arabian Shield (excluding harrats) is 37 km, and beneath the Arabian Platform is 38 km. Crustal thinning appears not to extend east of the rift escarpment, suggesting uniform extension that is no broader at depth than at the surface. In contrast to some previous claims that the Arabian Platform crust is thicker than that of the Arabian Shield, we find no statistically significant difference between their whole crustal thicknesses. However, the average subsedimentary crustal thickness (that is, the crystalline crust) for stations on the Arabian Platform is 34 km, 3 km thinner than the crust of the Arabian Shield. Individual station P-wave (pressure) velocity and S-wave (shear) velocity ratios (<i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub>) are highly variable for the Arabia Plate, ranging from 1.60 to 1.97 and averaging 1.75, with a standard deviation of 0.07. There are no statistically significant differences between <i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub> ratios of the different geologic regions of Saudi Arabia. Similar <i>V</i><sub>P</sub>/<i>V</i><sub>S</sub> ratios, coupled with similar crustal thicknesses for harrats and the Arabian Shield, indicate that Cenozoic magmatism has contributed negligibly to crustal growth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862M","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Blanchette, A.R., Klemperer, S.L., Mooney, W.D., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Thickness of the Saudi Arabian crust, chap. M <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862M.","productDescription":"viii, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120996","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424022,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/pp1862m.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/m/covrthbm.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Data and Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanchette, Alexander R. 0000-0001-8900-8938","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8900-8938","contributorId":332859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanchette","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klemperer, Simon L. 0000-0001-7050-1829","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-1829","contributorId":332860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klemperer","given":"Simon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":332850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70206270,"text":"pp1862L - 2023 - Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70206270,"text":"pp1862L - 2023 - Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862L","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","displayTitle":"Magnetotelluric Investigation of Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:47:09.58641","indexId":"pp1862L","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:29:15","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"L","displayTitle":"Magnetotelluric Investigation of Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanism within the harrats (Arabic for “volcanic field”) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes at least one historical eruption occurring close to the holy city of Al Madīnah in 1256 C.E. As part of a volcanic- and seismic-hazard assessment of northern Harrat Rahat, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected to investigate the structural setting of the area, the presence or absence of melt within the crust, and the mantle-derived magmatic source. Collected MT data were modeled in both two dimensions, where anisotropy can be estimated, and three dimensions. Interpretation of the preferred resistivity model includes a shallow sediment-filled graben beneath northern Harrat Rahat lavas, a melt-free upper crust, and a region of decompression melting in the asthenosphere below 60–70 kilometers depth. Models in two dimensions image the lower crust as anisotropic, demonstrating that a series of elongate conductivity anomalies with a strike of N. 10° E. within the lower crust of the three-dimensional model are artifacts of inverting anisotropic data with an isotropic modeling algorithm. Careful examination of the resistivity models, in combination with regional geological and geophysical data, suggests an anisotropic lower crust that is free of large zones of melt. Azimuthal anisotropy in the lower crust extends well beyond the limits of Harrat Rahat volcanic rocks, with a conductive direction oriented N. 10° E. and an anisotropy factor of 2–5 between the most and least conductive directions. Enhanced conductivity is likely caused by interconnected grain-boundary graphite, where the direction of anisotropy reflects either frozen-in fabric from the Neoproterozoic stabilization of the Arabian Shield or ductile deformation driven by channelized asthenospheric flow coupled with a thin rigid mantle lid. Asthenospheric melt is interpreted to transect the crust largely through diking, with limited melt storage and short residence times within the crustal column.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862L","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Peacock, J.R., Bedrosian, P.A., Al-Dhahry, M.K., Shareef, A., Feucht, D.W., Taylor, C.D., Bloss, B., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Magnetotelluric investigation of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. L <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862L.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 111 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-105223","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/covrthbl.jpg"},{"id":424020,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Bedrosian, P.A., Peacock, J.R., and Feucht, D.W., 2023, Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99H8HJ7.","linkHelpText":"Magnetotelluric data from northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, 2016"},{"id":424019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/l/pp1862l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              39,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.5,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.5,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              39,\n              25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Method</li><li>Data</li><li>Modeling</li><li>Results and Discussion</li><li>Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Anisotropic Modeling</li><li>Appendix 3. Data and Model Responses</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peacock, Jared R. 0000-0002-0439-0224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0439-0224","contributorId":210082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peacock","given":"Jared R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Al-Dhahry, Maher K.","contributorId":224237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Al-Dhahry","given":"Maher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shareef, Adel","contributorId":216214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shareef","given":"Adel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Feucht, Daniel W. dfeucht@usgs.gov","contributorId":5022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feucht","given":"Daniel","email":"dfeucht@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, Cliff D. 0000-0001-6376-6298 ctaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-6298","contributorId":1283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Cliff","email":"ctaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bloss, Benjamin 0000-0002-1678-8571","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1678-8571","contributorId":292692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bloss","given":"Benjamin","affiliations":[{"id":62977,"text":"Emerald Geomodeling","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":332850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70206067,"text":"pp1862K - 2023 - Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70206067,"text":"pp1862K - 2023 - Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data","indexId":"pp1862K","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","displayTitle":"Depth to Basement and Crustal Structure of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","title":"Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:40:00.308218","indexId":"pp1862K","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:28:58","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"K","displayTitle":"Depth to Basement and Crustal Structure of the Northern Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","title":"Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"<p>New gravity data reveal a prominent negative anomaly along the main vent axis of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The gravity low continues north of the volcanic field onto exposures of Proterozoic rocks, indicating that the low is caused not only by the volcanic field (and possibly underlying Cenozoic sediments), but also the underlying Proterozoic basement. An inversion of the gravity field guided by analysis of aeromagnetic data indicates (1) a broad depression of the basement surface that is deeper along the main vent axis in the eastern part and in the southwest part of the volcanic field and (2) less dense basement beneath the vent axis. Low densities within the basement most likely arise from lithologic variations in the basement, predating Cenozoic volcanism, although our analysis does not rule out small volumes of partial melt and higher temperatures or extensive fracturing at depth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862K","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V.E., Ritzinger, B.T., Zahran, H.M., Shareef, A., and Al-Dhahry, M.K., 2023, Depth to basement and crustal structure of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from gravity and aeromagnetic data, chap. K <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862K.","productDescription":"Report: v, 18 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104531","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8","description":"Langenheim, V.E., 2018, Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9THCSE8.","linkHelpText":"Gravity and physical property data of the northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/covrthbk.jpg"},{"id":424017,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/k/pp1862k.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geology</li><li>Geophysical Data</li><li>Geophysical Anomalies</li><li>Modeling of Data</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":151042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ritzinger, Brent T. britzinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritzinger","given":"Brent T.","email":"britzinger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":773463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":773464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shareef, Adel","contributorId":216214,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shareef","given":"Adel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Al-Dhahry, Maher K.","contributorId":224237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Al-Dhahry","given":"Maher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":773466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70250732,"text":"pp1862J - 2023 - Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250732,"text":"pp1862J - 2023 - Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862J","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence for the Source of Volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:27:33.428991","indexId":"pp1862J","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:28:31","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence for the Source of Volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Pleistocene and Holocene basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes from the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions. Evolved trachytes with Mg number &lt;0.1 (Mg# = Mg/[Mg+Fe<sup>2+</sup>], molar) have relatively radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions indicating that they were influenced by contamination probably in the upper crust. Volcanic rocks with Mg# &gt;0.1, consisting chiefly of alkali basalts but encompassing hawaiites, mugearites, and benmoreites, show a limited range in Hf, Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions. Although the total Pb isotope variation is only 1 percent, the Pb isotope values correlate with Mg#, where the least radiogenic Pb is in samples with the lowest Mg#. The trend formed in Pb isotope space points toward an unradiogenic Pb composition that is similar to the Pb isotopic composition of lower crust of the Precambrian Arabian-Nubian Shields, as well as to feldspars and galena in the upper crust of the western Arabian Shield. This trend is interpreted as progressive but overall minor (no more than 5 weight percent) assimilation of shield rocks, or their partial melts, during fractional crystallization.</p><p>Isotopic compositions of the least evolved northern Harrat Rahat magmas are most similar among analyzed Arabian harrats to depleted spreading-ridge basalts of the active Red Sea rift, but isotopic values are displaced toward those of spreading-ridge basalts of the Gulf of Aden that are proximal to the site of the Afar mantle plume. The Pb isotopic compositions very near the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line indicate no discernable lithospheric contribution to yield the parental basalts of northern Harrat Rahat, and their isotopic compositions are consistent with derivation predominantly from depleted Northern Hemisphere asthenosphere with a subordinate (20–30 weight percent) component from the Afar mantle plume.</p><p>Trace-element variations show that appreciable portions of melting were in the garnet stability field, confirming the sub-lithospheric origin of the magmas, and that melting extents were low, accounting for the alkalic, trace-element-enriched character of the suite. The presence of possible Afar mantle beneath the western part of the Arabian Shield and its absence beneath the Red Sea rift may result from capture and channelized flow along high-relief structures incised into the base of the sub-continental lithosphere, as revealed by geophysical images.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862J","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Salters, V.J.M., Sachi-Kocher, A., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic and geochemical evidence for the source of volcanism at Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. J <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862J.","productDescription":"Report: v, 30 p.: Data Release","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120604","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Salters, V.J.M., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FOBQNK.","linkHelpText":"Isotopic compositions (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) of Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":424013,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/pp1862j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/j/covrthbj.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Sample Suite</li><li>Analytical Techniques</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salters, Vincent J.M. 0000-0002-5669-7869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-7869","contributorId":332861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salters","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"J.M.","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sachi-Kocher, Afi","contributorId":332862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sachi-Kocher","given":"Afi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70250733,"text":"pp1862I - 2023 - Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250733,"text":"pp1862I - 2023 - Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862I","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Mantle Origin and Crustal Differentiation of Basalts and Hawaiites of Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:17:28.364721","indexId":"pp1862I","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:28:08","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Mantle Origin and Crustal Differentiation of Basalts and Hawaiites of Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Quaternary volcanic rocks of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are chiefly alkali basalts with subordinate transitional basalts, hawaiites, mugearites, benmoreites, and trachytes. Geochemical and isotopic results indicate that crystallization-differentiation, mixing, and cumulate reassimilation within the magmatic system produced most of its compositional diversity, with only minor involvement of Neoproterozoic crust. With increasing evolution, crystal assemblages that separated from and drove basalt-to-hawaiite differentiation passed from (1) dunitic or troctolitic to (2) olivine gabbroic to (3) titanomagnetite-bearing olivine gabbroic, with typical hawaiites representing about 20 weight percent residual liquids from an estimated primary alkali basaltic parent. Crystallization-differentiation simulations for midcrustal pressures yield the closest compositional match to the basalt-hawaiite suite, and stagnation in the midcrustal area (near 20 kilometers [km] depth) may result from density trapping beneath the lower density upper continental crust. Least differentiated alkali basalts have fractionation-adjusted major-oxide compositions that are consistent with separation from the deeper parts (60–70 km) of the spinel-lherzolite stability field at pressures that are close to the local lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (60–80 km). Mantle potential temperature estimates are strongly sensitive to modeling approach, but potential temperatures (1,345–1,390 degrees Celsius [°C]) are not discernably greater than for midocean ridge basalts (MORB; 1,350–1,410 °C) if adherence to spinel-lherzolite melting relations is required. Inversion of the trace-element concentrations of the lesser fractionated basalts indicates a depleted mantle source, similar to MORB-source estimates, but one that is enriched in Sr and includes a greater relative proportion of melting in the garnet-peridotite stability field. These geochemical and thermal relations, as well as radiogenic isotopes, point to a dominantly depleted mantle asthenospheric source for Harrat Rahat basalts, admixed with subordinate materials either from the Afar mantle plume or an enriched MORB component in the ambient asthenosphere. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is shallower beneath the belt of major volcanic fields on the Arabia Plate, and restoration of rifting across the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden places the south end of this belt adjacent to the northern part of the Afar region, suggesting a once-continuous structure, possibly an arch, a weakness, or a discontinuity along the base of the lithosphere. Magma generation can be ascribed to focused upwelling and decompression melting, perhaps driven by a magmatic-feedback mechanism whereby basaltic intrusions into the deep lithosphere solidify as eclogites, causing lithospheric foundering and further asthenospheric upwelling and decompression melting in a restricted region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862I","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Downs, D.T., Calvert, A.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Salters, V.J.M., Stelten, M.E., and Shawali, J., 2023, Mantle origin and crustal differentiation of basalts and hawaiites of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. I <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862I.","productDescription":"vii, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-118554","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/covrthbi.jpg"},{"id":424011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/i/pp1862i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Volcanic Suite of Northern Harrat Rahat</li><li>Petrogenetic Interpretations</li><li>Tectono-Magmatic Synthesis</li><li>Concluding Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":212771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahood, Gail A. 0000-0001-9359-7640","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-7640","contributorId":219799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahood","given":"Gail A.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Salters, Vincent J.M. 0000-0002-5669-7869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5669-7869","contributorId":332861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salters","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"J.M.","affiliations":[{"id":7092,"text":"Florida State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shawali, Jamal","contributorId":203709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shawali","given":"Jamal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70250723,"text":"pp1862H - 2023 - Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250723,"text":"pp1862H - 2023 - Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications","indexId":"pp1862H","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic Unit Correlations and Geomagnetic Cryptochron Identifications","title":"Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T16:08:56.871189","indexId":"pp1862H","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:27:38","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"H","displayTitle":"Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat Volcanic Field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic Unit Correlations and Geomagnetic Cryptochron Identifications","title":"Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications","docAbstract":"<p>Paleomagnetic rock samples were collected from 173 drill sites in the Quaternary alkali basaltic volcanic field of northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Laboratory measurements on these samples established that lava flows and vent complexes—identified and mapped from field characteristics, rock types, and compositions as products of single or temporally close eruptions—typically record single, or very similar, directions of remanent magnetization. Correlations defined through geologic mapping, spatial association, geochemistry, geochronology, and identical mean remanent directions indicate at least 16 brief episodes of temporally clustered eruptions. These episodes had durations of a few centuries or less. Anomalous remanent magnetic directions were found for at least 13 mapped lavas of northern Harrat Rahat, which demonstrate that they were acquired during brief geomagnetic cryptochrons during the Brunhes Normal Polarity Chron. These uncharacteristic directions enhance the opportunity to identify common eruptive episodes, and to better understand and evaluate assessments of eruption ages based on <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology. Combining paleomagnetic and regional archaeomagnetic results for the youngest eruptions allows us to evaluate their historical age assignments and, in one case, refute a previously assigned provisional age.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862H","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Champion, D.E., Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Robinson, J.E., Sisson, T.W., Shawali, J., Hassan, K., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Paleomagnetism of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Geologic unit correlations and geomagnetic cryptochron identifications, chap. H <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862H.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-124965","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/covrthbh.jpg"},{"id":423982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/h/pp1862h.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Harrat Rahat volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              23.75\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.4,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shawali, Jamal","contributorId":203709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shawali","given":"Jamal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hassan, Khalid","contributorId":203708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hassan","given":"Khalid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70205987,"text":"pp1862G - 2023 - Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70205987,"text":"pp1862G - 2023 - Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862G","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Explosive Trachyte Eruptions from the Al Efairia Volcanic Center in Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T15:39:36.952297","indexId":"pp1862G","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:27:16","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"G","displayTitle":"Explosive Trachyte Eruptions from the Al Efairia Volcanic Center in Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Harrat Rahat is an alkali basalt, continental, intraplate volcanic field located within the central-western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The northern quarter of Harrat Rahat contains evolved volcanic products that achieve trachyte compositions (&gt;60 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>). Within the Al Efairia volcanic center, pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits that reflect explosive trachyte volcanism (and minor exposed lava domes that reflect effusive trachyte eruptions) sit at the surface as the youngest expression of volcanic activity within this part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field. Five trachyte deposits emplaced explosively have been identified within the Al Efairia volcanic center based on geologic mapping, petrography, geochemistry, and paleomagnetism. These units are the trachytes of Um Rgaibah, Gura 5, Gura 4, Al Efairia, and Al Qayf, in descending stratigraphic order. Here, we present 14 <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar analyses from four of these units, which yield eruption ages of 4.2±5.2 thousand years (ka) for the trachyte of Um Rgaibah, 79.7±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 5, 84.3±1.6 ka for the trachyte of Gura 4, and 88.0±1.8 ka for the trachyte of Al Efairia. The eruption age of the trachyte of Al Qayf has been constrained to between 410.3±3.4 and 418.8±1.9 ka using paleomagnetic correlations and <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages from overlying and underlying intermediate composition lava flows. Most of these trachytes have distinct geochemical compositions, petrographic characteristics, and directions of remanent magnetization. The exceptions are for the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5, which overlap in their geochemical, petrographic, paleomagnetic, and geochronologic affinities. Based on these similarities, we interpret the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5 to have erupted during a closely spaced (a few decades) time interval from the same magma batch but from craters that are &gt;2 kilometers (km) apart. The eruption of the trachyte of Al Efairia at 88.0±1.8 ka is the result of a different magma batch that erupted a few thousand years prior to the trachytes of Gura 4 and Gura 5. The Al Efairia volcanic center is remarkably different from the Matan volcanic center located ~10 km to the north, which has also erupted young (&lt;150 ka) trachytes. The Matan volcanic center has been shown to produce trachyte compositions only after eruption of basalt followed by intermediate lava flows, whereas only trachyte compositions have erupted within the Al Efairia volcanic center over this same time interval.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862G","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Dietterich, H.R., Champion, D.E., Mahood, G.A., Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Shawali, J., 2023, Explosive trachyte eruptions from the Al Efairia volcanic center in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. G <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862G.","productDescription":"Report: v, 14 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104558","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C","text":"USGS data release","description":"Downs, D.T., 2019, Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C.","linkHelpText":"Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423960,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/pp1862g.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423959,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/g/covrthbg.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Al Efairia volcanic center, Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.883333,\n              24.133333\n            ],\n            [\n              39.883333,\n              24.033333\n            ],\n            [\n              40.033333,\n              24.033333\n            ],\n            [\n              40.033333,\n              24.133333\n            ],\n            [\n              39.883333,\n              24.133333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a>&nbsp;- Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geological Setting</li><li>Methods</li><li>Explosively Emplaced Trachytes</li><li>Timing of Trachyte Volcanism</li><li>Comparison with the Matan Volcanic Center</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah 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University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shawali, Jamal","contributorId":203709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shawali","given":"Jamal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":773212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70250724,"text":"pp1862F - 2023 - The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250724,"text":"pp1862F - 2023 - The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862F","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"The Duration and Characteristics of Magmatic Differentiation from Basalt to Trachyte within the Matan Volcanic Center, Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T15:18:33.767148","indexId":"pp1862F","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:26:56","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"F","displayTitle":"The Duration and Characteristics of Magmatic Differentiation from Basalt to Trachyte within the Matan Volcanic Center, Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>A fundamental goal of igneous petrology is to quantify the durations required to produce evolved magmas following influx of basalt into the crust. However, in many cases, complex field relations and (or) the presence of a long-lived magmatic system make it difficult to assess how basaltic inputs relate to more evolved magmas, therefore precluding calculation of meaningful timescales. Here we present field relations, geochemistry, <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages, and <sup>36</sup>Cl surface-exposure ages for volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center, located in the northern part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These data document a systematic and repeated temporal progression from alkali basalt to trachyte for the youngest eruptive products. From ~155–17 thousand years ago, the following eruptive sequence occurred four times: (1) alkali basalt, (2) hawaiite, mugearite, or benmoreite, and (3) trachyte. We interpret each eruptive sequence to result from injection of basalt into the crust, and its subsequent differentiation and eruption of progressively evolved magmas. We use the interval time between successive eruptions within a given sequence to calculate the timespans required to produce trachyte from alkali basalt. Differentiation from alkali basalt to intermediate compositions (hawaiite, mugearite, and benmoreite) took ≤3 thousand years (k.y.) on average. Differentiation from intermediate compositions to trachyte took a maximum of 6.7±3.6 to 22.9±1.7 k.y. Thus, the total duration of differentiation was ~10–25 k.y. Timescales presented here are independent of the processes evoked to drive differentiation because they are based solely on the ages and compositions of eruptive products from a system characterized by a simple, repeated differentiation sequence.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862F","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Downs, D.T., Dietterich, H.R., Mahood, G.A., Calvert, A.T., Sisson, T.W., Witter, M.R., Zahran, H.M., and Shawali, J., 2023, The duration and characteristics of magmatic differentiation from basalt to trachyte within the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. F <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862F.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 56 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112196","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423987,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ENRS8U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Electron microprobe data for plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel in volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center located within the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92FB6AQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ar isotope data for volcanic rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423984,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/pp1862f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1862F"},{"id":423983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/f/coverthbf.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.5,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.5,\n              24\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24\n            ],\n            [\n              40.25,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.5,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geologic Background</li><li>Analytical Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Detailed Description of Analytical Methods</li><li>Appendix 2. Location of Samples from the Matan Volcanic Center</li><li>Appendix 3. <sup>36</sup>Cl Results</li><li>Appendix 4. Argon Age Spectra and Isochron Diagrams</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":212771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahood, Gail A. 0000-0001-9359-7640","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-7640","contributorId":219799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahood","given":"Gail A.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Witter, Molly R.","contributorId":332849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witter","given":"Molly","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":332850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jamal Shawali","contributorId":332851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamal Shawali","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70250720,"text":"pp1862E - 2023 - Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250720,"text":"pp1862E - 2023 - Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields","indexId":"pp1862E","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Lava Flow Emplacement in Harrat Rahat with Implications for Eruptions in Mafic Volcanic Fields","title":"Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-02T15:01:31.949956","indexId":"pp1862E","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:26:33","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Lava Flow Emplacement in Harrat Rahat with Implications for Eruptions in Mafic Volcanic Fields","title":"Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields","docAbstract":"<p>Mafic volcanic fields are widespread, but few have erupted in historical times, providing limited observations of the magnitudes, dynamics, and timescales of lava flow emplacement in these settings. The Harrat Rahat volcanic field in western Saudi Arabia offers a good opportunity to study eruptions in such a setting, with a historical eruption in 1256 C.E. (654 in the year of the Hijra) and numerous well-preserved late Pleistocene lava flows. We combine historical observations and rheological and morphological analyses of the youngest flows with analytical models to reconstruct eruptive histories and lava flow emplacement conditions in Harrat Rahat. Petrologic analysis of samples for emplacement temperatures and crystallinities show cooling trends from vent to toe of ~1,140 to ~1,090 degrees Celsius (°C) at rates of 2 to 7 °C per kilometer, crystallinities increasing from 0.5 to 60 volume percent, and apparent viscosities increasing from 10<sup>2</sup> to 10<sup>9</sup> pascal seconds. High-resolution topographic data facilitate quantitative analysis of morphology and interpolation of preeruptive surfaces to measure flow thicknesses, channels, and levees, and enable calculation of eruptive volumes. Analytical models relating flow morphology to emplacement conditions are applied to estimate effusion rates. Within the suite of studied flows, minimum volume estimates range from 0.07 to 0.42 cubic kilometers dense rock equivalent, with effusion rates on the order of tens to hundreds of cubic meters per second and durations from 1 to 15 weeks. These integrated analyses quantify past lava flow emplacement conditions and dynamics in Harrat Rahat, improving our understanding and observations of fundamental parameters and controls of effusive eruptions in Harrat Rahat and other mafic volcanic fields.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862E","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Dietterich, H.R., Downs, D.T., and Stelten, M.E., 2023, Lava flow emplacement in Harrat Rahat with implications for eruptions in mafic volcanic fields, chap. E <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862E.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-111360","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/coverthbe.jpg"},{"id":423980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/e/pp1862e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-E"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"northeastern Harrat Rahat","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.675,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.675,\n              24.2\n            ],\n            [\n              40,\n              24.2\n            ],\n            [\n              40,\n              24.6\n            ],\n            [\n              39.675,\n              24.6\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geologic Setting</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Analysis of Emplacement Conditions</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Samples for X-ray Fluorescence Analysis</li><li>Appendix 2. Samples for Textural Analysis</li><li>Appendix 3. Microprobe Analyses of Glass in Harrat Rahat Basaltic Lava Flows</li><li>Appendix 4. Microprobe Analyses of Plagioclase in Harrat Rahat Basaltic Lava Flows</li><li>Appendix 5. Microprobe Analyses of Olivine in Harrat Rahat Basaltic Lava Flows</li><li>Appendix 6. Geothermometry Results and Sample Locations</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":212771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70250719,"text":"pp1862D - 2023 - Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250719,"text":"pp1862D - 2023 - Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years","indexId":"pp1862D","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Eruptive History of Northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, Timing, and Composition of Volcanism Over the Past 1.2 Million Years","title":"Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:38:30.597776","indexId":"pp1862D","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:26:01","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Eruptive History of Northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, Timing, and Composition of Volcanism Over the Past 1.2 Million Years","title":"Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years","docAbstract":"<p>Harrat Rahat, one of several large, basalt-dominated volcanic fields in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a prime example of continental, intraplate volcanism. Excellent exposure makes this an outstanding site to investigate changing volcanic flux and composition through time. We present 93 <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages and 6 <sup>36</sup>Cl surface-exposure ages for volcanic deposits throughout northern Harrat Rahat that, integrated with a new geologic map, define 12 eruptive stages. Exposed volcanic deposits in the study area erupted less than 1.2 million years ago (Ma), and 214 of 234 identified eruptions occurred less than 570 thousand years ago (ka). Two eruptions were in the Holocene, including a historically described basaltic eruption in 1256 C.E. and a trachyte eruption newly recognized as Holocene (4.2±5.2 ka). An estimated approximately 82 cubic kilometers (km<sup>3</sup>; dense rock equivalent) of volcanic products can be documented as having erupted since 1.2 Ma, though this is a lower limit because of concealment of deposits older than 570 ka. Over the last 570 thousand years (k.y.), the average eruption rate was 0.14 cubic kilometers per thousand years (km<sup>3</sup>/k.y.), but volcanism was episodic with periods alternating between low (0.04–0.06 km<sup>3</sup>/k.y.) and high (0.1–0.3 km<sup>3</sup>/k.y.) effusion rates. Before 180 ka, eruptions vented from the volcanic field’s dominant eastern vent axis and from a subsidiary, diffuse, western vent axis. After 180 ka, volcanism focused along the eastern vent axis, and the composition of volcanism varied systematically along its length from basalt dominated in the north to trachyte dominated in the south. We hypothesize that these compositional variations younger than 180 k.y. reflect the growth of a mafic intrusive complex beneath the southern part of the vent axis, which led to the development of evolved magmas. Lastly, these new age data allow for a reassessment of the volcanic recurrence interval at northern Harrat Rahat. Based on available data, volcanism in northern Harrat Rahat over the last 180 k.y. is poorly described using a Poisson distribution with a single recurrence interval. Instead, data for northern Harrat Rahat are better described using a mixed exponential distribution that is applicable for volcanic systems characterized by two different eruptive states, where one state with a longer recurrence interval corresponding to periods of low eruption frequency and one state with a shorter recurrence interval corresponding to periods of high eruption frequency. The preferred model for northern Harrat Rahat over the last 180 k.y. uses a long recurrence interval of 4.0 k.y. and a short recurrence interval of 0.22 k.y.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862D","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Stelten, M.E., Downs, D.T., Champion, D.E., Dietterich, H.R., Calvert, A.T., Sisson, T.W., Mahood, G.A., and Zahran, H.M., 2023, Eruptive history of northern Harrat Rahat—Volume, timing, and composition of volcanism over the past 1.2 million years, chap. D <em>of</em> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862D.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112590","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423978,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92FB6AQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Ar isotope data for volcanic rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423977,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/d/pp1862d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"pp 1862-D"},{"id":423976,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/d/coverthbd.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              38.462137339848226,\n              25.895423004545833\n            ],\n            [\n              38.462137339848226,\n              22.346642935140807\n            ],\n            [\n              42.32932483984882,\n              22.346642935140807\n            ],\n            [\n              42.32932483984882,\n              25.895423004545833\n            ],\n            [\n              38.462137339848226,\n              25.895423004545833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geologic Background</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Details on Samples Collected for <sup>36</sup>Cl Cosmogenic Surface-Exposure Dating</li><li>Appendix 2. <sup>36</sup>Cl Data</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":212771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mahood, Gail A. 0000-0001-9359-7640","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-7640","contributorId":219799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahood","given":"Gail A.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zahran, Hani M. 0000-0002-0029-3822","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-3822","contributorId":203711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zahran","given":"Hani","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":891099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70250718,"text":"pp1862C - 2023 - Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250718,"text":"pp1862C - 2023 - Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862C","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Eruptive History Within the Vicinity of Al Madīnah in Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:24:59.294479","indexId":"pp1862C","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:25:42","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"C","displayTitle":"Eruptive History Within the Vicinity of Al Madīnah in Northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>The northernmost part of the Harrat Rahat volcanic field contains early Pleistocene to Holocene mafic eruptive products within the vicinity of the city of Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A detailed geologic investigation into the eruptive history of a 570 square kilometer (km<sup>2</sup>) area covering Al Madīnah and the surrounding area has yielded 33 mapped Quaternary volcanic units consisting of lava flows, scoria cones, and shield volcanoes. These eruptive products consist of continental, intraplate alkalic and minor transitional basalts, hawaiites, and a single mugearite that were emplaced from at least 1,014±14 thousand years ago (ka) to a single Holocene eruption in 1256 C.E. Lava flows are generally 10 to 15 kilometers (km) long (but can reach 23 km long), 1 to 3 km wide, and at least 10 meters thick. Most of the mapped units erupted episodically between 400 and 340 ka and 180 and 100 ka. Despite small individual volumes (less than 1 cubic kilometers dense rock equivalent), each unit represents eruption of a distinct magma batch that was strongly influenced by clinopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase fractionation. Some of these units are interpreted to have undergone magma mixing pre- and (or) syneruptively. Integrating eruption ages, geochemistry, and paleomagnetic data yields evidence that some eruptions were temporally and (or) spatially clustered. Aligned scoria cones and elongate vent edifices were constructed atop fissure vent systems that reflect the local stress field, which controls dike ascent through the middle and upper crust.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862C","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Downs, D.T., Stelten, M.E., Champion, D.E., Dietterich, H.R., Hassan, K., and Shawali, J., 2023, Eruptive history within the vicinity of Al Madīnah in northern Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. C <em>of</em> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862C.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 41 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-104009","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91HL91C","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Major and trace-element chemical analyses of rocks from the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field and surrounding area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":423974,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/c/pp1862c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-C"},{"id":423973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/c/coverthbc.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ],\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              23.09993673871402\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6650178022403,\n              23.09993673871402\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6650178022403,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ],\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geological Setting</li><li>Methods</li><li>Results</li><li>Discussion</li><li>Conclusions</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Selected <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar Age-Spectra Diagrams</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stelten, Mark E. 0000-0002-5294-3161 mstelten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-3161","contributorId":145923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelten","given":"Mark","email":"mstelten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":212771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hassan, Khalid","contributorId":203708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hassan","given":"Khalid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shawali, Jamal","contributorId":203709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shawali","given":"Jamal","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36695,"text":"Saudi Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70250717,"text":"pp1862B - 2023 - Cenozoic tectonics of the western Arabia Plate related to harrat magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250717,"text":"pp1862B - 2023 - Cenozoic tectonics of the western Arabia Plate related to harrat magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862B","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Cenozoic Tectonics of the Western Arabia Plate Related to Harrat Magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Cenozoic tectonics of the western Arabia Plate related to harrat magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:28:15.20126","indexId":"pp1862B","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:25:21","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Cenozoic Tectonics of the Western Arabia Plate Related to Harrat Magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"Cenozoic tectonics of the western Arabia Plate related to harrat magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Sprawling volcanic fields, or harrats, in western Saudi Arabia have been emplaced during the past 30 million years following effusions of flood basalts in Ethiopia and Yemen. Although broadly associated with volcanism in three rift valleys (Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and East African Rift Zone) radiating from the Afar depression, harrat abundance on the Arabian Peninsula indicates that volcanism is distinct from processes that opened the Red Sea and drive its magmatism. Harrats primarily lie unconformably on the Arabian Shield and locally on Paleozoic platform deposits, but several are conformable upon or interbedded with Paleogene supracrustal strata. Harrats erupted from linear chains of vents; some are oriented parallel to the Red Sea (N. 30° W.), but most trend northerly or north-northeasterly. Harrats consist mainly of weakly alkalic basalts and lesser amounts of their differentiation products, but some contain strongly alkalic rocks such as basanites and phonolites. Early harrats predate initial opening of the Red Sea 24–20 million years ago (Ma) and uplift of its flank 20–11 Ma, but younger harrats postdate the uplift and are larger and more abundant. Seismic studies identify substantially thinned continental lithosphere beneath the most voluminous harrats, but little crustal thinning is apparent at the surface, an indication that the lithosphere was eroded from below. The combination of plume impingement, rift valley formation, and erosion of the lithosphere beneath the Arabian Shield since 30 Ma indicates that the Afar plume thermally weakened the region, enabling the Arabia Plate to separate from the Africa Plate along the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The plume also thinned interior parts of the newly formed Arabia Plate, not just its margins, promoting mantle melting and volcanism.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862B","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Calvert, A.T., and Sisson, T.W., 2023, Cenozoic tectonics of the western Arabia Plate related to harrat magmatism near Al Madīnah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. B <em>of</em> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862B.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-128849","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423965,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/b/pp1862b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.95 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"pp 1862-B"},{"id":423964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/b/coverthbb.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ],\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              23.09993673871402\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6650178022403,\n              23.09993673871402\n            ],\n            [\n              41.6650178022403,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ],\n            [\n              37.797830302240726,\n              26.450894948969335\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Importance and Complexities of Red Sea Tectonics</li><li>Characteristics of Arabian Peninsula Harrats</li><li>Geologic Setting</li><li>New <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar Constraints on Structures in and Adjacent to Harrat Rahat</li><li>Oligocene to Present Plate Tectonic Model</li><li>Red Sea Pure-Shear versus Simple-Shear Tectonic Models</li><li>Discussion and Summary</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar Analysis Results</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70250716,"text":"pp1862A - 2023 - The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70250716,"text":"pp1862A - 2023 - The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862A","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","displayTitle":"The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey Northern Harrat Rahat Project—Styles, Rates, Causes, and Hazards of Volcanism Near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70250730,"text":"pp1862 - 2023 - Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","indexId":"pp1862","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"title":"Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T19:11:23.720079","indexId":"pp1862A","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T14:24:51","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1862","chapter":"A","displayTitle":"The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey Northern Harrat Rahat Project—Styles, Rates, Causes, and Hazards of Volcanism Near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","title":"The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Active volcanic systems pose serious hazards to people and property including inundation and incineration by lava, blanketing by tephra (volcanic ash), exposure to noxious volcanic gases, and damage from shallow earthquakes triggered by ascending molten material (magma). To improve understanding of volcanism and associated seismicity on the western Arabia Plate, the Saudi Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a multi-year investigation of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field adjacent to the city of Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Project components included creation of a high-resolution digital topographic base; interpretation of eruptive history supported by detailed geologic mapping, paleomagnetism, and abundant high-precision geochronology of volcanic deposits; assessments of eruptive styles and volcanic hazards by physical volcanology; investigation of the origins of magmas in the mantle and of their differentiation in the crust revealed by chemical and isotopic petrology; gravity and magnetotelluric surveys to reveal crustal structures and to search for magma reservoirs; and regional and local seismic tomography and analyses of seismic hazards. Project results are presented in this Professional Paper as chapters written for technical scientific audiences. This initial chapter introduces the project and briefly summarizes results in plain language for readers who have more general backgrounds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1862A","collaboration":"Jointly published with the Saudi Geological Survey [as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1]","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., 2023, The Saudi Geological Survey-U.S. Geological Survey northern Harrat Rahat project—Styles, rates, causes, and hazards of volcanism near Al Madīnah al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, chap. A <i>of</i> Sisson, T.W., Calvert, A.T., and Mooney, W.D., eds., Active volcanism on the Arabian Shield—Geology, volcanology, and geophysics of northern Harrat Rahat and vicinity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1862 [also released as Saudi Geological Survey Special Report SGS–SP–2021–1], 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1862A.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-129221","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423963,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/a/pp1862a.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1862-A"},{"id":423962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1862/a/coverthba.jpg"}],"country":"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Al Madīnah al Munawwarah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              39.0,\n              25.0\n            ],\n            [\n              39.0,\n              21.0\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0,\n              21.0\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0,\n              25.0\n            ],\n            [\n              39.0,\n              25.0\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/\">Volcano Science Center</a> - Menlo Park<br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>345 Middlefield Road, MS 910<br>Menlo Park, CA 94025</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Geologic and Tectonic Setting</li><li>Geology, Eruptive History, and Volcanic Hazards of Northern Harrat Rahat</li><li>Geophysical Studies and Seismic Hazards</li><li>Deeper Origins of Harrat Volcanism</li><li>Directions for Future Research on Harrat Volcanism</li><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2023-12-29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calvert, Andrew T. 0000-0001-5237-2218 acalvert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2218","contributorId":2694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"Andrew","email":"acalvert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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,{"id":70251312,"text":"70251312 - 2023 - Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:21:06.930854","indexId":"70251312","displayToPublicDate":"2023-12-29T09:31:25","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group","usgsCitation":"Katzner, T., Miller, T., Dennhardt, A.J., Field, M., Wittig, T., Mojica, E., Lanzone, M., Martell, M., Bailey, R.M., Berry, A., Dillard, R., Brandes, D., Brinker, D.F., Brown, B., Call, E.M., Cooper, J., Duerr, A.E., Farmer, C.J., Felton, S.K., Garvin, J., Gubler, R., Harding, S.R., Jones, M., Kelly, C.A., Kern, H., Kiogima, N., Koppie, C.A., Lemaitre, J., Maddox, M., Mehus, S., Merriman, J., Mitchell, A., Parsons, B., Patrick, E., Pennarola, N.P., Rheude, M., Rucker, C., Rush, S., Schmitz, R., Seltzer, H., Slabe, V.A., Soehren, E.C., and Wills, J., 2023, Conservation plan for golden eagles in eastern North America, 81 p.","productDescription":"81 p.","ipdsId":"IP-157316","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":425350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://egewg.org/conservation-plan"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzner, Todd E. 0000-0003-4503-8435 tkatzner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-8435","contributorId":191353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzner","given":"Todd E.","email":"tkatzner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science 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